9/8/17 1 Reducing Inflammation + Supporting the Immune System 1 Table of Contents Module 1: What is Inflammation? • Inflammatory markers • Signs and symptoms • Chronic disease risk Module 2: Fighting Inflammation • Acidity/alkalinity • Pre-biotics and pro-biotics • Essential fatty acids Module 3: Using food as medicine • Nutritional basics • Shifts • Colorful superfoods Module 4: Anti-inflammatory living • Fiber-rich and processed-free • Reducing overall inflammation • Supporting the immune system 2 3 Module #4 Anti-inflammatory Living a) Fiber-rich and Processed-free b) Supporting the immune system c) Reducing overall inflammation
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9/8/17
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Reducing Inflammation + Supporting the Immune
System
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Table of Contents
Module 1:What is Inflammation? • Inflammatory markers• Signs and symptoms • Chronic disease risk
Module 3: Using food as medicine• Nutritional basics • Shifts • Colorful superfoods
Module 4: Anti-inflammatory living • Fiber-rich and processed-free • Reducing overall inflammation • Supporting the immune system
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Module #4Anti-inflammatory Living
a) Fiber-rich and Processed-free b) Supporting the immune system c) Reducing overall inflammation
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Choose Fiber-rich
Fiber helps to reduce inflammation. It does this through the anti-inflammatory phytonutrients found naturally in fruits, vegetables and whole foods, such as beans, grains, lentils and nuts. Choosing more fiber-rich foods lends itself to lowering body weight. A fiber-rich diet also helps to feed probiotic bacteria found in our gut which helps lower levels of inflammation throughout the whole body. (see resources # 8,9)
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Choose Processed-free
Although canned and frozen fruit, yogurt and humus are, in fact, processed foods. These foods contribute to good health and are typically filled with whole foods. Being an aware consumer can help you make healthy choices. Look for low sodium options. Avoid hydrogenated fats. Choose water over a sugary beverage, even after a workout. For a post-workout potassium boost, grab a banana. Need a snack to make it to the next meal, choose nuts or a piece of fruit or raw vegetables. Stick to the grocery store perimeter or the local farmers market to avoid processed pitfalls.(see resource #8)
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Module #4a Food Applications – Blackberry
• Blackberries reduce oxidative stress in the body due to high concentrations of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. (see resource # 4)
• The phytochemicals and color compounds found in blackberries could be helpful for brain function.
• Antioxidants in blackberries help to support the immune system by reducing inflammation. (see resource #5)
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Supporting the immune system
When the immune system is functioning properly, it protects the body against bacteria or viral infections and can destroy cancer cells and foreign substances. If the immune system is weakened, its ability to defend the body is also weakened. This can allow pathogens to survive and flourish in the body while also increasing inflammatory markers.
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Supporting the immune system
Stress, diet, lack of exercise, lack of social support, not enough sleep, genetic predisposition, and exposure to toxins can all contribute to chronic inflammation.
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Reducing overall inflammation
We have discussed the ways to reduce inflammation through diet. By choosing to take small steps and ultimately shifting our dietary choices to more phytonutrient-rich foods, we can reduce the amount of processed, salty, sweet, and fatty foods in our diet. We can add more fruits and vegetables into our diets and focus on incorporating superfoods, essential fatty acids, and probiotics. (see resource # 2,10)
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Reducing overall inflammation
Below are some ways we can assist our bodies, in conjunction with dietary changes, to reduce inflammation and support our immune system to better respond to decreasing inflammatory markers.
• Deep breathing • Guided meditation • Walking • Exercise • Connecting with friends and family • Dance • Talking • Being creative • Journaling • Singing • Getting outdoors • Gardening • Massage • Yoga • Sleep • Relax
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Module #4b Food Applications – Watermelon
• PHHI helped to find that the consumption of watermelon, which is rich in citrulline, can reduce blood pressure in adults with hypertension. (see resource # 6)
• The antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties of watermelon reduce inflammation and support the immune system. (see resource # 7)
• Lycopene, a phytochemical found in watermelon, is being researched for its impact on bone health.
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1. Processed foods: Whats ok and what to avoid (2016). http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/nutrition-facts-and-food-labels/avoiding-processed-foods
3. 7 steps to living an Anti-Inflammatory Life http://danielplan.com/blogs/dp/7-steps-to-living-an-anti-inflammatory-life/
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4. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory responses and antioxidant capacity of Mexican blackberry (Rubus spp.) extracts. (2010). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20715775
5. Quantitative comparison of phytochemical profile, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of blackberry fruits adapted to Argentina. (2016).http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157516300072
6. Comparison of Watermelon and Carbohydrate Beverage on Exercise-Induced Alterations in Systemic Inflammation, Immune Dysfunction, and Plasma Antioxidant Capacity. (2016). http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/8/518
7. Effects of watermelon supplementation on aortic blood pressure and wave reflection in individuals with prehypertension: a pilot study. (2011). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616787
Graphics:8) How fiber works 9) Fiber in foods 10) Toolkit: nutrition
ª ½ watermelon, cubed ª 2 pink grapefruits, peeled and sliced* ª 2 cups blackberries ª ¼ cup fresh grapefruit juice*ª ¼ cup olive oil ª 3 tbsp basil, choppedª 1 tbsp local honey ª 1 tsp sea salt *Peel and slice the grapefruit over a bowl to collect the juice for use in the vinaigrette.
Combine watermelon, grapefruit and blackberries in a bowl. In a separate bowl, mix together grapefruit juice, olive oil, basil, honey and sea salt to make a vinaigrette. Toss the fruit salad in the vinaigrette and serve.
ª 8 apricots, sliced in half ª ¼ cup blackberriesª 2 oz chèvre goat cheese ª 2 tbsp local honey Preheat oven to 350°F. Slice apricots in half, remove the pit and place in a baking pan. Stuff each apricot half with blackberries and goat cheese. Bake for 5-10 minutes. Drizzle with honey and serve.
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Blackberries may help aid against cardiovascular disease by reducing oxida=ve stress thus reducing inflamma=on and improving immune system func=on. Blackberries may also help manage glucose and have been shown to affect enzyme ac=vity associated with cancer.
Blackberry
ª ½ cup walnuts, soaked ª 4 dates, soaked and pitted ª 1 tbsp cinnamon ª 1 tsp nutmeg ª 1 cup blackberries, chopped ª 1 tsp local honey
Soak walnuts for at least 12 hours and dates for at least 4 hours. Once soaked and softened, combine walnuts, dates, cinnamon and nutmeg in a blender and thoroughly blend. Pat into ramekins to make a crust. Refrigerate for at least one hour. Once cooled, top with chopped blackberries and drizzle with honey.
ª pizza crust ª 1 tbsp olive oil ª 1 cup blackberries, halved ª 1 cup chèvre goat cheese ª 1½ cups whole basil leaves Preheat oven to 350°F. Coat the top of a premade pizza crust with olive oil. Top with blackberries, goat cheese and basil leaves. Bake 20-25 minutes.
Blackberry Tart Blackberry Basil Pizza
ª 2 cans (14-oz) cold coconut milk
ª 1 cup fresh blackberries ª ½ cup honeyª 1 tsp vanilla extractª ½ tsp cinnamon
Scoop cold, solid coconut milk out of cans. Drain liquid and set aside for another recipe. Blend blackberries, honey, vanilla and cinnamon with solid coconut milk. Pour into ramekins or small serving glasses. Freeze until the consistency of ice cream.
Blackberry
Blackberries may help aid against cardiovascular disease by reducing oxida8ve stress thus reducing inflamma8on and improving immune system func8on. Blackberries may also help manage glucose and have been shown to affect enzyme ac8vity associated with cancer.
Blackberry Frozen Cream
ª 3 cups blackberriesª ¼ cup mint leavesª ¼ cup honeyª 2 tbsp lemon juiceª 1 tsp lemon zest
Preheat oven to 170˚F. Blend all ingredients in a food processor until smooth. Cover a baking sheet with parchment paper and pour fruit mixture on paper, evenly distributing with a spatula. Bake six hours until no longer wet. With kitchen scissors, cut the paper in half. Roll the halves and cut into rolls two inches wide. Store in an airtight container.
ª 4 cups blackberries ª ½ cup honey or sugarª 1 tbsp whey or starter culture
Cover blackberries in a pot with water. Simmer for 30 minutes, then cool. Strain out blackberries, using a sieve to push out remaining juice while capturing seeds. Add remaining ingredients, and stir until dissolved. Pour juice into a bottle, tighten the lid and let sit for two to three days at room temperature. Keep refrigerated once desired effervescence is reached.
Blackberry
Preserva8on Fermenta8on
Fruit Strips Blackberry Soda
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ª 1 cup watermelon, cubedª 1 cup blueberries, frozenª 1 tbsp fresh mint leavesª 1½ cups ice
Combine all ingredients in a blender. Blend until smooth and serve immediately.
Watermelon & Blueberry
Watermelon has been shown to have the ability to reduce blood pressure, offering the poten7al to improve cardiovascular health. Watermelon also plays a role in reducing glucose involved in diabetes. Blueberries are rich in prebio7cs. Prebio7cs are carbohydrates that s7mulate the growth of probio7cs. Probio7cs are living microorganisms, or beneficial bacteria, that can help keep the diges7ve system in balance and func7oning op7mally.
Watermelon + Blueberry Smoothie
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Watermelon & Blueberry
ª 2 small tomatoesª ½ small onionª 1 jalapeno, seededª 1 cup watermelon, dicedª 1 cup blueberriesª 3 tbsp fresh cilantro,
choppedª 2 tbsp fresh mint,
choppedª 3 tbsp fresh lime juice ª ¼ tsp sea salt
Mix together tomato, onion and jalapeno using a food processor until consistency is finely chopped. Stir in watermelon, blueberries, cilantro, mint, lime juice and salt.
Cover and refrigerate for at least 30 minutes to let the flavors develop.
Serve with fish, rice or chips.
Watermelon & Blueberry
Watermelon + Blueberry Salsa
ª 4 cups of watermelon, chopped ª 2 cups of tomatillos, chopped ª 1 tbsp fresh mint leaves, finely dicedª 1 tbsp jalapeno, finely dicedª 2 tbsp lime juiceª 1 tsp white vinegar ª 1 tsp sea saltª 2 tbsp olive oil ª ⅔ cup feta cheese, crumbled Roughly chop watermelon and tomatillos and place in a large bowl. In a separate bowl, combine mint, jalapeno, lime juice, vinegar, sea salt and olive oil to make a vinaigrette. Drizzle over the watermelon and tomatillos, then toss together. Top with crumbled feta cheese.
ª 10 cups watermelon, cubed (1 large, or 2 small watermelon)
ª 2 tbsp honey Preheat oven to 170°F. Put watermelon and honey in blender and purée. Strain watermelon mixture through cheesecloth, separating the solid mixture from the liquid. Reserve the liquid to flavor a smoothie. Once separated, spread the watermelon pulp on a parchment-lined cookie sheet, making sure it is spread evenly. Bake approximately 3 hours until no longer wet but slightly tacky to touch. Move parchment paper and fruit leather to cutting board and cut to desired size, not removing from the parchment paper. Store in an airtight container.
Watermelon
Watermelon Tomatillo Salad Watermelon Fruit Leather
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Watermelon has been shown to have the ability to reduce blood pressure. Therefore, it offers the poten?al to improve cardiovascular health. Watermelon also plays a role in reducing glucose involved in diabetes.
Watermelon
ª 1 cup watermelon rind, peeled or shavedª ½ cup cilantro, finely chopped ª 2 tbsp paprika ª 1 tsp garlic powder ª 1 tsp cumin ª ¼ tsp ginger ª ¼ tsp sea salt ª pinch of cayenne pepper ª 3 tbsp lemon juice Wash the exterior watermelon rind. Peel or shave into fine ribbons. Mix together dry spices. Toss rind ribbons with spice mixture and lemon juice. Serve as a side dish.
ª 3 cups watermelon, cubed ª 1½ cups blackberries ª 2 tbsp mint, finely chopped ª 1 lime, juiced ª pinch of sea salt Cube watermelon, removing seeds. Add blackberries, mint, lime juice and salt. Stir together and serve immediately or chill.
Dr. Weil’s Anti-Inflammatory Diet And Food Pyramid
16 top sources of anti-inflammatory foods:
Healthy Sweets
HOW MUCH: Sparingly
HEALTHY CHOICES: Unsweetened dried fruit, dark chocolate, fruit sorbet
WHY: Dark chocolate provides polyphenols with antioxidant activity. Choose dark chocolate with at least 70 percent pure cocoa and have an ounce a few times a week. Fruit sorbet is a better option than other frozen desserts.
Red Wine
How mucH: Optional, no more than 1 to 2 glasses per day
HEALTHY CHOICES: Organic red wine
wHy: Red wine has beneficial antioxidant activity. Limit intake to no more than 1 to 2 servings per day. If you do not drink alcohol, do not start.
continued on p.21
Supplements
How mucH: Daily
HEALTHY CHOICES: High quality multivitamin/multimineral that includes key antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, mixed carot-enoids, and selenium); coenzyme Q10; 2 to 3 grams of a molecularly distilled fish oil; 2,000 IU of vitamin D3
wHy: Supplements help fill gaps in your diet when you are unable to get your daily requirement of micronutrients. Learn more about supplements and get your free recommendation.
Tea
How mucH: 2 to 4 cups per day
HEALTHY CHOICES: White, green, oolong teas
wHy: Tea is rich in catechins, antioxidant compounds that reduce inflammation. Purchase high-quality tea and learn how to brew it correctly for maximum taste and health benefits.
Healthy Herbs And Spices
How mucH: Unlimited amounts
HEALTHY CHOICES: Turmeric, curry powder (which contains turmeric), ginger and garlic (dried and fresh), chili peppers, basil, cinnamon, rosemary, thyme
wHy: Use these herbs and spices generously to season foods. Turmeric and ginger are powerful natural anti-inflammatory agents.
Other Sources Of Protein
How mucH: 1 to 2 servings a week (one portion is equal to 1 ounce of cheese, one 8-ounce serving of dairy, 1 egg, or 3 ounces cooked poultry or skinless meat)
wHy: In general, try to reduce consumption of animal foods. If you eat chicken, choose organic, cage-free chicken and remove the skin and associated fat. Use organic, high-quality dairy products moderately, primarily yogurt and natural cheeses such as Emmental (Swiss), Jarlsberg, and true Parmesan. If you eat eggs, choose omega-3-enriched eggs (from hens that are fed a flax-meal-enriched diet) or organic eggs from free-range chickens.
wHy: These mushrooms contain compounds that enhance immune function. Never eat mushrooms raw, and minimize consumption of common commercial button mushrooms (including cremini and Portobello).
Whole-Soy Foods
How mucH: 1 to 2 servings per day (one serving is equal to ½ cup tofu or tempeh, 1 cup soy milk, ½ cup cooked edamame, or 1 ounce of soynuts)
wHy: Soy foods contain isoflavones that have antioxidant activity and are protective against cancer. Choose whole-soy foods over fractionated foods like isolated soy-protein powders and imitation meats made with soy isolate.
Fish And Shellfish
How mucH: 2 to 6 servings per week (one serving is equal to 4 ounces of fish or seafood)
HEALTHY CHOICES: Wild Alaskan salmon (especially sockeye), herring, sardines, and black cod (sablefish)
2
Dr. Weil’s Anti-Inflammatory Diet And Food Pyramidcontinued from p.1
wHy: These fish are rich in omega-3 fats, which are strongly anti-inflammatory. If you choose not to eat fish, take a molecularly distilled fish-oil supplement that provides both EPA and DHA in a dose of 2-3 grams per day.
Healthy Fats
How mucH: 5 to 7 servings per day (one serving is equal to 1 teaspoon of oil, 2 walnuts, 1 tablespoon of flaxseed, 1 ounce of avocado)
HEALTHY CHOICES: For cooking, use extra-virgin olive oil and expeller-pressed grapeseed oil. Other sources of healthy fats include nuts (especially walnuts), avocados, and seeds, including hemp seeds and freshly ground flaxseed. Omega-3 fats are also found in cold-water fish, omega-3 enriched eggs, and whole-soy foods. Organic, expeller-pressed, high-oleic sunflower or safflower oils may also be used, as well as walnut and hazelnut oils in salads and dark roasted sesame oil as a flavoring for soups and stir-fries.
wHy: Healthy fats are those rich in either monounsaturated or omega-3 fats. Extra-virgin olive oil is rich in polyphenols with antioxidant activity.
Whole And Cracked Grains
How mucH: 3 to 5 servings a day (one serving is equal to about ½ cup of cooked grains)
wHy: Whole grains digest slowly, reducing frequency of spikes in blood sugar that promote inflammation. Whole grains means grains that are intact or in a few large pieces, not whole-wheat bread or other products made from flour.
Pasta (Al Dente)
How mucH: 2 to 3 servings per week (one serving is equal to about ½ cup cooked pasta)
HEALTHY CHOICES: Organic pasta, rice noodles, bean-thread noodles, and part whole-wheat and buckwheat noodles like Japanese udon and soba
wHy: Pasta cooked al dente (when it has “tooth” to it) has a lower glycemic index than fully cooked pasta. Low-glycemic-load carbohydrates should be the bulk of your carbohydrate intake to help minimize spikes in blood glucose levels.
Beans And Legumes
How mucH: 1 to 2 servings per day (one serving is equal to ½ cup of cooked beans or legumes)
HEALTHY CHOICES: Beans like Anasazi, adzuki and black, as well as chickpeas, black-eyed peas and lentils
wHy: Beans are rich in folic acid, magnesium, potassium and soluble fiber. They are a low-glycemic-load food. Eat them well cooked either whole or pureed into spreads like hummus.
Vegetables
How mucH: 4 to 5 servings per day minimum (one serving is equal to 2 cups salad greens or ½ cup vegetables cooked, raw, or juiced)
HEALTHY CHOICES: Lightly cooked dark leafy greens (spinach, collard greens, kale, Swiss chard), cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, kale, bok choy and cauliflower), carrots, beets, onions, peas, squashes, sea vegetables and washed raw salad greens
wHy: Vegetables are rich in flavonoids and carotenoids with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Go for a wide range of colors, eat them both raw and cooked, and choose organic when possible.
Fruits
How mucH: 3 to 4 servings per day (one serving is equal to 1 medium-size piece of fruit, ½ cup chopped fruit, ½ cup of dried fruit)
Dr. Weil’s Anti-Inflammatory Diet And Food Pyramidcontinued from p.2
HEALTHY CHOICES: Raspberries, blueberries, strawberries, peaches, nectarines, oranges, pink grapefruit, red grapes, plums, pomegranates, blackberries, cherries, apples, and pears - all lower in glycemic load than most tropical fruits
wHy: Fruits are rich in flavonoids and carotenoids with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Go for a wide range of colors, choose fruit that is fresh in season or frozen, and buy organic when possible.
Water
How mucH: Throughout the day
HEALTHY CHOICES: Drink pure water, or drinks that are mostly water (unsweetened tea, very diluted fruit juice, sparkling water with lemon)
wHy: Water is vital for overall functioning of the body.
Learn more about Dr. Weil’s Anti-Inflammatory Diet or watch Dr. Weil explain How to Eat: The Anti-Inflammatory Diet
Inhibition of proinflammatory responses and antioxidant capacity ofMexican blackberry (Rubus spp.) extracts.CuevasRodríguez EO , Dia VP, Yousef GG, GarcíaSaucedo PA, LópezMedina J, ParedesLópez O, Gonzalezde Mejia E, Lila MA.
AbstractTotal polyphenolic and anthocyanin and proanthocyanidinrich fractions from wild blackberrygenotypes (WB3, WB7, WB10, and WB11), a domesticated noncommercial breeding line (UM601), and a commercial cultivar (Tupy) were evaluated for inhibition of proinflammatory responses[nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, cyclooxygenase2(COX2) expression, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)] in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated bylipopolysaccharide (LPS). At 50 microM [cyanidin3Oglucoside (C3G) or catechin equivalent], mostfractions significantly (P<0.05) inhibited all markers. The anthocyaninrich fraction from WB10 andthe proanthocyanidinrich fraction from UM601 exhibited the highest NO inhibitory activities(IC50=16.1 and 15.1 microM, respectively). Proanthocyanidinrich fractions from the wild WB10showed the highest inhibition of iNOS expression (IC50=8.3 microM). Polyphenolicrich fractions fromWB7 and UM601 were potent inhibitors of COX2 expression (IC50=19.1 and 19.3 microM C3Gequivalent, respectively). For most of the extracts, antioxidant capacity was significantly correlatedwith NO inhibition. Wild genotypes of Mexican blackberries, as rich sources of polyphenolics thathave both antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties, showed particular promise for inclusion inplant improvement programs designed to develop new varieties with nutraceutical potential.
PMID: 20715775 DOI: 10.1021/jf102590p
[Indexed for MEDLINE]
Format: Abstract
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8/30/2017 Inhibition of pro-inflammatory responses and antioxidant capacity of Mexican blackberry (Rubus spp.) extracts. - PubMed - NCBI
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8/30/2017 Quantitative comparison of phytochemical profile, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of blackberry fruits adapted to Argentina - ScienceDirect
Quantitative comparison of phytochemical profile, antioxidant, andantiinflammatory properties of blackberry fruits adapted toArgentinaFranco Van de Velde , Mary H. Grace , Debora Esposito , María Élida Pirovani , Mary Ann Lila
Show more
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2016.01.008
Highlights
Blackberries’ bioactive properties characterization/quantification was performed.
Only cyanidinbased anthocyanins were detected in all blackberry cultivars.
Antioxidant capacity content was higher for ‘Black Satin’ and ‘Jumbo’ than‘Dirksen’.
‘Black Satin’ and ‘Jumbo’ showed downregulation of proinflammatory genes.
‘Black Satin’ and ‘Jumbo’ inhibited intracellular reactive oxidative stressproduction.
Abstract
The phytochemical profile by HPLCTOFMS of three blackberry cultivars (‘Jumbo’, ‘BlackSatin’ and ‘Dirksen’), adapted to the centraleast of Argentina, was determined. The antioxidantcapacity by DPPH and FRAP assays, and the effect of the blackberry extracts onlipopolysaccharide (LPS)induced nitric oxide (NO) production, reactive oxygen species (ROS)production, and biomarkers of inflammation were also evaluated. ‘Dirksen’ fruits exhibited thehighest vitamin C content (24 and 14% higher than values found in ‘Black Satin’ and ‘Jumbo’,respectively). However, ‘Jumbo’ and ‘Black Satin’ fruits presented higher total phenolic contents(more than 15%) than ‘Dirksen’. Cyanidin3Oglucoside was the main polyphenolic compoundquantified in all samples. ‘Jumbo’ and ‘Black Satin’ cultivars exhibited higher antioxidantcapacity, and significantly reduced the release of ROS. The mRNA expression levels ofcyclooxygenase2 (Cox2) and interleukin6 (IL6) were reduced consistently (more than 30%)by extracts of both cultivars, and showed slight suppressions on NO production. However,effective inhibition in the gene expression of interleukin1β (IL1β) and nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) was not observed by any extract. These results suggest the potential of blackberries
Comparison of Watermelon and Carbohydrate Beverage on Exercise-Induced Alterations in Systemic Inflammation, Immune Dysfunction,and Plasma Antioxidant CapacityR. Andrew Shanely (/search?authors=R.%20Andrew%20Shanely&orcid=0000000219163809) 1,2,* (mailto:please_login)
(http://orcid.org/0000000219163809),David C. Nieman (/search?authors=David%20C.%20Nieman&orcid=0000000283051860) 1,2 (mailto:please_login)(http://orcid.org/0000000283051860),Penelope PerkinsVeazie (/search?authors=Penelope%20PerkinsVeazie&orcid=) 3 (mailto:please_login),Dru A. Henson (/search?authors=Dru%20A.%20Henson&orcid=) 4 (mailto:please_login),Mary P. Meaney (/search?authors=Mary%20P.%20Meaney&orcid=) 1,2 (mailto:please_login),Amy M. Knab (/search?authors=Amy%20M.%20Knab&orcid=) 5 (mailto:please_login) andLynn CialdellKam (/search?authors=Lynn%20CialdellKam&orcid=) 6 (mailto:please_login)
Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USADepartment of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USAPlants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Department of Horticulture Science, North Carolina ResearchCampus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USADepartment of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USAKinesiology Department, Queens University of Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28274, USADepartment of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 8 July 2016 / Revised: 12 August 2016 / Accepted: 18 August 2016 / Published: 22 August 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Health and Athletic Performance(/journal/nutrients/special_issues/nutrition_health_athletic_performance))
÷ View FullText (/20726643/8/8/518/htm) | Ƶ Download PDF (/20726643/8/8/518/pdf) [627 KB, uploaded 22 August 2016] |
Consuming carbohydrate and antioxidantrich fruits during exercise as a means of supporting and enhancing both performanceand health is of interest to endurance athletes. Watermelon (WM) contains carbohydrate, lycopene, Lcitrulline, and Larginine. WMmay support exercise performance, augment antioxidant capacity, and act as a countermeasure to exerciseinduced inflammationand innate immune changes. Trained cyclists (n = 20, 48 ± 2 years) participated in a randomized, placebo controlled, crossoverstudy. Subjects completed two 75 km cycling time trials after either 2 weeks ingestion of 980 mL/day WM puree or no treatment.Subjects drank either WM puree containing 0.2 gm/kg carbohydrate or a 6% carbohydrate beverage every 15 min during the timetrials. Blood samples were taken prestudy and pre, post, 1 h postexercise. WM ingestion versus no treatment for 2weeksincreased plasma Lcitrulline and Larginine concentrations (p < 0.0125). Exercise performance did not differ between WM puree or
carbohydrate beverage trials (p > 0.05), however, the rating of perceived exertion was greater during the WM trial (p > 0.05). WMpuree versus carbohydrate beverage resulted in a similar pattern of increase in blood glucose, and greater increases in postexercise plasma antioxidant capacity, Lcitrulline, Larginine, and total nitrate (all p < 0.05), but without differences in systemicmarkers of inflammation or innate immune function. Daily WM puree consumption fully supported the energy demands of exercise,and increased postexercise blood levels of WM nutritional components (Lcitrulline and Larginine), antioxidant capacity, and totalnitrate, but without an influence on postexercise inflammation and changes in innate immune function. View FullText (/20726643/8/8/518/htm)
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited. (CC BY 4.0).
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Figure 1
8/30/2017 Effects of watermelon supplementation on aortic blood pressure and wave reflection in individuals with prehypertension: a pilot study. - PubMed - NCBI
Effects of watermelon supplementation on aortic blood pressure andwave reflection in individuals with prehypertension: a pilot study.Figueroa A , SanchezGonzalez MA, PerkinsVeazie PM, Arjmandi BH.
AbstractOral Lcitrulline is efficiently converted to Larginine, the precursor for endothelial
nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Oral Larginine supplementation reduces brachial blood pressure (BP).We evaluated the effects of watermelon supplementation on aortic BP and arterial function inindividuals with prehypertension.
Heart rate (HR), brachial systolic BP (bSBP), brachial pulse pressure (bPP), aortic SBP(aSBP), aortic PP (aPP), augmentation index (AIx), AIx adjusted for HR of 75 beats/min (AIx@75),amplitude of the first (P1) and second (P2) systolic peaks, reflection time (Tr), and carotidfemoralpulse wave velocity (PWV) were evaluated in the supine position in nine subjects (four men/fivewomen, age 54 ± 3 years) with prehypertension (134/77 ± 5/3 mm Hg). Subjects were randomlyassigned to 6 weeks of watermelon supplementation (Lcitrulline/L arginine, 2.7 g/1.3 g/day) orplacebo followed by a 4week washout period and then crossover.
There was a significant treatment effect (change in the value of watermelon minusplacebo from baseline to 6 weeks) on bPP (8 ± 3 mm Hg, P < 0.05), aSBP (7 ± 2 mm Hg, P < 0.05),aPP (6 ± 2 mm Hg, P < 0.01), AIx (6 ± 3%, P < 0.05), AIx@75 (4 ± 2%, P < 0.05), and P2 (2 ± 1mm Hg, P < 0.05). There was no significant treatment effect (P > 0.05) on bSBP, brachial diastolic BP(DBP), aortic DBP, Tr, P1, HR, and carotidfemoral PWV.
This pilot study shows that watermelon supplementation improves aortichemodynamics through a decrease in the amplitude of the reflected wave in individuals withprehypertension.
PMID: 20616787 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.142
[Indexed for MEDLINE]
Format: Abstract
1
Author information
Publication type, MeSH terms
Full text links
PubMed
8/30/2017 Effects of watermelon supplementation on aortic blood pressure and wave reflection in individuals with prehypertension: a pilot study. - PubMed - NCBI