Reformation Missions 1500 to 1800 Part 1 For several hundred years people had attempted to reform the Church, but every attempt was met with persecution.

Reformation Reformation Missions Missions

1500 to 18001500 to 1800Part 1Part 1

For several hundred years people For several hundred years people had attempted to reform the had attempted to reform the

Church, but every Church, but every attemptattempt was was met with persecution and met with persecution and

repression until the love for repression until the love for the Truth compelled men to the Truth compelled men to

heroic actionheroic action

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Paradigm changesParadigm changes

40 presses producing 1000 books a year each40 presses producing 1000 books a year each

Portuguese and Spanish ships were exploring Portuguese and Spanish ships were exploring new worldsnew worlds

Scandals, simony, corruption, immorality, sale Scandals, simony, corruption, immorality, sale of forgiveness (indulgences) in the Church of forgiveness (indulgences) in the Church demanded Reformdemanded Reform

Number of named saints at 10,000; will go to Number of named saints at 10,000; will go to 50,000 by 198550,000 by 1985

Three major movements would break away from Three major movements would break away from the Roman Churchthe Roman Church

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Guttenberg Bible

3 Branches of 3 Branches of ChristianityChristianity

Protestants -- Anglicans -- AnabaptistsProtestants -- Anglicans -- Anabaptists

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Sacramental Sacramental SalvationSalvation

"If anyone says that after the reception "If anyone says that after the reception of the grace of justification the guilt of the grace of justification the guilt is so remitted and the debt of eternal is so remitted and the debt of eternal punishment so blotted out to every punishment so blotted out to every repentant sinner, that no debt of repentant sinner, that no debt of temporal punishment [during one's temporal punishment [during one's lifetime] remains to be discharged, lifetime] remains to be discharged, either in this world or in Purgatory, either in this world or in Purgatory, before the gates of Heaven can be opened, before the gates of Heaven can be opened, let him be anathemalet him be anathema”” Council of TrentCouncil of Trent

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Council of Trent (1545-1547)

The real cause of The real cause of the Reformationthe Reformation

Indulgences based on assumption that sinners can Indulgences based on assumption that sinners can never do enough penance to pay for their sinsnever do enough penance to pay for their sins

They need to draw on They need to draw on ““treasury of meritstreasury of merits”” of of saints/Marysaints/Mary

Crusade debt was paid by sale of indulgencesCrusade debt was paid by sale of indulgences

St. PeterSt. Peter’’s Basilica in Rome built on sale of s Basilica in Rome built on sale of indulgencesindulgences

Luther opposed indulgences for the dead in Luther opposed indulgences for the dead in purgatory without their confession and contritionpurgatory without their confession and contrition

TetzelTetzel’’s slogan: s slogan: ““As soon as the coin in the coffer As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springsrings, the soul from purgatory springs””5

St Peter's Basilica Rome

The Spread of the Printing PressThe Spread of the Printing Press

The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

Martin Luther Martin Luther (1483-1546)(1483-1546)

Parish priest, University professor posts 95 thesis Parish priest, University professor posts 95 thesis on door of Wittenberg castle church doors Oct 13, on door of Wittenberg castle church doors Oct 13, 1517.1517. Printed and distributed throughout EuropePrinted and distributed throughout Europe

Lecturing on Romans discovered the Lecturing on Romans discovered the ““passive passive righteousnessrighteousness”” which justifies the sinner by faith which justifies the sinner by faith

Appeared at Diet of Worms in 1521, given 60 days to Appeared at Diet of Worms in 1521, given 60 days to recantrecant

Kidnapped by Prince FrederickKidnapped by Prince Frederick’’s men, protected in s men, protected in castlecastle

Translated NT into German in 11 weeks – still Translated NT into German in 11 weeks – still publishedpublished

Model ministry: met daily and twice on Sunday for Model ministry: met daily and twice on Sunday for Bible teachingBible teaching

Luther married a former nun, had six children; Luther married a former nun, had six children; disciples resided in his homedisciples resided in his home

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Martin Luther 1529

5 Key distinctives of 5 Key distinctives of Lutheran ReformationLutheran Reformation

1.1. Justification by faith alone (Justification by faith alone (sola fidesola fide))

2.2. Salvation by grace alone (Salvation by grace alone (sola gratiasola gratia))

3.3. Only the Bible as the authority for doctrine and Only the Bible as the authority for doctrine and practice (practice (sola scripturasola scriptura))

4.4. The priesthood of the believer and Christ was the The priesthood of the believer and Christ was the only mediator between God and humanity. God only mediator between God and humanity. God spoke directly to the believer-priest through His spoke directly to the believer-priest through His Word.Word.

5.5. Promotion of congregational singing with the Promotion of congregational singing with the first hymnbook first hymnbook

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The Spread of LutheranismThe Spread of Lutheranism

The Peasant Revolt - 1525The Peasant Revolt - 1525

John Calvin John Calvin (1509-1564)(1509-1564)

French student of philosophy, law and French student of philosophy, law and humanities, which he later applied to theologyhumanities, which he later applied to theology

Wrote Wrote Institutes of the Christian ReligionInstitutes of the Christian Religion as a as a reasonable explanation of the Protestant faithreasonable explanation of the Protestant faith

Invited to Geneva to teach and lead Reformation Invited to Geneva to teach and lead Reformation movement (state-religion government)movement (state-religion government)

Taught from a logic-based argument, instead of Taught from a logic-based argument, instead of inductiveinductive

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John Calvin

Unregenerate men are dead.Dead men are unable to respond to anything.Therefore, men are unable to respond to the gospel.

Calvin’s World in the 16cCalvin’s World in the 16c

ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

Swiss Reformation: Zwingli Swiss Reformation: Zwingli (1484-1531)(1484-1531)

Priest of Zurich, student of ErasmusPriest of Zurich, student of Erasmus

Discovered conflicts between Bible and Catholic Discovered conflicts between Bible and Catholic doctrine: esp. Mary doctrine: esp. Mary

Presented 67 Articles to town council and Presented 67 Articles to town council and convinced them to only follow the Bible (not convinced them to only follow the Bible (not the pope).the pope).

Of 15 major doctrinal issues, Zwingli agreed Of 15 major doctrinal issues, Zwingli agreed with Luther on 14.with Luther on 14.

Sacramentarian Controversy split Reformers: Sacramentarian Controversy split Reformers: Eucharist was representative (Zwingli) or Eucharist was representative (Zwingli) or literal substance at consumption (Luther)literal substance at consumption (Luther)

Some of ZwingliSome of Zwingli’’s Greek students discovered s Greek students discovered believerbeliever’’s baptisms baptism 15

Zwingli 1531

Anabaptists Anabaptists

Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz broke from Zwinbelievers, not Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz broke from Zwinbelievers, not babiesbabies

AnaAnabaptist: baptist: ““rere-baptizers-baptizers”” Called for elimination of mandatory tithe, usury, and Called for elimination of mandatory tithe, usury, and

military service – wanted a self-governing church free of military service – wanted a self-governing church free of statestate

Condemned by council of Zurich in 1525 and persecuted Condemned by council of Zurich in 1525 and persecuted viciously by Catholics, Lutherans and Calvinistsviciously by Catholics, Lutherans and Calvinists

Not a single group, but at lest 4 distinct movements beganNot a single group, but at lest 4 distinct movements began Basic beliefs: separation of church and state, liberty to Basic beliefs: separation of church and state, liberty to

believe according to conscience, church gli for refusal to believe according to conscience, church gli for refusal to admit baptism was only for of willing believers, admit baptism was only for of willing believers, believerbeliever’’s baptism, Immersion, premillennialism, free s baptism, Immersion, premillennialism, free will, separation from sin, Lordwill, separation from sin, Lord’’s Table a memorial, s Table a memorial, discipleship in godly living and commitment to building a discipleship in godly living and commitment to building a NT church – not reforming a dead one. NT church – not reforming a dead one.

Revived ancient law of Theodosius (375) against Donatists Revived ancient law of Theodosius (375) against Donatists which decreed capital punishment for rebaptizing of which decreed capital punishment for rebaptizing of repenters from apostatizing under persecutionrepenters from apostatizing under persecution

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Felix Manz drowned 1527

Dirk Willems saves pursuer who captures

him & burns him

4 4 Anabaptist Anabaptist

GroupsGroups

1.1. Radical AnabaptistsRadical Anabaptists: bring in the kingdom with the : bring in the kingdom with the sword sword

Thomas MuntzerThomas Muntzer Part of the PeasantPart of the Peasant’’s Revolt, which provoked s Revolt, which provoked

retaliationretaliation

2.2. Rational AnabaptistsRational Anabaptists: spark of divinity, anti-: spark of divinity, anti-Trinitarian, pantheistic, allegorized the Bible into Trinitarian, pantheistic, allegorized the Bible into cosmic philosophycosmic philosophy

3.3. Spiritualist AnabaptistsSpiritualist Anabaptists: prophecy of end-times, : prophecy of end-times, attempted to set up a theocracy (as Montanus)attempted to set up a theocracy (as Montanus)

4.4. Biblical AnabaptistsBiblical Anabaptists: communal, pacifists, : communal, pacifists, individual faith and witness.individual faith and witness.

Became modern day Mennonites, AmishBecame modern day Mennonites, Amish Step-father to Baptists, Methodists and Non-Step-father to Baptists, Methodists and Non-

denominationaldenominational17

Schleitheim Confession Schleitheim Confession of Anabaptists of Anabaptists (Mennonites)(Mennonites)

1.1. True believers are to be disciples of Jesus True believers are to be disciples of Jesus – not just in name– not just in name

2.2. Acting on principles of love, they are to be Acting on principles of love, they are to be pacifists (neither war nor defense of self)pacifists (neither war nor defense of self)

3.3. Congregational view of church authorityCongregational view of church authority Believers are priests to each other and Believers are priests to each other and

evangelists to worldevangelists to world

4.4. Separation of Church and State, allowing a Separation of Church and State, allowing a ““free, unforced, uncompelled people.free, unforced, uncompelled people.””

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Menno Simons

The AnabaptistsThe Anabaptists

Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

John Knox – Scotland John Knox – Scotland (1510-1572)(1510-1572)

Turned the Scottish church to CalvinismTurned the Scottish church to Calvinism

Considered the founder of the Presbyterian Considered the founder of the Presbyterian denominationdenomination

Boldly taught that all ceremonies not specifically Boldly taught that all ceremonies not specifically taught in the Bible are idolatry, especially the taught in the Bible are idolatry, especially the MassMass

The castle where he resided was captured by French The castle where he resided was captured by French and he spent 19 months as a galley prison chained to and he spent 19 months as a galley prison chained to an oaran oar

Released in England, leads Reformation until Queen Released in England, leads Reformation until Queen Mary returns England to Catholicism and persecutionMary returns England to Catholicism and persecution

Fled to Geneva (1554), then back and forthFled to Geneva (1554), then back and forth

Return Edinburgh he was declared an outlaw; provoked Return Edinburgh he was declared an outlaw; provoked a revolution with his preachinga revolution with his preaching

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Henry VIII (1491-1547) Henry VIII (1491-1547) breaks with Romebreaks with Rome

First wife bore a daughter, Mary, and no sons with his First wife bore a daughter, Mary, and no sons with his first wifefirst wife

Declared himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England Declared himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England to annul his former wedding. to annul his former wedding.

With second wife, Anne Boleyn, Edward VI was born and With second wife, Anne Boleyn, Edward VI was born and became kingbecame king

Edward VI installed Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop to effect Edward VI installed Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop to effect more Protestant reformsmore Protestant reforms

When Edward died Mary took the throne restoring When Edward died Mary took the throne restoring Catholicism, had Cranmer executed and purged England of Catholicism, had Cranmer executed and purged England of ProtestantsProtestants

After After ””BloodyBloody”” Mary died, for 100 years England Mary died, for 100 years England vacillated between the power of the state vs. power of the vacillated between the power of the state vs. power of the ChurchChurch

From 1649-1660 the State Presbyterian Church ruled until From 1649-1660 the State Presbyterian Church ruled until Charles II restored Anglicanism, but eventually accepted a Charles II restored Anglicanism, but eventually accepted a pluralism of Church of England, Catholicism and Puritanismpluralism of Church of England, Catholicism and Puritanism21

Henry VIII King of England

ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

Puritans and Puritans and SeparatistsSeparatists

PuritansPuritans felt English Reformation had not changed felt English Reformation had not changed sufficiently – remained too much Roman Catholicsufficiently – remained too much Roman Catholic ““PuritanPuritan”” came for earlier reformers, the came for earlier reformers, the ““Cathars,Cathars,””

Pure onesPure ones.. Sought to change government from episcopacy to Sought to change government from episcopacy to

Presbyterianism and reform the Book of Common PrayerPresbyterianism and reform the Book of Common Prayer They were non-separating Puritans (remained within They were non-separating Puritans (remained within

Church of England)Church of England)

Separatists, or Separatists, or ““Nonconformists,Nonconformists,”” were Puritans who were Puritans who left the Church of Englandleft the Church of England Often persecuted and fled to other countriesOften persecuted and fled to other countries Mostly over parts of the Book of Common Prayer to Mostly over parts of the Book of Common Prayer to

avoid or useavoid or use They would become known as the Congregationalists.They would become known as the Congregationalists.

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Beliefs of Beliefs of PuritansPuritans

Emphasis on private study of the BibleEmphasis on private study of the Bible

Desire to see education for the masses, Desire to see education for the masses, especially so they could read the Bible.especially so they could read the Bible.

The priesthood of all believers.The priesthood of all believers.

Simplicity in worship without vestments, images Simplicity in worship without vestments, images and candles.and candles.

Refusal to celebrate the traditional holidaysRefusal to celebrate the traditional holidays

Believed that the Sabbath is obligatory for Believed that the Sabbath is obligatory for believers.believers.

Some wanted a Presbyterian model hierarchy, while Some wanted a Presbyterian model hierarchy, while other wanted a Congregational model. other wanted a Congregational model. 24

Catholic Catholic Counter Counter

ReformationReformation

By 1501 there were Catholic colonies in S. By 1501 there were Catholic colonies in S. AfricaAfrica

By 1515 Catholicism established in most of Latin By 1515 Catholicism established in most of Latin America, Central Africa.America, Central Africa.

Before the Protestant Plymouth Rock (Separatist Before the Protestant Plymouth Rock (Separatist settlers in 1620), there were 7 Catholic settlers in 1620), there were 7 Catholic Universities in C. America!Universities in C. America!

Jesuit priests had been in the Colombian Amazon Jesuit priests had been in the Colombian Amazon jungle for 400 years before I arrived as the jungle for 400 years before I arrived as the first evangelical missionaryfirst evangelical missionary

Pope makes Line of Demarcation to avoid wars Pope makes Line of Demarcation to avoid wars between Spain and Portugalbetween Spain and Portugal25

Spanish Empire: N and S America, Africa, PhilippinesPortuguese overseas Empire