REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN TURKEY
Regional Development in Turkey
• This week in the light of some figures and numbers gathered from Turkish Statistical Institute (for 2012-2013) we will discuss the disparities in regional development of Turkey.
LFPR
• Those who are over 16 and employed for pay and are actively seeking for work or waiting call back from previous employments are considered in the labour force.
• Labour force participation rate is defined as; Labour Force/Population.
• Let’s look at some regional figures regarding LFPR in Turkey.
OVERALL LFPR
İstan
bul
Wes
t Marm
ara
Agean
East M
armara
Wes
t Ana
tolia
Med
iteren
nean
Mid
dle A
nato
lia
Wes
t Blac
ksea
East B
lacks
ea
North
east
Anato
lia
Mid
dle E
ast A
nato
lia
Sout
heas
t Ana
tolia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Men
Women
LFPR for WOMEN
İstan
bul
Wes
t Marm
ara
Agean
East M
armara
Wes
t Ana
tolia
Med
iteren
nean
Mid
dle A
nato
lia
Wes
t Blac
ksea
East B
lacks
ea
North
east
Anato
lia
Mid
dle E
ast A
nato
lia
Sout
heas
t Ana
tolia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
15-24 / Women
25-34 / Women
35-54 / Women
55+ Women
LFPR for MEN
İstan
bul
Wes
t Marm
ara
Agean
East M
armara
Wes
t Ana
tolia
Med
iteren
nean
Mid
dle A
nato
lia
Wes
t Blac
ksea
East B
lacks
ea
North
east
Anato
lia
Mid
dle E
ast A
nato
lia
Sout
heas
t Ana
tolia
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
15-24 / Men
25-34 / Men
35-54 / Men
55+ Men
Istan
bul
Balikes
ir, Ç
anak
kale
Aydin, D
enizl
i, M
ugla
Bursa, E
skise
hir, B
ilecik
Ankara
Antalya,
Ispart
a, Burd
ur
Hatay, K
ahram
anm
aras,
Osman
iye
Kayse
ri, S
ivas
, Yozg
at
Kastam
onu, Çan
kiri,S
inop
Trabzo
n, Ord
u, Gire
sun, R
ize, A
rtvin
, Güm
üshan
e
Agri, K
ars, I
gdir, A
rdah
an
Van, M
us, Bitl
is, H
akkari
Sanliu
rfa, D
iyarb
akir
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
Overall
Istan
bul
Balikes
ir, Ç
anak
kale
Aydin, D
enizl
i, M
ugla
Bursa, E
skise
hir, B
ilecik
Ankara
Antalya,
Ispart
a, Burd
ur
Hatay, K
ahram
anm
aras,
Osman
iye
Kayse
ri, S
ivas
, Yozg
at
Kastam
onu, Çan
kiri,S
inop
Trabzo
n, Ord
u, Gire
sun, R
ize, A
rtvin
, Güm
üshan
e
Agri, K
ars, I
gdir, A
rdah
an
Van, M
us, Bitl
is, H
akkari
Sanliu
rfa, D
iyarb
akir
0
2
4
6
8
Housing and bills
Istan
bul
Balikes
ir, Ç
anak
kale
Aydin, D
enizl
i, M
ugla
Bursa, E
skise
hir, B
ilecik
Ankara
Antalya,
Ispart
a, Burd
ur
Hatay, K
ahram
anm
aras,
Osman
iye
Kayse
ri, S
ivas
, Yozg
at
Kastam
onu, Çan
kiri,S
inop
Trabzo
n, Ord
u, Gire
sun, R
ize, A
rtvin
, Güm
üshan
e
Agri, K
ars, I
gdir, A
rdah
an
Van, M
us, Bitl
is, H
akkari
Sanliu
rfa, D
iyarb
akir
0
4
8
12
Food and beverages
Istan
bul
Balikes
ir, Ç
anak
kale
Aydin, D
enizl
i, M
ugla
Bursa, E
skise
hir, B
ilecik
Ankara
Antalya,
Ispart
a, Burd
ur
Hatay, K
ahram
anm
aras,
Osman
iye
Kayse
ri, S
ivas
, Yozg
at
Kastam
onu, Çan
kiri,S
inop
Trabzo
n, Ord
u, Gire
sun, R
ize, A
rtvin
, Güm
üshan
e
Agri, K
ars, I
gdir, A
rdah
an
Van, M
us, Bitl
is, H
akkari
Sanliu
rfa, D
iyarb
akir
0
2
4
6
8
10
Clothing Apparel
Istan
bul
Balikes
ir, Ç
anak
kale
Aydin, D
enizl
i, M
ugla
Bursa, E
skise
hir, B
ilecik
Ankara
Antalya,
Ispart
a, Burd
ur
Hatay, K
ahram
anm
aras,
Osman
iye
Kayse
ri, S
ivas
, Yozg
at
Kastam
onu, Çan
kiri,S
inop
Trabzo
n, Ord
u, Gire
sun, R
ize, A
rtvin
, Güm
üshan
e
Agri, K
ars, I
gdir, A
rdah
an
Van, M
us, Bitl
is, H
akkari
Sanliu
rfa, D
iyarb
akir
0
4
8
12
16
Health Services
Istan
bul
Balikes
ir, Ç
anak
kale
Aydin, D
enizl
i, M
ugla
Bursa, E
skise
hir, B
ilecik
Ankara
Antalya,
Ispart
a, Burd
ur
Hatay, K
ahram
anm
aras,
Osman
iye
Kayse
ri, S
ivas
, Yozg
at
Kastam
onu, Çan
kiri,S
inop
Trabzo
n, Ord
u, Gire
sun, R
ize, A
rtvin
, Güm
üshan
e
Agri, K
ars, I
gdir, A
rdah
an
Van, M
us, Bitl
is, H
akkari
Sanliu
rfa, D
iyarb
akir
0
4
8
12
16
20
Education
HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE
• As you all know same levels of inflation might have different effects on different households depending on the main consumption items of each household.
• Let us now look into the details of household expenditure in selected regions of Turkey.
İstanbul
Food and beverages
Alcoholic beverages and tobacco
Clothing and Shoes
Housing and Rent
Furniture
Health Services
Transport
Communication
Entertainment
Education
Rest. And Hotels
Other
Ankara
Food and beverages
Alcoholic beverages and tobacco
Clothing and Shoes
Housing and Rent
Furniture
Health Services
Transport
Communication
Entertainment
Education
Rest. And Hotels
Other
İzmir
Food and beverages
Alcoholic beverages and tobacco
Clothing and Shoes
Housing and Rent
Furniture
Health Services
Transport
Communication
Entertainment
Education
Rest. And Hotels
Other
İstanbul
İzmir
Ankara
Antalya. Isparta. Burdur
Adana. Mersin
Zonguldak. Karabük. Bartın
Trabzon. Ordu. Giresun. Rize. Artvin. Gümüşhane
Erzurum. Erzincan. Bayburt
Ağrı. Kars. Iğdır. Ardahan
Şanlıurfa. Diyarbakır
Mardin. Batman. Şırnak. Siirt
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Food and beverages
İstanbul
İzmir
Ankara
Antalya. Isparta. Burdur
Adana. Mersin
Zonguldak. Karabük. Bartın
Trabzon. Ordu. Giresun. Rize. Artvin. Gümüşhane
Erzurum. Erzincan. Bayburt
Ağrı. Kars. Iğdır. Ardahan
Şanlıurfa. Diyarbakır
Mardin. Batman. Şırnak. Siirt
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Alcoholic beverages and tobacco
İstanbul
İzmir
Ankara
Antalya. Isparta. Burdur
Adana. Mersin
Zonguldak. Karabük. Bartın
Trabzon. Ordu. Giresun. Rize. Artvin. Gümüşhane
Erzurum. Erzincan. Bayburt
Ağrı. Kars. Iğdır. Ardahan
Şanlıurfa. Diyarbakır
Mardin. Batman. Şırnak. Siirt
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Health Services
İstan
bul
İzmir
Ankara
Antaly
a. Isp
arta.
Burdu
r
Adana
. Mers
in
Zongu
ldak
. Kara
bük.
Bartın
Trabzo
n. Ord
u. Gire
sun.
Rize. A
rtvin
. Güm
üşha
ne
Erzuru
m. Erzi
ncan
. Bay
burt
Ağrı. K
ars. Iğ
dır. A
rdah
an
Şanl
ıurfa
. Diy
arbak
ır
Mard
in. B
atman
. Şırn
ak. S
iirt
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Entertainment
Education
İstan
bul
İzmir
Ankara
Antaly
a. Isp
arta.
Burdu
r
Adana
. Mers
in
Zongu
ldak
. Kara
bük.
Bartın
Trabzo
n. Ord
u. Gire
sun.
Rize. A
rtvin
. Güm
üşha
ne
Erzuru
m. Erzi
ncan
. Bay
burt
Ağrı. K
ars. Iğ
dır. A
rdah
an
Şanl
ıurfa
. Diy
arbak
ır
Mard
in. B
atman
. Şırn
ak. S
iirt
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Health Services
Rest. And Hotels
REGIONAL TRENDS IN MIGRATION
• Regional trends in migration is an important indicatior of the basic “North-South” difference in a country.
• Let us first consider the classical theory of migration and than look into interregional migration in Turkey.
Assumptions of the Classical Model
• Perfect competition in all markets• CRTS• No barriers to migration• Perfectly flexible factor prices• Homogeneous factors of production• Complete information about factor returns in
all regions
• The classical model suggests that there will be no wage differentials. However, evidence tells us that “wage differentials” concept is a fact.
• Futher migration cannot solely be attributed to wage differentials.
Too restrictive?• Labour is not homogeneous and the migration data includes
workers with different skills. • Migration data also includes those not in the labour market. • Low-wage regions may be high-wage locations for particular
industry sectors. • A substantial number are returning migrants moving back to
their region of origin. • Some move for individual advancement, whilst others move as
part of a career plan or because of company transfer policies (companies may move key workers around different plants).
• Wages are not perfectly flexible; “sticky wages”.• Positive costs are associated to migration.
Istanbul
West Marmara
Agean
East Marmara
West Anatolia
Mediterrenean
Middle Anatolia
West Blacksea
East Blacksea
Northeast Anatolia
Middleast Anatolia
Southeast Anatolia
-20
0
20
Net migration
Istanbul
West Marmara
Agean
East Marmara
West Anatolia
Mediterrenean
Middle Anatolia
West Blacksea
East Blacksea
Northeast Anatolia
Middleast Anatolia
Southeast Anatolia
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Net migration flows
Istan
bul
Wes
t Marm
ara
Agean
East M
armara
Wes
t Ana
tolia
Med
iterre
nean
Mid
dle A
nato
lia
Wes
t Blac
ksea
East B
lacks
ea
North
east
Anato
lia
Mid
dlea
st Ana
tolia
Sout
heas
t Ana
tolia
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
In migration
Out migration
REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN SCHOOLING
• Schooling and education opportunities are also important drivers of regional development. Further such opportunities have important influences over migration as well.
• Let us now look at the number of schools, teachers and students in different regions of Turkey.
İstan
bul
Wes
t Marm
ara
Agean
East M
armara
Wes
t Ana
tolia
Med
iteren
nean
Mid
dle A
nato
lia
Wes
t Blac
ksea
East B
lacks
ea
North
east
Anato
lia
Mid
dle E
ast A
nato
lia
Sout
heas
t Ana
tolia
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
Teacher
Student
İstanbul
West Marmara
Agean
East Marmara
West Anatolia
Mediterennean
Middle Anatolia
West Blacksea
East Blacksea
Northeast Anatolia
Middle East Anatolia
Southeast Anatolia
0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000
Student
Student
İstan
bul
Wes
t Marm
ara
Agean
East M
armara
Wes
t Ana
tolia
Med
iteren
nean
Mid
dle A
nato
lia
Wes
t Blac
ksea
East B
lacks
ea
North
east
Anato
lia
Mid
dle E
ast A
nato
lia
Sout
heas
t Ana
tolia
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Shcool
İstan
bul
Wes
t Marm
ara
Agean
East M
armara
Wes
t Ana
tolia
Med
iteren
nean
Mid
dle A
nato
lia
Wes
t Blac
ksea
East B
lacks
ea
North
east
Anato
lia
Mid
dle E
ast A
nato
lia
Sout
heas
t Ana
tolia
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1800000
2000000
Preschool-student
Primary-student
Middle school-student
Technical-student
HEALTH SERVICES
• Finally we will look into regional disparities regarding health services in Turkey.
İstanbul
West Marmara
Agean
East Marmara
West Anatolia
Mediterennean
Middle Anatolia
West Blacksea
East Blacksea
Northeast Anatolia
Middle East Anatolia
Southeast Anatolia
0 50 100 150 200 250
Number of Hospitals
İstan
bul
Wes
t Marm
ara
Agean
East M
armara
Wes
t Ana
tolia
Med
iteren
nean
Mid
dle A
nato
lia
Wes
t Blac
ksea
East B
lacks
ea
North
east
Anato
lia
Mid
dle E
ast A
nato
lia
Sout
heas
t Ana
tolia
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Ministry Hospitals
University Hospitals
Private hospitals