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287

adult worker model, 174airline pilots, 154–5Anglo-Saxon countries, 29, 30

autonomy in, 31–2non-standard employment in, 36–7,

40–1work hours in, 32–4work intensification in, 35work pressures in, 39

autonomy, 20, 22–4, 31–2, 37, 38, 40, 47, 53, 59, 72, 75, 76, 86, 88, 89, 92, 175

behaviour-based conflict, 7border theory, 5boundary-less careers, 170boundary-spanning demands, 6, 45,

96, 98, 100–1, 111, 112, 116, 256boundary-spanning resources, 45boundary work, 71–2breadwinner role, 240, 243–6, 248–9

CareData, 182–4career development, 38career opportunities, 53, 54, 59,

166–70care policies, 12–13, 175–6, 178, 179,

182–4, 186, 199, 200, 257, 259see also family policies

care responsibilities, 71, 77–8, 174–206

cross-national variance in, 178–9, 184–93

data on, 179–84formal care, 176–9informal care, 176–9, 184–93,

198–200multivariate analyses of, 193–8public care, 179time spent on, 198–200

childcare, 55, 61–5, 71, 74–8, 117, 128–30, 163–6, 174–9, 194–200, 203–5, 239

data on, 179–84family policies and, 207–30gender differences in, 213–14informal, 184–93time spent on, 186–93, 215–18

childcare policies, 65, 66see also care policies; family policies

children, time spent with, 230n3family policies and, 207–30paid work and, 219–26survey on, 215–18time-use research on, 209–10

cognitive demands, 75–6community life, 2commuting time, 75, 92, 100, 106,

108, 116compensation, 5Continental countries, 29, 30

autonomy in, 32gender gap in, 213task discretion in, 38work hours in, 32–3work intensification in, 34–5

control, 76, 88, 89see also autonomy

country-level determinants, 55, 60–5of work-family conflict, 46–9of work-life balance, 89–90

cross-national variancein care services, 178–9, 184–93in work-family conflicts, 46–9, 55,

60–5, 103–4, 118in work-life balance, 89–90

culture, 55, 61, 64, 107

day care, 129–30see also childcare

deadlines, 34–5, 54, 86demand and control framework, 72demands, 44, 45, 72, 73, 75–6

boundary-spanning, 6, 45, 96, 98, 100–1, 111, 112, 116, 256

cognitive, 76

Index

288 Index

demands – continuedemotional, 44, 79, 86pace, 75, 86strain-based, 6, 7, 19, 25–7, 45, 52,

99–100, 116time-based, 6–7, 19, 24–5, 39–40,

45, 71, 75, 78–9, 98–9, 115, 135, 138–9, 144

work-life balance and, 85–9demographic changes, 3Denmark, 179, 184

childcare in, 194, 199elder care in, 13informal care in, 188–9, 193, 199

deskilling, of jobs, 21, 29–30Direct Payments, 175domestic chores, 117, 136–7, 143, 213,

237–8, 241dual careers, 170dual-earner support, 230n4dual-income families, 14, 39, 95,

126–8, 217, 231–52gender pay gap and, 242–9tensions between paid and unpaid

work in, 231–3, 236–42Dutch teachers, 156–60

earner-carer models, 212–13earner-carer support, 211, 213–14,

216, 218–27, 230n4Eastern Europe, 29, 30

autonomy in, 32gender gap in childcare in, 213non-standard employment and,

36–7non-standard employment in, 28work hours in, 24–5, 32–3, 39, 40work intensification in, 34–5work-life balance in, 90

effort biased, 26elder care, 71, 175–9, 182–93, 196–9,

202emotional demands, 44, 79, 86emotional labour, 75–6employees

attitudes of, 2–3constant availability of, 2demands on, 2over-worked, 26

task discretion for, 22–4, 31–2, 37, 38

employment insecurity, see job insecurity

employment rate, 1, 2employment regimes, 17employment stability, 27–8enhancement arguments, 5enrichment, 7, 19, 20, 21, 37, 76, 123equality policy, 121European Community Household

Panel (ECHP), 175–6, 179–82, 201

European Employment Strategy, 1, 205, 231

European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), 43, 49

European Social Model, 1European Values Study, 55European Working Conditions Survey

(EWCS), 18, 24, 28–9, 70, 73–7, 235

Eurostat, 41expertise, 172n2

facilitation, see enrichmentfamily, neglecting, due to work,

139–41family benefits paid, 217family life, 2, 4, 6family models, 235family policies, 13–14, 45–7, 55, 61–6,

120, 128–30, 174–6, 259dimensions of, 210–14gender division of work and, 208models of, 210–14parental employment and, 214–15time with children and, 207–30

family-related stressors, 97family-supportive work

environments, 100–1family-to-work conflict, 7

see also home-to-work interference; work-family conflict

family-to-work spillover, 50fathers

see also men; parentsjob demands and, 82in labour market, 126–8, 133–46

Index 289

fathers – continuedroles of, 48time spent with children by,

213–14, 219–24fields of everyday life, 121fields of policy, 121Finland

care policies, 184childcare in, 194elder care in, 179employment characteristics in,

126–31, 133–5family policies in, 128–30informal care in, 186, 189parents in labour market in, 126–8research on job quality and work-

family dynamics in, 131–46workplace practices, 130–1

firm-level variables, 53fixed-term contracts, 27–8, 40–1, 127flexibilization, 27–8flexible working schedules, 2, 45, 47,

85, 86, 89, 144–5, 172

GDP per capita, 48, 55, 61, 62, 63, 64gender differences, 92

in care responsibilities, 176–7in childcare, 213–14in job demands, 88in time spent with children, 219–24in wages, 232, 242–9work-family conflict and, 102–3,

112–17, 144in working time, 85work-life balance satisfaction and,

77–81, 82, 91gender equality model, 176gender gap, 22, 24, 29–30, 36, 40, 213gender pay gap, 232, 240, 242–9gender regimes, 17gender roles, 14, 48, 55, 63–4,

102–3, 213general family support, 230n4Germany, 11, 13, 22, 28, 29, 49,

103, 104, 107, 108, 111–12, 118, 206n6, 209, 217, 177, 230n5, 233

globalization, 27, 99, 121grandparents, care provided by, 177Greece, 29, 90

head teachers, 154–5health impact, of work-life conflict,

73health status, 54high-performance management,

23high skill jobs, 20–2

see also skilled jobshome-to-work interference, 7, 96–8,

106, 108see also family-to-work conflict

household composition, 54household income, 54household responsibilities, 117,

136–7, 143, 213, 237–8, 241

incentive-based pay, 26income security, 54informal care, 174, 176–9,

198–200see also care responsibilitiesintensity of, 186–93payment of, 175prevalence of, 184–6

information technologies, 2, 25insecurity, 19, 27–8, 36–7, 40–1, 52,

106–7, 117institutional context, 47, 256–8intensification of work, see work

intensificationItaly, 13, 29, 49, 90, 175, 178, 179–80,

184, 186–9, 194, 196, 198–9, 211, 217, 257

job complexity, 20–2job control, 76, 81, 85–9, 93job creation, 1job demands, 6–8, 42, 52–4, 58, 73,

75–6, 85–9, 92, 96boundary-spanning demands, 6,

46, 96, 98, 100–1, 111, 112, 116, 256

examples of, 44–5gender and, 88strain-based demands, 6, 7, 19,

25–7, 46, 52, 99–100, 116time-based demands, 6–7, 19,

24–5, 39–40, 46, 71, 78–9, 98–9, 115, 135, 138–9, 144

290 Index

job demands – continuedwork-family conflict and, 98–101,

109–10, 115–16work-life balance and, 81–90

job demands-resources model, 6–8, 44–6

job insecurity, 3, 19, 26, 27–8, 36–7, 40–1, 52, 106–7, 117

job intensity, 2job pressures, 86, 117–18job quality, 1–3, 9, 42

concept of, 18job strain and, 69skills and, 20–2, 29–30task discretion and, 22–4threats to, 17trends in, 17–41work-family conflict and, 137–43work-family dynamics and, 131–46working hours and, 69work-life balance and, 18–20,

70–3, 231job resources, 42, 53–4, 58, 59job rotation, 20job security, 3, 27–8, 36–7, 40–1, 52

see also job insecurityjob strain, 69, 72, 73, 85–6, 88–9job variety, 21–2

knowledge-based economy, 25, 40

Labour Force Survey, 41Laeken indicators, 1lean production, 23learning dynamics, 37learning oriented organizations,

23, 37leave time, 45leisure time, 40, 100, 106, 116, 117,

124, 209, 214, 233, 241life domains, balance between, 5–6life-long employment, 3life stage, 74–5, 77–81, 91, 92, 120–1luxury goods, 3

male breadwinner model, 176, 235, 240, 243–6, 248–9

male spending, 248–9marriage subsidies, 217

maternity leave, 127, 128–9, 146n4, 182, 203, 205n1, 217

Mediterranean welfare regime, 235–6men

see also fathersautonomy of, 24breadwinner role and, 240, 242–9domestic chores and, 237–8, 240–1in dual-income families, 236–52financial autonomy of, 248–9high-skill jobs and, 22, 29–30job demands on, 88roles of, 48time spent with children by,

219–24work-family conflict and, 102–3,

112–17work-life balance satisfaction and,

77–81, 82work pressures on, 26–7

motherssee also parents; womencare responsibilities, 176–7employment of, 2job demands and, 82in labour market, 126–30, 133–46roles of, 48time spent with children by,

219–24work-life balance for, 91

multi-level modelling, 55–6Multinational Time Use Study

(MTUS), 208, 215–18, 224multiple roles, 4–5, 18–19, 21–2, 95,

97

national contexts, 43, 46–9, 55, 60–5neo-Fordist, 23neo-Marxists, 21Netherlands, 11, 12, 13, 29, 130–4,

108, 111, 112, 118, 156, 164care policies, 184childcare in, 194elder care in, 179informal care in, 186, 189–90, 193part-time work in, 156–9, 166–70Personal Budget, 175presenteeism in, 166–7teachers in, 156–9

Index 291

new economy, 24non-standard employment, 27–8,

36–7, 40–1, 170see also fixed-term contracts

non-standard work hours, 33, 72–3, 75, 84–5

older workers, 75, 82work-life balance for, 70

overtime, 6, 12, 32, 52, 98–9, 106, 108, 110–11, 116, 128, 131, 135, 137–45, 144, 160, 161, 168–9, 256, 259

pace demands, 25–6, 75, 86paid work, tensions between unpaid

work and, 231, 236–42parental leave, 45, 128–9, 146n4, 208,

230n5parental overload, 97parental time use, 13parents

see also fathers; motherscare responsibilities, 176–7coping by, 136, 141–4in labour market, 126–8, 133–46lack of time and, 135, 138–9time spent with children by,

207–30work-family dynamics for, 126–45work-life balance for, 69–70, 74–5,

91, 92work-life balance satisfaction for,

82, 84part-time work, 12, 24, 39, 133–4,

171–2career opportunities and, 150,

166–70future of, 170–1in Netherlands, 156–9, 166–70in skilled jobs, 149–73in Spain, 163–6, 234by teachers, 155–63in UK, 154–5, 161–3, 166–70

paternity leave, 127, 128–9, 133, 146n4, 182, 204

pay gap, 232, 242–9Personal Budget, 175persons with disabilities, 175

Portugal, 118post-Fordist theory, 25post-industrial economy, 24post-socialist regime, 18presenteeism, 166–70production regimes, 17psychological pressures, 117–18public sector, 53, 59

resources-demands approach, 6–8, 44–6

resource-drain argument, 21resources, 44–5, 53–4, 58responsible autonomy, 23role demands, 97role expansion approach, 21–2role strain, 4–5role theory, 5–6, 7–8, 97–8

Scandinavia, 24, 29, 30autonomy in, 31–2gender gap in, 213non-standard employment and, 37work-family conflict in, 103–4work hours in, 33work intensification in, 34–5

segmentation, 5self-employment, 152seniority, 152, 153service work, 26shift work, 128, 138–9single-parent families, 2, 95skilled jobs, part-time work in,

149–73skills, 20–2, 29–30, 37Social Citizenship Indicator Program

(SCIP), 217social policy, 47, 48, 121social support, 73, 76–7, 89, 93socio-economic status, 21, 43, 47, 48,

65, 131, 140, 142, 143, 176, 182, 225, 254

Southern Europe, 29, 30, 37autonomy in, 32non-standard employment in, 28,

36–7, 40work hours in, 33–4work intensification in, 34–5work-life balance in, 90

292 Index

Southern European regime, 17Spain, 12, 13, 24, 29, 209

dual-income families in, 231–52gender pay gap in, 242–9lack of childcare in, 164part-time work in, 163–6, 234welfare regime in, 235–6women in, 234–5working conditions in, 234–5work-life balance in, 234–6

Spanish Living Conditions Survey, 244

spillover, 5, 71–2, 73, 78–9, 86, 100–1strain-based demands, 6, 7, 19, 25–7,

45, 52, 99–100, 116stress, 72, 78–9, 84, 108Sweden, 11, 13, 22, 24, 29, 103, 108,

111, 112, 118, 209, 211, 217, 233, 242, 247, see also Scandanavia

task autonomy, 76, 81task discretion, 22–4, 31–2, 37, 38task flow, 76Taylorism, 21, 23teachers, 154–63

in the Netherlands, 156–9presenteeism and, 166–70in UK, 160–3, 167

technological developments, 21, 26, 38

telecommunication technologies, 2temporary employment, 28, 40–1,

164see also fixed-term contracts

time, see working timetime availability hypothesis, 39time-based control, 76time-based demands, 6–7, 19, 24–5,

39–40, 45, 71, 75, 78–9, 98–9, 115, 135, 138–9, 144

time pressure, 3, 34, 45, 75, 77, 90time-use research, 209–10trade unions, 26, 48, 62, 66training, 38, 151–3, 163, 246, 248,

253transport occupations, 153, 155

unemployment, 1–2unemployment rate, 49, 61, 63, 64

unions, 26, 48, 62, 66United Kingdom, 11, 13, 29, 104, 164

Direct Payments, 175elder care in, 179informal care in, 187–8, 199part-time work in, 156, 160–3,

166–70presenteeism in, 166–7teachers in, 160–3, 167

unpaid work, 14, 39, 78, 120, 124, 211gender division of, 207–8tensions between paid work and,

231, 236–42unsocial work hours, 33–4, 40, 84–5,

92up-skilling, of jobs, 29–30

wealthier countries, 48, 61, 62welfare states, 3, 89–90, 103–4, 120,

165, 207, 210–14well-being, 120, 124–5, 131, 145,

146n3Well-being and Services (WBS) study,

132Western Europe

non-standard employment in, 28work hours in, 32–3

women, 17see also mothersautonomy of, 24breadwinner role and, 242–9care responsibilities, 176–7in dual-income families, 236–52fixed-term contracts and, 28high-skill jobs and, 22household responsibilities of,

238–42job demands on, 88in labour market, 126–8, 235non-standard employment and,

36–7, 40–1pay gap and, 242–9roles of, 48Spanish, 234–5in temporary employment, 234,

243time demands on, 25time spent with children by,

219–24

Index 293

women – continuedwork-family conflict and, 102–3,

112–17work-life balance satisfaction and,

77–81, 82work pressures on, 27

work demands, see job demandswork enrichment, see enrichmentwork environment, 72, 100–1workers’ rights, 48work-family conflict, 42–68, 254–6

country-level determinants of, 46–9, 55, 60–5

cross-national variability in, 43, 103–4, 118

determinants of, 42–3employment characteristics and,

133–5family policies and, 46–7, 55, 62family structure and, 58, 59–60gender differences and, 102–3,

112–17gender roles and, 48household composition and, 54increases in, 95–6individual-level determinants of,

46, 54, 57–60job demands and, 52, 58, 98–101,

115–16job quality and, 137–43job resources and, 53–4, 58, 59modelling strategy for, 55–6research on, 96, 97–8in service sector, 115–19social policy and, 47, 48socio-economic status and, 48theories about, 44–6unemployment rate and, 49workers’ rights and, 48working time and, 107–8, 116

work-family culture, 107work-family dynamics, 11–12, 121–3

job quality and, 131–46well-being and, 124–5

work-family responsibility conflict (WFRC), 50, 51, 57, 59, 60, 62, 66

work flexibility, 27work-home conflict, 7–8

see also work-family conflict

work-home interference, see work-home conflict; work-family conflict

work hours, 2, 19, 24–5, 32–4, 38–40, 52, 53, 69, 72–3, 78, 106, 166–70

work-household task conflict (WHTC), 50–2, 57, 60

working conditions, 124–5working time, 38–9, 71, 75, 84–5, 89,

92, 107–8, 116, 149–50work intensification, 3, 25–7, 34–5,

39, 95, 96work-life balance, 2–9, 253–4

autonomy and, 38, 76, 88, 89care responsibilities and, 174–206concept of, 4–5, 18–19, 121–3country effects on, 89–90in dual-income families, 231–52dynamics of, 121–3factors affecting, 19–20family policies and, 207–30gender and, 77–81institutional context of, 256–8job demands and, 75–6, 81–90job quality and, 17–41, 70–3, 231life stage and, 69–70, 74–5, 77–81,

120–1for parents, 69–70, 74–5resource-demands approach to,

6–8satisfaction with, 6social support and, 76–7, 89in Spain, 234–6task discretion and, 23–4tensions in, 7, 254–6working time and, 24–5, 71, 75, 78,

84–5, 89, 149–50work intensification and, 25–7

work-life conflictresearch on, 19strain-based demands and, 26time demands and, 25

workplace practices, 137work pressures, 19, 26, 39, 40, 44work-related demands, 8–9, 19–20, 45work-related resources, 8–9, 45work skills, 20–2, 37work-to-home interference, 7, 101–2,

105–6