Refining Technology in the Petroleum, Metals and Bioprocesses Industries São Paulo, Mar 01 st , 2018 1 Brenno C. Menezes Postdoc, email: [email protected]University of São Paulo São Paulo, SP, BR Galo Carrillo Le Roux Professor of Chemical Engineering University of São Paulo São Paulo, SP, BR Lecture 2
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Refining Technology in the Petroleum, Metals and ...
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How do we formulate the variables and constraints?
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
Continuous versus batch operations
Batch-processes -> accumulated over time
Example: a batch distillation operation consists of an initial quantity of feed material being batched into a piece of equipment and during its operation, one or more product materials can be continuously or semi-continuously drawn out (Henley and Seader 1981; Phismister and Seider 2001).
Continuous-processes -> there is a negligible rate of accumulation
In a continuous process none of the feeds or products remains inside the unitsuch that the mass of material charged equals the mass of material dischargedfor any time interval, window or period during its operation
Batch process is usually characterized by its quantity-size or batch-size whereasa continuous process is described by its quantity-size per time or charge-rate.Batch processes have inventory or holdup whereas continuous processes havezero inventory or holdup.
• Schedule the startup of wells in oil & gas field reservoirs over a multi-decade time-horizon with year or month time-periods subject to resource constraints such as rig and water availability, plant capacity, etc.
• Novelty is to represent each well as a “batch-process” with relative time-varying yields (i.e., declining curve profile).
Upstream Reservoirs
Rig to Position Well Head
Kelly, J.D., Menezes, B.C., Grossmann, “Decision Automation for Oil and Gas Well Startup Scheduling Using MILP”, ESCAPE 27, October, 2017.
Midstream Plant
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
From Distillates to Diesel (Diesel Scheduling)
• Distillates rundown to hydrotreaters, etc. and then are blended into various grades of diesel to meet the sales demands.
• Capture spot market opportunities when possible.
Spot v. Contract Orders
Kelly, J.D., Menezes, B.C., Grossmann, “Logistics Optimization for Dispositions and Depooling of distillates in Oil-Refineries ”, ESCAPE 28, June, 2018.
Outline
1) Flowsheet Superstructures and Elements
Rodrigues et al. (2016)
2) Refining Technology Comparison and Fundaments
4) Types of Projects
Refining Technology in the Petroleum, Metals and Bioprocesses Industries
3) Open IMPL
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
5) Conclusions
6) Homework
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
The overall or total flow and flow-property balances in open-equation or implicit-form can be seen in the following equations: (NT corresponds to the number of time-periods)
Blending operations with recipes
The blend recipes ri denote the fraction, intensity or transfer coefficient of a feed stream i flow with respect to or divided by the product stream flow as below:
xift: in-flow variables at each time-period with i = {1,2,3}
yipt: individual stream property variables where p may also be a set or list of properties for multi-property blenders.
out-flow and out-property are labeled xft
and ypt respectively.
(Kelly and Zyngier, 2017)
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
The total flow balance is identical to the blender operation where all of the out-properties are simply set equal to the in-property as :
Splitting operations with ratios
The split ratios rj denote the fraction of a product stream j flow with respect to or divided by the feed stream flow as below:
xjft: out-flow variables at each time-period with j = {1,2,3}
(Kelly and Zyngier, 2017)
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
Usually a separator is primarily designed to be simplifications of more rigorous vapor–liquid separation processes such as equilibrium flash, distillation, fractionation and evaporation although they can also be used to model solid–solidseparations of fines and lumps in mining and minerals processing (i.e., crushing beneficiation).
Separating operations with recoveries
In addition, for each outlet stream we also require that the sum of the components in each stream must equal unity as follows which provides the necessary stream component normalization. The recover of j=2 and c=2:
The overall or total flow is the same as both blender and splitter. And, similar to the blender for properties, there are individual bilinear flow-component balances for each component as:
yckt: individual stream component variables at each time-period with k = {1,2}
(Kelly and Zyngier, 2017)
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
The component balances for each reactant and product species which states that each component or species must conserve at the molecular or atomic level as follows: (g is the chemical reaction index, k is the component index, xg,t is the extent-of-reaction and rg,c is the component’s stoichiometric coefficient involved in each reaction.)
Reacting operations with reactions
The second set of equations to complete the reactor operation is to ensure that the component fractions or compositions within the outlet stream are normalized identical to the separator operation:
(Kelly and Zyngier, 2017)
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
The set of bilinear equations to formulate how the flow on each outlet stream is a function of the inlet flow, inletcomposition and the renderings of each cut per component per outlet stream, where rj,k,h is the rendering for each outlet stream, each inlet composition and each cut respectively.
Fractionating operations with renderings
The set of equations to model the composition of each new outlet component c3 and c4 on the three outlet streams is given by the bilinear component flow balance equation below: (wck,h,kk is the new component kkcomposition amount for each inlet component and cut respectively.)
(Kelly and Zyngier, 2017)
components c1 and c2 in are distributed or cut into five cuts denoted as the overall cut set {h1,h2,h3,h4,h5}
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
Conditions (z1t, z2t and z3t) can either be independent variables or they can be dependent on other variables in the system if needed by specifying other relationships.
Black-box operations with relationships
Each yield may be an arbitrary nonlinear function or formula of the conditions (or any other variable) and a stream property may also be any general relationship of the conditions such as: (ryn() and rynp() are the relationships relating the operating conditions to the stream yields and properties respectively for stream n)
Yields (y1t, y2t, y3t, y4t and y5t) are identical to recipes, ratios, recoveries, reaction stoich. and renderings, except that when modeling a unit-operation (both convergent and divergent), it requires a characteristic charge-size if it is a continuous-unit or a batch-size if it is a batch-unit we declare as xt. The set of equations relating a stream flow to its yield and its unit-operation’s size is as follows:
(Kelly and Zyngier, 2017)
Outline
1) Flowsheet Superstructures and Elements
Rodrigues et al. (2016)
2) Refining Technology Comparison and Fundaments
4) Types of Projects
Refining Technology in the Petroleum, Metals and Bioprocesses Industries
3) Open IMPL
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
5) Conclusions
6) Homework
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
Petroleum Refinery
(Khor and Varvarezos, 2017)
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
Petroleum Refinery
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
Petroleum Refinery
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
Bio Refinery
Thermochemical = yellow squaresMechanical processes = white squaresChemical/Biochemical = blue squares
Refining Technology in the Petroleum, Metals and Bioprocesses Industries
3) Open IMPL
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
5) Conclusions
6) Homework
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
Outline
1) Flowsheet Superstructures and Elements
Rodrigues et al. (2016)
2) Refining Technology Comparison and Fundaments
4) Types of Projects
Refining Technology in the Petroleum, Metals and Bioprocesses Industries
3) Open IMPL
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
5) Conclusions
6) Homework
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
(Khor and Varvarezos, 2017)
Simulation Optimization
Outline
1) Flowsheet Superstructures and Elements
Rodrigues et al. (2016)
2) Refining Technology Comparison and Fundaments
4) Types of Projects
Refining Technology in the Petroleum, Metals and Bioprocesses Industries
3) Open IMPL
USP, Mar 01st, 2018
5) Conclusions
6) Homework
Conclusions
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Impact in Industry to replace energy and material by bio-of-things (BoT) :
• Biorefinery prices is still expensive in comparison with petroleum.
• Needs of technological frontier with the research, development anddeployment (RD&D) of more advanced biorefineries to produce morecomplex bioproducts for energy andmaterial.
• Demands of:
• advances in biomass processing;
• biotechnology involvement inside the supply chain and market of theother refining technologies
• coproduction of bioproducts together with materials, chemicals, food,feed, etc., adding the necessary value to the bioportfolio.
AICHE-17, Nov 2nd, 2017AICHE-17, Nov 2nd, 2017
Outline
1) Flowsheet Superstructures and Elements
Rodrigues et al. (2016)
2) Refining Technology Comparison and Fundaments
4) Types of Projects
5) Conclusions
Refining Technology in the Petroleum, Metals and Bioprocesses Industries