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5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY
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5.4 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY
The reestablishment and rejuvenation of forest areas in the
Eight Island EcoRegion is a
long-term program which must consider the local vegetation,
wildlife, and ecology of
the site, as well as cultural and economic realities. The
reforestation strategy shall focus
on the following key steps as a way to recovery:
Preliminary surveys and consultation with forestry department
and consultants.
Community engagement and coordination with forestry
department
Establishment of Plant Nurseries
Follow up Community management and education
Wildlife management with Community and tourism education
Long Term Management with tourism opportunities
Social forestry involving the local community in the process is
crucial. With sustainable
forest management as the governing principle an ecosystem-based
forestry can be
adopted. Using three primary objectives following a series of
preliminary guidelinesprior to construction; implementing a phased
multi-year soil conservation and
replanting scheme using majority native and some suitable exotic
vegetation; and
establishing a long-term management strategy for flora and
fauna, a successful
reforestation strategy shall be integrated as part of the Master
plan development.
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HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS:
Currently the area suffers from unsustainable land use,
ineffective resource
management and lack for integrated landscape planning.
Eco Regions Indonesia (ERI) have management and development
authority over Gili Balu and the Poto Tano tourism village on
the mainland.
ERI will apply integrated forestry planning methods to these
areas and can
act as advisors in others.
REFORESTATIONBackground: Existing Context
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There exists remnant areas of high conservation value but a
large majority of
the land requires revitalization, such as:
Enhancing ecosystem services for flood and dust control,
enhancingfisheries and energy savings through increased shading and
cooling.
Erosion control Groundcover and rangeland condition Tree canopy
and diversity Fertility and stability of agricultural fields
Mangrove and salt flat areas protected from continual grazing
The reforestation strategy is not just about planting and
vegetation:
It is about creating ecosystem stability and revitalizing the
damagedmarine and wildlife habitats
It is about empowering the local community to take action and
bepersonally invested in the long-term effects that will result
from the
oncoming development
Creating and enhancing economic returns through direct and
indirectyields
Improving human and animal health through ecosystem services. It
is about educating visitors and locals alike of ecological
practices
while visiting the EcoRegion
It is about building sustainable land use ethic that is
involving allstakeholders and protects natural resources for
current and future
generations
REFORESTATIONBackground: Existing Context
Above : Showing the local problems of
grazing, erosion, flash flooding, water
shortages, lack of shade, rubbish and
generally a poor ugly landscape.
Below: Some coastal areas are in
extremely poor condition and will benefit
from investment in infrastructure and
landscaping
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EXISTING PROBLEMS:
This example shows two areas of forest on the same hill, one in
its natural state and the
other highly degraded by misuse. The plan needs to reverse this
damage and enhance
the remaining natural beauty.
REFORESTATIONCurrent Situations: Primary Issues
Rock
quarrying
Overgrazing
Intact panorama
and biodiversity
Trees cut
Remnant forest
inaccessible by
goats and people
Degraded
landscape
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Stage one: Create a sustainable forestry land use roadmap to
recoverywith community and government participation that addresses
current
and future opportunities and needs.
Stage two, phase one: Reforestation strategy is enacted in
alldevelopment areas as official government policy and in
community
demonstration sites (Hydrological management, planting for
stabilization
of slopes and coastlines starts, beautification of
panoramas).
Stage two, phase two: landscape stabilization and
enhancementscheme developed is applied in the broader EcoRegion
Stage three: Landscape management scheme developed for
specificneeds such as new industries or specific conservation
outcomes as these
are identified.
REFORESTATIONReforestation: A Three Stage Process
Mangrove areas need to be studied and
protected
Previously forested hills have been logged,
grazed and rock mined till all that remains is an
ugly panorama. They can be restored slowly but
surely to be both attractive and useful forests
Erosion is a serious problem across the
entire region and can be extreme
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Stage one: creating the recovery strategy: Vegetation surveys
undertaken by
competent consultants to create baselinedata. This is to form
the basis for the for therecovery efforts. The baseline data
willdirect and quantify the recovery program.
All landscaping and amenities planting willneed to be
established fitting in with theintrinsic character of the area
andprotecting or restoring the function offorest in development
areas.
Engagement of community andgovernment to align needs and
wisheswith the restoration process.
Stage two, phase one: beginning reforestation:
Following the establishment of anintegrated landscape vegetation
plan,pilot reforestation sites are to beestablished. The size of
the pilot plantingswill be determined by the availability
ofresources. These may include but are notlimited to; Silvopasture
models, mangroveand salt flat rehabilitation, erosion control,home
garden fruit tree diversification andconservation projects to
return degraded
areas to diverse and resilient habitat richlansdcapes
Expansion of reforestation works overthese areas will be phased
over severalyears. Vegetation rehabilitation beprioritized by
erosion control needs,
Provision of alternative incomes and animalfodder, environmental
services and thebeautification of the area through
enhancingpanoramas
Stage two, phase two: planting and landscape
scheme outside of developments andneighborhoods:
The planting and landscape scheme shall bedeveloped in
coordination with localgovernment, and external experts to be
hiredby the client, to oversee the re-vegetationstrategy. It shall
provide the overall successionplan to guide future development. The
primaryareas intended for the planting shall be focused
on: Main road tree planting and surrounding
community forest Silvopasture areas under the control of or
in cooperation with the local village Shrubland and rangeland
enhancement
Protection of recharge zones for naturalsprings
Establishing perennial organic horticulturein fertile gully
areas
Buffer zones for mangrove protection thatbenefit the
community
Firewood plantation for local use
REFORESTATIONReforestation: A Three Stage Process
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Stage three: Landscape management
scheme developed for specific needs
such as amenity plantings or specific
conservation outcomes:
Reforestation of the developmentprecincts will be undertaken
as
developer partnerships are
secured and the permit and
licensing approval process
proceeds.
The timing of developerpartnerships and approval will
determine the timing of the
reforestation program for the
development precincts.
Reforestation of developmentprecincts will be guided by the
demonstration plantings and
reforestation pilot and extension
programs that have been carried
out during stage one and two.
Further details as to exact locationsand specific schemes shall
be
introduced in following phases
after full assessment of the
EcoRegion and identification of
specific conservation and amenity
needs.
Development precincts will alsoundertake the reforestation
of
precinct annexure i.e. adjoininglandscapes that bound the
development area (refer to
reforestation plan).
Allocation of these annexes is to bedetermined by the master
planning
team and ERI.
Note: It is possible that stage two,
phase two and stage three
processes can occur simultaneously.
REFORESTATIONReconstructing landscape: A Three Stage Process
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REFORESTATION
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PHASING OF DEVELOPMENT
REFORESTATION
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The restoration planning process to landscape rehabilitation
involves:
Focus on a holistic approach, letting informed reality guide the
design process,making the creative connections between elements
Recognizing the critical importance of goals, and especially
prioritized, holistically-considered decision-making for
planning
Acknowledge the role of people as a crucial part of the system
maintaining thatland health is a direct reflection of the
people
Use conscious sensitive design to integrate and bring out the
unique character ofthe place in landscape management
Integrate the land improvement tools of sustainable use of
plants and animals toaccelerate building of fertility and
biodiversity
Pay attention to and plan according to scaled organization of
landscapes(recognition of nested hierarchies and the interplay
dynamics between levels - see
KSOP) as an explicit dimension needed to effectively plan for
permanence
Seek ways to increase flexibility, adaptive capacity, and
resilience of the wholelandscape.
REFORESTATIONLandscape planning ethic
Community workforce restoring
native forest in Tanjung Ringgit
EcoRegion
Keyline Scale of Permanence (KSOP):1. Climate2. Landscape3.
Water Supply4. Roads/Access5. Trees6. Structures7. Boundaries and
Fences
8. Soil
http://permaculturenews.org/2012/06/30/planning-for-permanence-with-yeomans-keyline-scale/
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REFORESTATIONSummary: Reforestation 7 Step ProgramPreliminary
Works
Climate data collection Stakeholder consultation, biodiversity
surveys, landscape
hydrological and contour studies, soil types, road and access
planning. Prioritize needs to
match capacity.
Commencement
Ensure government and community support for action plans.
Erosion control and water management, fire control, excluding
livestock and soil
conditioning.
Environmental awareness education.
Plant Establishment
Establish community supported reforestation and silvopasture
demonstration areas.
Collect planting material from remnant vegetation to use in
community supported
nurseries.
Plant Community Evolution
Focus on plants for sustainable production including
agroforestry, agriculture, and
gardens
Focus on reforestation of conservation and tourism areas with
original forest species
Invigorate the mangroves and establish protection plans
Plant Community Management
Grazing management, Weed management, fire management,
stormwater
management
Wildlife Management
Wildlife habitat and corridor rejuvenation plan, feral animal
strategic plan
Long Term Management
Engage local community with education, maintenance, and
investment in care of land
Monitor, evaluate, and self-regulate for long-term testing and
research
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Establish baseline data by surveys:
Contour maps of area Biodiversity and tree survey Consult with
community and stakeholders
Ensure accessible vehicular, service, and pedestrian
connections.
Animal and Wildlife Management: Assist community to protect
mangroves and forest areas from uncontrolled
grazing
Integrate livestock grazing systems to controlled grazing
patterns Assist development of cut and carry agroforestry systems
on currently barren
Village land
Use lower impact livestock such as horses to control fire risk
seasonally Requires developing animal husbandry management plan
REFORESTATIONStep 1: Preliminary Works
Mangrove diversity and condition Remnant forest speciesSavannah
areas created by past
farming practices
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A. Controlled and restoration grazing I Currently large areas of
salt flats and mangrove are degraded because of
uncontrolled access by goats, cows and horses. These areas are
important sensitive coastal habitat growing under hostile
conditions that are easily damaged and hard to restore. They
have good value to grazing animals as they are evergreen and rich
in
minerals. The grazing pressure is too heavy and has lead to
previously productive areas
becoming barren wastelands. The program wishes to recognize both
the Aesthetic, economic and
environmental potential of these areas and begin a process that
can conserveall three simultaneously.
Salt marsh areas are to be fenced and stock completely excluded
duringrecovery.
Once recovered the project will commence measurements and
studies todetermine appropriate timing and duration for crash
grazing these areas.
Crash grazing involves a large amount of animals grazing an area
for a very shorttime, it mimics natural herd migration and has
proven to stimulate grass andshrublands health and
productivity.
REFORESTATIONManagement approaches
On Gili Kalong where there are no stock the
salt flats are green and healthy, while on the
mainland there are no healthy stands and
many are dead or dying. Saltfalts can be
managed for grazing in a way that benefits
plants, humans and animals
Benefits of the restoration grazing approach.1. Plant
communities are managed to the level of grazing they can sustain2.
Grazing patterns mimic natural patterns of wildlife grazing which
they are evolved
to respond to3. Grazing animals add valuable food and income to
the community and justify a
value of conserving salt flats in a natural form4. Grazing
animals crash grazing stimulate healthy regrowth by cycling
nutrients and
created a seedbed for regeneration
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REFORESTATIONManagement approaches
The Gili Kalong landscape is stuck in a
cycle of fire that leaves a hot, plain and
dangerous landscape
Gili Kenawa after a grass wildfire that would
have been lethal to trees, animals and
humans caught in its way
Horses are selective browsers that stimulate
grassland diversity and allow tree
regeneration when managed carefully
A. Controlled and restoration grazing II On the islands of Gili
Balu there are large areas of grasslands and some savannah These
are artificial landscapes created by human activities over hundreds
or
thousands of years. They are self perpetuated as the tall
grasses promote intensefires that eliminate most competing
species.
In many cases this landscape is not suitable for habitation or
tourism due to thefire risk and lack of shade.
On the mainland uncontrolled grazing eliminates all soil cover
and promotesgrowth of poisonous and thorny plants.
Both areas can benefit from controlled grazing to create a
stable diverse andhealthy landscape.
Under the plan cows, and especially horses are to be brought in
for controlledgrazing to reduce fire risk and allow soil and forest
regeneration.
Free roaming Horses are an excellent tourism opportunity for the
EcoRegion andthey are very compatible with this method of
conservation due to their dietaryeffects on the landscape when
managed correctly.
The mainland suffers from severe
overgrazing
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B: Forage bank model to create fodder and income and regreen
barren areas around
Poto tano
Fast growing deep rooted fodder trees and perennial grasses used
to reforestbarren areas around the towns controlled by the Village
authority
A technology and skills transfer partnership between local
Village Authority, ERI,forestry agency and external
organizations
Aims to tackle multiple problems with one solution, reducing
heat, dust, erosion,flooding, poor animal health, high cost of
imported forage and lack of income for
local Village
Village administered and run by the community for community
benefit, withproceeds of licensing and sales towards Village
Authority budget for waste and
sanitation
Locals currently import forage at a cost of 15000IDR per sack
from 10km away. It isanticipated that the Village Authority can
provide forage at competitive or
subsidised rates
This concept already has the support of the Village head
REFORESTATIONManagement approaches
The forage bank demonstration model
will experiment with around 10 to 15
potential species
Current status of Village community forest land, barren
yet highly suited to forage banks
This model in Lombok shows how trees and
grass are managed sustainably for forage
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C: Vetiver system for land stabilisation and animal forage
Vetiver grass is a sterile deep rooted grass used in
erosion control and agriculture in 190 countries When planted as
a single hedge it traps sediment
behind to form natural terraces, its 3m deep roots alsoenhances
infiltration of surface runoff into the soil and
improves hydrology It is highly productive and the young growth
up to an
age of two months is very palatable to livestock. It canmake up
to 75% of rations for penned livestock
It is used to terrace land at a small cost compared toother
methods, and can be used to stabilise slopes,bridges, river banks
and any other problem areas
Vetiver system technology can easily be transferred tolocal
people, and used in civil infrastructure projects tostabilise and
reduce damage and costs
REFORESTATIONManagement approaches
The power is in the roots
Vetiver training is simple and empowering, it
can be learned by anybody with any level of
education, any age and in any language
The Vetiver is the cheapest and most
permanent way to stabilize critical
infrastructure
Vetiver regrows quickly after cutting or
burning
The young regrowth of Vetiver is good
animal fodder
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D: Mangrove firewood transitional substitution program
Mangrove forests are highly productive in growing biomassand can
be sustainably harvested for firewood
However to do this there needs to be in depth scientificstudy to
determine the sustainable amount and method of
collection Overharvesting damages mangroves and has a follow
on
effect of a decrease in fish stocks In the community planning
workshop it was suggested to
establish living fences around property boundaries thatcan be
harvested sustainably as firewood by local peopleand thus reduce
their need to harvest firewood frommangrove areas in order to
survive
It is also suggested to promote an LPG conversionsscheme in
order to improve the health of women who
must work daily around the smoke of wood fires A transitional
program from subsistence collection to
cultivated firewood plantations, and then establishment ofa
sustainable harvest program after scientific study
isrecommended.
REFORESTATIONManagement approaches
Unregulated wood collection in mangrove
areas has the potential to damage
fisheries, tourism and destroy a sustainable
resource
Fast growing trees can be used to protect the land and
provide cooking fuel
Agroforestry systems also provide
excess wood from prunings that is
available as cooking fuel
Mangrove wood collection is culturally
important but must not be essential for
the core energy needs
Living fences protect farmland and
provide biomass for cooking on a
sustainable basis
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Stabilization Focus:Develop stabilization plan in coordination
with erosion plan.
Background:Steep slopes and gullies with active erosion to be
prioritized forstabilization to prevent further soil and nutrient
loss and silting
of downstream mangrove plantings, marine life, and coral
ecosystems.
Small Scale Strategy: Stone gabions, check dams, log check dams
Small swales and grassed spillways hessian sandbags are packed in
and around erosion points (scours, cuts) and along
the drainage line at regular intervals, securing with timber
stakes and planted withvetiver grass for complete stability.
Large scale strategy: Gili Kalong, Gili Namo and Poto Tano
Tourist Village
Terraced landscape with grassed spillways, wastewater gardens,
or constructedwetlands (note: although the name varies, the
function is similar).
Where needed a stepped or terraced landscape is created along
the drainagelines, mimicking the traditional profile of the
terraced landscape. Where cutting intoslope is not allowable green
terracing using the Vetiver system is used to create aliving hedge
that captures sediment and over time forms natural
terraces(www.vetiver.org)
Silt, organic matter, nutrients, and moisture are trapped along
the drainage line tobuild soil and support reestablishment of
vegetation. These can be mined for soil to
rehabilitate barren areas
Integrate throughout site to capture rainwater, to reduce steep
slope occurrence,to control stormwater velocity upstream at first
point of impact.
Further Strategies:Follow the guidelines specifically
established in the Water Strategy. for handlingstormwater in
regards to erosion control.
REFORESTATIONManagement approaches
Erosion is a process that
destroys sustainable futures.
Halting erosion must be
prioritized before more future
wealth is lost
All the low cost strategies to stop erosion exist
and can be taught to anyone
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D: Regrow native forests around
development areas
THE THREE LEVELS OF RESTORATION: Matching
the approach to the level of damage
On any site we endeavour to restore the
plant cover and plant community to the
highest possible conservation state. We do
so using natural ecological processes with
cost effective human intervention. This leads
to a more natural outcome with better
habitat value than if a single age or set
group of species is simply replanted
Scenario 1: Totally degraded: Poto Tano
Tourist Village Total loss of forest diversity and structure
Total loss of seed trees and soil seed
banks
Possible changes to soil depth andconditions that make
replanting
original forest impossible
Site planted to hardy species thatbegin a process of soil
building and
provide some habitat value
Native species prioritized with somenecessary exotic transition
species
Trees that can grow under harsh conditions
are used to modify climatic and soil
conditions so they become more favourable
in future for natural and assisted recovery
Scenario 2: Highly degraded remnant
vegetation: Gili Balu (apart from Gili Belang)Remnant trees are
protected and mapped.
They are pruned to regrow to their original
form and additional plantings of appropriate
native species are used to develop a forest
structure representative of the original forest
cover. In future this area can advance to
secondary forest management
Scenario 3: Secondary Areas: Gili BelangThe mangrove area is
protected and
enhanced by returning missing species,
especially those threatened or rare due to
over exploitation. As the mangrove develops
more species are added to increase its
conservation value to the highest possible
status
REFORESTATIONManagement approaches
The goal is to return barren land to
natural forest
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INITIAL STRATEGIES FOR PLANT ESTABLISHMENT:
A: Contour planting on a totally degraded site Gili
KalongSmaller fast growing plants are establishedalong contour
lines and at regular contour
intervals. They form the nurse crop. Contourinterval between
plantings varies dependingupon the grade of the slope. Establish
plants oncontour intervals of:
1.5 meters on slopes with of 1:1 to 1:3grade
1 meters on slopes of 1:4 to 1:5 grade 0.5 meters on slopes of
1:6 to 1:10 grade
Larger growing hardy native trees, shrubs and
understory are interplanted between contourinterval plantings to
create a canopy over thewhole re-vegetated site.
B: Creating a reforestation demonstration siteover past
incomplete reforestation plot BlokLampu HijauA program of
replanting was undertaken 4years ago with moderate success. The
site is tobe refenced and completed with enrichment of
additional species. This area is special as it isbeing
rehabilitated to keep open a naturalspring traditionally used as
drinking water that isdrying up due to over clearingSeed collection
to commence at the outset ofthe project, sourcing native species of
regionalprovenance.
C: Restoration of a coastal forest area on IUPJLland as an
example of enriched secondaryforest Gili NamoReestablish a
functional forest using Indopacific
strand flora that have become rare in theregion due to coastal
overclearing
REFORESTATIONStep 2: Plant Establishment Strategies
Example of partially successful
reforestation project in Poto Tano
Previous reforestation was partially
successful
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FURTHER STRATEGIES FOR PLANT DEVELOPMENT
INVIGORATING THE MANGROVE AREAS: generalRevitalization
suggestions include:
Use of the full list of mangrove speciespreviously present in
the area
Infiltrate upslope water to rechargesubsurface hydrology and
restore healthyflows
Fence and protect salt marshes, oncerecovered implement seasonal
crashgrazing as a compatible landuse andeconomic benefit
Integrated solution between erosioncontrol, careful
stabilization, and planting.Identifying and removing impediments
to
recovery Attempt to protect saplings coming from
natural regeneration for long-termapproach (+15 years)
Introducebeekeeping to mangrove areas andbuffer forests as an
ecofriendly source ofincome
Mangrove restoration adjacent to Tambak - GiliKalong as example
of combining mangroves
with Tambak
Roadside plantings Poto TanoAssist Village authority to plant
and protect anavenue of evergreen shade trees to shade andcool
entry road to village and beyond
REFORESTATIONStep 3: Plant Establishment Strategies
Example of the benefits of
shaded roadsides and
walkways in extreme climates
Tambak ponds for Bandeng are productive but
channels and banks can be replanted with
mangroves to repair
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AGROFORESTRY, AGRICULTURE, GARDENS: GiILI KALONG, AND GILI
NAMO
A restoration ethic based on the old Indonesian model of Tumpang
Sari, regrowingforests while cultivating crops around them.
Starting with annual crops andtransitioning to a landscape mosaic
mostly based on perennial tree crops , semiwild harvests and animal
husbandry . Because of the dry climate and poor soils this
model is chosen over the growth of annual crops which require
arable land.
Sustainable agroforestry suggestions include: Multipurpose
diverse forests yielding fruit, fuel, fodder and other Non
timber
forest products (NTFP) Majority native species with selected
adapted exotic crops Create forests to cleanly absorb wastes and
provide other key environmental
services Stagger cutting and harvesting times to have steady
supply and be able to
diversify with markets
A mix of forest types ranging from mostly wild to mostly managed
Urban and residential clusters to become a village in a garden, or
village in
a forest concept
Current calculations show that due to the 10% building footprint
and the area ofland in a state of total degradation, agroforestry
areas (distinctive from strictlyforest areas) may account for
15-20% of area.
REFORESTATIONOther strategies
Home gardensWork with Village authority to promote
Homegardens for shade and cooling, fruit and
limited vegetable production. Beautify the
Villages to become Tourism villages using hardy
flowers and drought hardy potted plants in
doorstep gardens
Example of established
productive home garden
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SEMI ARID ZONE AGROFORESTRY AND HOMEGARDENS
Working with local communities to trial and provide planting
materials
to grow diverse semi arid zone gardens and community forests
that
meet local needs
The typical components are as such:
Upper canopy: Mahogany, Teak, Jackfruit, Mango, Dates,
Lontar,Boab ++
Middle plant layer: Pomelo, Starfruit , bananas,
papaya,pomegranate, fig, grapes, guava, passion fruit, Canistel,
dwarf
coconut, dragon fruit , prickly pear, srikaya, sirsak, yams,
moringa,
sesbania ++
Lowest plant layer: spices and hardy vegetables
includingturmeric, pineapple, basil, eggplant, chili, sweet potato,
cassava
++
The total number of possible semi arid zone fruits, nuts,
perennialvegetable and vine crops exceeds 150 species with year
round
production.
This creates a huge opportunity for local business. Fresh
localproduce earning premium prices with direct sales to
tourists.
Once established this itself becomes an edu-tourism attraction
forsustainable villages and culinary activities .
REFORESTATIONOther strategies
Current housing is mostly barren around the house
Some have fenced and prove what is possible, now
to improve and beautify the concept
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WEED AND FIRE MANAGEMENT
General principles include: The rate of clearing should not
outpace the rate of re-vegetation (i.e. retain
weedscapes until re-vegetation works commence) Weeds can be
slashed to reduce fire risk and decompose in place or be
composted.
Seasonal foraging of managed animal herds prior to seeding weed
forage plants Collection of invasive plant propagules (eg tubers,
rhizhomes etc) for animal
fodder or liquid fertilizer production
Herbicides and chemicalsTo protect the environment, fungal,
plant, and animal biodiversity and also humans,
herbicides are not to be used for the full site except under
supervision by trained
operators and under special circumstances such as noxious weed
removal.
It is the ultimate aim to eliminate the need and reliance on
chemical pesticides and
herbicides
FIRE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Collect and pile dry biomass for
composting during the wet season instead of
burning
Slash and Mulch grasses to the ground to cool soil temperatures
and maintain soil moisture
Integrate managed controlled animal grazing along with natural
firebreaks
Step 4: Plant Community ManagementREFORESTATION
Weed management techniques
such as manual removal and
mulching
Fire management techniques keep
organic matter by composting and
firebreaks
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5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY
> 252015MASTERPLAN EIGHT ISLANDS ECO REGIONS INDONESIA
WILDLIFE, HABITAT, AND BIODIVERSITY
STRATEGIES:
Establish wildlife survey and monitoring
program.
Retain wildlife passages, especially in areas
that will have high levels of construction
such as near bridges or main roads.
Let forest vegetation continue throughout
site as much as possible with focus on
replanting native forest trees with high
habitat value such as native figs
(Beringin/Bunut).
Construct artificial wildlife habitat to
reinvigorate fauna population, including:
Bird, bat, mammal boxes Native bee hives Reptile refuges Protect
and restore mangrove forests
For feral animal management, develop a
plan to humanely manage the
reproduction and location of species.
REFORESTATIONStep 5: Wildlife Management
Valuable wildlife for ecotourism is often not appreciated, such
as
the critically endangered Green Flores pigeon found in
healthy
Sumbawa forests
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5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY
> 262015MASTERPLAN EIGHT ISLANDS ECO REGIONS INDONESIA
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT:Build the capacity and empower the local
community to
become the care takers and custodians:
Connect livelihoods of local people to the
reforestation,restoration, and management of the landscape.
Provide long term transformative employment opportunities
andpathways for the local community to become involved.
Involve the community in workshops.
Cultivate a transformative culture of earth care, people care,
and
fair share by engaging the community in governance and
decision making.
LONG-TERM MONITORING, EVALUATION, AND SELF-REGULATION:Set up
monitoring and evaluation systems and procedures to
quantify the project progress.
Developing responsive and adaptive strategies and solutions
to
meet the changing needs of the site and the community,
including:
Stormwater management Greywater systems Energy systems
Sustainable energy system effectiveness Market research for housing
options
REFORESTATIONStep 6: Long-Term Management
Healthy forests are
necessary for healthy
communities and
traditions. Without
timber the building
traditions of
Sumbawa will be lost