Reform Movements Chapter 9, Sections 1 & 2
Reform Movements
Chapter 9, Sections 1 & 2
Protestant Revivalists LeadersLeaders
Lyman BeecherLyman Beecher (minister)13 children, including author
Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe
Protestant Revivalists GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT
Believed that if Americans had better values better values and were more spiritualspiritual, then society could be fixed
(Good people people = a good societysociety)
Transcendentalists LEADERSLEADERS
Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson (poet, minister from BostonBoston)AND
Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau wrote WALDEN WALDEN , about joy of simple simple
livingliving & being close to naturenature
Transcendentalists GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT
** Rejected traditional religion ** Spiritual discovery & insight can be
found through reasonreason ** Human beings are naturally goodgood &
should be self-reliantself-reliant, should act on own beliefs
** Involved in other movements believed moral life helped in reforming reforming
societysociety
Temperance Movement LEADERS
Mostly northern womenwomen WHY???
socially unacceptableunacceptable for women women to drink women women were the ones suffering due to rise
in alcoholismalcoholism (byproduct of industrializationindustrialization & urbanizationurbanization)
Temperance Movement
GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT + eliminate consumptionconsumption of alcoholalcohol, b/c
it leads to increased domestic violencedomestic violence & child abusechild abuse wanted abstinenceabstinence
WHY IN THE NORTH?WHY IN THE NORTH? More peoplepeople, more citiescities, easier for womenwomen
to organize in a citycity
Public Education Movement
LEADERSLEADERS ***Horace MannHorace Mann (self-educated lawyer from
MA)
ACCOMPLISHMENTSACCOMPLISHMENTS taxes to support public education schools divided by grade level consistent curricula consistent teacher training
Public Education Movement GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT
+ education to promote self-disciplineself-discipline & good
citizenshipcitizenship + assimilateassimilate everyone, especially new
immigrantsimmigrants + teach a common cultureculture + democratic society needs literateliterate,
educated educated citizens ++used McGuffey ReadersMcGuffey Readers
Prison Reform LEADERS Dorothea DixDorothea Dix (Boston
schoolteacher) visited a prison, saw conditions
** everyone crowded together(People were sent to prison hoping they would use time there to become better people & be productive members of society)
Prison Reform GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT
++ better conditions in prisons (were poorly fed, in rags, in chains, no heat)
++ wanted creation of separate institutions for the mentally illmentally ill
Utopian Communities LEADERS
+ Robert Owen – founder of New HarmonyNew Harmony, in Indiana
+ the Shakers Shakers (branch of the Quakers) ++ known for their furniturefurniture
Utopian Communities GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT
** create places free from troubles of urban & industrial growth
** all people would share in common property, share work, take care of each other
Abolitionist Movement ++ William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison
** published The Liberator The Liberator (Boston anti-slavery newspaper)
** founded American Anti-Slavery Society middle class white northerners
+++RADICAL +++ DENOUNCED MODERATION IN FIGHT AGAINST SLAVERY
Abolitionist Movement American Colonization Society
* felt free blacks & emancipated slaves would never receive equal treatment in society
* not all believed in racial equality
++ favored colonization ++ founded LIBERIALIBERIA
Abolitionist Movement FREDERICK DOUGLASSFREDERICK DOUGLASS
+ escaped slave + member of Garrison’s Am. Anti
Slavery Society + spoke in US & Great Britain + autobiography –
Life & Times of Frederick DouglassLife & Times of Frederick Douglass + published the North StarNorth Star
(newspaper)
Abolitionist Movement
FREDERICK DOUGLASSFREDERICK DOUGLASS (continued)
+++ member of Garrison’s society +++ opposed use of violence +++ slavery should be fought with
deeds as well as words
Abolitionist Movement UNDERGROUND RAILROADUNDERGROUND RAILROAD
+++Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman (former slave)Network of escape routes for slaves fleeing
to the NorthPeople opened homes, gave food, money,
supplies, shelter, medical attention to slaves on their way North
+++ risked prison by doing so
Abolitionist Movement Some refused to wait for long-term
legal strategies to work to end slavery Used both legal & illegal means to
attack slavery See pages 272-273
Abolitionist Movement DIVISIONS OVER WOMENS’ PARTICIPATION
Americans in general DID NOT approve of womens’
involvement. Garrison insisted they be allowed to speak,
many men left Society. GRIMKE SISTERS SOJOURNER TRUTH
DIVISIONS OVER RACE Issue was personal for African-Americans, felt many
white abolitionists saw them as inferior
DIVISIONS OVER TACTICS Some argued should use legal means, some felt that
wasn’t enough