referencing and bibliography

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HUMANITIES-211Presentation: 2Instructor: S/L Fiza shakoor

Group 1SGC AzmatSGC SohailP/O Fahad

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SEQUENCE

• Reference• Citation• APA style referencing• Bibliography

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REFERENCE.

• In academic writing you are obliged to attribute every piece of material you use to its author.• In a technical report a reference is made whenever a

piece of information is taken from another publication.• It is a way to give credit to other’s ideas, writings or

research.

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REASON FOR USAGE.

• To credit sources of information.• For further exploration by the reader.• To validate previously posed arguments and assumptions.• As a proof of the scientist’s depth of research.

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WHERE TO USE?

• Direct Quotes• Statistical studies• Theories• Facts• Paraphrases

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CITATION

• A citation style or reference system is a standardised system for referring to materials used in the writing.• There are several different citation styles developed

independently by professional organisations. • These include MLA, APA, Chicago.

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For understanding

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APA REFERENCING

• APA Stands for American Psychological Association the parent enterprise for this style of referencing • The rules of APA Style are explained detailed in

the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association • 6th edition published in 2009.

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APA REFERENCING

•  APA Style refers to the editorial style that many of the social and behavioral sciences have adopted to present written material in the field as research papers, books or other academic articles• Gives referencing rules for different types of academic

writings including e-books, blogs, websites, newspapers etc.

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IN-TEXT CITATION

•  APA Style in-text citations include the author and date, either both inside parentheses or with the author names in running text and the date in parentheses.

Example:1. After the intervention, children increased in the number

of books read per week (Smith & Wexwood, 2010). 2. Smith and Wexwood (2010) reported that after the

intervention, children increased in the number of books read per week. 

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IN-TEXT CITATION

• When multiple studies support what you have to say, you can include multiple citations inside the same set of parentheses.

Example:

1. Studies of reading in childhood have produced mixed results (Albright, Wayne, & Fortinbras, 2004; Gibson, 2011; Smith & Wexwood, 2010). 

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IN-TEXT CITATION

2. Smith and Wexwood (2010) reported an increase in the number of books read, whereas Gibson (2011) reported a decrease. Albright, Wayne, and Fortinbras (2004) found no significant results.

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END CITATION• APA Style includes a reference list at the end of the

paper.

• A reference list consists of all sources cited in the text of a paper, listed alphabetically by author’s surname.

• Entries are arranged alphabetically by the author's last name or by the title if there is no author

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END CITATION• Titles of larger works (i.e. books, journals,

encyclopedias) are italicized• Entries are double-spaced (for the purposes of this

handout, single-spacing is used)• For each entry, the first line is typed flush with the left

margin. Additional lines are indented as a group a few spaces to the right of the left margin (hanging indent)

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

• From Greek bibliographia “the writing of books”.

• A list of the written sources of information on a subject.

•  Bibliography generally appears as a list at the end of a book or article.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

• They may show what works the author used in writing the article or book, or they may list works that a reader might find useful.•  A bibliography may include resources that were

consulted but not cited in the text as well as an annotated description of each one.• Bibliographies may be organized chronologically, or by

subject, rather than alphabetically.

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Questions ?