RED DE PROPIEDAD INTELLECTUAL E INDUSTRIAL EN LATINOAMÉRICA PILA-Network is a project co-funded by the European Union in the framework of the ALFA programme MODULE2 IP BASICS Traditional Knowledge
Dec 16, 2015
RED DE PROPIEDAD INTELLECTUAL E INDUSTRIALEN LATINOAMÉRICA
PILA-Network is a project co-funded by the European Union in the framework of the ALFA programme
MODULE2IP BASICS
Traditional Knowledge
PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION
TWO MAIN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY TWO MAIN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY REGIMESREGIMES
•PATENT RIGHTS
•SUI GENERIS SYSTEM (PLANT VARIETY LAW)
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
NARROW SENSENARROW SENSE
TK may include
• environmental• agricultural• medicinal knowledge• knowledge associated with
genetic resources
WIDE SENSEWIDE SENSE(TK IN A NARROW SENSE + SOME COMPONENTS OF TCE)
TK may include
• agricultural knowledge
• scientific knowledge
• technical knowledge
• ecological knowledge
• medicinal knowledge (including medicines and remedies)
• biodiversity-related knowledge
• TCE in the form of music, dance, song, handicrafts, designs, stories and artwork, elements of languages, such as names, geographical indications and symbols
•movable cultural properties.
NATURE OF TK
•Traditional
•Passed between generations
•Holistic
•Not produced systematically
•Dinamic
EXAMPLES OF TK
• jamujamu which is traditional Indonesian herbal medicine
• plaoplao noinoi used in Thailand for the treatment of ulcers
• Indian neem treeneem tree used for medicinal treatment
• OlmakutikutiOlmakutikuti which is a traditional herb for treating sexually transmitted diseases
• turmericturmeric used in India for wound-healing
• qanatqanat which is water system in Iran for sustainable irrigation
• aflajaflaj which is water system in Oman and Yemen for sustainable irrigation
• j’oubliej’oublie used in Cameroon and Gabon as a sweetener
• ayahuascaayahuasca used in Amazon basin for sacred religious and healing purposes
PURPOSE OF TK PROTECTION
• promote a sense of national cohesion and identity
• preserve and conserve TK
• protect the dignity of holders of TK
• recognize the rights of TK holders to maintain control, protect and develop their TK
• prevent of unauthorized TK use by others (protect against misuse or misappropriation)
• encourage and promote TK-based innovations
SYSTEMS OF TK PROTECTION
1. IPRs
PROTECTION STARTEGIESPROTECTION STARTEGIES
i. Positive protection Preventing the unauthorized or illegitimate use of TK
ii. Defensive protectionPreventing the acquisition of IPR over TK
2. SUI GENERIS SYSTEM
SYSTEMS OF TK PROTECTION
OHER LEGAL CONCEPTS• Prior informed consent• Unfair competition• Equitable benefit sharing
INTERNATIONAL ACTS - EXAMPLES• Convention on Biological Diversity• United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification• International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food
and Agriculture
COMMERCIALIZATION OF TK
Indian neem tree is used as an antiseptics, antimicrobials treatment of urinary disorders, diarrhoea, fever and bronchitis, skin diseases, septic sores, infected burns, hypertension and inflammatory diseases.
Sorce (informations about neem tree and the photo): J. Cornborough, Neem: An Ancient Cure for a Modern World, Positive Health Online,
www.positivehealth.com/article-view.php?articleid=756
COMMERCIALIZATION OF TK
TWO EXAMPLES OF EXPLOITATION OF neem tree IN MODERN COSMETICS AND MEDICINE BY TREEPLUS COMPANY
1. Neemplus®Lotion usuf for dermatitis, all dry skin disorders, eczema
2. Neemplus®Capsules taken to feel
stronger
Source (informations and photos): www.treeplus.co.uk/neem_plus_products.htm;
www.treeplus.co.uk/neem_plus_lotion.htm; www.treeplus.co.uk/neem_plus_capsules.htm
COMMERCIALIZATION OF TK
URUKU TREE serves the Brazilian Yawanawa tribe e.g. as an insect repellant or to produce uruku pigment.
Source (photo): www.library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01873/amaz.htm
URUKU PIGMENT is exploited by the company Aveda Corporation (today part of Estée Lauder Companies Inc.) as an ingredient of different kind of cosmetics
Photo taken by Faith Lawless, source: www.makeup.about.com/od/whatsnew/fr/AvedaUruku.htm
MONOPOLIZATION OF TK THROUGH IPRs
1. The plao noi case
2. The ayahuasca case
3. The taumatin case
4. The neem tree case
BIOPIRACY – unauthorized use of TK
FORMS OF ILLEGAL BEHAVIOR
ILLEGAL ACTS
i. Acts prohibited under IPR laws
ii. Acts prohibited under sui generis laws
MISAPPROPRIATION
SANCTIONS – different forms
WIPO INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND GENETIC RESOURCES, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND FOLKLORE
20002000 – ESTABLISHMENT
MAIN OBJECTIVEMAIN OBJECTIVE - RESEARCH ON THE PRESERVATION AND PROTECTION OF TK
DRAFT PROVISIONSDRAFT PROVISIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF TK AGAINST MISAPPROPRIATION AND MISUSE