References Relevant to the Archaeology of Native Americans in the Upper Delaware Valley of NEW JERSEY NEW YORK and PENNSYLVANIA March 2018 by R. Michael Stewart, Ph.D. Prepared for: The New Jersey Historic Preservation Office Trenton, New Jersey
References Relevant to the Archaeology of Native Americans in the Upper Delaware Valley of NEW JERSEY NEW YORK and PENNSYLVANIA
Mar 18, 2023
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NEW JERSEY NEW YORK and PENNSYLVANIA
March 2018
Prepared for: The New Jersey Historic Preservation Office
Trenton, New Jersey
This material was produced with assistance from the Historic Preservation Fund, administered by the National Park Service, Department of the Interior Any opinions findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.
Natural and Historic Resources Group Historic Preservation Office
Mail Code 501-04B P.O. Box 420
Trenton, New Jersey 08625-0420
State of New Jersey Governor Philip D. Murphy Lt. Governor Sheila Oliver
Department of Environmental Protection Catherine R. McCabe, Commissioner
Cover photograph courtesy of Dewberry Engineering, Parsippany, New Jersey.
1
REFERENCES RELEVANT TO THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE UPPER DELAWARE VALLEY OF
NEW JERSEY, NEW YORK, AND PENNSYLVANIA
R. Michael Stewart, PhD New Jersey Historic Preservation Office
Trenton, New Jersey
April 2017
The New Jersey Historic Preservation Office has sponsored a review of published and unpublished materials related to the Native American archaeology of the Upper Delaware Valley as part of an alternative mitigation. This review is the basis for a series of forthcoming topical essays updating and synthesizing aspects of the archaeological record of Pre-Contact and Contact times in the region. The essays will provide contexts and highlight research issues to aid future academic and cultural resource investigations that involve this portion of the greater Delaware Valley.
For the purposes of this project the Upper Delaware was defined by portions of the
drainage basin that exist in the following states and counties: New Jersey: Warren and Sussex counties New York: Orange, Sullivan, Delaware, and Broome counties Pennsylvania: Monroe, Pike, and Wayne counties
The defined area is much larger than what has often been considered as the Upper Delaware by archaeologists in the past based upon spatial distribution of stone tool and pottery types, trends in the use of lithic materials, and settlement patterns. For example, past definitions have bounded it by the Delaware Water Gap on the south to Port Jervis in the north (Kinsey 1972). The Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office includes Northampton County in what it considers to be the Upper Delaware Valley. The degree to which all, or portions of the large area used in this project corresponds with cultural or group territories is addressed in the contextual essays to be produced. Evaluating data from a broader geographic is necessary to examine existing assumptions and to better understand patterns of social interaction and cultural change. In the following compilation of references are published works focused strictly upon, or referencing some aspect of the archaeology of the Upper Delaware Valley. Included are regional syntheses and major works from adjacent areas that provide a broader context in which to better understand the nature and development of the native cultures of the Upper Delaware. Useful references also are provided that deal with the ethnohistory, ethnography, and documentary record of native peoples during the time of interaction with Europeans; the listing is not comprehensive; the focus is on the archaeological record of the time. Older county histories and map references are listed as many include mentions of Indian settlement locations, burials, artifact finds, and useful descriptions of the environment, plant, animal and mineral resources. The latter complement more recent published references to: area geology and soil surveys which have relevance for sources of rock used in the production of tools, implements, and ornaments,
2
clay, and materials used as temper in the production of pottery; the historic and paleoenvironment. Also included are references to lithic sources that exist beyond the Upper Delaware but are frequently represented in the artifact assemblages found there and related attempts at geochemical sourcing. During the review of technical reports resulting from cultural resources management (CRM) studies relevant to the project area, data were collected that contributed to an extensive list of topics: approaches to artifact analysis, artifact typology, botanical remains, faunal remains, C14/AMS dates, updates to cultural historical frameworks, historic/paleoenvironments and geomorphology, predictive models and related field methods, pottery and evidence of pottery production, diagnostic bifaces, lithic technology, site size, lithic and other material sources, lithic use trends, burials and mortuary practices, settlement and community patterns, travel routes, rockshelters, shell producing sites, sites with steatite artifacts, caches, effigies/petroglyphs, arguments for site significance, reporting standards, outstanding research issues and potential future projects, and trade. All CRM reports on file for Warren and Sussex counties, New Jersey were examined. Select Phase I, and all Phase II and Phase III CRM reports for New York and Pennsylvania portions of the Upper Delaware Valley were reviewed. Significant Phase II and Phase III reports for areas adjacent to the Upper Delaware Valley were also examined. In the bibliography that follows, only CRM reports from which data were collected are listed. For New Jersey, hard copies of CRM reports were accessed at the Historic Preservation Office (NJHPO) in Trenton. Many thanks to Kate Marcopul, Deputy State Historic Preservation Office and Administrator, who initially envisioned the overall project and made it a reality. Thanks also to Vincent Maresca, Senior Historic Preservation Specialist at the NJHPO, for additional insights regarding CRM reports.
Reports for New York were accessed online through the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System. Thanks are extended to Philip Perazio, archaeologist with the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, who provided access to reports that were not available online.
For years the Laboratory of Anthropology at Temple University, Philadelphia, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, has been a repository for CRM reports completed in eastern Pennsylvania. These holdings, and those on file at the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office in Harrisburg were utilized, along with those in Stewart’s personal library. The help of Noel Strattan, Mark Shaffer, and Alison Oskam at the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office is gratefully acknowledged. Kurt Carr, curator at the State Museum of Pennsylvania, is thanked for providing access to select manuscripts in the museum’s files.
Mike Owens and Lori Rohrer, archaeologists with the National Park Service at the
Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, provided access to the report and manuscript holdings at the Bushkill, Pennsylvania archaeology facility. Their help was invaluable and ia gratefully acknowledged.
3
Jay Custer (University of Delaware), Greg Lattanzi (New Jersey State Museum), Richard Hunter (Hunter Research, Inc.), Matt Tomaso (PS&S), Keith Bastianini (Michael Baker Jr., Inc.), Mike Clem (Virginia Department of Historic Resources), Rich Veit (Monmouth University), Peter N. Chletsos (Sussex County Historical Society), and Don Kline (Mt. Bethel, PA) also shared copies of needed reports, manuscripts, and publications. Their assistance is greatly appreciated.
4
REFERENCES Aaron, John M. 1969 Petrology and Origin of the Hardyston Quartzite (Lower Cambrian) in Eastern
Pennsylvania and Western New Jersey. In Geology of Selected Areas of New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania. Seymour Sibitsky, ed. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Adams, James T. and Thomas E, Adams 1991 A Small Tocks Island Component at the Snyder Site, Warren County, New Jersey.
Pennsylvania Archaeologist 61(2):1-5. 1993 A Stemmed Point Cache from the Snyder Site, Warren County, New Jersey.
Pennsylvania Archaeologist 63(2):1-6. Adams, William Y. and Ernest W. Adams 1991 Archaeological Typology and Practical Reality: A Dialectical Approach to Artifact
Classification and Sorting. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Adovasio, James M. and Kurt W. Carr 2009 Shades of Gray: The Paleoindian–Early Archaic ‘‘Transition’’ in the Northeast. In
Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions, edited by M. Camps and P. Chauhan, pp.503-525. Springer, New York.
Aiuvalasit, Michael J. and Joseph Schuldenrein 2009 Appendix D: Draft Report of Geoarchaeological Investigations at Site BRO-212 (OPRHP
A00716.000035), Town of Windsor, Broome County, New York. In Phase III Data Recovery for Site BRO-212 (OPRHP A00716.000035), Town of Windsor, Broome County, New York, by Christina Kelly. Report on file (Digital Archive ID #12360), New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System.
Albert, Richard C. 1987 Damming the Delaware: The Rise and Fall of Tocks Island Dam. Penn State University
Press, University Park, Pennsylvania. 2002 In-Tocks-icated: The Tocks Island Dam Project. CRM: Cultural Resource Management
25(3):5-6, 8. Albert, Richard C. and Carrie E. Albert 2002 Along the Delaware River. Arcadia Publishing. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. Albright, Shirley 1983 Differentiation of Fine-Grained Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks Utilized by
Prehistoric Populations of the Mid-Atlantic Region. Report on file, Department of Archaeology and Ethnology, New Jersey State Museum, Trenton.
5
Easton, Pennsylvania. Allitt, Sharon 2011 Stable Isotopic Insights Into the Subsistence Patterns of Prehistoric Dogs (Canis
familiaris) and Their Human Counterparts in Northeastern North America. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Temple University, Philadelphia.
Allitt, Sharon, R. Michael Stewart and Timothy Messner 2008 The Utility of Dog Bone (Canis familiaris) in Stable Isotope Studies for Investigating
Prehistoric Maize Consumption: A Preliminary Study. North American Archaeologist 29 (3-4):339-363.
Alterman, Michael 1993 Archaeological Monitoring at Dingmans Launch Lower Boat Ramp, Delaware Water
Gap National Recreation Area, Pike County, Pennsylvania. Report on file, National Park Service, Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Bushkill, Pennsylvania.
1996 The Van Etten Road Site: Native American and Dutch Settlement in the Upper Delaware Valley. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans.
Alterman, Michael with contributions by Brad Koldehoff 1991 Archaeological Testing and Monitoring at Dingmans Ferry Boat Launch, Delaware
Water Gap National Recreation Area, Pike County, Pennsylvania. Report on file, National Park Service, Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Bushkill, Pennsylvania.
Altschul, Jeffrey H. 2016 The Society for American Archaeology’s Task Forces on Landscape Policy Issues.
Advances in Archaeological Practice 4(2):102–10. Anderson, David A., Keith R. Bastianini, Eric Filkins, Martin T. Fuess, Jonathan Glenn, Regina Hart, William Johnson, Bruce L. Manzano, Timothy L. McAndrews, Edward J. Siemon, Alan D. Tabachnick, and Jon C. Vandenbosch 1999 Treichlers Bridge (36-Nm-142), Phase III Archaeological Data Recovery, Northampton
County, Pennsylvania, Volume III. Report on file (ER#88-0481-042), Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, Harrisburg.
2000 Treichlers Bridge (36-Nm-142), Phase III Archaeological Data Recovery, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, Volumes I, IIA, IIB and IV. Report on file (ER#88-0481-042), Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, Harrisburg.
Anderson, David G. 2001 Climate and Culture Change in Prehistoric and Early Historic Eastern North America.
Archaeology of Eastern North America 29:142-186.
6
Anderson, David G. et al 2010 PIDBA (A Paleoindian Database of the Americas) 2010: Current Status and Findings.
Archaeology of Eastern North America 38:63-89. Andrefsky, William, Jr. 1983 Late Archaic Prehistory in the Upper Delaware Valley: A Study of Classification,
Chronology, and Interaction. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Binghamton.
Anonymous 1932 The Pohopoco Pot. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 3(2):3. Anthony, David W. and Daniel G. Roberts 1987 The Bachman Site (36NM80): Prehistoric Occupations in the Middle Delaware Valley.
Report on file, Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, Harrisburg. 1988 Stone Quarries and Human Occupations in the Hardyston Jasper Prehistoric District of
Eastern Pennsylvania. Report on file, Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, Harrisburg.
Appel, John C. 1976 History of Monroe County, Pennsylvania, 1725-1976. Pocono Hospital Auxiliary, East
Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. 1991 Colonial-Native American Relations in Northeastern Pennsylvania, 1727–1787. In The
People of Minisink, edited by David G. Orr and Douglas V. Campana, pp. 251–262. National Park Service Mid-Atlantic Region, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Archaeological and Historical Consultants, Inc. (AHC) 1992 Phase II Archaeological Survey Report and Phase III Workplan, Proposed Treichlers
Bridge Replacement (S.R. 0145, Section 007), Lehigh and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania. Report on file (ER#88-0481-042), Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, Harrisburg.
Archaeological Associates, Morris, New York 1978 Report of the Stage 2 Archaeological Survey: The Dunn Site (Hancock, NY). Report on
file, New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System.
1978 Addendum to Final Report of the Stage 2 Archaeological Survey: Village Garage (Burden) Site, Hancock, New York. Report on file, New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System.
Asch Sidell, Nancy 2002 Deposit Airport I (SUBi-2048) Subsistence Remains. Report on file, Public Archaeology
Facility, Binghamton University, New York. 2002 Botanical Analysis (Park Creek I Site). In Above the Valley Walls: Data Recovery of the
Park Creek I (Subi-1463, NYSM #10221), Park Creek II (Subi-1464, NYSM #10222), and Raish (Subi-1465, NYSM #10223) Sites in the Upper Susquehanna Valley. Towns of
7
Windsor and Kirkwood, Broome County, New York, by Laurie Miroff, pp.75-80 and Appendix 11.10. Report on file (Digital Archive ID# 2811), New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System.
2002 Botanical Analysis (Park Creek II Site). In Above the Valley Walls: Data Recovery of the Park Creek I (Subi-1463, NYSM #10221), Park Creek II (Subi-1464, NYSM #10222), and Raish (Subi-1465, NYSM #10223) Sites in the Upper Susquehanna Valley. Towns of Windsor and Kirkwood, Broome County, New York, by Laurie Miroff, pp.147-154 and Appendix 11.10. Report on file (Digital Archive ID# 2811), New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System.
2002 Botanical Analysis (Raish Site). In Above the Valley Walls: Data Recovery of the Park Creek I (Subi-1463, NYSM #10221), Park Creek II (Subi-1464, NYSM #10222), and Raish (Subi-1465, NYSM #10223) Sites in the Upper Susquehanna Valley. Towns of Windsor and Kirkwood, Broome County, New York, by Laurie Miroff, pp.184-185 and Appendix 11.10. Report on file (Digital Archive ID# 2811), New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System.
2005 Appendix I. Herrick Hollow Sites Floral Remains. In Phase 3 Data Recovery Herrick Hollow Prehistoric Archaeological District, Herrick Hollow I-VII Sites, Volume II: Appendices. Richardson Hill Road Landfill Superfund Project, Town of Masonville, Delaware County, New York, by Christopher D. Hohman et al, pp.281-303. Report on file (Digital Archive ID# 6085), New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System.
2008 The Impact of Maize-Based Agriculture on Prehistoric Plant Communities in the Northeast. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany II, edited by John P. Hart, pp.29-52. New York State Museum Bulletin Series 512, Albany.
2008 Manna Site (36Pi4) Floral Remains. Report prepared for the Department of Anthropology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
2011 Chenango Point Site Floral Remains. In Life at the Confluence: Archaic and Woodland Occupations of the Chenango Point Site (SUBi-1274). Data Recovery Excavations for the Downtown Academic Center Project, City of Binghamton, Broome County, New York, by Timothy D. Knapp, Appendix 11. Report on file (Digital Archive), New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System.
2012 Chenango Point South Site Floral Remains. In Investigation of the Chenango Point South Site (SUBi-2776). Phase 2/3 Archaeological Investigations, Chenango Point South Site, Twin River Commons Project, City of Binghamton, Broome County, New York, by Laurie E. Miroff, Appendix XI. Report on file (Digital Archive), New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System.
2014 Botanical Analysis. In The Otsiningo Market Site (SUBi-3041; A00706.000048), Phase 3 Archaeological Investigations, Otsiningo Farmers Market Project, Town of Dickinson, Broome County, New York, by Laurie E. Miroff, pp.105-114. Report on file (Digital Archive), New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System.
2014 Otsiningo Market Site Floral Remains. Appendix XI. In The Otsiningo Market Site (SUBi-3041; A00706.000048), Phase 3 Archaeological Investigations, Otsiningo Farmers Market Project, Town of Dickinson, Broome County, New York, by Laurie E. Miroff.
8
Report on file (Digital Archive), New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System.
Asch, D. L. and N. B. Asch 1983 Carbonized Plant Remains From Late Woodland Sites in the Delaware Water Gap
National Recreation Area, Sussex and Warren Counties, Northwestern New Jersey. Center for American Archaeology, Archaeobotanical Laboratory Report No.58. Report on file, National Park Service, Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Bushkill, Pennsylvania.
Audin, Michael 2011 Phase II Archaeological Resource Investigation for the Proposed Potable Water System
Upgrades for the Alpha Borough Municipal Water Works, Borough of Alpha, Warren County, New Jersey. Report on file (WAR Y416-9731), New Jersey Historic Preservation Office, Trenton.
Bachor, Susan 2011 Exploratory Geochemical Analysis of Steatite From the Lower Susquehanna Valley:
Applications with the Handheld XRF. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 27:103- 112.
Bailey, Douglas L., William Andrefsky, Richard Barons, Linda C. Budinoff , Albert A. Dekin, Steven Jones and Robert McGregor 1983 Cultural Resource Survey: Upper Delaware National Scenic and Recreational River,
Pennsylvania and New York. Volumes I – VI. Report on file, National Park Service, Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Bushkill, Pennsylvania.
Baird, Donald 1987 The Indian Trade Gun and Gun-Flints from Burial 8 at the Pahaquarra Site, Warren
County, New Jersey. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey 42:1-9. Barbe, Walter B. and Kurt A. Reed 1998 History of Wayne County, Pennsylvania. Wayne County Historical Society, Honesdale,
Pennsylvania. Barse, William P. 2006 Phase I, II, and III Archaeological Investigations for the Proposed New Jersey Swim
Beach Project in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Warren County, New Jersey. Report on file (WAR N49-4472), New Jersey Historic Preservation office, Trenton.
Bartram, John, Lewis Evans, and Conrad Weiser 1973 A Journey from Pennsylvania to Onondaga in 1743. Imprint Society. Barre,
Massachusetts.
9
Basilik, Kenneth I., Tom R. Lewis, Gale M. Treible and David Rotenstein 1989 Archaeological Investigations at Shawnee-On-Delaware, Smithfield Township, Monroe
County, Pennsylvania. Report on file, Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, Harrisburg.
Baublitz, Richard, Todd Harral and Kenneth J. Basalik 1995a Marshalls Creek Traffic Improvement Project Phase I Archaeological Survey Summary
Report. Report on file, Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, Harrisburg. Baublitz, Richard, Todd Harral, Thomas Lewis and Kenneth J. Basalik 1995b Marshalls Creek Traffic Improvement Project Preliminary Phase II Archaeological
Survey Summary Report. Report on file (ER#92-2190-089-DD), Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, Harrisburg.
Bayley, W.S. 1941 Pre-Cambrian Geology and Mineral Resources of the Delaware Water Gap and Easton
Quadrangles, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Bulletin 920. Washington, D.C.
https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0920/report.pdf Beauchamp, William M. 1893 Indian Names in New York with a Selection from Other States. Printed by the author,
Fayetteville, New York (available online). 1900 Aboriginal Occupation of New York. New York State Museum Bulletin 32, Volume 7.
University of the State of New York, Albany. Beauregard, Alan, Donald Miller, Kenneth Duerksen and Christopher G. Leary 2002 Phase III Investigations at Prehistoric Site 36NM212 East Allen Township, Northampton
County, Pennsylvania. ER# 94-2384-095-T. Report on file, Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, Harrisburg.
Beaver, John 2009 Human Remains and Funerary Objects from Sussex County, New Jersey. National
Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, Repatriation Office. Report on file, National Park Service, Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Bushkill, Pennsylvania.
Becker, Marshall, Joseph 1980 Wampum: The Development of an Early American Currency. Bulletin of the
Archaeological Society of New Jersey 36:1-11. 1983 The Boundary Between the Lenape and the Munsee: The Forks of the Delaware as a
Buffer Zone. Man in the Northeast 26:1–20. 1984 The Lenape Prior to 1740: The Identification of Boundaries and Processes of Change
Leading to the Formation of the 'Delawares' . ln The Lenape Indian: A Symposium. Herbert C. Kraft, editor. pp. l-9. South Orange: Archaeological Research Center, Seton Hall University, New Jersey.
1987 The Moravian Mission in the Forks of the Delaware: Reconstructing the Migration and Settlement Patterns of the Jersey Lenape during the Eighteenth Century through Documents in the Moravian Archives. Unitas Fratum, Special Issue: The American Indians and the Moravians 21/22:83-172.
1988 A Summary of Lenape Socio-Political Organization and Settlement Pattern at the Time of European Contact: The Evidence for Collecting Bands. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 4:79-83.
1988 Native Settlements in the Forks of Delaware, Pennsylvania, in the 18th Century: Archaeological Implications. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 58(1):43-60.
1989 Lenape Population at the Time of European Contact: Estimating Native Numbers in the Lower Delaware Valley. Proceedings…
March 2018
Prepared for: The New Jersey Historic Preservation Office
Trenton, New Jersey
This material was produced with assistance from the Historic Preservation Fund, administered by the National Park Service, Department of the Interior Any opinions findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.
Natural and Historic Resources Group Historic Preservation Office
Mail Code 501-04B P.O. Box 420
Trenton, New Jersey 08625-0420
State of New Jersey Governor Philip D. Murphy Lt. Governor Sheila Oliver
Department of Environmental Protection Catherine R. McCabe, Commissioner
Cover photograph courtesy of Dewberry Engineering, Parsippany, New Jersey.
1
REFERENCES RELEVANT TO THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE UPPER DELAWARE VALLEY OF
NEW JERSEY, NEW YORK, AND PENNSYLVANIA
R. Michael Stewart, PhD New Jersey Historic Preservation Office
Trenton, New Jersey
April 2017
The New Jersey Historic Preservation Office has sponsored a review of published and unpublished materials related to the Native American archaeology of the Upper Delaware Valley as part of an alternative mitigation. This review is the basis for a series of forthcoming topical essays updating and synthesizing aspects of the archaeological record of Pre-Contact and Contact times in the region. The essays will provide contexts and highlight research issues to aid future academic and cultural resource investigations that involve this portion of the greater Delaware Valley.
For the purposes of this project the Upper Delaware was defined by portions of the
drainage basin that exist in the following states and counties: New Jersey: Warren and Sussex counties New York: Orange, Sullivan, Delaware, and Broome counties Pennsylvania: Monroe, Pike, and Wayne counties
The defined area is much larger than what has often been considered as the Upper Delaware by archaeologists in the past based upon spatial distribution of stone tool and pottery types, trends in the use of lithic materials, and settlement patterns. For example, past definitions have bounded it by the Delaware Water Gap on the south to Port Jervis in the north (Kinsey 1972). The Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office includes Northampton County in what it considers to be the Upper Delaware Valley. The degree to which all, or portions of the large area used in this project corresponds with cultural or group territories is addressed in the contextual essays to be produced. Evaluating data from a broader geographic is necessary to examine existing assumptions and to better understand patterns of social interaction and cultural change. In the following compilation of references are published works focused strictly upon, or referencing some aspect of the archaeology of the Upper Delaware Valley. Included are regional syntheses and major works from adjacent areas that provide a broader context in which to better understand the nature and development of the native cultures of the Upper Delaware. Useful references also are provided that deal with the ethnohistory, ethnography, and documentary record of native peoples during the time of interaction with Europeans; the listing is not comprehensive; the focus is on the archaeological record of the time. Older county histories and map references are listed as many include mentions of Indian settlement locations, burials, artifact finds, and useful descriptions of the environment, plant, animal and mineral resources. The latter complement more recent published references to: area geology and soil surveys which have relevance for sources of rock used in the production of tools, implements, and ornaments,
2
clay, and materials used as temper in the production of pottery; the historic and paleoenvironment. Also included are references to lithic sources that exist beyond the Upper Delaware but are frequently represented in the artifact assemblages found there and related attempts at geochemical sourcing. During the review of technical reports resulting from cultural resources management (CRM) studies relevant to the project area, data were collected that contributed to an extensive list of topics: approaches to artifact analysis, artifact typology, botanical remains, faunal remains, C14/AMS dates, updates to cultural historical frameworks, historic/paleoenvironments and geomorphology, predictive models and related field methods, pottery and evidence of pottery production, diagnostic bifaces, lithic technology, site size, lithic and other material sources, lithic use trends, burials and mortuary practices, settlement and community patterns, travel routes, rockshelters, shell producing sites, sites with steatite artifacts, caches, effigies/petroglyphs, arguments for site significance, reporting standards, outstanding research issues and potential future projects, and trade. All CRM reports on file for Warren and Sussex counties, New Jersey were examined. Select Phase I, and all Phase II and Phase III CRM reports for New York and Pennsylvania portions of the Upper Delaware Valley were reviewed. Significant Phase II and Phase III reports for areas adjacent to the Upper Delaware Valley were also examined. In the bibliography that follows, only CRM reports from which data were collected are listed. For New Jersey, hard copies of CRM reports were accessed at the Historic Preservation Office (NJHPO) in Trenton. Many thanks to Kate Marcopul, Deputy State Historic Preservation Office and Administrator, who initially envisioned the overall project and made it a reality. Thanks also to Vincent Maresca, Senior Historic Preservation Specialist at the NJHPO, for additional insights regarding CRM reports.
Reports for New York were accessed online through the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System. Thanks are extended to Philip Perazio, archaeologist with the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, who provided access to reports that were not available online.
For years the Laboratory of Anthropology at Temple University, Philadelphia, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, has been a repository for CRM reports completed in eastern Pennsylvania. These holdings, and those on file at the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office in Harrisburg were utilized, along with those in Stewart’s personal library. The help of Noel Strattan, Mark Shaffer, and Alison Oskam at the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office is gratefully acknowledged. Kurt Carr, curator at the State Museum of Pennsylvania, is thanked for providing access to select manuscripts in the museum’s files.
Mike Owens and Lori Rohrer, archaeologists with the National Park Service at the
Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, provided access to the report and manuscript holdings at the Bushkill, Pennsylvania archaeology facility. Their help was invaluable and ia gratefully acknowledged.
3
Jay Custer (University of Delaware), Greg Lattanzi (New Jersey State Museum), Richard Hunter (Hunter Research, Inc.), Matt Tomaso (PS&S), Keith Bastianini (Michael Baker Jr., Inc.), Mike Clem (Virginia Department of Historic Resources), Rich Veit (Monmouth University), Peter N. Chletsos (Sussex County Historical Society), and Don Kline (Mt. Bethel, PA) also shared copies of needed reports, manuscripts, and publications. Their assistance is greatly appreciated.
4
REFERENCES Aaron, John M. 1969 Petrology and Origin of the Hardyston Quartzite (Lower Cambrian) in Eastern
Pennsylvania and Western New Jersey. In Geology of Selected Areas of New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania. Seymour Sibitsky, ed. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Adams, James T. and Thomas E, Adams 1991 A Small Tocks Island Component at the Snyder Site, Warren County, New Jersey.
Pennsylvania Archaeologist 61(2):1-5. 1993 A Stemmed Point Cache from the Snyder Site, Warren County, New Jersey.
Pennsylvania Archaeologist 63(2):1-6. Adams, William Y. and Ernest W. Adams 1991 Archaeological Typology and Practical Reality: A Dialectical Approach to Artifact
Classification and Sorting. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Adovasio, James M. and Kurt W. Carr 2009 Shades of Gray: The Paleoindian–Early Archaic ‘‘Transition’’ in the Northeast. In
Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions, edited by M. Camps and P. Chauhan, pp.503-525. Springer, New York.
Aiuvalasit, Michael J. and Joseph Schuldenrein 2009 Appendix D: Draft Report of Geoarchaeological Investigations at Site BRO-212 (OPRHP
A00716.000035), Town of Windsor, Broome County, New York. In Phase III Data Recovery for Site BRO-212 (OPRHP A00716.000035), Town of Windsor, Broome County, New York, by Christina Kelly. Report on file (Digital Archive ID #12360), New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Cultural Resource Information System.
Albert, Richard C. 1987 Damming the Delaware: The Rise and Fall of Tocks Island Dam. Penn State University
Press, University Park, Pennsylvania. 2002 In-Tocks-icated: The Tocks Island Dam Project. CRM: Cultural Resource Management
25(3):5-6, 8. Albert, Richard C. and Carrie E. Albert 2002 Along the Delaware River. Arcadia Publishing. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. Albright, Shirley 1983 Differentiation of Fine-Grained Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks Utilized by
Prehistoric Populations of the Mid-Atlantic Region. Report on file, Department of Archaeology and Ethnology, New Jersey State Museum, Trenton.
5
Easton, Pennsylvania. Allitt, Sharon 2011 Stable Isotopic Insights Into the Subsistence Patterns of Prehistoric Dogs (Canis
familiaris) and Their Human Counterparts in Northeastern North America. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Temple University, Philadelphia.
Allitt, Sharon, R. Michael Stewart and Timothy Messner 2008 The Utility of Dog Bone (Canis familiaris) in Stable Isotope Studies for Investigating
Prehistoric Maize Consumption: A Preliminary Study. North American Archaeologist 29 (3-4):339-363.
Alterman, Michael 1993 Archaeological Monitoring at Dingmans Launch Lower Boat Ramp, Delaware Water
Gap National Recreation Area, Pike County, Pennsylvania. Report on file, National Park Service, Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Bushkill, Pennsylvania.
1996 The Van Etten Road Site: Native American and Dutch Settlement in the Upper Delaware Valley. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans.
Alterman, Michael with contributions by Brad Koldehoff 1991 Archaeological Testing and Monitoring at Dingmans Ferry Boat Launch, Delaware
Water Gap National Recreation Area, Pike County, Pennsylvania. Report on file, National Park Service, Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Bushkill, Pennsylvania.
Altschul, Jeffrey H. 2016 The Society for American Archaeology’s Task Forces on Landscape Policy Issues.
Advances in Archaeological Practice 4(2):102–10. Anderson, David A., Keith R. Bastianini, Eric Filkins, Martin T. Fuess, Jonathan Glenn, Regina Hart, William Johnson, Bruce L. Manzano, Timothy L. McAndrews, Edward J. Siemon, Alan D. Tabachnick, and Jon C. Vandenbosch 1999 Treichlers Bridge (36-Nm-142), Phase III Archaeological Data Recovery, Northampton
County, Pennsylvania, Volume III. Report on file (ER#88-0481-042), Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, Harrisburg.
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