Regional Conference on Public Sector Management in Support of the MDGs

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Session 10a MDG3: Numbers tell HERstory: Why gender statistics is important to monitor the progress in achieving MDGs?

UNESCAP, Bangkok, Thailand15-06-2012

Regional Conference on Public Sector Management in Support of the MDGs

Kaushal Joshi Senior Statistician, Development Indicators and Policy Research Division, Economics and Research Department, Asian Development Bank, Manila

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Outline

MDG3 – numbers tell HERstory

Post2015 development and gender Recent International Initiatives

Situationer: Sex Ratio in India

Data constraints and gender More number on HERstory

Challenges at country level

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Key Message

“SHE counts,count HER.”

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Sex Ratio in India

Discriminated even before she is bornPersistently declining child sex ratio

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011880

900

920

940

960

980

941

930934 937 933

940

976

964962

945

927

914

Sex Ratio: India, 1961-2011(Females per 1,000 males)

total population

Population aged 0-6

Source: Census of India, 2011

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Sex Ratio in India (2)urban sex ratio is far worse than rural but rural areas show a steep decline too …

Source: Rural-Urban Distribution of Population (Provisional Population Totals) ; Census of India, 2011

2001 2011 Difference

Total Population 933 940 +7

Rural 946 947 +1

Urban 900 926 +26

Aged 0-6 years 927 914 -13

Rural 934 919 -15

Urban 906 902 -4

Sex Ratio: India, Census 2001 and 2011

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MDG3 – numbers tell HERstory

MDG Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005 and in all levels of education no later than 2015

Three Indicators1. Gender parity in primary, secondary, and tertiary

education;2. Share of women in wage employment in the non-

agricultural sector;3. Seats held by women in national parliament, percentage.

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MDG 3 - Progress on education Targets

• Gender parity in primaryand secondary hasprogressed well (thoughthe 2005 target wasmissed)• Gender parity at tertiary level remains lessgender inclusive in manycountries

Source. : Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012, ADB.

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MDG3 - Data issues in education indicators•Incomplete coverage - Private schools often not covered.•Possible misreporting (over-reporting) of enrollments when budget allocation linked to enrollment performance.•Unreliable or incomplete data on age of students, and population of children. •Obtaining reliable estimates of sub-national level population - disaggregates by sex, rural–urban, etc.•Differences between national and international data.•Data availability: Primary (65% countries); Secondary (52% countries); and Tertiary (46% countries) had data for 2009 or later years respectively.

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MDG 3 – Wage employment in nonagricultural sectorWide gaps remain in women’s access to paid work.

Pakistan

India

Bangladesh

Indonesia

China

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector, Earliest and Latest years

Latest EarliestPercent

Source. : Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2011) accessed 6 June 2012.

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MDG3 - Women more likely in vulnerable jobsIn 2009 latest years for which data are available, compared to the wage and salaried employment low quality own-account work and contributing family work is more prevalent in women than men.

= 261.7

= 160.2

Average employment in vulnerable jobs per 100 wage and salaried jobs for 32 ADB member economies

Source. : Key Indicators of the Labour Market 7th edition (ILO 2012) accessed 30 May 2012.

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MDG3 - Data issues in employment indicator

Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sectorData quality and gaps

Only 30 percent of the total ADB member economies have data for 2009 or later years.

Suffers from problem on comparability across countries due to variation in concepts, classification, coverage, and methods of data collection.

Source: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2011).Note: C=Country Data; E=Estimated, estimated by the international agency, when corresponding country data on a specific year or set of years is not available.

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MDG3 - representation in the national parliamentWomen continue to be underrepresented as member of the national parliaments though there is a slow upward movement.

1990 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Average percent of held seats by women on National Parliament, De-veloped and Developing Member Economies: 1990 - 2011

perc

ent

Source. : Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2011) accessed 6 June 2012.

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More numbers on HERstory…

In 2010, female youths and adults most likely to have lower average years of schooling than their male counterparts …

On participation in education…

Source: Barro and Lee (2010), Human Development Report (UNDP 2011), ADB staff estimates.

China, Peo-ple's Rep. of

Bangladesh India Indonesia Pakistan0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Average Years of Total Schooling of Youth (15–24) : 2010

Female Male

perc

ent

China, Peo-ple's Rep. of

Bangladesh India Indonesia Pakistan0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

Average Years of Total Schooling of Adults (25 and over) : 2010

Female Male

perc

ent

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More numbers on HERstory… On fields of study …

Women more enrolled in fields of studies considered “feminine” such as social sciences and education. Are underrepresented in engineering, manufacturing, and construction fields.

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) accessed 12 June 2012.

0 10 20 30 40 500

10

20

30

40

50

Percentage of Enrolled Women and Men in Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction Fields, Latest Years

percentage of men enrolled in engineering, manufacturing and construction fields

perc

enta

ge o

f wom

en e

nrol

led

in e

ngin

eerin

g, m

anuf

actu

ring

and

cons

truc

tion

field

s

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More numbers on HERstory…

Women still lag behind in access to employment opportunities.

On employment rate…

Bangladesh India Indonesia Pakistan Thailand Viet Nam0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

Employment Rate (Aged 15 years and over) by Female-Male, Latest Years

Latest Female Latest Male

Perc

ent

Source: Key Indicators of the Labour Market 6th edition (ILO), Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2011).

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More numbers on HERstory…

More than half of women are employed in agriculture sector.

On employment by sector….

Source. World Development Indicators Database accessed 24 April 2012.

Agriculture Industry Services0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Employment Distribution by Female- Male, India: 2010

Female Male

perc

ent

Agriculture Industry Services0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Employment Distribution by Female- Male, Bangladesh: 2005

Female Male

perc

ent

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More number needed to complete HERstory Major Data constraints to provide evidence for public policies related to gender equality:

Violence against women; Participation in household unpaid work, leisure,

time use;Occupations, wages, unemployment, informal

employment, unpaid employment, decision making in private sector;

Entrepreneurship;Household decision making and ownership

assets.

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Recent International Initiatives and Development Busan - 4th High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness• Forum declaration commits countries and development

partners “to collect, disseminate, harmonise and make full use of data disaggregated by sex to inform policy decisions …..”

Busan Action Plan for Statistics – adopted at Busan• Commits to fully mainstreaming gender mainstreaming into

national statistical systems• Address weaknesses in sex-disaggregated data among

others as a priority initiative

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Recent International Initiatives and Development UN Inter-Agency Expert Group on Gender Statistics; Manual on mainstreaming gender in all official statistics under finalization; Guidelines on statistical surveys on Violence against Women (VAW) – standard methodological guidelines on what, how, and special features of VAW surveys Initiatives at the regional commission level

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Recent International Initiatives and Development Minimum set of indicators by IAEG-GS in five areas under finalization•Economic structures, participation in productive

activities and access to resources• Education• Health and related services• Public life and decision-making• Human Rights of women and girl child

Framework to promote production and compilation of minimum set at the country level

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Recent International Initiatives and Development Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) initiative – a 3-year project that aims to provide comparable gender indicators on education, employment, and entrepreneurship and asset ownership.

developing international database and metadata on gender indicators;

methodological development of standards and guidelines on entrepreneurship and ownership;

presentation of methodological work to UN Statistical Commission in 2015.

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Post2015 and Gender agenda

Two parallel processes ongoing• Discussions on Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) and forthcoming Rio Summit and• Post2015 development agenda

Hopefully two processes merge into a single framework Need for specific goal on women’s role in development and their empowerment Need for mainstreaming data collection on identified indicators at the national level.

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Challenges at country level Mainstreaming gender statistics program in National Strategies for Development of Statistics (NSDS) and work program; Mandating collection of sex-disaggregated data in all official data collections and their use in results based monitoring ; Establishing institutional mechanisms for coordination of gender statistics collection and dissemination; Allocating dedicated financial and human resources for improving availability and use of gender statistics Capacity building and training.

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Thank [email protected]

www.adb.org

“SHE counts,count HER.”