Reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in Commercial Layers Eric Gingerich, DVM University of Pennsylvania 29 September 2008 – Washington DC.

Reduction of Reduction of SSalmonellaalmonella

Enteritidis (SE) in Enteritidis (SE) in Commercial LayersCommercial Layers

Eric Gingerich, DVMEric Gingerich, DVM

University of PennsylvaniaUniversity of Pennsylvania

29 September 2008 – 29 September 2008 – Washington DCWashington DC

SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial

LayersLayersThe report that started the ball The report that started the ball

rollingrolling

““The emergence of grade A eggs as a major source The emergence of grade A eggs as a major source of Salmonella enteritidis infections. New of Salmonella enteritidis infections. New

implications for the control of salmonellosis.”implications for the control of salmonellosis.”

JAMA 1988; 259: 2103-2107. JAMA 1988; 259: 2103-2107.

M. E. St Louis; D. L. Morse; M. E. Potter; T. M. M. E. St Louis; D. L. Morse; M. E. Potter; T. M. DeMelfi; J. J. Guzewich; R. V. Tauxe; P. A. BlakeDeMelfi; J. J. Guzewich; R. V. Tauxe; P. A. Blake

SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial

LayersLayers SE found to be SE found to be

transmitted within transmitted within the egg and not the egg and not due to shell borne due to shell borne transmissiontransmission

Northeastern Northeastern states first region states first region to experience a to experience a significant significant increase in SE increase in SE casescases

National Poultry National Poultry Improvement PlanImprovement Plan

Breeder sources Breeder sources first to be first to be examinedexamined

National Poultry National Poultry Improvement Improvement Plan (NPIP) Plan (NPIP) initiated US SE initiated US SE Clean Program Clean Program for egg-type for egg-type breeders in 1989breeders in 1989

NPIP US SE Clean ProgramNPIP US SE Clean Program

Parents hatch from SE negative stockParents hatch from SE negative stock Parent flock manure tested once a Parent flock manure tested once a

month for life beginning the first month for life beginning the first month of lifemonth of life 4 manure drag swabs per house4 manure drag swabs per house 2 nest/egg belt samples once in the lay 2 nest/egg belt samples once in the lay

househouse 300 Pullorum-Typhoid blood tests @ 4 300 Pullorum-Typhoid blood tests @ 4

months of agemonths of age

NPIP US SE Clean ProgramNPIP US SE Clean Program

19 parent flocks 19 parent flocks have tested have tested positive for SE positive for SE since 1989since 1989

1 positive in 20051 positive in 2005 1 positive in 20061 positive in 2006 4 positive in 20074 positive in 2007

Source: A.R. Rhorer, USAHA 2007 Proceedings

Breeder – Best Breeder – Best Management PracticesManagement Practices

BiosecurityBiosecurity Feed Feed

ingredientsingredients VaccinationVaccination Hatch egg Hatch egg

sanitationsanitation

Breeder – Best Breeder – Best Management PracticesManagement Practices

Breeder flock Breeder flock biosecurity biosecurity practices used to practices used to prevent SEprevent SE Rodent controlRodent control Traffic controlTraffic control Bird movement Bird movement

equipment equipment sanitationsanitation

Clean worker and Clean worker and visitor footwear, visitor footwear, clothing, and clothing, and headgear plus hand headgear plus hand sanitationsanitation

Breeder – Best Breeder – Best Management PracticesManagement Practices

Breeder vaccinationBreeder vaccination Used by the major Used by the major

breeder in the USbreeder in the US Must keep 300 non-Must keep 300 non-

vaccinates for vaccinates for testing at 4 monthstesting at 4 months

Hatch egg Hatch egg sanitationsanitation Used by some Used by some

operationsoperations Spray at time of Spray at time of

collectioncollection

NPIP US SE Clean ProgramNPIP US SE Clean Program

Animal byproducts useAnimal byproducts use Source must comply with practices Source must comply with practices

according to the Animal Protein Products according to the Animal Protein Products Industry (APPI) Salmonella Industry (APPI) Salmonella Education/Reduction ProgramEducation/Reduction Program

Pelletized complete feedPelletized complete feed Mash with pelletized animal byproductMash with pelletized animal byproduct Mash that is treated with an FDA Mash that is treated with an FDA

approved anti-Salmonella control approved anti-Salmonella control product product

SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial

LayersLayers HatcheriesHatcheries

Hatch only Hatch only eggs from eggs from breeder breeder flocks on flocks on NPIP SE NPIP SE Clean Clean ProgramProgram

Use standard Use standard sanitation sanitation practicespractices

SE Outbreaks by state, 1985-1999

CDC data

SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial

LayersLayers1992 - US Secretary of Agriculture 1992 - US Secretary of Agriculture

declared SE declared SE

an emergencyan emergency

1992-93 – SE Pilot Project Begun1992-93 – SE Pilot Project Begun

1994 – The Pennsylvania Egg Quality 1994 – The Pennsylvania Egg Quality Assurance Program (PEQAP) initiatedAssurance Program (PEQAP) initiated

SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Risk Reduction in

Commercial LayersCommercial Layers Three critical control points Three critical control points

correlated with SE positive layers correlated with SE positive layers found by the SE Pilot Projectfound by the SE Pilot Project1.1. Positive pulletsPositive pullets

2.2. Rodent populationRodent population

3.3. C&D of house between flocksC&D of house between flocks

SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial

LayersLayers Developed by Developed by

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania scientistsscientists

Published in 1997Published in 1997 Covers all aspects Covers all aspects

of SE controlof SE control Available on PSU Available on PSU

website - website - http://pubs.cas.pshttp://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/AGRS72.pdfdfs/AGRS72.pdf

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

Egg Quality Egg Quality Assurance Assurance Programs Programs (EQAPs)(EQAPs) Best Best

Management Management PracticesPractices

Education/Education/TrainingTraining

Record keepingRecord keeping VerificationVerification

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania MarylandMaryland CaliforniaCalifornia New YorkNew York

South CarolinaSouth Carolina OhioOhio New EnglandNew England United Egg United Egg

ProducersProducers Company Company

programsprograms

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

All EQAPs have Best Management All EQAPs have Best Management PracticesPractices Chicks from NPIP SE Clean breedersChicks from NPIP SE Clean breeders BiosecurityBiosecurity C&D of houses between flocksC&D of houses between flocks Rodent controlRodent control Egg sanitationEgg sanitation Egg holding conditionsEgg holding conditions

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

Rodent control Rodent control found to be highly found to be highly correlated to SE correlated to SE infection in layersinfection in layers

Rodent index Rodent index formulatedformulated

Twelve live traps Twelve live traps (Tin-Cats) placed (Tin-Cats) placed in layer housein layer house

Mice counted after Mice counted after 7 days7 days

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

Rodent IndexRodent IndexNo. of mice No. of mice

caughtcaughtRodent Rodent IndexIndex

DescriptionDescription

0 to 100 to 10 11 LowLow

11-2511-25 22 ModerateModerate

26 +26 + 33 HighHigh

An index of 1 or less is acceptable

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

Training/Training/educationeducation MeetingsMeetings Written materialsWritten materials 33rdrd party audit party audit

visits visits (Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania Dept of Ag)Dept of Ag)

Record keepingRecord keeping Rodent control logRodent control log VaccinationsVaccinations C&DC&D TestingTesting

Sampling Chick Box Papers

Verification Verification TestTest

Required by Required by ProgramsPrograms

Chick box paper Chick box paper testingtesting

PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY

Pullet manure testingPullet manure testing PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY

Young layer manure Young layer manure testing (30 weeks)testing (30 weeks)

PA, MDPA, MD

Mid-lay manure Mid-lay manure testing (45 weeks)testing (45 weeks)

PA, MDPA, MD

Post-molt manure Post-molt manure testingtesting

PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY

Pre-moveout testing Pre-moveout testing (within 8 weeks of (within 8 weeks of moveout)moveout)

NY, OH, SC, UEPNY, OH, SC, UEP

Manure Drag Swab Sampling

Egg testing of manure Egg testing of manure positive flockspositive flocks

Initial testInitial test 1000 eggs1000 eggs Pools of 20 eggsPools of 20 eggs 2 week interval2 week interval 4 tests4 tests

Continued testingContinued testing 1000 egg sample, 1000 egg sample,

once a quarteronce a quarter

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

Diversion of Diversion of eggs to eggs to pasteurization pasteurization or hard-or hard-cookingcooking Required if Required if

any egg pool any egg pool is positiveis positive

PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY

VaccinesVaccines

Not required by any Not required by any EQAPEQAP

Used by producers Used by producers to aid in remaining to aid in remaining SE negative, egg SE negative, egg test negativetest negative

Only one egg Only one egg positive flock in positive flock in PEQAP where SE PEQAP where SE bacterin has been bacterin has been usedused

VaccinesVaccines

VaccinationVaccination SE bacterinSE bacterin

Usually 1x at 13 to 15 Usually 1x at 13 to 15 weeksweeks

Live ST vaccinesLive ST vaccines 3 applications – 2, 6, 3 applications – 2, 6,

and 12 weeksand 12 weeks Bacterin + live Bacterin + live

vaccinevaccine Live vaccine - 2 and 6 Live vaccine - 2 and 6

weeksweeks Bacterin – 13 to 15 Bacterin – 13 to 15

weeksweeks

SE Reduction by EQAPsSE Reduction by EQAPs

PEQAP SuccessPEQAP Success19921992 20032003

% + Manure % + Manure samplessamples

2323 1.51.5

% Positive % Positive FlocksFlocks

3838 4.44.4

From CDC report, 2004

FDA Proposed SE FDA Proposed SE ProgramProgram

Proposed Proposed September 2004September 2004

Comment period Comment period until December until December 20042004

Asked for more Asked for more input on pullets input on pullets in May 2005in May 2005

Implementation Implementation expected 2007expected 2007

Postponed – still Postponed – still waitingwaiting

FDA Proposed SE FDA Proposed SE ProgramProgram

Contains components of the successful Contains components of the successful EQAPsEQAPs

Challenges for a national programChallenges for a national program Diversion of eggs very difficult in many parts of Diversion of eggs very difficult in many parts of

the USthe US Laboratory testing capabilities lacking in many Laboratory testing capabilities lacking in many

statesstates Many states not willing to subsidize costs of Many states not willing to subsidize costs of

programprogram TestingTesting AuditingAuditing

Questions??