Flocculation of Microalgal Biomass for Biofuels Production by Flocculation using pH Adjustment and Coagulant Addition Rifka Aisyah 1 , Kuei-Ling Yeh 1 , Chun-Yen Chen 1,2 and Jo-Shu Chang 1,2,3 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 2 Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 3 Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 10th International Conference on Clean Energy (ICCE-2010) Famagusta, N. Cyprus, September 15-17, 2010 1 st University Road, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan Corresponding author: email: [email protected]
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Flocculation of Microalgal Biomass for Biofuels
Production by Flocculation using pH Adjustment
and Coagulant Addition
Rifka Aisyah1, Kuei-Ling Yeh1, Chun-Yen Chen1,2 and Jo-Shu Chang 1,2,3
1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan2Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan3Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
10th International Conference on Clean Energy (ICCE-2010)
Famagusta, N. Cyprus, September 15-17, 2010
1st University Road, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
Microalgal biomass is a promising source for biofuels production
The ability to produce lipid or
carbohydrate components
The ability to address some major limitations associated with the application of first and second generation of biofuels
Capability of all round year production
Be able to be cultivated in non-productive land
2
Lack of an economical and efficient method to harvest microalgae
Low cell densities and
small size of
microalgae
The cost required for
downstream processing can be
up to
Biofuels are low-value
products 3
INTRODUCTION
HARVESTING: A MAJOR BOTTLENECK TO
MICROALGAE-BASED BIOFUELS
HARVESTING IS
VERY CHALLENGING!
20-30% of the total
costs production
Harvesting should be
energy-efficient and relatively
inexpensive
4
INTRODUCTION
SOME MAJOR TECHNIQUES IN
MICROALGAL HARVESTING
MICROALGAL
FLOCCULATIONMicroalgal
Harvesting Methods
Flocculation
Centrifugation
Filtration
Flotation
Electrolytic process
Gravity sedimentation
o More appropriate process
than conventional
methods, such as
centrifugation and gravity sedimentation
o Allows rapid handling of
large quantities of
microalgal cultures
5
INTRODUCTION
MICROALGAL FLOCCULATION
METHODS
Microalgal Flocculation
Methods
pH adjustment
Hydrolyzing metals
addition
Polyelectrolyte addition
Bioflocculation
Focus
of our study!!
• AlCl3• Al2(SO4)3
• FeCl3• etc
THE OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
To compare the performance of two types of
flocculation methods, flocculation using pH
adjustment and flocculation using AlCl3 as
coagulant
To evaluate the influence of initial biomass
concentration and coagulant concentration on
flocculation performance
6
Species
Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31
Culture condition
7
METHODS
MICROALGAL STRAIN AND CULTIVATION
CONDITION
Criteria Basal medium
Working volume 5 L
Agitation rate (rpm) 300 rpm
Carbon source CO2
Carbon source
concentration
20% CO2; 0.02 vvm
Cultivation day 19 days
pH adjustment AlCl3 addition
8
METHODS
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
MICROALGAL FLOCCULATION
Effect of initial
biomass
concentration
Effect of final
pH value
Effect of initial
biomass
concentration
Effect of AlCl3concentration
• Initial pH = 7.00
• 0.67 g/l (OD688, initial = 3.36)
• 1.27 g/l (OD688, initial = 6.34)
• Final pH = 10.00 and
12.00, respectively
• Working volume = 250 ml
• Initial pH = 7.00
• 0.47 g/l (OD688, initial = 2.35)
• 1.55 g/l (OD688, initial = 7.76)
• 2.60 g/l (OD688, initial = 13.00)
• AlCl3 concentration = 0; 0.1;
0.3; 0.5; 0.7; 0.9; 1.5 g/l
• Working volume = 40 ml
9
• Initial pH = 7.00
• 0.67 g/l (OD688, initial = 3.36)
• 1.27 g/l (OD688, initial = 6.34)
• Final pH = 10.00 and
12.00, respectively
• Working volume = 250 ml
• Initial pH = 7.00
• 0.47 g/l (OD688, initial = 2.35)
• 1.55 g/l (OD688, initial = 7.76)
• 2.60 g/l (OD688, initial = 13.00)
• AlCl3 concentration = 0; 0.1;
0.3; 0.5; 0.7; 0.9; 1.5 g/l
• Working volume = 40 ml
Parameter pH adjusment AlCl3 addition
Initial pH 7.00 7.00
Initial
biomass
concentration
0.67 g/l (OD688 =
3.36)
1.27 g/l (OD688 =
6.34)
0.47 g/l (OD688 = 2.35)
1.55 g/l (OD688 = 7.76)
2.60 g/l (OD688 = 13.00)
Final pH or
AlCl3
concentration
10.00 and 12.00
respectively
0;0.1 g/l; 0.3 g/l; 0.5 g/l; 0.7
g/l; 0.9 g/l; 1.5 g/l
Working
volume (ml)
250 20
10
90
110
130
150
170
190
30
50
70
210
230
250
Four-fifths
Three-fifths
One-fifths
pHinitial = 7.00
[Biomass initial] = 0.67 g/l and 1.27 g/l,
respectively
NaOH 1 N
Agitation: 200 rpm; 1 min
pH
mete
r
pHfinal = 10 and 12
respectively
Cell density
Measurement using UV
(Wavelength = 688 nm)
METHODS
FLOCCULATION USING PH ADJUSTMENT
Take thesamples at
11
METHODS
FLOCCULATION USING AlCl3 AS COAGULANT
[Initial biomass] = 0.47 g/l
[Initial biomass] = 1.55 g/l
[Initial biomass] = 2.60 g/l
pH = 7.00
pH = 7.00
pH = 7.00
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.5
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.5
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.5
Add AlCl3 (g/l)
20 ml
Blank
Blank
Blank
2/3 from bottom of tube
1/2 from bottom of tube
Cell density
Measurement using UV
(Wavelength = 688 nm)
Take the samples at
Parameters to be evaluated:
o Flocculation efficiency
The flocculation efficiency was evaluated by comparing
the remaining cell density in several sampling points
with the cell density before treatment.
Ci = concentration of cell in the suspension before
treatment
Cf = concentration of cells in suspension
o The highest flocculation efficiency
o Specific flocculation rate
Specific flocculation rate was evaluated by taking the
highest slope of the graph which correlates the
flocculation efficiency and flocculation time.
12
METHODS
FLOCCULATION PERFORMANCE
PARAMETERS
Flocculation/harvest efficiency = x 100i f
i
C C
C
Growth condition
13
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
MICROALGAE GROWTH ON BASAL MEDIUM
Time (day)
0 4 8 12 16 20
Bio
mass c
oncentr
ation (
g/l)
0
1
2
3
4
pH
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
Biomass concentration (g/l)
pH
Strain Chlorella
vulgaris ESP-
31
Medium Basal
CO2
concentration
20%; 0.02
vvm
Working
volume
5L
14
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
FLOCCULATION USING PH ADJUSMENT
(1)
Time (h)
0 15 30 45 60 75
Flo
ccula
tion e
ffic
iency (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
pH 10.0
pH 12.0
Time (h)
0 15 30 45 60 75
Flo
ccula
tion e
ffic
iency (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
pH 10.0
pH 12.0
[Initial biomass] = 0.67 g/l
[Initial biomass] = 1.27 g/l
Percent flocculation efficiency using pH adjustment method at
different final pH and different initial biomass concentration
At fixed initial biomass concentration, increasing in pH value resulted in increasing in flocculation efficiency
4
30.10%
60.95%
4
47.63%
75.71%
15
FLOCCULATION USING PH ADJUSTMENT
(2)
Initial
OD688
Initial biomass
concentration
(g/l)
Final
pH
Specific
flocculation rate
(%/min)
Highest
flocculation
efficiency (%)
3.36 0.67 10.0 0.11 73.77
12.0 0.47 91.80
6.34 1.27 10.0 0.30 92.74
12.0 0.54 94.80
At fixed initial biomass concentration, increasing in pH led to increase in specific flocculation rate and highest flocculation efficiency
At the same pH value, the increase of initial biomass concentration led to increase in specific flocculation rate and the highest flocculation efficiency
Specific flocculation rate and the highest flocculation efficiency of Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 at different initial biomass concentration