REFERENCES CITED - Springer978-1-4899-6… ·  · 2017-08-26REFERENCES CITED CHAPTERl 1. ... The Papyrus Ebers. Lewin and Munksgaard, Copenhagen,1937. ... Bryan, C. P. The Papyrus

REFERENCES CITED

CHAPTERl

1. The Boston Sunday Globe, November 29,1942. 2. The Boston Herald, November 29, 1942. 3. The Boston Daily Globe, November 30, 1942. 4. The Boston Daily Globe, December 2, 1942. 5. The New York 'firnes, p. 21, June 26, 1945.

CHAPTER2

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CHAPTER3

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CHAPTER5

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CHAPTER 6

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CHAPTERIO

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CHAPTER2

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CHAPTER4

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CHAPTER5

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CHAPTER6

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CHAPTER7

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CHAPTER8

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INDEX

Abscesses, 26-27, 33, 120 Acne, 147, 210 Acquired immune deficiency

syndrome (AIDS), 29-30, 97, 115, 200

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, 23 Actinomycetes, 42 Advertising, 238

historical overview of, 62-63 Aerial spraying of crops, 161 Aerobic bacteria, 22, 84 Aeromonas, 172 Aeromonas hydrophila, 172 Aesculapius, 57 African sleeping sickness, 33 Agar plates: see GelatinJagar plates Agriculture, 158-166 AIDS: see Acquired immune

deficiency syndrome Alaska oll spill, 22 Allergie reactions, 125-126, 135, 209,

218,227 Alliance for the Prudent Use of

Antibiotics (APUA), 248-251, 252 Amikacin, 119

Aminoglycosides, 43, 119, 191; see also specific types

resistance to, 91, 111, 195 p-Aminosalicylic acid, 120 Amoxycillin, 118, 214 Ampicillin; 47, 118, 194, 199; see also

Ampiclllin resistance accessibility of, 226 changing patterns in use of, 214 indications for, 124 misuse of, 114-115 for pets, 178, 179

Ampicillin resistance, 10-11, 233, 245 antibiotic underuse and, 235 community-acquired, 134 gene exchange and, 86, 87 in livestock, 145 multiple-drug resistance and, 110

Amulets,62 Anaerobic bacteria, 22, 84, 123, 180 Anemia, 45, 110 Animals: see Aquaculture; Livestock;

Minor species, Pets Anthrax, 31-33 Antibiotic accessibility, 208-214, 225-227

267

268

Antibiotic accessibility (Cont.) community resistance and, 130-136 international response to, 247-249

Antibiotic Guidelines, 185 Antibiotic misuse, 53-66, 221, 223

antibiotic myth and, 105-115 historical overview of, 54-66 multiple-drug resistance and, 97,

110-112,131 in prophylaxis, 112-114 societal consequences cf, 227-231

Antibiotic myth, 105-136 antibiotic misuse and, 105-115 antibiotic selection and, 117-127

Antibioticsi see lIlso Antibiotic accessibilityi Anöbiotic misusei Anb'biotic myth

alteration in target of, 92 broad-spectrum, 44-48, 117, 218 changing patterns of use in, 214-

215 consequences of not controlling,

198-202 cost of, 124-125 cost of developing new types, 197-

198 decreased entry of, 90-91 development of new types, 189-193 discovery of, 29-43 first types of, 32-34 future of, SO-51 inactivation of, 91-92 narrow-spectrum, 117 old resistance determinants in new

types, 194-197 over-the-counter sale of: see Over-

the-counter antibiotics prophylactic use of: see Prophylaxis providers of, 231-234 rational design of new types, 193-

194 revival of interest in, 37-38 search for, 38-40

Antibiotics (Cont.) selection of, 117-127

Index

soil bacteria production of, 39-40, 42,189,219

substitution of targets insensitive to,92-94

underuse of, 234-236 Antibodie~ 24-25, 219 Antimicrobials, synthetic, 48-49, 100 APUA: see Alliance for the Prudent

Use of Antibiotics Aquaculture, 157, 168-174 Aristotle, 58 Arsenic,33 Aspirin, 191 Atkins, Samuel, 62 Aureomycin: see Chlortetracycline Azithromycin, 119 Azlocillin, 118 Aztreonam, 118

Bacampicillin, 118 Bacillus brevis, 40

. Bacillus larme, 166-167 Bacitracin, 47, 119, 155 Bacteria, 13-30; see also Bacterial flora

aerobic, 22, 84 agriculture and, 158-161 anaerobic, 22, 84, 123, 180 blue-pus, 32 defensins and, 190 disease and, 23-27 earlyexperiments on, 31-33 gene exchange in: see Gene

exchange Gram-negative: see Gram-negative

bacteria Gram-positive: see Gram-positive

.. bacteria in livestock, 143-144, 145-1SO mating of, 78, 80 multiplication.of, 18 mutations in: see Mutations

Index

Bacteria (Cont.) nonpathogenie, 23, 34, 84 nutrients needed by; 18, 20-22, 25-

26 oll eating, 22 pathogenie, 23, 25, 84, 158 plasmids of: see Plasmids resistance genes in: see Resistance

genes in soll: see Soll bacteria toxins produced by; 18, 26, 218

Bacterial blight, 159 Bacterial flora, 212-213, 215-218, 227;

see also Intestinal flora; Skin flora Bacterial spots, 159, 161 Bacteriophages: see Phages Bambermycins, 155 Baquero, Fernando, 187 Bardelay; Gilles, 207-208 Benethamine penicillin, 118 Benzylpenicillin, 118 Black leg, 159 Bladder infections, 122; see also

Urinary tract infections Blood-borne infections, 6, 74,122,184 Blue mold, 159 Blue-pus bacteria, 32 Bolls, 20 Boneinfections, 74, 88, 180, 207 Bone marrow suppression, 45, 110 Bordete//a, 191 Barre/ia bergendorfii, 28 Botulism, 22 Bouchard, Charles, 32 Broad-spectrum antibiotics, 44-48,

117,218 Brotsu, Giuseppe, 46 Burkholder, Paul, 44, 45

Campy/obacter, 122, 242 Cancer, 42, 117, 205, 231

bacterial flora and, 216-217 multiple-drug resistance in, 101-102

Candida,27 Candida a/bicans, 28 Capreomycin, 119 Carbenicillin, 118 Catfish industry; 169-173 Cefaclor, 118 Cefadroxil, 118 Cefazolin, 118 Cefamandole,118 Cefixime, 118 Cefmetazole, 118 Cefoperazone,118 Cefotaxime,118 Cefotetan, 118 Cefoxitin, 47, 118 Cefsulodin, 118 Ceftazidime, 118 Ceftizoxime, 118 Ceftriaxone,118 Cefuroxime, 118

269

Centers for Disease Control, 98, 133, 151-152, 238

Cephalexin, 47, 118 Cephaloridine, 46 Cephalosporin resistance, 91, 195, 197

community-acquired, 133 multiple-drug resistance and, 110-

111 resistance genes and, 89

Cephalosporinases, 48, 89, 91, 197 Cephalosporins, 46-48, 118, 244; see

also Cephalosporin resistance; specific types

Cephalothin, 46, 118 Cephamycins, 47 Cephapirin, 118 eephradine, 118 Chain, Ernst, 40 Chemotherapy; 33, 165 Chloramphenicol, 47, 118

accessibility of, 226 in agriculture, 160 discovery of, 44-45

270

Chloramphenicol (Cont.) indications for, 124 for livestock, 154 misuse of, 108, 110 for pets, 180 resistance to, 72, 92, 97, 189

Chloromycetin: see Chloramphenicol Chloroquine resistance, 101 Chlortetracyc1ine, 46-47, 120

for livestock, 138-139 Cholera, 15, 32, 97, 113-114 Chromosomal mutations, 73, 95, 1()()-

101,103 Chromosomes, 21, 68, 74, 80, 82,191-

192; see also Chromosomal mutations

Ciprofloxacin, 119, 125 resistance to, 88, 100

Oarithromycin, 119 Oavulanic acid, 118 C1indamycin, 47, 119 Clostridium botulinum, 22 Clostridium difficile, 218 Cocoanut Grove fire, 1-6, 41, 127 Colds: see Common cold Colistin, 119 Common cold, 29, 106, 211-213, 232 Community resistance, 130-136, 220-

221,245 Conjugation, 78 Costs

of antibiotic development, 197-198 of antibiotic resistance, 238-240 of antibiotics, 124-125 of hospitalization, 129

Cotrimoxazole, 48 Cyc1oserine, 119

Datta, Naomi, 77 Day care centers, 10-11, 214-215 DDT, 101 Defensins, 190 Demec1ocyc1ine, 118

I

Index

Developing world, problems in, 240-241 Diarrhea, 14, 23, 74, 150, 179, 235,

245; see also Dysentery antibiotic selection for, 122 in aquaculture, 168, 172 chloramphenicol for, 45 in developing world, 240 diet and, 132 pre-modern treatment of, 56 as side effect, 213, 218 sulfamethoxazole for, 93-94 traveler's, 26

Dic1oxacillin, 118 Diet, 219

for cancer patients, 216-217 urinary tract infections and, 131-132

Digitalis, 61 Dihydrostreptomycin, 180 Diphtheria, 33 Diplococci, 121 DNA, 21, 191

gene exchange and, 80, 82-83 in livestock bacteria, 143 of phages, 82-83 of plasmids, 68, 71 transposons on, 80, 82 viral, 27

DNA:DNA hybridization, 83-85 DNA gyrase, 188 Domagk, Gerhard, 37-38 Doxycyc1ine, 47, 118 Drug entry, decrease of, 90-91 Dubos, Rene J., 39-40, 42 Duggar, Benjamin, 45, 138 Dusting of crops, 161-162 Dysentery, 74, 98, 241; see also

Diarrhea

Ear infections, 10, 20, 88, 133, 205, 230,245

Ebers, George Moritz, 56 Edwardsiella, 171 Ehrlich, Paul, 6, 33

Index

Elderly persons, 126-127 Emmerich, Rudolf, 31-33 Enterobacter, 89 Enterobacteriaceae, 160 Enterococci, 20

gene exchange in, 80-81, 84-86, 186

Enterococcus faecalis, 20; see also Enterococci

Enviromental factors, 94-95 Enzymes, 22, 26-27, 73, 194-195

alteration in antibiotic target by, 92 cephillosporin-degrading: see

Cephalosporinases inactivation of antibiotic by, 91-92 penicillin-degrading: see

Penicillinases Erwinia, 160-161 Erwinia amylovora, 160-161, 163 Erythemum subitum, 30 Erythromycin, 47, 119; see also

Erythromycin resistance in agriculture, 160 for pets, 177-179

Erythromycin resistance, 91-92 community-acquired, 134-135 in livestock, 147 multiple-drug resistance and, 98,

100 in pets, 179

Escherichia coli, 17, 20-22, 48, 77, 114, 199,244

in agriculture, 160, 164-165 antibiotic misuse and, 228-230 diet and, 132 gene exchange in, 82, 86-87 in livestock, 145-146, 148-150, 242 multiple-drug resistance in, 72, 88,

99-101,110-111,189 in pets, 175, 179 plasmids of, 69 resistance genes and, 75 transferable resistance in, 73-74, 94

Ethambutol, 119 Ethionamide, 119 Exorcisms, 62 Extrachromosomal genes, 73

F factors, 73 FACT: see Food Animal Concems

1h1st FDA: see Food and Drug

Administration Fever,118 Fire blight, 161-162 Fish: see Aquaculture

271

Fleming, Alexander, 5, 7, 34-37, 40-41,90

Florey, Howard, 5, 40-41 Flu, 29, 208, 212 Fluoroquinolones, 49 Fogarty International Center, 243-245,

252 Food and Drug Administration (FDA),

143, 157, 169, 197, 241-242 Center for Veterinary Medicfue, 156

Food Animal Concems 1h1st (FACT), 155-156

Fosfomycin, 119 Foulbrood diseases, 166-167 Frederick 11, 60 Freudenreich, E. de, 32 Frogs, skin of, 190 Fungi, 27, 189, 190

Galen, 58-61, 64 Gelatinlagar plates, 15-16, 18, 32, 34-

35, 37, 39, 83, 122-123, 165 Gene cloning, 83 Gene exchange, 78-83, 186, 230

in agriculture, 160 conjugation in, 78 in livestock, 144 in nature, 83-87 in pets, 175 transformation in, 83

272

Genes, 73-74; see also Chromosomes; Gene exchange; Resistance genes

Gentamicin, 43, 47, 119, 191 indications for, 124 resistance to, 111 side effects of, 218

Germ theory of disease, 14, 29 Giardia, 122 Golden staph: see Sflqilylococcus aureus Gonococci, 20, 132, 187, 209; see also

Neisseri4 gonorrhoetle Gonorrhea, 11, 29, 87, 132-133, 199,

209,245 Gram, Hans Christian, 19 Gramicidin, 40, 42-43, 47 Gram-negative bacteria, 19-20, 44,

48-49,89,233 in agricu1ture, 160 in aquaculture, 168, 171 gene exchange in, 84

Gram-positive bacteria, 19-20, 44, 48-49

in agriculture, 160 gene exchange in, 81, 84-85 gramicidin and, 40

Gram stain, 19-20, 121 Growth promotion

in livestock, 137-143, 153-155, 157, 241-242

in minor species, 174

HAI: see Health Action International Hausfater, Glenn, 77 Headaches, 213 Health Action International (HAl),

238 Hearing defects, 43, 218 Heart murmurs, 127 Heatley, Norman, 5 Heavy metals, 91, 246 Heck1er, Margaret, 241 ß-Hemolytic streptococci, 134-135 Hemophilus, 48, 128

Index

Hemophilus in/luenzae, 10-11, 20,23, 244-245

community-acquired resistance of, 133-134

gene exchange in, 82, 86-87 Henson, lim, 134 Hepatitis, 29 HHV-6,30 High-level resistance, 187-188 Hippocrates, 58 mv-I: see Human immune deficiency

virus-l Honeybees, 157, 166-168 Honeymoon cystitis, 131 Hospital infections, 89, 184, 206 Human immune deficiency virus-l

(HIV-l), 30; see also Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Humors, 57-58, 61

Imipenem, 118 Imminent Hazard petition, 241 The Impact of Antibiotics on Medicine

and Society, 226-227 Impetigo, 118 Individual, the, 205-221

accessibility of antibiotics and, 208-214

bacterial flora and, 215-217 changing patterns of antibiotic use

in,214-215 efforts against antibiotic resistance

by, 219-221 side effects and, 217-219

Industry, role of, 236-238 Infants, 126, 229-230 Insects, 101, 189-190; see also

Honeybees International Association of

Pharmaceutical Companies, 237 International Organization of

Consumer Unions (IOCU), 238 Intestinal flora, 18-19, 22, 26, 94, 192

Index

Intestinal flora (Cont.) agriculture and, 161-162, 164-165 in livestock, 141-142, 143-144, 147 multiple-drug resistance and, 99 plasmids in, 77 urinary tract infections and, 130-

132 Intestinal infections, 88 Intravenous drug users, 97 Intravenous therapy, 7-8, 209 IOCU: see International Organization

of Consumer Unions Isoniazid, 88, 119

Joubert, Jules Fraru;ois, 31 Jukes, Thomas, 138

Kalahari bushmen, 75, 77 Kanamycin, 43, 47, 119, 124, 179, 191

resistance to, 91 Kidney damage, 43, 218 Kidney infections, 122; see also

Urinary tract infections Klebsiella, 165, 195 Koch, Robert, 15, 18, 32, 38-39, 122 Kupersztoch, Jacob, %

ß-Lactam, 194, 196 ß-Lactamase, 88, 95, 118, 194, 196-197 Lactobacillus, 131-132 Lederberg, Joshua, 73 Leeches,58 Legionella, 25 Legionnaire's Disease, 25 Leprosy, 49 Lethai yellowing, 162 Leukemia, 45, 94, 110-112, 165 Lincomycin, 119 Lincosamides, 119 Listeria, 242 Livestock, 137-156

growth promotion in, 137-143, 153-155, 157, 241-242

Livestock (Cont.) human bacterial exchange with,

145-150

273

human disease spread by, 150-156 Lobar pneumonia, 20, 82, 121, 128 Loew, Frank, 155 Loew, Oscar, 33 Low-Ievel resistance, 187-188, 230 Lyme disease, 28 Lymph nodes, 25 Lysis, 34-35, 36, 37 Lysozyme, 23, 34, 40

Macrolides, 94, 119 Magainins, 190 Malaria parasite, 101 MarshalI, Bonnie, 148 Mating types, 80 Medical Lobby for Appropriate

Marketing, Inc., 238 Meningitis, 10-11, 20, 43, 128, 133,

245 Meningococci, 20, 187 Merck and Company, 4, 42 Mercury, 246 Methacycline, 118 Methenamine, 119 Methicillin, 47, 117, 118, 193

discovery of, 50 resistance to, 50, 88-89

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 201-202

Metronidazole, 119, 180 Mezlocillin, 118 Military use of penicillin, 5, 41 Minocycline, 47, 118 Minor species, 157, 174 Molds, 219 Monensin, 155 Monobactams, 118 Mosquitos, 101 MRSA: see Methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus

274

Mucous membranes, 23-24, 26 Multiple-drug resistance, 88-89, 95-

99, 125, 184, 186-187, 200-202, 207, 225, 245

in agriculture, 163-165 antibiotic misuse and, 97, 110-112,

131 antibiotic underuse and, 235 in aquaculture, 173 in developing world, 240-241 gene exchange and, 85 in livestock, 141, 145-147, 150-153 in non-bacterial organisms, 101-102 in pets, 175 resistance genes and, 76, 96, 101,

112,189 single antibiotic use and, 99-101,

147, 188-189 transferable resistance and, 72-74

Mummies, 29, 31 Murray, Barbara, 84 Mutations, 7, 43, 49, 88-89, 190-191,

194-196 alteration in antibiotic target by, 92 antibiotic misuse and, 66 chromosomal, 73, 95, 100-101, 103 low-Ievel resistance in, 187-188 multiple-drug resistance and, 100,

189 in resistance genes, 88 transferable resistance and, 73

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 25,43 Mycoplasma, 159-160, 162 Mycoplasm4 pneunumiae, 159

Nafcillin, 118 Nalidixic acid, 49, 119, 179-180, 186-

187,194 Narrow-spectrum antibiotics, 117 National Academy of Sciences'

Institute of Medicine, 241 National Resources Defense Council, 156 Nause~, 213

Index

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 11, 20, 87, 209; see also Gonococci

Neisseria meningitidis, 20 Neomycin, 43, 47, 119, 174, 178 Nest eggs, 156 Netilmicin, 119 Nitrofurantoin, 119 Nonpathogenic bacteria, 23, 34, 84 Non-transferable resistances, 87-89 Norfloxacin, 88, 100, 119 Nova (television program), 185-186 Novobiocin, 119

O'Brien, Thomas, 80 Ofloxacin, 88, 119 Oil-eating bacteria, 22 Oral administration, 7-8, 49 Organ transplants, 206 Ormetoprim, 168, 172 Otitis media, 20 Over-the-counter antibiotics, 107-109,

176, 208, 226, 232 Over-the-counter drugs, 61-64; see

also Over-the-counter antibiotics Oxacillin, 118 Oxolinic acid, 119 Oxytetracycline, 47, 118

in agriculture, 158-159, 161-163 in aquaculture, 168 for honeybees, 166-168 for livestock, 145

Paper disc testing method, 124 Paracelsus, 61 Parasites, 30, 33, 101 Paromomycin, 119 Pasteur, Louis, 14, 31, 64-65 Pathogenic bacteria, 23, 25, 84, 158 Payne, Billy, 3 Pefloxacin, 119 Penicillin, 4-11, 40, 46-47, 117, 118,

193-194, 199, 207; see also Penicillin resistance

Index

Penicilin (Cant.) accessibility of, 211-213, 226 allergie reactions to, 126, 135, 218 changing patterns in use of, 214 Cocoanut Grove fire and, 5-6, 41,

127 cost of, 125, 238 development of, 40-42 discovery of, 34-37 for livestock, 139, 142, 148, 152,

154-155 military use of, 5, 41 for rninor species, 174 misuse of, 230 for pets, 175 in prophylaxis, 112, 127-128 side effects of, 217-218 streptomycin compared with, 43

Penicillinases, SO, 84-86, 91, 95, 117, 193,197

Penicillin G, 174 Penicillin resistance, 7, 8-12, 43, 191,

200, 205, 244-245 in agriculture, 160 community-acquired,132-135 decreased entry as cause of, 90 environmental factors in, 95 gene exchange and, 84-85, 87 inactivation in, 91 in livestock, 148, 152 low-Ievel, 187 methicillin synthesis in response to,

SO multiple-drug resistance and, 97-98 new types of, 195-197 plasmids and, 71-72 resistance genes and, 75 transferable resistance and, 72-73

Penicillium mold, 4, 37 Persistence of resistance, 245-246 Pesticide resistance, 101 Pets, 157, 174-181 Phages, 82-83

275

Pharmaceutical industry, 232, 239-240

historical overview of, 60-61 Phenoxymethylpenicillin, 118 Pheromone~ 80-81 Pilus,78 Piperacillin, 118 Placebo effect, 55 Plague, 25, 33 Plasma, 4 Plasmids, 68-71, 88, 92, 103, 195

emergence of resistance in, 71-72 gene exchange and, 78-80, 82-83,

85,87 inhibition of, 191-192 in livestock, 143-144, 147-148, 150 low-Ievel resistance and, 187 multiple-drug resistance and, 85,

95-97, 99-101, 111, 188-189 origins of, 76-78 resistance genes in, 70-71, 75, 194,

246,248 transferable resistance in: see

'fransferable resistance Pneumococci, 20, 191

antibiotic selection for, 121 gene exchange in, 82 low-level resistance in, 187 multiple-drug resistance in, 98 prophylaxis and, 128

Pneumonia, 6, 15, 20, 23, 133, 195, 207, 245

antibiotic misuse and, 230 chloramphenicol for, 45 in developing world, 240 lobar, 20, 82, 121, 128 multiple-drug resistance and, 98

Polymyxin B, 119 Potions,61 Prepaid health programs, 107, 252 Pritchard, William, 155 Procaine penicillin, 118 Prontosil, 37-38, 47-48

276

Prophylaxis, 115 antibiotic misuse in, 112-114 post-surgical, 116, 128-130

Proteus mirabilis , 199 PseudornonIls, 88 Pseudomonas aeruginDsa, 32, 117 Puromycin, 178 Pus,27 Pyocyanase, 32-33, 3~ 38 Pyrazinamide, 119

Quincy, lohn, 64 Quinolone resistance, 88, 92, 94, 194

low-level, 188 multiple-drug resistance and, 100

Quinolones,49, 119, 125; see also Quinolone resistance

synd1etic, 193-194

Rambling Rose veal, 156 Rashes, 213, 217-218 Red blood cells, 45 Resistance genes, 8, 11, 70-71, 77, 88-

89, 93, 103, 194-196, 223-224 in agriculture, 160, 165 exchange of: see Gene exchange inactivation of antibiotic and, 91 international response to, 248 in livestock: see Livestock multiple-drug resistance and, 76,

96, 101, 112, 189 origins of, 74-76 persistence oE, 245-246

Respiratory tract infections, 159, 187, 233

Reticuloendod1elial system, 24 R factors, 73-75; see also PIasmids Rheumatic ~ 128, 134 Ribosomes, 92 Rickettsia, 27, 44, 46 Rifampin, 88, 92, 119 RNA, viral, 27 Roberts, Marilyn, 84

Index

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, 44 Rolland, Rosalind, 77

Salicylates, 191 Salmon, 168 Salmonella, 23, 48, 187, 218-219

in agriculture, 160 antibiotic selection and, 122 in livestock, 142, 150-154, 241-242 prophylaxis against, 114 transferable resistance in, 74

Salmonella newport, 152 Salmonella typhi, 23 Salmonellosis, 145, 150-151, 154 Salmon industry, 173-174 Salvarsan, 33, 37 Scarlet fever, 85, 120, 134 Sedillot, Charles, 14 Self-medication

antibiotic myth and, 114-115 historical overview of, 61, 64, 66

Sepsis, 172 Septicemia, 20, 150, 180 Shigella, 194

in agriculture, 160 antibiotic selection and, 122 multiple-drug resistance in, 96-98,

240-241, 245 Shigella dysenteriae

antibiotic underuse and, 235 multiple drug resistance in, 73,

186-187, 235, 241 transferable resistance and, 72, 74

Side effects, 213, 217-219, 227, 237; see also specific side effects

Sinusitis, 120 Skin,23-25 Skin flora, 18-19, 22, 147, 192

agriculture and, 161-162, 164 multiple-drug resistance and, 100

Skin grafts, 5 Skin infections, 33, 40, 88, 120, 230 Skurray, Ron, 192

Index

Social Audit, 238 Soft rot, 159 Soll bacteria, 18, 31, 75, 165

antibiotics produced by; 39-40, 42, 189,219

Sparfloxacin, 119 Spectinomycin, 47, 119 Spirochetes, 27-28 Spleen, 25, 128 Staphylococci, 5, 10, 20, 50, 72, 88,

117, 186, 192 antibiotic misuse and, 230 gene exchange in, 80-81, 84-86 multiple-drug resistance in, 100, 241

Staphylococcus, 34, 40, 81 Staphylococcus aureus, 4-5, 20, 37, 199-

200 methicillin-resistant, 201-202 multiple drug resistance in, 88, 99,

125, 184, 200-202 Stokstad, Robert, 138 Strep throat, 85, 120, 134, 225 Streptococci, 20, 32, 38, 120

community-wide resistance in, 134-135

gene exchange in, 80 prophylaxis and, 128

Streptococcus, 4 Streptococcus pluton, 166 Streptococcus pneumtmiae, 20; see also

Pneumococci Streptococcus pyogenes, 134-135 Streptomyces aureofaciens, 46, 138-139 Streptomyces griseus, 42 Streptomyces venezuela, 44 Streptomycin, 47, 49-50, 117, 119; see

also Streptomycin resistance in agriculture, 158-159, 161-163 discovery of, 42-43 for honeybees, 167 indications for, 124 for minor species, 174 side effects of, 218

Streptomycin resistance, 43 in agriculture, 161-163 inactivation in, 91 in livestock, 145 transferable resistance and, 72

Streptothricin resistance, 147-148 Sulbactam, 118 Sulfacytine, 119 Sulfadiazine, 3-4, 119 Sulfadimethoxine, 171, 180 Sulfamerazine, 168 Sulfamethizole, 119 Sulfamethoxazole, 48, 119, 124-125;

277

see also Sulfamethoxazole resistance Sulfamethoxazole resistance, 195

antibiotic underuse and, 235 multiple-drug resistance and, 98 by substitution of targets

insensitive to, 93-94 Sulfapyridine, 119 Sulfasalazine, 119 Sulfathiazole, 167 Sulfisoxazole, 119 Sulfonamide resistance, 94

in livestock, 145 multiple-drug resistance and, 97 by substitution of insensitive

targets, 92-94 transferable resistance and, 72-73

Sulfonamides, 3-4, 6, 38, 40, 47, 119, 207; see also specific types; Sulfonamide resistance

introduction of, 48-49 for pets, 176, 180

Sulfur drugs, 174, 178 Surgical infections, 184

prophylaxis for, 116, 128-130 Susceptibility testing, 123-125 Synthetic antirnicrobials, 48-49, 100 Synthetic quinolones, 193-194 Syphilis, 11, 28-29

Tatum, Edward, 73

278

Tears, 23, 34 TEM-1 gene, 196-197 TetM gene, 84, 92 Tetracycline resistance, 94, 190-191,

199, 244-245 in agriculture, 163 by alteration in target, 92 in aquaculture, 172 community-acquired, 133 decreased entry as cause of, 91 gene exchange and, 84 in livestock, 145, 148, 152 multiple-drug resistance and, 97-

100, 110, 189 in pets, 175 transferable resistance and, 72

Tetracyclines, 117, 118; see also specific types; Tetracycline resistance

accessibility of, 210, 212, 226 in agriculture, 160, 163 in aquaculture, 171-173 discovery of, 45-46 indications for, 124 for livestock, 139, 142-143, 145-148,

152, 154-155 for minor species, 174 for pets, 175-178, 180 pre-modem use of, 31 in prophylaxis, 112-114 side effects of, 218

Theobald, John, 63-64 Thienamycin, 118 Ticarcillin, 118, 194 Tobramycin, 43, 47, 119 Toxicity, 197, 205, 209, 218

of chloramphenicol, 45 of grarnicidin, 40 of neomycin, 43 of Salvarsan, 33, 37 of streptomycin, 43 of vancomycin, 184

Toxins, bacteria production of, 18, 26, 218

Index

Transferable resistance, 77, 94, 103, 186, 192-193

in agriculture, 163, 165, 166 discovery of, 72-74 in livestock, 143, 147 in new antibiotics, 196

Transformation, 83 Transposons, 80-83, 85-88, 192, 194

in agriculture, 166 in livestock, 143, 148 low-level resistance and, 187 multiple-drug resistance and, 95,

97, 99-101, 188-189 Travelers' diarrhea, 26 Treponema pallidum, 28 Trimethoprim, 48-49, 119, 125, 180; see

also Trimethoprim resistance Trimethoprim resistance, 195

antibiotic underuse and, 235 environmental factors in, 94 multiple-drug resistance and, 98 by substitution of insensitive

targets, 92-94 Trisulfapyrimidines, 119 Trypanosome parasites, 33 Tuberculosis, 15, 23, 25, 29, 88, 187

multiple-drug resistance and, 97-98,207

streptomycin for, 42-43, 218 Tularernia, 43, 191 Typhoid fever, 23, 25, 32-33, 45-46,

48,74,199 Typhus, 44

Ultraviolet light, 94 Urinary tract infections, 14-15, 20, 88,

148, 179-180, 207, 220, 244 intestinal flora and, 130-132 low-level resistance in, 187 multiple-drug resistance and, 99,

131,147 streptomycin for, 43 trimethoprim for, 48

Index

Vaccines, 128, 203, 221 Vancomycin, 47, 119, 184

resistance to, 186, 200 van Leeuwenhoeck, Anton, 13 Vealcattle, 154, 156 Vibrio cholerae, 97, 113-114 Vietnam war, 11, 133 Viruses, 27-30, 42, 71, 190, 208, 225-

226 Vitamin B12, 138 Vuillemin, Paul, 31

Waksman, Selman, 31, 39, 42 Warts, 29-30

Welch, Henry, 226 White blood cells, 24-25, 27, 45 Whittimore, Nathaniel, 62 Wild fire, 159

279

World Health Organization, 247-248, 252

Xanthomonas, 161

Yeast infections, 28, 210, 218 Yeasts,28 Yogurt,131 Young, Frank, 241