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REFERENCES AND LITERATURE CITED
APPENDIX A. SILVICULTURE Aplet, G.H. and W.S. Keeton. 1999.
Application of historical range of variability concepts to
biodiversity conservation. Pages 71-86 in: R. Baydack, H. Campa,
and J. Haufler (eds.). Practical Approaches to the Conservation of
Biological Diversity. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 313 pp.
Caraher, David L.; Henshaw, John; Hall, Fred [and others]. 1992.
Restoring ecosystems in the Blue Mountains: a report to the
Regional Forester and the Forest Supervisors of the Blue Mountain
forests. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 14 p.
Cochran, P. H.; Geist, J. M.; Clemens, D. L. [and others]. 1994.
Suggested stocking levels for forest stands in northeastern Oregon
and southeastern Washington. Research Note PNW-RN-513. Portland,
OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 21 p.
Cochran, P.H.; Dahms, W.G. 1998. Lodgepole Pine Development
After Early Spacing in the Blue Mountains of Oregon. Research Paper
PNW-RP-503. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Dillard, D.S. 2007 (June 20). Clarification of May 2nd, 2007,
advice on documenting “best available science”, 1920/1950
memorandum to Regional Planning Directors. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Office. 2
p.
Eyre, F.H., editor. 1980. Forest cover types of the United
States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters.
148 p.
Franklin, Jerry F.; Johnson, K. Norman. June, 2011. Dry forest
restoration principles and prescriptions. A presentation to Region
6 vegetation managers. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. On file
with: Umatilla National Forest, North Fork John Day Ranger
District, Ukiah, OR 97880. 11 pages.
Harvey, Alan E.; Geist, J. Michael; McDonald, Gerald I.;
Jurgensen, Martin F.; Cochran, Patrick H.; Zabowski, Darlene;
Meurisse, Robert T. 1994. Biotic and abiotic processes in eastside
ecosystems: The effects of management on soil properties,
processes, and productivity. Eastside Forest Ecosystem Health
Assessment: from Volume III, Assessment. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-323
Hessburg, Paul F.; Smith, Bradley G.; Kreiter, Scott D.; Miller,
Craig A.; Salter, Brion R.; McNicoll, Cecilia H.; Hahn, Wendel J.
1999. Historical and current forest and range landscapes in the
Interior Columbia River basin and portions of the Klamath and
Great
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N-2
basins; Part I: Linking vegetation patterns and landscape
vulnerability to potential insect and pathogen disturbances.
Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific
Assessment. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical
Report PNW-GTR-458. 357 p.
Johnson, Charles Grier, Jr.; Clausnitzer, Rodrick R. 1992. Plant
associations of the Blue and Ochoco Mountains. Publication
R6-ERW-TP-036-92. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Wallowa-Whitman National
Forest. 164 p.
Johnson, Charles G., Jr. 1994. Forest health in the Blue
Mountains: a plant ecologist’s perspective on ecosystem processes
and biological diversity. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-339.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 24 p.
Johnson, K. Norman; Agee, James; Beschta, Robert [and others].
1995. Forest health and timber harvest on national forests in the
Blue Mountains of Oregon: a report to Governor Kitzhaber.
Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 51 p.
Lehmkuhl, John F.; Hessburg, Paul F.; Everett, Richard L. [and
others]. 1994. Historical and current forest landscapes of eastern
Oregon and Washington. Part 1: Vegetation pattern and insect and
disease hazards. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-328. Portland,
OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 88 p.
Lowe, John E. 1993. Interim approach for sale preparation,
eastside forests. Twenty-one page memorandum with enclosures to
forest supervisors of eastside forests. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland,
OR.
Lowe, John E. 1994. Interim management direction establishing
riparian, ecosystem and wildlife standards for timber sales. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Region, Portland, OR.
Martin, Kevin. 2010. Range of variation direction for forest
vegetation project planning; file designation 1920-2-1, memorandum
to S.O. Staff and District Rangers. Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest,
Supervisor’s Office. 6 p. On file with: Umatilla National Forest,
Supervisor’s Office, Pendleton, OR 97801.
Morgan, P.; Aplet, G.H.; Haufler, J.B.; Humphries, H.C.; Moore,
M.M.; Wilson, W.D. 1994. Historical range of variability: a useful
tool for evaluating ecosystem change. Journal of Sustainable
Forestry. 2: 87-111.
Moeur, M.; Stage, A.R. 1995. Most similar neighbor: an improved
sampling inference procedure for natural resource planning. Forest
Science. 41(2): 337-359.
Moghissi, A.A.; Love, B.R.; Straja, S.R.; McBride, D.K.;
Swetnam, M.S. 2008. Best available science: its evolution,
taxonomy, and application. Arlington, VA: Potomac Institute for
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Policy Studies. 93 p.
Mutch, Robert W.; Arno, Stephen F.; Brown, James K. [and
others]. 1993. Forest health in the Blue Moun¬tains: a management
strategy for fire-adapted ecosystems. General Technical Report
PNW-GTR-310. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 14 p.
Oliver, Chadwick D.; Irwin, Larry L.; Knapp, Walter H. 1994.
Eastside forest management practices: historical overview, extent
of their applications, and their effects on sustainability of
ecosystems. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-324. Portland, OR:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 73 p.
Putz, F.E.; Parker, G.G.; Archibald, R.M. 1984. Mechanical
abrasion and intercrown spacing. American Midland Naturalist.
112(1): 24-28.
Pfister, R.D.; Arno, S.F. 1980. Classifying forest habitat types
based on potential climax vegetation. Forest Science 26(1):
52-70.
Powell, David C. 1999. Suggested stocking levels for forest
stands in Northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington: An
implementation guide for the Umatilla National Forest. Pendleton,
Oregon: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Region, Umatilla National Forest, F14-SO-TP-03-99. 300
p.
Powell, David C. 2000. Potential vegetation, disturbance, plant
succession, and other aspects of forest ecology. Technical
Publication F14-SO-TP-09-00. Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Umatilla
National Forest. 88 p.
Powell, David C. 2011. Active management of dry forests in the
Blue Mountains: Silvicultural considerations. White Paper
F14-SO-WP-Silv-4. Umatilla National Forest. Pendleton, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Umatilla National
Forest, Supervisor’s Office. 128 p.
Powell, David C. 2012a. Historical Vegetation Mapping: Umatilla
National Forest. Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Supervisor’s Office. 39
p. On file with: Umatilla National Forest, 2517 SW Hailey Avenue,
Pendleton, OR 97801.
Powell, David C. 2012b. Historical range of variability
estimates for mid-scale assessments. Umatilla National Forest.
Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Umatilla National Forest, Supervisor’s Office. 23 p. On file with:
Umatilla National Forest, 2517 SW Hailey Avenue, Pendleton, OR
97801.
Powell, David C. 2013. Silviculture Terminology. Umatilla
National Forest. Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Supervisor’s Office. 24
p. On file with: Umatilla National Forest, 2517 SW Hailey Avenue,
Pendleton, OR 97801.
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Wilkins Dry Forest Restoration Project Appendix N.
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Powell, David C.; Johnson, C. G.; Crowe, E. A.; Wells, A;
Swanson, D. K. 2007. Potential vegetation hierarchy for the Blue
Mountains section of northeastern Oregon, southeastern Washington,
and west-central Idaho. PNW-GTR-709. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
87p.
Quigley, Thomas M. 1992. Forest health in the Blue Mountains:
social and economic perspectives. General Technical Report
PNW-GTR-296. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 9 p.
Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., technical editors.
1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the Interior
Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume
2. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 4 volumes: 337-1055.
Sampson, R. Neil; Adams, David L.; Hamilton, Stanley S. [and
others]. 1994. Assessing forest ecosystem health in the inland
west. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 2(1/2):3-10.
Schmitt, Craig L.; Spiegel, Lia. 2009. Technical assistance:
Wilkins analysis area proposed units, North Fork John Day Ranger
District. La Grande, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Blue Mountains Pest Management Service Center,
Wallowa-Whitman National Forest.
Sheehan, K. A. 1996. Defoliation by western spruce budworm in
Oregon and Washington from 1980 through 1994. Technical publication
R6-NR-TP-04-96. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Region.
Smith, David M.; Larson, Bruce C.; Kelty, Matthew J.; Ashton,
P., Mark S. 1997. The practice of silviculture: applied forest
ecology. Ninth edition. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
537 p.
Swanson, F.J.; Jones, J.A.; Wallin, D.O.; Cissel, J.H. 1994.
Natural variability – implications for ecosystem management. In:
Jensen, M.E.; Bourgeron, P.S., editors. Volume II: Ecosystem
management: principles and applications. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 80-94.
Tanaka, John A.; Starr, G. Lynn; Quigley, Thomas M. 1995.
Strategies and recommendations for addressing forest health issues
in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. General Technical
Report PNW-GTR-350. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 18 p.
Tappeiner, J.C.; Maguire, D.A.; Harrington, T.B. 2007.
Silviculture and ecology of western U.S. forests. Oregon State
University Press, Corvallis, OR. 440 p.
USDA Forest Service. 1991. Blue Mountains Forest Health Report.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Region. Irregular pagination.
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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1995. Revised
interim direction establishing riparian, ecosystem and wildlife
standards for timber sales; Regional Forester’s Forest Plan
Amendment #2. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 14 p.
Weaver, Harold. 1943. Fire As An Ecological and Silvicultural
Factor in the Ponderosa Pine Region of the Pacific Slope. Journal
of Forestry. 11 p.
Wickman, Boyd E. 1992. Forest health in the Blue Mountains: the
influence of insects and disease. General Technical Report
PNW-GTR-295. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 15 p.
APPENDIX B. FIRE AND FUELS Anderson, H. E. 1982. Aids to
determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. USDA
Forest Service, General Technical Report INT-122. Intermountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ogden, UT.
Andrews, P. L.; Rothermel, R. C. 1982. Charts for interpreting
wildland fire behavior characteristics. USDA Forest Service.
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ogden, UT.
Andrews, P. L.; Bevins, C. D.; Seli, R. C. 2008. BehavePlus fire
modeling system, Version 4.0 Users Guide. USDA Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Research Station. Ogden, UT.
Agee, J.K. 1991. Fire history along an elevational gradient in
the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon. Northwest Science, 65: 188-199.
Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire ecology of the Pacific Northwest Forest.
Washington D.C. Island Press.
Agee, J.K., Skinner, Carl N. 2005. Basic principles of forest
fuel reduction treatments. Forest Ecology and Management, 211:
Issue 1-2, 83-96.
Belskey, A. Joy, Blumenthal, Dana M. 1997. Effects of livestock
grazing on stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the
interior west. Conservation Biology, 11 no. 2: 315-327.
Bormann, D.A. 1979. Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem.
New York. Springer-Verlag.
Borman, M.M. 2005. Forest Stand Dynamics and Livestock Grazing
in Historical Context. Conservation Biology, 19: 1658–1662.
Brown, H. 2000. Wildland burning by American Indians in
Virginia. Fire Management Today,
60(3): 29-39.
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Wilkins Dry Forest Restoration Project Appendix N.
N-6
Carey, H. & Schumann, M. 2003. Modifying wildfire behavior-
The effectiveness of fuel treatments. Retrieved October 26, 2011
from Forest Guild:
http://www.forestguild.org/publications/research/2003/Modifying_Fire_Behavior.pdf
Cooper, W.S. 1913. The climax forest of Isle Royale, Lake
Superior, and its development, I, II,
and III. Botanical Gazzette, 1-44, 115-140 and 189-235. Cram,
D.; Baker, T.; Boren, J. 2006. Wildland fire effects in
silviculturally treated vs. untreated
stands of New Mexico and Arizona. Research Paper RMRS-RP-55.
Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Research Station. 28 p.
Everett, R.L.; Schellhaas, D.; Keenum D.; Spurbeck, D.; &
Ohlson, P. 2000. Fire history in the
ponderosa pine/douglas-fir forests on the east slopes of the
Washington cascades. Forest Ecology and Management, 129:
207-225.
Fernandes Paulo M., Botelho Hermínio S. 2003. A review of
prescribed burning effectiveness in fire hazard reduction.
International Journal of Wildland Fire, 12: 117–128. Finney, Mark
A. 2001. Design of regular landscape level fuel treatment patterns
for modifying
fire growth and behavior. Forest Science, 47 (2): 219-228.
Finney, Mark A., McHugh, Charles W., Greenfell, Isaac C. 2005.
Stand and landscape level
effects of prescribed burning on two Arizona wildfires. Canadian
Journal of Forest Research, 35: 1714-1722.
Finney, M. A. 2006. An overview of FlamMap fire modeling
capabilities. Fuels Management- How to Measure Success, pp.
213-220. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fort
Collins, CO.
Franklin, J.F.; & Foreman, R.T. 1987. Creating landscape
patterns by forest cutting: ecological consequences and principles.
Landscape Ecology, 1: 5-18.
Fulé, Peter Z.; Crouse, Joseph E.; Roccaforte, John Paul;
Kalies, Elizabeth L. 2012. Do thinning and/or burning treatments in
western USA ponderosa or Jeffrey pine-dominated forests help
restore natural fire behavior? Forest Ecology and Management, 269:
68-81.
Graetz, D.H.; Sessions, J.; & Garman, S.L. 2007. Landscape
Analysis: Projecting the effects of
management and natural disturbances on forest and watershed
resources of the Blue Mountains, Oregon, USA. Using stand-level
optimization to reduce crown fire hazard. Landscape and Urban
Planning, 312-319.
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Graham, R., McCaffrey, S. and Jain, T. 2004. Science basis for
changing forest structure to modify wildfire behavior and severity.
USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-120. Rocky
Mountain Research Station,
Graham, R.T., Harvey, Alan E., Jain, Theresa B., Tonn, Jonalea
R. 1999. The effects of
thinning and similar stand treatments on fire behavior in
Western Forests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report.
PNW-GTR-463. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Portland, OR.
Hardy, C.C.; Schmidt, K.M.; Menakis, J.P.; & Sampson, R.N.
2001. Spatial data for national fire
planning and fuel management. International Journal of Wildland
Fire, 10(4): 353-372. Knight, D.H. 1987. Parasites, lightning and
the vegetation mosaic in wilderness landscapes. In
M.G. Turner, Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance, pp. 59-83.
New York. Springer. Martinson, Erik J.; Omni, Philip N. 2003.
Performance of Fuel Treatments Subjected to
Wildfires. USDA Forest Service Proceedings. RMRS-P-29. Rocky
Mountain Research Station.
Mason, Glenn J., Baker, Terrel T., Cram, Douglas S., Boren, Jon
C., Fernald, Alexander G., and VanLeeuwen, Dawn M. 2007. Mechanical
fuel treatment effects on fuel loads and indices of crown fire
potential in a south central New Mexico dry mixed conifer forest.
Forest Ecology and Management, 251 (3): 195-204.
Moghaddas JJ, Craggs L. 2007. A fuel treatment reduces fire
severity and increases suppression
efficiency in a mixed conifer forest. International Journal of
Wildland Fire 16, 673–678.
Mutch, R.W., S.F. Arno, J.K. Brown, C.E. Carlson, R.D. Ottmar,
and J.L. Peterson. 1993. Forest health in the Blue Mountains: a
management strategy for fire-adapted ecosystems. USDA Forest
Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-310. Pacific Northwest
Research Station, Portland, OR.
Lemkuhl, J.F.; Hessburg, P.F.; Everett, R.L. & others. 1994.
Part 1: Vegetation pattern and insect and disease hazards. In
Historical and current forest landscapes of eastern Oregon and
Washington. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research
Station.
Oliver, C.D. 1980. Forest development in North America following
major disturbance. Forest Ecology and Management, 3: 153-168.
Oliver, C.D., & Larson, B.C. 1990. Forest Stand Dynamics.
New York. McGraw-Hill.
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Omni, Philip N., Martinson, Erik J. 2002. Effects of Fuels
Treatments on Wildfire Severity. Western Forest Fire Research
Center. Colorado State University.
Ottmar, R.; Vihnanek, R.E.; & Wright, C.S. 1998. Stereo
photo series for quantifying natural
fuels. Volume 1: mixed conifer with mortality, western juniper,
sagebrush, and grassland types in the interior Pacific Northwest.
National Wildfire Coordinating Group, National Interagency Fire
Center, Boise ID.
Peterson, David L.; Johnson, Morris C.; Agee, James K.; Jain,
Theresa B.; McKenzie, Donald;
Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 2005. Forest structure and fire hazard
in dry forests of the Western United States. USDA Forest Service,
General Technical Report. PNW-GTR-628. Pacific Northwest Research
Station, Portland, OR.
Pickett, S.A. 1985. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch
dynamics. New York.
Academic Press. Pollet Jolie, Omi Philip N. 2002. Effect of
thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa
pine forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11: 1–10.
Powell, David C. 2011. Active Management of Dry Forests in the Blue
Mountains. Unpub. Rep.
Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Region, Umatilla National Forest. 107 p.
http://fsweb.f14.r6.fs.fed.us/natural-resources/forest-ecology.shtml
Powell, David C.; Johnson, C.G.; Crowe, E.A.; Wells. A.;
Swanson, D. K. 2007. Potential vegetation hierarchy for the Blue
Mountains section of Northeastern Oregon, Southeastern Washington,
and West-Central Idaho. USDA Forest Service, General Technical
Report. PNW-GTR-709. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland,
OR.
Rothermel, R.C. 1991. Predicting fire behavior and size of crown
fires in the northern Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service,
Intermountain Reasearch Station, Research Paper INT-438, 46 pp.
Rothermel, R. 1972. A mathematical model for predicting fire
spread in wildland fuels. USDA
Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station.
Scott, Joe H., Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 2001. Assessing crown
fire potential by linking models of
surface and crown fire behavior. USDA Forest Service, Rocky
Mountain Research Station, Research Paper RMRS-RP-29, 66 pp.
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Stephens, Scott L.; Collins, Brandon M.; Roller, Gary. 2012.
Fuel treatment longevity in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest.
Forest Ecology and Management, 285: 204-212.
Stephens, Scott L.; McIver, James D.; Boerner, Ralphe E. J.;
Fettig, Christopher J.; Fontaine,
Joseph B.; Hartsough, Bruce R.; Kennedy, Patricia L.; and
Schwilk, Dylan W. 2012. The effects of forest fuel-reduction
treatments in the United States. BioScience, 62: 549-560.
Stratton, R.D. 2004. Assessing the effectiveness of landscape
fuel treatments on fire growth and
behavior. Journal of Forestry, 103(7): 32-40. Turner, M.G.;
& Bratton, S.P. 1987. Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance.
New York.
Springer. Van Wagner, C.E. 1977. Conditions for the start and
spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of
Forest Research, 7: 23-34. Van Wagner, C.E. 1993. Prediction of
crown fire behavior in two stands of Jack pine. Canada
Journal of Forest Research. 23-34. Van Wagtendonk, Jan W. 1996.
Landscape Strategies for Forest Fuel Management. Sierra
Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. II, Ch.
43, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis:
University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources,
1155-1166.
Weaver, H. 1943. Fire as an ecological and silvicultural factor
in the ponderosa pine region of the Pacific Slope. Journal of
Forestry, 41: 7-14.
Weatherspoon, C. Phillip, Skinner, Carl N. 1996. Landscape Level
Strategies for Forest Fuel
Management. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to
Congress, vol. II, Ch. 56, Assessments and scientific basis for
management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for
Water and Wildland Resources, 1471-1492.
Williams, Mark A., Baker, William L. 2012. Comparison of the
higher severity fire regime in historical (A.D. 1800s) and modern
(A.D. 1984-2009) montane forests across 624,156 ha of the Colorado
Front Range. Ecosystems. 15: 832-847.
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Wilkins Dry Forest Restoration Project Appendix N.
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APPENDIX C. SOILS Amaranthus, M. P., D. Page-Dumroese, A.
Harvey, E. Cazares, and L. Bednar, 1996. Soil
compaction and organic matter affect conifer seedling
nonmycorrhizal and ectomcorrhizal root tip abundance and diversity,
USDA Forest Service, PNW-RP-494.
Archuleta, 1997. Unpublished study of impacts from loader
logging on the Umpqua National
Forest. Lake view Timber Sale. Beschta et. al. 1995. Wildfire
and Salvage Logging: Recommendations for Ecologically Sound
Post Fire Salvage Management and Other Post-Fire Treatments on
Federal Lands in the West.
Bennett, K.A. 1982. Report to the Siuslaw National Forest.
Effects of slash burning on surface soil erosion rates in the
Oregon Coast Range.
Bouwman, Alex. F. and Leemans, R. 1995. The Role of Forest Soils
in the Global Carbon
Cycle. Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils. Mcfee and
Kelly Editors. Copyright, Soil Science Society of America.
Choromanska and DeLuca. 2001 Microbial activity and nitrogen
mineralization in forest mineral
soils following heating: evaluation of post-fire effects, Soil
Biology and Biochemistry, Volume 34, Issue 2, February 2002, Pages
263-271 doi:10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00180-8
Elliot, W. J., and D. E. Hall, 1997. Water Erosion Prediction
Project (WEPP) forest applications.
General Technical Report INT-GTR-365. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research
Station.
Elliot, W. J., Robichaud, P. R. and D. E. Hall, Cuhaciyan, C.
O., Pierson F. B., Wohlgemuth, P.
M. 2001. A Probabilistic Approach To Modeling Erosion For
Spatially Varied Conditions, Presentation to American Society of
Agriculture Engineers, Sacramento, California.
Elliot, W.J.; Robichaud, P.R. 2001. Comparing Erosion Risks from
Forest Operations to
Wildfire. In: Peter Schiess and Finn Krogstad, editors,
Proceedings of The International Mountain Logging and 11th Pacific
Northwest Skyline Symposium: 2001 - A Forest Engineering Odyssey.
Seattle, WA: College of Forest Resources, U of W and Inter. Union
of Forestry Research Org. 78-89. The International Mountain Logging
and 11th Pacific Northwest Skyline Symposium 2001, December 10--12,
2001, Seattle, WA
Goetz J. N., Guthrie R.H., Brenning A. 2011. Integrating
physical and empirical landslide
susceptibility models using generalized additive models.
Geomorphology 129 376–386. Heninger, R., Scott, W., Dobkowski, A.,
Miller, R., Anderson, H., and Duke, S. 2002. Soil
disturbance and 10-year growth response of coast Douglas-fir on
nontilled and tilled skid trails in the Oregon Cascades. Can. J.
For. Res. 32: 233–246.
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Wilkins Dry Forest Restoration Project Appendix N.
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Jones, M. and Paulson, D. 1990. Umpqua National Forest, Standard
and Guideline Procedures for Watershed Cumulative Effects and Water
Quality
Jurgensen, M. F., A. E. Harvey, R. T. Graham, D. S.
Page-Dumroese, J. R. Tonn, M. J. Lasen,
and T. B. Jain. 1997. Impacts of timber harvesting on soil
organic matter, nitrogen, productivity and health of Inland
Northwest forest. For. Sci. 43: 234-251
Kimmins, J. P. 1996. Forest Ecology, A Foundation for
Sustainable Management. 2nd ed.
Prentice-Hall. NJ. p 61. Lal, R. 2005. Forest soils and carbon
sequestration. Forest Ecology and Management 220 242–
258. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.015 Luce, C. 1997.
Effectiveness of Road Ripping in Restoring Infiltration Capacity of
Forest
Roads. Restoration Ecology Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 265–270 Martin,
D.A. and Moody, J.A., 2001 Comparison of soil infiltration rates in
burned and
unburned watersheds. Hydrol. Process. 15, pp2893-2903. McIver,
James D. and Lynn Starr. Tech eds. 2000. Environmental effects of
post-fire logging:
literature review and annotated bibliography. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-486. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 72p.
Nijjer, S.Rogers W.E., AND Siemann E. 2010. The Impacts of
Fertilization on Mycorrhizal
Production and Investment in Western Gulf Coast Grasslands.
American Midland Naturalist. 163:124–133
Powers, Bob. 2004. Communication related to an abstract, THE
NORTH AMERICAN LONG-
TERM SOIL PRODUCTIVITY EXPERIMENT: COAST-TO-COAST FINDINGS FROM
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APPENDIX K. RECREATION U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
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APPENDIX L. RANGE U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
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APPENDIX M. TRANSPORTATION U.S. Department of Agriculture,
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References and Literature citedAppendix A. SilvicultureAppendix
B. Fire and FuelsAppendix C. soilsAppendix D. HydrologyAppendix E.
FisheriesAppendix F. WildlifeAppendix K. Recreationappendix L.
RangeAppendix M. transportation