Reference books: Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition, by B. Alberts et al., 2002. Molecular Cell Biology, 5th edition, by H. Lodish et al., 2004. Molecular Biology of the gene, 5th edition, J. Watson et al, 2004 Planches à voir Tazi 1. PPT METHODOLOGIE.PDF
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Reference books: Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition, by B. Alberts et al., 2002. Molecular Cell Biology, 5th edition, by H. Lodish et al., 2004.
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Reference books:
Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition, by B. Alberts et al., 2002.
Molecular Cell Biology, 5th edition, by H. Lodish et al., 2004.
Molecular Biology of the gene, 5th edition, J. Watson et al, 2004
Planches à voir Tazi 1. PPT
METHODOLOGIE.PDF
Watson & Crick – “…the secret of life”
• Watson: a zoologist, Crick: a physicist
• “In 1947 Crick knew no biology and practically no organic chemistry or crystallography..” – www.nobel.se
• Applying Chagraff’s rules and the X-ray image from Rosalind Franklin, they constructed a “tinkertoy” model showing the double helix
• Their 1953 Nature paper: “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.”
Ronaghi M. Pyrosequencing sheds light on DNA sequencing. Genome Res 2001
Pyrosequencing - Solid Phase
Ronaghi M. Pyrosequencing sheds light on DNA sequencing. Genome Res 2001
Pyrosequencing - Liquid Phase
Ronaghi M. Pyrosequencing sheds light on DNA sequencing. Genome Res 2001
Pyrogram
Ronaghi M. Pyrosequencing sheds light on DNA sequencing. Genome Res 2001
454 LifeSciences Sequencer
454 LifeSciences Sequencer - Process Overview
454 LifeSciences Sequencer - Process Overview
454 LifeSciences Sequencer
454 LifeSciences Sequencer
454 LifeSciences Sequencer
Applications of Ultra-Low-Cost Sequencing
• Sequencing individual human genomes as component of preventive care.
• Genotype-phenotype associations
• Comprehensive gene expression profiling in vitro and in situ at all stages of development of a multicellular organism
• Comprehensive analysis of mutations present in cancer clones.
• Mitochondrial heteroplasmy
• Microbial diversity (metagenomic studies)
Shendure N. Advanced sequencing technology: methods and goals. Nat Rev Gen 2004
3 billion bases
20,000 – 30,000 genes
3000 nucleotide/gene (on average)
99,9% nucleotide similarity to each other
99% nucleotide similarity to chimpanzees
Less than 2 % codes for proteins
Chromosome 1 has the most genes
Chromosome Y has the fewest genes
Variations in human genome
Single Nucleotide polymorphisms
Microsatelitte sequences and variation
"Microsatellites" are defined as loci (or regions within DNA sequences) where short sequences of DNA are repeated in tandem arrays. This means that the sequences are repeated one right after the other. The lengths of
sequences used most often are di-, tri-, or tetra-nucleotides.