IntroductionImagine yourself in the most fabulous building in
the world. Now take away the lighting, heating and ventilation, the
lifts and escalators, acoustics, plumbing, power supply and energy
management systems, the security and safety systems. Now you are
left with a cold, dark, uninhabitable shell. Everything inside a
building which makes it safe and comfortable to be in comes under
the title of Building Services. A building must do what it was
designed to do- not just provide shelter but also be an environment
where people can live, work and achieve. Building services
comprises of 4 basic components, which are soils and waste system,
refuse disposal system, gas supply system and fire protection
system. For this final project, we have been given a task, our
group have been assign to conduct a study about refuse disposal
system of a building and theoretical part of it. Refuse disposal
system can be define as, technique for the collection, treatment
and disposal of the solid wastes of a community. The development
and operation of these systems is often called solid-waste
management. Although we often dispose of waste by simply
contracting out to removal services, the type of waste disposal
system our community uses has a large impact on the environment and
our health. Even with federal oversight on waste management, wastes
can still pollute the ground, air and water. Some disposal systems
are so dangerous that they are now banned. In this report, they are
merging into 2 main parts. Part 1 explains about the theoretical
component of this refuse disposal system and the details
explanations of it. Part 2 is the most important part of this
project. It explains the details of study case that we have done
and comparisons between the conventional and current technology
system used for those building that we was studied. Hope you enjoy
reading this, thank you.
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Part 1: Theoretical
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1. REFUSE STORAGEREFUSE COLLECTION The volume of loosely packed
refuse from an average three person household is 0.09m 2 per week,
slightly less than the capacity of a standard 0.092m2 dustbin. The
larger part of the volume of domestic refuse today is bulky
lightweight paper and plastic wrapping and container material
which, in our throw way style of living, is increasing to extent
that it is estimated that the volume of refuse from an average
three person household will increase to 0.12m 2 before long. This
bulky refuse encourages the householder to compress as much as
possible into his refuse bin, which make it difficult to discharge
the contents into the refuse collection vehicle. The bin is damage
by banging it against the vehicle to empty it and in the short time
it too becomes refuse and the cycle of waste accelerates. The
smaller part of the domestic refuse is ash from solid fuel
appliances, tins, bottles, and kitchen waste. The latter, if not
wrapped, may adhere to the side of the bin, putrefy and be the
source of disagreeable odours and the breeding ground for flies.
The usual sequence in the storage of domestic refuse is the filling
of a small bin or other small receptacle inside the dwelling, which
is emptied in the refuse bin, a larger storage container or into a
refuse chute discharging to a refuse container. Collection is
usually once or twice a week. Refuse is collected from the premises
or from the kerbside, depending on access and the local
arrangements, and the larger containers are usually collected from
the premises by vehicles designed for the purpose. The required
capacity of refuse containers depends on an assumption of about
0.3m2 refuse per person and the frequency of collection. It is
sensible to provide a larger capacity than this average to cover
interruption of collection during holiday periods and festival when
the volume is bulky, lightweight refuse increases considerably;
otherwise refuse bin will be packed and difficult to empty or will
have inadequate capacity with resulting spillage of refuse. An
additional capacity of 10-25% is not unusual. (Barry.R :164)
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2. REFUSE DISPOSAL COMPONENT2.1 REFUSE BIN (DUSTBIN) Refuse bin
are generally described as dustbins from the days when the solid
fuel fire was the principal source of heat and the resultant volume
of dust and ash that was discharged to bin gave them their name. at
that time a more frugal style of living did not produce the volume
of refuse common today.(Barry.R :164)
2.1.1 Galvanized mild steel dustbin. This is traditional dust or
refuse bin that has only recently been superseded by the plastic
bin and paper sack. A soundly made galvanized steel dustbin is
robust and will give useful service for many years providing the
zinc coating (galvanizing) is not damaged by mishandling. Once the
zinc coated wears, the mild steel rapidly rusts and the bin
disintegrated. The standard mild steel dust bins is round in
section and tapers on top to bottom to facilitate emptying and also
stacking. It is reinforce turnover rim, slightly dished bottom. A
standard steel bins is heavy about 12 kg, and when full it is near
the limit in weight that can be lifted and emptied by an average
person without strain. Various non-standard light section
galvanized steel bins are manufactured, mostly from corrugated or
fluted sheet to reinforce the flimsy material, because the light
section material from which they are made they have short life than
the heavier standard bin, and refuse that collects in the troughs
of the corrugated or fluted side is difficult to clean., these bins
is somewhat cheaper is false. The rubber lid and rubber bases to
steel bins are available to reduce the noise of handling the bins.A
specialized-steel bin, the dustless loading bin, is manufactured
for the storage and emptying of ash and other dusty refuse. The lid
is hinges to the bin and so designed that it does not open until
the bin has been lifted by the specially collection vehicle and
sealed against a shutter for dustless emptying. This type of bin is
too heavy for manhandling and has to be wheeled on a trolley to the
collection vehicle.(Barry.R :165)
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(http://www.hendler.co.za)
2.1.2 Plastic refuse bins Plastic refuse bin is about half of
the weight of a standard steel bin of the same capacity and if made
of high density polyethylene or polypropylene are rigid, durable
and have useful life of several years if reasonably handled. They
do not deteriorate by oxidization as do steel bins. There is no
great difference in cost between the standard steel and plastic
bins. A good quality plastic bin, such as that has a taper side
without flutes or corrugations, a reinforcing rim, lifting handles
and a loose lid. Usual capacity are 0.071m2 and 0.092m2 These bins
do tend deteriorate fairly rapidly when manhandled in being emptied
into collection vehicles. Being lightweight they are liable, if
free standing, to be blown about in high wind when empty.
Lightweight, low density polythene plastic bins are manufactured
with corrugated sides for reinforced. These flimsy bins are brittle
and easily fractured, particular are low temperatures and do not
have a reasonable useful life. Square section plastic bins on wheel
are supplied by some local authorities to reduce labour of
collection. These comparatively small, so-called wheelybins are
often overfilled and difficult to empty and so defeat the object of
their design, which is to reduce labour. (Barry.R :165,166)
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2.1.3 Paper and plastic refuse sacks The disposable paper refuse
sack is an alternative to the steel or plastic bin for
householders. The obvious advantage is that both the soiled
container and its contents are collected and disposed of in one
journey from and to the refuse collection vehicle. But the natural
resource, wood from which the sack are made is becoming
increasingly scarce and expensive in our throwaway society, despite
its disadvantages, that the paper sack will replace the steel and
plastic bins. Paper sack are made from stout two ply wet strength
paper or single ply waterproof kraft paper. Bags of capacity of
0.072m2 and 0.092m2 are generally used. The refuse sack are
supported by wall mounted or free standing holders. Wall mounted
holders are fixed to a wall with a back plate which supported the
sack holder and its lid. Plastic sack have been used instead of
paper sacks; they are cheaper than paper, required less space for
storage of sacks and do not deteriorate in damp conditions. Plastic
sack are fixed to wall mounted or free standing holders similar to
those paper sacks. This rational system of refuse storage depend on
degree of careful and sensible use by the householder. The all to
frequent abuse of this system by overfilling and forcing in angular
objects very soon reduces the efficiency of the system by causing
needles spillage of refuse and consequent extra labour on the part
of the collectors or householders, or both. (Barry.R :166)
(http://www.ajproducts.co.uk/)
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2.2 REFUSE CONTAINER Refuse container are large metal containers
in which refuse, both domestic and trade, is stored, the limit of
these size of containers is the capacity of a collection vehicle to
lift and carry or tow away the container. The galvanized steel
container is often describe as Paladin container. These container
are wheeled for manhandling to the collection vehicle which is
design to lift, upturn and empty the contents into the rear of the
collection vehicle. To this end are various lifting attachments to
the container such as the stud or angle iron rims to suit the
various makes of collection vehicle. These standard 0.95m2 refuse
containers are extensively used at the foot of chutes for communal
and trade refuse. A wide variety of large purpose-constructed,
galvanized steel containers are available, principally for storage
at the foot of chutes and for trade waste. These heavy containers
are somewhat difficult to manhandle towards the collection vehicle
and are noisy in operation of mechanically lifting them into the
vehicle for emptying. They are rarely cleaned due to difficulty to
access to the inside of the container and are liable to become
smelly in warm weather. (Barry.R :168)
(http://www.prlog.org)
2.3 BIN LINERS Of recent years, plastic bin liners have become
one of the most used ways of containing refuse for disposal. These
cheap liners are convenient for both impatient, careless
householders and the refuse collection operatives, but the
disadvantage of unsightly black bin liners littering the street,
and inevitable spillage. (Barry.R :169)
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2.4 WASTE COMPACTORA Compactor is a machine designed to compress
waste material to reduce the amount of space it takes up. For
example a Portable Compactor will hold many times as much waste as
a skip, meaning far fewer collections and much lower disposal
costs. Advantages of compactors are: Improve waste management
Reduce waste collection costs Save time and increase efficiency
Improve the working environment There are many different types of
Compactors, includes: Portable Compactors Either chain-lift, or
roll-on/roll-off. The machine is taken to a waste site to be
emptied.
Wet Waste Compactors
Portable Compactors specially designed to trap moisture content,
minimizing odours and spillage.
Static Compactors The Compactor crushes waste in containers
using a ram. The Compactor stays on your site - the container is
taken to be emptied.
Roll Packers A rolling drum is used to tear and compact bulky
materials in open containers.
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Roto Compactors A hugely versatile type of Compactor, this
machine uses a revolving drum to tear up almost any materials,
producing sacks of up to 500kg waste for easy disposal.
Bramidan Drum Press DP16 The Drum Press is suitable for
compacting drums up to 205 litres (50 gallons), reducing the volume
by up to 90%. Compact design saves space Designed for simplicity to
use and maintain Easy to operate
Bramidan Tin Press TP2 The Tin Press is designed to reduce the
volume of tins and cans of up to 30 litres. The pneumatic press can
be located where there is access to compressed air. Reduces volume
by up to 90% Low overall height Compact design saves space Easy to
operate Simple to connect and disconnect air pressure hose
Bramidan Bag Press BP2 The Bag Press compacts waste inside a
steel chamber enclosed by a plastic bag. The press is especially
useful for cardboard, plastic and cans, and for wet waste. Wheeled
press is easy to move and lock in postion with a brake Low overall
height, only 185cm Galvanized - resistent in aggressive
environments Easy to operate
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(Citation: http://www.kenburn.co.uk/compactors )
3. REFUSE DISPOSAL SYSTEM3.1Refuse chute For domestic building
of more than four floors, a system of refuse shuts is a sensible
means of disposal and storage. A refuse chute is a vertical shaft
into which refuse is tipped through hopper, the refuse being
collected and stored in a cylinder at the foot of the chute. Refuse
chutes are lined with cylindrical pipes of clay, concrete or fiber
cement, internal diameter not less than 450mm, the smooth
impervious surface of the pipes are providing the least impediment
to the movement of the chute and facilitating cleansing by periodic
hosing down. The lining pipes are enclosed in a brick or concrete
shaft for their support and as a protection against spread of fire.
Metal hopper at each floor level proc=vide entry point to the
chute. The opening of these hopper should not exceed 350mm in width
and 250 in depth. Hopper to chute should be located on open
communal access balconies or well ventilated lobbies away from
habitable rooms or in separate well ventilated lobbied of fire
resisting construction, off main circulation lobbies. At the foot
of each chute there should be container chamber. When the refuse
container is full, the chute is closed by steel shutter, the full
container are replaced with an empty one, the shutter opened.
Depending on the anticipated volume of refuse variety of
arrangement of container, a range of single containers on a
turntable, a range of refuse sacks on a turntable or a single large
container. Refuse chutes should be carried up to or above roof
level with a ventilating terminal of the same diameter as the
chute, or where this is not possible with a reduce ventilating pipe
and terminal. Ventilation of the chute and lobbies in which the
hopper are located is essential.
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With sensible use, reasonable periodic changes of container to
avoid spillage, and cleansing of the chute and container chamber
the refuse chute is a satisfactory system for storage of refuse in
multi-storey buildings. The disadvantage of these chutes is that
they can be somewhat noisy in use when heavy objects fall from
higher hopper entries. Due to thoughtless use they become blocked
with large cardboard boxes and such things as umbrellas which is
difficult to clear. (Barry.R : 167)
Vents & Fans Automatic Foul Air Exhaust Fan installed at the
top of the chutes, usually above roof level this ventilator
maintains a smooth flow of fresh air within the refuse chute.
Normally changing the air approximately 50 times per hour. The foul
air exhaust fan helps prevent the escape of any bad odors or
explosive gases released by aerosols etc, through refuse hoppers or
into the refuse room. For use with vent pipes of (9) 230 mm
diameter or above. Hoppers Uni-Metal refuse hoppers are supplied
with uni-metal refuse chutes or supplied for separate fitting as
independent or replacement hoppers. Designed to eject loose or
bagged refuse directly into a refuse chute or a container. Hopper
door pivots on an anti vandal hinge and is counter balanced to be
self closing and self sealing against a fire resistant seal.
Uni-Metal hoppers are specially designed to prevent blockages
inside refuse chutes Refuse chamber Refuse storage chamber must be
surrounded by floors and walls, with at least 1 hour fire rating.
Surface finishes must be non-combustible, moisture-proof and easy
to clean. A hour fire rating lockable, dust and fume-proof door
must be provided and the floor must be laid to falls to an external
trapped gully. A tap should be fitted outside, so that the chambers
should be structurally isolated from the rest of the building, by
means of double walls or separate floor slabs. (Citation:
www.sfsp-ikk.com)(https://picasaweb.google.com)
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3.2 The Matthew Garchey system The Garchey system is a method of
waste disposal in which refuse is fed through an enlarge waste
outlet in the sink into a waste tube housed inside a receiver,
fitted below the sink runs into and filled the waste receiver. When
the waste tube is filled it is raised by the householder and its
contents are washed down the waste to the 150mm waste stack to the
collection chamber. All waste water appliances are connected to the
waste stack so that their discharges assist in washing down the
refuse. Soil appliance are drained to a separate stack. The Garchey
refuse collection chamber is emptied once in a week to a tanker
which remove the waste from the refuse, and the carts it away.
Surplus water is drained to the sewer. Large material such as paper
and contains has to be broken down before being fed into the
system. Vegetable or other refuse is placed in a container under
the kitchen sink through a sealed hole in the bottom of the sink.
From here it is flushed away periodically to underground collection
chambers whence it is sucked by vacuum to a central disposal plant
next to the heating chamber. Here the refuse is dried and burned,
finally emerging as ashes which are carried away for disposal. The
system is completely sealed from the public from the moment the
refuse is placed in the container under the sink to its final
removal as harmless ashes. This refuse disposal system has not been
extensively used because of its high initial cost and high
maintenance due to careless usage. It was introduces some years ago
for use in multi storey blocks in flats, and suited to the disposal
of wet and damp waste such as that from kitchen. It is not, however
suited to the disposal of the increasing bulk of plastic
containers, plastic film and plastic wrapping that is common
today.(Barry. R :168)
(Hall.F 2007:272)
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The collection vehicle
It includes a patented pusher plate, which compresses the refuse
inside a cylindrical tank
Advantages
The system has proven satisfactory and popular with the user and
unlike the refuse chute, the refuse can be removed without taking
it to a landing or balcony. The refuse is taken directly from the
kitchen sink, to the tip, through an enclosed water-sealed system
and it is therefore more hygienic than the chute and there is less
risk of fire spread. The refuse collection is easier, quicker and
quieter and the damp refuse does not cause spread of dust at the
tip.
(http://www.leodis.net/)
(https://picasaweb.google.com)
(https://picasaweb.google.com)
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3.3 Sink waste disposal system. Kitchen waste is fed through the
sink waste to a disposal unit in which a grinder, powered by a
small electrical motor, reduces the refuse to small particles that
are washed down with the waste water from the sink. This unit is
design to dispose of such kitchen refuse as food remains which rot
and cause disagreeable odours in bins, they are not suited to the
disposal of larger bulky lightweight refuse. In common with other
seemingly sensible innovation in refuse disposal, this system has
lost favour largely because of impatience of user and the need for
frequent maintenance. (Barry.R:169) Safety
It should be impossible for the users to insert his or her
fingers into the shedding compartment and the blockages should not
be freed by hands.
(http://www.unitedfusion.com.my/)
(http://reslife1.tamu.edu/)
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3.4 Pneumatic transport of refuse Nowadays, some cities are
adopting underground pneumatic waste systems to transport and
collect garbage without any surface activity. The system consists
of a fully enclosed vacuum system network, which means doing away
with foul-smelling, dirty refuse collection rooms and containers in
the streets. The pneumatic underground system has a very complex
but efficient operation system. The waste is thrown into a normal
inlet, either indoors or outdoors. Sorting at source is handled by
using one inlet for each fraction. These systems consist of a
number of collection points, linked together by piping that
transports the waste to a central collection station. When a refuse
bag is deposited into an inlet, it is temporarily stored in a chute
on top of a discharge valve. All the full inlets connected to the
collection station are automatically emptied at regular intervals.
The control system switches on the fans and a vacuum is created in
the network of pipes. An air inlet valve is opened to allow
transport air to enter the system. One by one, the discharge valves
below each of the chutes are opened and the refuse bags fall down
by gravity into the horizontal network of pipes and are sucked to
the collection station. The refuse enters the collection station
via a cyclone that separates the refuse from the air. The refuse
falls down into a compactor, which compacts the refuse in the
sealed container. The transport air then passes through dust and
deodorant filters and a silencer. The system is ideal for
separating waste for recycling, in which case there is an
additional inlet and container for each category of refuse. The
control system directs a diverter valve to convey each category of
sorted waste into the correct container.
(http://www.ita-aites.org/) However, some disadvantages of
pneumatic systems exist. High investment costs. Inconveniences are
caused to inhabitants and businesses during the execution of
construction works Possibility of blockages occurring in tubes and
drop off points
(Hall.F 2007:273)
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3.5 On Site Incineration On site incineration is a waste
destruction in a furnace by controlled burning at high
temperatures. Incineration function by removes water from hazardous
sludge, reduces its mass and/ or volume, and convert it to a non
burnable ash that can be safely disposed of on land or underground
pits.Incineration is performed by supplying heat from fuel
combustion or electrical input to cause thermal decomposition of
organic contaminants through cracking and oxidation reactions at
high temperatures (usually between 760 to 1,550C (1,400 to 3,000F).
The disadvantage of this method is it is highly contentious method
because incomplete inceniration can produce carbon monoxide gas,
gaseous dioxins, and other harmful substances.Result in air
emmisions and ash sometimes contain toxic and need special
management which increase the cost. However, health risks
associated with storing putrefying rubbish are entirely eliminated
as the residue from combustion is odourless and sterile.Refuse
removal costs are reduced because the residual waste only about 10%
of the initial volume. This system consist of flue to discharge the
incinerationed gaseous products of combustion above roof level. A
fan ensures negative pressure in the discharge chute to prevent
smoke and fumes being misdirected. A large combustion chamber
receives and stores the refuse until it is ignited by an automatic
burner.Duration of burning is thermostatically and time
controlled.Waste gas are washes and cleaned before discharge into
the flue.There is no restriction on wet or dry materials, and
glass, metal, or plastics may be processed.
(Hall.F 2007:270)
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Materials destined for incineration should be of known origin
and composition and may only be incinerated in a furnace that is
registered for the incineration of that particular type of waste.
Record should be kept of the mass and/or volume, the type and
origin of the waste to be incinerated. The incinerator should be
preheated to working temperature before charging any waste.
Overloading of the incinerator should be avoided at all times. The
incinerator should be kept in good working order at all times and
should not be used if any component fails. Any malfunction should
be recorded in a log book and reported to the relevant control
authority. It should be supplied complete with full operating
instructions. The incinerator operator and all relevant staff
should be trained to the satisfaction of the relevant control
authority. A list should be displayed at or near the control panel
which identifies all trained operators. The incinerator and its
surrounds should be kept in a clean and neat condition at all
times. In cases where noxious or offensive gases are emitted that
cannot be destroyed by secondary combustion, additional control
equipment e.g. scrubbers, bag filters or electrostatic
precipitators will be required.
(Hall.F 2007:270)
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(https://picasaweb.google.com)
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3.6 Sanitary Incineration Sanitary incineration are the
quickest, easiest and most hygienic method for disposing of
dressings, swabs, and sanitary towels. They are usually installed
in office lavatories, hospitals and hotels. When the incinerator
door opened, gas burners automatically ignites and burn the
contents.After a pre-determined time, the gas supply is cut off by
a time switch. Each time the door opened, the time switch reverts
to its original position to commence another burning cycle.
Incinerators have a removable ash pan and a fan assisted flue to
ensure efficient extraction of the gaseous combustion products.In
event of a fan failure, a sensor ensures that gas burners cannot
function.The gas pilot light has a thermocoupled flame failure
device. Controlled hygienic, mechanical or automatic feeding
methods have to be used which will not influence the air supply and
temperature in the chambers of the incinerator negatively. (Hall.F
2007:271) No waste is to be fed into the incinerator in the
situation whereas : at start up and until the minimum combustion
temperatures have been reached. whenever the minimum combustion
temperatures are not maintained. whenever the previous charge has
not been completely combusted in the case of a batch loader. until
such time as the addition of more waste will not cause the design
parameters of the incinerator to be exceeded.
(Hall.F 2007:271) (http://www.consortepl.com)
(http://www.flickr.com/)
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3.7 Solid Waste Management (Manual) 3.7.1 DEFINATION Solid waste
management may be define as the control of generation, storage,
collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of
solid wastes in a manner that is accord with the best principle of
public health, economic, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and
other enviromental considerations, and that is also responsive to
public attitudes. 3.7.2 FUNCTION The function of solid waste
management is to remove discarded materials from inhabited places
in a timely manner to prevent spread of diseases, minimize the
likelihood of fires, and to reduce insults arising from putrefying
organic matter. Other than that solid waste management also to :
protect the environment health. promote the quality of the urban
environment. 3.7.3 THE PROCESS The process of solid waste
management involved six elements : 1. Waste management 2. On-site
handling, storage, and processing 3. collection 4. transfer and
transport 5. processing and recovery 6. disposal
Waste generation Storage collection Transfer and transport
DisposalFigure 1-The process involving the functional element of
solid waste managementPage
Processing and recovery
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1. Solid waste management generation. Solid waste include all
solid or semisolid material that has no longer considered of
sufficient value to be retained. The factor that influent the
generation rate of municipal wastes include : geographic location,
season of the year, collection frequency, use of kitchen waste
grinders, extent of salvaging and recycling, public attitude and
legislation.
2. On site handling. refers to the activities associated the
handling of solid until they are placed in the containers used for
their storage before collection. It may required to move loaded
containers to the collection point and to return the empty
containers to the point where they are stored between the
collections. On site storage. The factors that must be considered
in the on site storage of solid wastes included : Type of
containers There are different types and capacities of container
commonly used for on site storage of wastes. But because of
increasing cost(labor, fuel, equipment costs) the used of large
container are recommended. The container location In the newer
areas, containers are placed by the side of rear of the house. In
old residential areas container are placed in the alleys. In the
high rise building storage container are located in the basement or
ground floor service area. Processing of solid on site On site
method are used to recover usable material from solid wastes and
reduce its volume. The common processing operation include manual
sorting, compacting and incineration.
3. Collection of solid wastes. Collection services For municipal
solid wastes, the most common collection services are curb, alley
and back yard collection. The collection services provided to large
apartment, residential complexes, commercial and industrial
typically in centered around the used of large movable and large
stationery compactors.Compactors are of the type that can be used
to compress material directly into large containers
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Type of collection systems.
Hauled container system (HCS) It is the collection systems in
which the containers used for the storage wastes are hauled to the
processing, transfer or disposal site, emptied and returned to the
original point or to some other location. There are two types of
hauled container system: 1) tilt -frame container, 2)
trash-trailer. Tiltframe hauled container system has become
widespread because of large volume that can be hauled but trash
trailer is better for the collection of especially heavy rubbish.
The application of both tilt -frame container and trash-trailer are
similar, where, the collector is responsible for driving the
vehicles, loading full containers, and unloading empty containers,
and emptying the contents of the container at the disposal site.
Stationary container systems (SCS) It is the collection systems in
which the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the
point of waste generation except when moved for collection. There
are two types of stationary container systems: 1) self-loading
collection vehicles equipped with compactors. 2) Manually loaded
vehicles. Trips to the disposal site, transfer station or
processing station are made after the content of the collection
vehicle is full.
Figure (2): Various trucks for municipal solid waste and
recyclable collection
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4. Transfer and Transport Refers to the mean, facilities, and
appurtenances used to affect the transfer of wastes from one
location to another. Small collection vehicles are transferred to
larger vehicles that are used to transport the waste over extended
distances to disposal sites. It is very important to calculate the
traveling period between the collection areas to the final disposal
area.Depending on the method used to load the transport vehicles,
transfer station may be classified into three types: Direct
Discharge Storage Discharge: Combined of storage and direct
Discharge
5. Processing and recovery Separation of solid waste could be at
the source or at the final stage before disposal of the solid
waste. Chemical and biological transformation processes are used to
reduce the volume and weight of waste requiring disposal. It is
very important to separate the recyclable materials to reduce the
volume of the waste disposal. Types of separation depend on the
types of solid waste. Such as: Density separation: air
classification is the unit operation used to separate light
materials such as paper and plastic from the heavier materials such
as ferrous metal, based on the weight difference of he material in
an air stream. Magnetic separation: magnetic separation is a unit
operation whereby ferrous metals are separated from other waste
materials by utilizing their magnetic properties. Recycling: After
source reduction, the recovery of materials for recycling and
composting is the next important component of integrated SWM
program. Composting:can be carefully controlled to shorten the
composting time and space required and to minimize offensive odors.
The end product is rich in organic matter but low in nutrients.
6. Disposal Disposal on or in the earth mantel is the viable
method for the long- term handling solid wastes. Sanitary
lanfilling is the method of disposal used most commonly for
municipal wastes.
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Part 2: Case Study
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ACT AND POLICIESLOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT 1976 Refuse Collection,
Removal And Disposal (Subang Jaya Municipal Council) By-Laws 2007
Interpretation 3. In this By-Laws unless the contexts otherwise
requiresWaste matter includes any by-product, article or goods
disposed, rejected or damaged in the process of manufacture, with
or without commercial value. building material waste means the
refuse produces during the construction of any house or building or
project and includes any stone, wood, sand, earth, cement, attap,
zinc or other building material. Commercial waste means any waste
or waste matter generated by any industrial activities. Deposit of
refuse 5. No refuse, dirt or the like shall be deposited on any
public place except in the manner determined by the Council or in
any place not determined by the Council as the place to deposit
refuse, dirt or the like.
Refuse bins. 6. The owner or occupier of every house or building
shall provide refuse bin with lid and shall maintained in good
condition.
Page
Disposal of household refuses 7. (1) all household refuse shall
be put into plastic bag and be tied before being put into the
refuse bin. (2) Any broken glass, cans and sharp objects shall be
wrapped and be put into separate disposable receptacle and placed
closed to the refuse bin for collection. (3) The household refuse
bin shall be places outside the gate, on a back-lane or at any
other convenient place specified by the Council to facilitate the
collection of refuse (4) All refuse bins shall be placed within the
refuse bins stand or the refuse chamber or the likewise as approved
by Council. (5) Other than household refuse, the disposal of home
appliances refuse shall be subjected to by-law 10.
24
Refuse of the multi-storey buildings 8.(1) In a multi-storey
building where a refuse chute has been provided, the Management
Corporation of the building or if there is no such corporation, the
occupier of the building shall provide and maintain a refuse bin,
which shall be placed in the refuse chamber. (2) The refuse bin
shall be of a sufficient size to fit the refuse chamber provided at
the bottom of the refuse chute in the building. (3) The Management
Corporation or the occupier of the building shall at all timer
maintain the refuse chute, the metal hopper of the chute and the
metal door to the refuse chamber, (4) If the refuse bin, the refuse
chute, the metal door, the metal hopper, or the refuse chamber is
not in proper condition, the Council may order the Management
Corporation or the occupier or the owner of the premise to replace
or repair any defect. Prohibition on burning of waste material 16.
No person shall burn or cause to be burnt any combustible
materials, refuse or waste matter except in such activities as
prescribed in the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127) and the
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Open Burning) Order
2000 [P.U. (A)308/2000] and in such manner and place approved by
the Council. Kampung Area 18. The owner or occupier of any house or
building in the kampung area shall provide a pit of sufficient size
for the reception of such waste matter and shall be responsible for
the disposal of such waste matter by either burying or burning it.
(citation : LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT 1976)
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MENARA BANK ISLAM KUALA LUMPUR
(www.wikimapia.org)
On 23 April 2012, we had conducted research for our studies on
Menara Bank Islam Kuala Lumpur. We had arrived there 5.00 pm. The
building is located within the area of KLCC. This is a new building
comprises 34-storey and multilevel car park. Completed in January
2011, this 34-storey building was developed by Tabung Haji at a
cost of RM151 million. The building is also known as Menara MAIWP.
It is currently used as the headquarters of Federal Territory's
Religious Affairs Council. Under the build, operate and transfer
(BOT) concept, Tabung Haji will manage the building for 25 years
with a RM56.6 million lease payment to the Religious Affairs
Council. Bank Islam is its main anchor tenant, but the building
also houses Tabung Haji's various subsidiaries.
(www.wikimapia.org)
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26
To continue our research about waste disposal system, we had met
the supervisor in charged, representative from Tabung Haji
Properties (THP) Sinar. With his kindness, he had offered us
assistances and guidance throughout our research and provided
u----s with sufficient information regarding the building refuse
disposal system used and demonstrated how the system operates. As a
newly completed building, Menara Bank Islams refuse disposal system
is very practical and efficient. By applying the act and policies
that local government had drawn, there is no refuse chute system
used.
This system is highly dependent on manual labour. The refuse is
manually picked up by THP cleaning staffs in charged from the
refuse bins to the compactor room by using elevator. The refuse is
collected every day in the morning. It mostly consist of papers,
food containers and minimum household refuse. Furthermore, the
cleaning staff of THP Sinar not only in charge of collecting
refuse, but also have to maintain the cleanliness and hygiene of
the building.
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27
The cleaning staff required the usage of household cleaning
tools and equipment. Such as mop, mop wringer bucket, brooms and
shovels, detergent, gloves, cloths, and several types of brushes.
Striking PVC cleaning signage is use to warn the passerby that the
floor is slippery and there is also cleaning work is carried
out.
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28
We observed that THP Sinar used stainless steel refuse bins and
plastic bins. The stainless steel refuse bins usually located in
high traffic area such as near elevators, lifts and entrance to
offices. There are total 43 of plastic bins and 92 steel refuse
bins in this building.
Trolley is use to transport big or heavy refuse such as
cardboard boxes and others to the compactor room. For plastic
refuse bins usually used inside the office, working area and
outside the premise, which the refuse mainly consist of papers and
minimal household waste. The design of the bins itself facilitate
the work of taking out the refuse. Every bin has plastic bin liners
to ease the staffs to remove the rubbish. It also because much
cleaner and very efficient.
When the refuse is collected, then it placed into the plastic
refuse bins located inside the compactor room. Later when the bins
are full, the refuse will be thrown into the compactor. The refuse
compactor used is Spiral Waste Bins (wet waste compactor) utilized
electric motor operated and adopting hydraulic technology. Designed
to handle large volumes of wet waste as well as mixed wet and dry
waste. If waste materials have a high moisture content, leakage of
effluent can be the result when the material is compacted. If the
waste is for example food, this can lead to bad odours and
contamination of the working environment. In particularly bad cases
there can also be problems with vermin.
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29
When the operation button is pushed, the bins will move upward
by mechanical chain. Then, when the elevator reaches at the top, it
will tilt to allow the rubbish fall into the compactor.
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30
The compactor is powered by electrical motors.
However, there are precautionary measures in types of refuse
allowed to compact. Sharp and hard objects such as stones or
bricks, woods, metals and even bottle will damage the compactor as
well as causing malfunction.
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31
The municipal refuse truck from Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur
will come to Menara Bank Islam to collect the refuse twice a week;
every Monday and Thursday. The big metal piston within the
compactor will push the refuse; load it into the refuse truck
through an opening.
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32
In the compactor room there are also drainage system and water
supply for cleaning purposes. The drainage are also useful if there
are any leakage of effluent from the compactor.
MILLENNIUM SQUARE, PETALING JAYA
(www.propwall. my)
LOCATION
(http://maps.google.com.my/)
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33
Millennium Square is a mixed leasehold condominium and
commercial development located strategically near the Central
Business Districts Section 14, Petaling Jaya. It is preferred for
its strategic location within central business hub and near several
amenities and Petaling Jaya's first smart home enabled serviced
apartments. REFUSE DISPOSAL Since the chute system is banned in
Malaysia, condominium had stopped using chute system. Today,
Millennium Square has located a small room at every floor which is
name the Bilik Sampah (Refuse Room). This is because the management
of the condominium believes in protecting the environment and
serving the community together in small ways. The refuse room is
easier way to help residents to get rid of their daily newspaper,
bottles and other refuse while serving a good cause at the same
time. (http://www.propwall.my) The refuse room also have small
window for ventilation. This helps to avoid foul air trap inside
the room.
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34
In the room there are several plastic refuse bins. This system
also depends on manpower, where the residents have to bring their
rubbish placed into the bins. The cleaning staff shall clear the
rubbish from the Refuse Room into a refuse storage room.
The refuse storage room is located at the bottom of the building
which is near to the exit. The distance of the storage room to the
carpark entrance is approximately 200m. This room consist of few
refuse metal containers. The room is kept clean to avoid any
leakage of effluent and foul odour and also have water supply for
cleaning purposes. Municipal refuse truck from Majlis Bandaraya
Petaling Jaya will come and collect the refuse twice a week. The
storage room should accommodate entrance and egress of refuse
truck.
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35
COMPARISON
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37
SUSTAINABLE FEATURESTo conduct this study about refuse disposal
system, we had done research in two buildings, Menara Bank Islam
Kuala Lumpur and Millennium Square Petaling Jaya. Both of the
building is using Solid Waste Management (Manual) system. Each
building have their own respective life span, so does the system
used in the building. For a period any system shall need to be
maintain so it will sustain as long as the building. The type of
material and system used should be suitable with the residents and
the local law and policies. Furthermore, the system must not cause
harm to the environment and human health by pollution. By applying
the law that local authorities had drawn, chutes and incinerator
system is certainly not allowed to use in Malaysia. This is because
refuse chute had caused indoor pollution within the building when
the residents abuse the system by throwing rubbish without plastic
liners and large rubbish that will clogged the system such as
furniture, umbrella and broom sticks. When the chute is blocked,
residents however keep throwing rubbish till the chute itself is
full with rubbish, then foul smell will emitted and pollute inside
of the building. Whereas, onsite incinerator consumes high amount
of voltage to reduce the refuse to ashes. These fine ashes will
contribute to air pollution and the gas and odour emitted are very
hazardous to human and environment.
(www.hmetro.com.my)
(http://yewteezone9.blogspot.com/)
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Material of the refuse bins should also be considered due to its
own sustainable features.
Material used Plastic refuse binBoth in Menara Bank Islam and
Millennium Square used standardize plastic refuse bin. There are a
pair of wheels at the bottom of bins to ease cleaning staff to
remove or transport the bin from one place to another. The design
itself is very handy and helpful to unload the bins to containers.
This plastic refuse bin can endure wear and tear and also weather
condition. However it should handle with care and not abuse it.
Stainless steel refuse binThis type of bin is mainly used
throughout Menara Bank Islam. Even though, its quit expensive but
it is very sustainable and will not require replacement. This is
because stainless steel refuse bin is very durable and can
withstand wear and tear for much longer period. Moreover, it is
chosen due to its clean and hygienic appearance.
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Today, some old residential building still have refuse chute.
Provided in the Refuse Collection, Removal And Disposal Law, the
residents and the Management Corporation must maintain the system
so it can still operate or else it shall be replace with refuse
room. We can see that there is no longer such refuse system like
refuse chute, onsite incinerator or Garchey system allowed to
construct. The Solid Waste Management (Manual) system is highly
depends on manpower whether to remove the refuse in horizontal or
vertical movements. Even though, nowadays system is very different
from the formerly used system, but it had proved to be more
efficient and effective and most importantly sustainable.
(www.malaysiakini.com)
It is proven to be sustainable because both building is very
clean and there is no problem about foul smell and vermin coming
from the refuse storage room. The system produces comfortable
living and working area.
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CURRENT TECHNOLOGY AND MAINTENANCERefuse Compactor
The Spiral Waste Bins (wet waste compactor) used in Menara Bank
Islam required regular maintenance. Even though by adopting the
hydraulic technology, all limit switches are eliminated as these
limit switch are prone to create malfunction hence making the
spiral unreliable and often need periodic servicing.
(http://www.aplusgroup.com.my)
Page
(http://www.aplusgroup.com.my)
41
Proper servicing will extend the life of the machine and give
better performance. On a daily basis a building maintenance person
has to check the equipment. A good check starts with safety. When
the door to the compactor is opened, the machine should immediately
shut off. Building personnel should also look for leaks of the
hydraulic fluid. Since the machine is metal with moving parts, it
must be checked for signs of metal fatigue. Metal rubbing against
metal, must be checked for wear. Often a simple correction can save
a considerable amount of money. The hydraulic fluid level in a
compactor must be changed. There is also a filter in the hydraulic
system that should also be changed. When removing the fluid the
technician feels the fluid to see if there are any metallic
particles in it. Excessive particles can be a sign of problems.
They must check (for signs of wear) and correct the piston that
operates the ram for proper garbage compression. The electrical
system is also important since it is the basis for the machine's
operation. Most of the electrical wiring is incased in piping.
Therefore, the integrity of the piping should be visually
inspected.
(http://ptrco.com) Once a year a professional cleaning service
should be called in to internally clean, deodorize and disinfect
the compactor and chute. A complete application of bacteria hungry
enzymes should be applied. Hopper doors on each floor should be
cleaned, adjusted for tension and aligned.
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Proper maintenance will greatly extend the life of a compactor.
The basic steps outlined serve as guidelines, but building
personnel should be encouraged to look and listen to the compactor
regularly. A good manager can often hear or see changes in the
machine that serve as a warning sign that something is wrong. There
is no substitute for vigilant daily observations that can shortcut
costly repairs. (http://www.nyarm.com) Regularly, thoroughly clean
the interior of refuse compactor is needed. Usage a
bacteriafighting cleaner and/or degreaser to clean the ram (the
platform that presses down on the refuse) and any other part of the
compactor that comes into contact with the garbage is recommended
If there is food waste put into it, bacteria can grow on the inside
of refuse compactor. For temporary odor control between cleanings,
spray the interior with a germ-killing deodorant/disinfectant. Also
replace the filter (if there is one) once or twice a year.
(http://www.repairclinic.com/)
Refuse room
In Millennium Square, refuse room is used. The refuse room is
kept clean daily by the cleaning staff. The refuse room is one of
the alternatives supported by the local government since we are no
longer provided with refuse chute system especially in high rise
building. This system also depends highly on manpower from both
residents and the cleaning staff.
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43
We can see that the refuse room had received encouraging
response from the building management and occupants can use the
facilities provided. By providing an effective garbage room, the
building management is able to inculcate sense of responsibility in
the population. Additionally, in promoting recycling habits in the
population, the building management has provided recycling bins.
Refuse room is the responsibility of their own people; cleaning
staff will only clean and remove only the garbage to the Refuse
storage room.
Wheely bin
Recycling bin
This is the most common method used in Malaysia. A small room
for refuse room is provided at every floor of the building. Consist
a small window for ventilation and few plastic refuse bins. Square
section plastic bins on wheel are supplied by some local
authorities to reduce labour of collection. These comparatively
small, so-called wheelybins are often overfilled and difficult to
empty and so defeat the object of their design, which is to reduce
labour. (Barry.R :165,166). Every day, the cleaning staff will
transfer the plastic refuse bins to the refuse storage room which
usually located at the exit of the building. Municipal refuse truck
will collect the rubbish twice a week.
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44
(http://www.wheeliebinsadelaide.com/)
Keeping the refuse room clean is considered as routine for the
cleaning staff. However, based on local law provided, the refuse
room is under residents responsibility. Used thick plastic bin
liners and tied neatly to prevent waste not fragmented if lifted.
Do not leave it wet or smelly items outside the refuse room Do not
throw rubbish which on fire Do not leave refuse unethically outside
of the bins. Use the bins provided, especially recycling bins.
Avoid bins from overflowing and forcing the bins by pressuring.
This brings difficulty to unload the bins.
Basically, refuse room will reflect the mentality and awareness
of the occupants. Unethical occupants will abuse this system by
dumping dirty refuse irresponsibly whereas ethical will keep the
refuse room clean and use the bin effectively.
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CONCLUSIONBased on our observation of two buildings that we
survey, the Menara Bank Islam and Millennium Square, we had found
refuse disposal system used in these building has been adapted to
the environment and the users or occupants of the building. From
our research, these buildings using sustainable and efficiently.
This is because the buildings were found to be very clean and not
pollute the environment with poor waste management. Although in
Malaysia now is no longer implementing refuse chute, on site
Incinerator and other systems, the system used today depends highly
on the manpower of the building management and occupants. Moreover,
from our eyes, we can see that there are huge efforts from the
government to encourage Malaysian to be more aware about this
rubbish issue. LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT 1976 Refuse Collection, Removal
and Disposal has been made to the local population to know their
respective roles and responsibilities in maintaining and conserving
the environment. Without fixed law, people would throw rubbish
without thinking about the impact that will override. Thus, people
cannot take the easy solution in for littering because it will get
a fine and a summons for disobeying the law. We also hope that in
the future, the rubbish problems will no longer be a national
issue. People should realize now that if they abuse the refusal
system prepared, others will receive the consequences. Not only
that, it would be detrimental visions and pollute the environment.
Effective new technology is also needed to reduce the labor force
in bringing rubbish from refuse room to refuse collection room.
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