QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this pi Redefining Prosperity The Economics of Sustainability Heather Reynolds Department of Biology T-200 Living a Sustainable Life QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and decompresso are needed to see t QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.
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Redefining Prosperity The Economics of Sustainability Heather Reynolds Department of Biology T-200 Living a Sustainable Life.
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Redefining ProsperityThe Economics of Sustainability
Heather ReynoldsDepartment of Biology
T-200 Living a Sustainable Life
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Agenda
I. Conventional economics & prosperity as growthII. Abundance or limits?III. Ecological economics & redefining prosperity
I. Conventional economics & prosperity as growth
(from Daly 1996)
Households Businesses
$
$
Goods and services
Factors of production(labor)
Conventional Economics
Economic development Economic growth GNP, GDP, total & per capita
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Weaknesses?
• leaves out the equitability of income distribution
• leaves out foreign debts
• ignores non-monetary aspects of quality of life e.g. volunteerism, growing own food, homemaking, bartering, etc.
• counts any $$ transaction as good even $$ spent on crime, sickness, natural disasters, pollution, etc.
• doesn’t consider environmental depletion & degradation external costs, generally not factored into market prices
• assumes more consumer goods increases our well-being
II. Abundance or limits?
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“If we are going to carry on growing, and we will, because no country is going to forfeit its right to economic growth, we have to find a way of doing it sustainably.”
-Tony Blair
Real GDP per working-age person in the United States, 1900-2005
Households Businesses
$
$
Goods and services
Factors of production
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“The idea that the natural world is inevitably destroyed byhuman industry, or than excessive demand for resourcescauses environmental ills, is a simplification….Designbased on nature’s effectiveness…can solve rather thanalleviate the problems industry creates, allowing both business and nature to be fecund and productive.”
Amount of biologically productive land and water required to provide all needed resourcesand assimilate all wastes of a given human beingor human population.
William Rees & Mathius Wackernagel
Wackernagel & Rees. 1996. Our ecological footprint. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, B.C.
NaturalCapital
• renewable• non-renewable
Human-madeCapital
• human• manufactured
Human population
Size Resource Use
Human enterprisesAgriculture Industry Recreation International commerce
Land transformation
Land clearingForestryGrazing
Intensification
Globalbiogeochemistry
CarbonNitrogen
WaterSynthetic chemicals
Other elements
Biotic additionsand losses
InvasionsHunting Fishing
Climate change
Enhanced greenhouse
Aerosols
Land cover
Loss ofbiological diversity
Extinction of speciesand populations
Loss of ecosystemsVitousek et al. 1997 Science. 277:494-499.
We the undersigned, senior members of the world's scientific community, hereby warn all humanity of what lies ahead. A great change in our stewardship of the earth and the life on it is required, if vast human misery is to be avoided and our global home on this planet is not to be irretrievably mutilated.
• Over the past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period of time in human history, largely to meet rapidly growing demands for food, fresh water, timber, fiber and fuel
• The changes that have been made to ecosystems have contributed to substantial net gains in human well-being and economic development, but these gains have been achieved at growing costs in the form of the degradation of many ecosystem services, increased risks of nonlinear changes, and the exacerbation of poverty for some groups of people
• The degradation of ecosystem services could grow significantly worse during the first half of this century and is a barrier to achieving the Millennium Development Goals
• The challenge of reversing the degradation of ecosystems while meeting increasing demands for their services can be partially met under some scenarios that the MA has considered but these involve significant changes in policies, institutions and practices, that are not currently under way
MEA 2005. Full slideshow of findings.http://www.maweb.org/en/SlidePresentations.aspx
Degradation and unsustainable use of ecosystem services
• Approximately 60% (15 out of 24) of the ecosystem services evaluated in this assessment are being degraded or used unsustainably
• The degradation of ecosystem services often causes significant harm to human well-being and represents a loss of a natural asset or wealth of a country
Mil
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MEA 2005. Full slideshow of findings.http://www.maweb.org/en/SlidePresentations.aspx
1.0
Earths used by humanity
Earths available
‘61 ‘81 ‘99
Year
1.2
0.7# Ea
rthsOvershoot
Analysis based on six human activities assuming current levels of technology: agriculture (cropland), raising animals (pastureland), harvesting timber (timberland), fishing (fishing grounds), construction of gray infrastructure (consumed land), burning fossil fuels (energy land). Wackernagel et al. 2002, PNAS 99:9266-9271
III. Ecological economics & redefining prosperity
(From Daly 1996)
ecosystem
M
E
M
E
Srecycle
H
economy
Ecological Economics
Households Businesses
$
$
Goods and services
Factors of production
Conventional Economics
Growth Economy Steady-state Economy
Economic development Sustainable development
http://www.steadystate.org
http://bloomington.in.gov/environment/
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Ecosystem Services and Their Links to Human Well-being
MEA 2003. Ecosystems and human well-being: A framework for assessment.http://www.maweb.org/en/index.aspx
Random House Dictionary definition: a successful,flourishing, thriving condition, esp. in financial respects; good fortune.http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/prosperity
Redefining ProsperityGrowth vs. Development
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Growth Developmentvs.
New roads Public & alternative transportation(trains, buses, bikes, pedestrian trails)
Clearing forests for agriculture Urban agriculture (rooftops, yards,vacant lots)
More coal plants Energy efficiency & renewables
More housing divisions Infill & redevelopment
More private shopping, entertainmentand recreation districts
More public spaces for art & theatremore greenspaces
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http://www.uvm.edu/giee/?Page=genuine/index.html
Redefining ProsperityQuality of Life Indicators
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Costanza et al. 2007. Ecological Economics 61:267-276
Friday, October 1 Public Lecture: Majora Carter, environmentalIU Auditorium activist and consultant10:00a Part of greenINg our economy, a Student Empowerment Summit
Friday, October 1 Student Empowerment Summit: greenINg our economyKelley School of featuring Majora CarterBusiness, CG3056Noon-3:00p Registration required, limited to 150 students
Monday, October 4 Public Lecture: Robert Costanza, Portland State UniversityGeorgian Room, IMU The Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Moving Beyond 12:00-1:30p Debate to Dialogue and Problem-Solving
Monday, October 4 Panel Discussion: Toward a 3rd Millenium EconomySwain West 007 Joined by Bloomington Councilman and Peak Oil Task Force7:00-9:00p leader Dave Rollo and Peak Oil Task Force Members
Gary Charbonneau, Peter Bane, and Christine Glaser