REFRAMING POLITICAL DISCOURSE AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN … · Eskimi 10m (monthly) 8.8m (monthly) More than 70% use their mobile phones for social media activities such as social networking,

REFRAMING POLITICAL DISCOURSE AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN A YOUNG DEMOCRACY THE CONSTRUCTION OF A DIGITAL REPOSITORY OF

NEW MEDIA USAGE

Tunde Opeib i PhD

P r o f e s s o r O f E n g l i s h D i g i t a l C u l t u r e s amp D i s c o u r s e S t u d i e s U n i v e r s i t y o f L a g o s

A L U M N U S O F A L E X A N D E R V O N H U M B O L D T F O U N D A T I O N

V i s i t i n g P r o f e s s o r C h e m n i t z U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o g y

E m a i l b o p e i b i u n i l a g e d u n g

w w w d h u n i l a g c o m

Chemnitz Africa Symposium in English( CASE) Tuesday 15th May 2018

Introduction Digital technologies have continued to reshape interactionscommunications and mechanics of our daily lives in the modernworld

New media has transformed the average citizens in most societiesfrom being passive consumers under mainstream media regime toproducers and consumers of online contents within the digital mediaera

Justifiably tagged lsquothe fourth industrial revolutionrsquo digitaltechnologies are creating clusters of knowledge-based societies inevery part of the world

MAY 15 2018- CHEMNITZ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY GERMANY TUNDE OPEIBI

Within the political space a process of reengineering and re-energising communication and interaction is ongoing

Moving from one-to-many to the era of many-to-many and helpingto reconfiguring our social experiences and productivity

New media technologies are today increasingly shaping andredefining the boundaries of our communications interactionssociocultural and technical relations as well as our everydayexperiences


Description of CONNMPDE ProjectThe study Corpus of Nigeria New Media Political Discourse(CONNMPDE) is a sub-component of a bigger project titled CORPUS OF NIGERIA NEW MEDIA DISCOURSE IN ENGLISH(CONNMDE)

A 5-year project involving the construction of 10 million word-tokens of a range of online discursive practicesonline conversation on a number of key social economic and political sectors

1st Phase Construction of the Corpus of Nigeria New Media Political Discourse in English(CONNMPDE)

2nd Phase Corpus of Nigeria New Media Business Discourse in English( CONNMBDE)

3rd Phase Corpus of Nigeria New Media Religious Discourse in English(CONNMRDE )

Etc

- The Corpora will be uploaded on a dedicated user interface website for global accessibility


The Present Project Research QuestionsObjectives

What specific new media tools were used in Nigerian political space between2011 and 2015

Who were the active users of digital technologies during these elections

How were the digital tools used In what context For what purpose

Does new media create lsquonew politicsrsquo and lsquonew agenciesrsquo while backgroundingthe prevalence of digital and structural divides in Nigeria

In what have new media technologies succeed in promoting participatorydemocracy wider social inclusion and political transformation

In what ways have these new technologies contributed to the ongoingdemocratisation process in Nigeria


Specific Focus

This presentation focuses on 2 major issues during the 2015 General elections

A Digital Tools

1 The Use new media for political communication amp mobilisation during electioneering campaigns

2 The use of new media for civic engagement

3 The creativity in online discourse production during the political events

B Key Users of Digital Tools

1 Political Stakeholders( State Actors amp Politicians or their agents supporters)

2 Citizens

3 Third Party ( NGO Private Citizens ndash Corporate entities)


Nigeria as a Young Democracy The Socio-Discursive Context of the Study

Nigeria gained independence from Britain in 1960

A couple of political instability from 1966 with the 1st military intervention

Progressive but spasmodic Development of Democratic practice in Nigeria

1960 1963 1979 1992 1999-date

Nigeria is now said to be in its 4th Republic from 1999( the longest uninterrupted so far)

Progressive Development of Political Discourse

1999 amp 2003 Introduction of mobile phones and SMS as campaign mobilisation andawareness tools( from 2003)

2003 amp 2007 Limited Usage of Partisan websites SMS Website Internet Youtube

2011 amp 2015 A greater deployment of new media technologies


STATISTICS OF POPULAR NEW MEDIA NETWORKS IN NIGERIASNO PLATFORM NO OF ACTIVE

USERSPERCENTAGE of

PenetrationGrowth between 2000 and 2017

1 INTERNET 97 210 000 52 456994

2 FACEBOOK 16m

3 TWITTER 7 m 529

4 INSTAGRAM 36m

5 YOUTUBE 011

6 WHATSAPP 14-16 million

78

2GO Eskimi

10m (monthly)88m (monthly)

More than 70 use their mobile phones for social media activities such as social networking reading online newspapers limited business and financial transactions etc

Active users of social media networks are between ages 18 and 44 years Coincidentally that is the age range of politically active population in Nigeria

httpwebclickcomngnigeria-internet-statistics-nigerians-online statscomstats1htm httpwwwinnovationiseverywherecomnigeria-forget-facebook-2go-eskimi-two-social-mobile-networks-matter

Stats as at 2017


NEW MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES IN USE DURING 2011 amp 2015 POLITICAL ACTIVITIES

2011 Facebook Website Twitter Youtube

2015 Facebook Twitter Youtube Partisan Websites Instagram

SPECIFIC USAGES OF NEW MEDIA IN 2015

Digital technologies for electoral management by state actors(INEC NOA SecurityAgencies)

Use of electronic card reader to promote electoral credibility transparency blockelectoral fraud doublemultiple votings underage voting etc

Use of new media for political campaigns votersrsquo mobilisation crowd sourcing(somecandidates used it to raise funds) and civic engagement

2015 Digital technologies reduce post-election violence as all the parties acceptedthe results because of the level of transparency promoted through new technologies

2015 Drawback includes the use of new media to spread hate speech falseelection results


PARTISAN WEBSITES FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL PURPOSES

THE POLITICAL WEBSITE OF THE

ALL PROGRESSIVES

CONGEESS(APC) THE MAIN

OPPOSITION PARTY THAT

WON THE 2015 ELECTIONS



PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC

PARTY (PDP)THE DEFEATED

RULING PARTY DURING THE

2015 ELECTIONS


THE TWITTER HANDLE OF A PARTISAN 3RD

PARTY GROUP THAT

SUPPORTED THE RULING PEOPLES

DEMOCRATIC PARTY DURING

THE 2015 ELECTIONS

SAMPLE OF TWITTER HANDLE USED DURING THE 2015 ELECTIONS




0

5

10

15

20

25

APC only PDP only Labour APC andPDP

APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour

Active Political Parties in Social Media during the 2015 Elections

B About one third of the research population (34) believes that APC only was more active on social media platforms compare to the 10 who believes PDP only was more active in social media in the 2015 electionHowever 37 of respondents believes that the 2 major parties ldquoAPC and PDPrdquo were most active in social media in the 2015 elections

ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF FIELD WORK CONDUCTED BETWEEN JULY AND AUGUST 2017


9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE

Social media increases candidatesrsquo visibility and credibility

More than 50 of the respondents believe that social media has the potential of increasing candidatesrsquo visibility and credibility This could reflect a major impact that social media now has on Nigerian Democracy

Does Social media increase candidatesrsquo visibility and credibility


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Strongly agree Agree Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Void

Social media as best means of reaching eligible voters

A relatively large group of people also believe that social media is the best and cheapest means of reaching all eligible voters

Is social media the best means of reaching eligible voters


0 5 10 15 20 25

Awareness creation and popularity of candidates

Increased chances of winning

Accessibility of information for the public

Generation of hate speeches

Enhancement of deceit and lies

Stimulation of interests among young voters

Increased publicrsquos interests in politics

General commendation

No significant impact

Impact of Social Media in 2015 elections

Close to half (44) of the respondents are of the opinion that social media usage during the 2015 general elections promoted awareness and popularity of candidates

Do you believe that social media has some impact on the outcomes of the 2015 elections



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Strongly Agree Agree Strongly Disagree Disagree Not Sure

Social Media was largely used as Political campaign platform


Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10

Social Media tools were used largely as Political campaign platforms

Agree Disagree Not sure

A combination of lsquoAgreersquo and

lsquoStrongly Agreersquoin Slide 23 gives us 73 lsquoAgreersquo

Word Cloud analysis of key topics trending during the 2015 elections in Nigeria

February 2015



The main opposition candidate

Muhammadu Buhari (at his

polling centre) using his Twitter

handle to encourage voters to also come out

and vote


The use of Twitter to monitor polling

activities real time

httpswwwiafrikancom20150714twitter-facebook-social-media-elections-nigeria-2015-buhari-jonathan



Preliminary ResultsMore awareness among political actors and state actors about the power of new media to mobilise citizens and engage them

Gradual increase in political participation in response to political education and advocacy promoted via new media

In the 2015 elections more politically active southwest utilised online platform more that the north



Level of education is related to the level of social media usageTraditional assumptions still influenced political decisions especially in the northIncumbency factor cannot be separated from the use of social media Where opposition is active use of social media platforms increases as other channels for mobilisation and civic engagement

Online portals of some national newspapers provide alternative civic engagement space for interactions between the politicians public officers and citizens Online readers post their comments on news stories that focus on any topical national issues as reported in the newspapers

Ordinary citizens in locations within and outside the site of political context are able to participate in any ongoing political narratives or national debates on government policies or programmes

Nigerians in the diaspora now participate in political conversation via online platforms

Political actors now us social media platforms to negotiate political identities

Social media platforms become a platform for discursive [re-] construction of political identities political narratives

Re-negotiation of language choices and identities in multilingual contexts[ use of codeswitching as strategies to include and exclude online participants in the conversation


THE WEBPAGE OF THE PROJECT-CORPUS OF NIGERIA NEW MEDIA DISCOURSE IN ENGLISH(CONNMDE) URL wwwdhunilagcom





THE IMPACT OF THE PROJECT

As an open access reusable data the digital database provides useful information and material for researchers and policy makers to understand the growth of democracy in Nigeria through the virtual platform

Key political actors are able to study the impact of the use of digital technologies during electoral process

Information on political activities real time can provide information to prevent outbreak of post-election violence

Regulatory and security agencies can use the information to combat hate speeches that may be transmitted during elections and day to day running of government

It provides pedagogical material for students

ReferencesKarekwaivanane George (2016) Digital Publics And Counterpublics In Africa CFP- H-Announce

httpswwwacademiaedu19685195Digital_Publics_and_Counterpublics_in_Africa_-_Call_for_Papers

Loon Andre van(2017) Labour is winning the election on social mediaAvailable at httpwwwcampaignlivecoukarticlelabour-winning-election-social-media1435748KZWVaWOJp4Mgmb8J99

Russman Uta(2012) Online Political Discourse on Facebook An Analysis of Political Campaign Communication in Austria Zeitschrift fuumlr Politikberatung (ZPB) Policy Advice and Political ConsultingVol5 No 3 (2012) pp 115-125

Tannen D amp Trester AM(eds) (2013) Discourse 20 Language and New Media Washington DC Georgetown University Press

Webography

Digital Campaigning httpspoliticsmeanspoliticscomdigital-campaigning-in-2017-the-general-election-on-social-media-4e821aedaaa2

httpwwwpremiumtimesngcomnewstop-news173923-inec-releases-names-candidates-2015-presidential-electionhtml

Commonwealth Observer Group ( 2015)Nigerian Presidential and National Assembly Elections Available at httpthecommonwealthorgsitesdefaultfilesinlineNigeria2BCOG2BReport2BMarch2B2015pdf


THE SECOND PROJECT- THE LITTECHLAGOS

TUNDE OPEIBI BOPEIBIUNILAGEDUNG

This study falls under postcolonial digital humanities projects

It explores the theoretical methodological and technical issues on a new

project titled LitTechLagos the digital depiction of Lagos city in literary

writings from the 1950s till date

It examines how new forms of digitization affect the curation

communication and circulation of creative works as a critical component

of cultural heritage

It is a large data base the exploration of Lagosrsquo literary history and place-

name mentions through real time visualisation on a digital map

A new way to tell colonial and postcolonial stories digitally and highlight

the cultural diversity that makes Lagos city the centrepoint in many

postcolonial writings


The LitTech Lagos project will adopt theoretical and technical

framework of the LitLong Edinburgh by using lsquonatural

language processing technology based on contributions from

literary scholarsrsquo in order to text mine literary works set in

Lagos and to visualise the results in accessible waysrsquo

Similarly the project will be able to bring the Lagos lsquoliterary

cityscape more fully into view and so encourage us to reflect

on question and celebrate the urban communities cultures and

environments in which we liversquo and in which others are willing

to explore



KWIC concordance hits ndashrsquoLagosrsquo in

Chinua Achebersquos No Longer at Ease(1960)




The study thus contributes to the ongoingdebate that the discourse of digitization offersgreat potential to research works in emergingnations in the global south to unveil the rich yetunexplored cultural heritage works that are indanger of being destroyed or forgottenIt will help to retell the stories of Lagos in a digitalform that will be easily accessible informative andeducative

REFRAMING POLITICAL DISCOURSE RESHAPING CIVIC ENGAGEMENT THE CONSTRUCTION OF A DIGITAL REPOSITORY OF NEW MEDIA USAGE IN NIGERIA

Tunde Opeibi PhDProfessor of English Discourse Studies amp Digital Cultures

University of Lagos Nigeria

ALUMNUS OF ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT FOUNDATION

Email bopeibiunilagedung

wwwdhunilagcom


Introduction Digital technologies have continued to reshape interactionscommunications and mechanics of our daily lives in the modernworld

New media has transformed the average citizens in most societiesfrom being passive consumers under mainstream media regime toproducers and consumers of online contents within the digital mediaera

Justifiably tagged lsquothe fourth industrial revolutionrsquo digitaltechnologies are creating clusters of knowledge-based societies inevery part of the world











Etc











Specific Focus


A Digital Tools






2 Citizens







1960 1963 1979 1992 1999-date








USERSPERCENTAGE of


1 INTERNET 97 210 000 52 456994

2 FACEBOOK 16m

3 TWITTER 7 m 529

4 INSTAGRAM 36m

5 YOUTUBE 011


78

2GO Eskimi





Stats as at 2017














ALL PROGRESSIVES






PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC



2015 ELECTIONS



PARTY GROUP THAT



THE 2015 ELECTIONS





0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom











Etc











Specific Focus


A Digital Tools






2 Citizens







1960 1963 1979 1992 1999-date








USERSPERCENTAGE of


1 INTERNET 97 210 000 52 456994

2 FACEBOOK 16m

3 TWITTER 7 m 529

4 INSTAGRAM 36m

5 YOUTUBE 011


78

2GO Eskimi





Stats as at 2017














ALL PROGRESSIVES






PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC



2015 ELECTIONS



PARTY GROUP THAT



THE 2015 ELECTIONS





0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom







Etc











Specific Focus


A Digital Tools






2 Citizens







1960 1963 1979 1992 1999-date








USERSPERCENTAGE of


1 INTERNET 97 210 000 52 456994

2 FACEBOOK 16m

3 TWITTER 7 m 529

4 INSTAGRAM 36m

5 YOUTUBE 011


78

2GO Eskimi





Stats as at 2017














ALL PROGRESSIVES






PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC



2015 ELECTIONS



PARTY GROUP THAT



THE 2015 ELECTIONS





0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom










Specific Focus


A Digital Tools






2 Citizens







1960 1963 1979 1992 1999-date








USERSPERCENTAGE of


1 INTERNET 97 210 000 52 456994

2 FACEBOOK 16m

3 TWITTER 7 m 529

4 INSTAGRAM 36m

5 YOUTUBE 011


78

2GO Eskimi





Stats as at 2017














ALL PROGRESSIVES






PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC



2015 ELECTIONS



PARTY GROUP THAT



THE 2015 ELECTIONS





0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom


Specific Focus


A Digital Tools






2 Citizens







1960 1963 1979 1992 1999-date








USERSPERCENTAGE of


1 INTERNET 97 210 000 52 456994

2 FACEBOOK 16m

3 TWITTER 7 m 529

4 INSTAGRAM 36m

5 YOUTUBE 011


78

2GO Eskimi





Stats as at 2017














ALL PROGRESSIVES






PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC



2015 ELECTIONS



PARTY GROUP THAT



THE 2015 ELECTIONS





0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom






1960 1963 1979 1992 1999-date








USERSPERCENTAGE of


1 INTERNET 97 210 000 52 456994

2 FACEBOOK 16m

3 TWITTER 7 m 529

4 INSTAGRAM 36m

5 YOUTUBE 011


78

2GO Eskimi





Stats as at 2017














ALL PROGRESSIVES






PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC



2015 ELECTIONS



PARTY GROUP THAT



THE 2015 ELECTIONS





0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom



USERSPERCENTAGE of


1 INTERNET 97 210 000 52 456994

2 FACEBOOK 16m

3 TWITTER 7 m 529

4 INSTAGRAM 36m

5 YOUTUBE 011


78

2GO Eskimi





Stats as at 2017














ALL PROGRESSIVES






PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC



2015 ELECTIONS



PARTY GROUP THAT



THE 2015 ELECTIONS





0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom














ALL PROGRESSIVES






PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC



2015 ELECTIONS



PARTY GROUP THAT



THE 2015 ELECTIONS





0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom




ALL PROGRESSIVES






PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC



2015 ELECTIONS



PARTY GROUP THAT



THE 2015 ELECTIONS





0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom



PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC



2015 ELECTIONS



PARTY GROUP THAT



THE 2015 ELECTIONS





0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom



PARTY GROUP THAT



THE 2015 ELECTIONS





0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom




0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom



0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom


0

5

10

15

20

25


APC PDPLabour

APC PDPKOWA

APC andSDP

APC PDPACCORD

APC PDPKowa

AccordLabourAPGA

APC PDPKOWA and

Labour





9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom


9

37

16

20

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

STRONGLY AGREE

AGREE

STRONGLY DISAGREE

DISAGREE

NOT SURE





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50






0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom


0 5 10 15 20 25















0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom



0

10

20

30

40

50

60




Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom



Agree- 73

Disagree -17

Not sure- 10






February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom



February 2015







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom







and vote




































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom





































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom


































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom
































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom































Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom



























Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom

























Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom


















Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom
















Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom















Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom














Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom







Webography





























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom


























to explore














wwwdhunilagcom












to explore














wwwdhunilagcom















wwwdhunilagcom














wwwdhunilagcom











wwwdhunilagcom










wwwdhunilagcom









wwwdhunilagcom







wwwdhunilagcom


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