Reconstruction

Reconstruction EraReconstruction Era

Chapter 19 Chapter 19

1865-18771865-1877

Pgs 436-452Pgs 436-452

Section 1Section 1

Civil War has just endedCivil War has just ended

Southern Economy is in ruinsSouthern Economy is in ruins

Slavery has been abolishedSlavery has been abolished

Northerners and Southerners feel anger Northerners and Southerners feel anger towards one anothertowards one another

Everyone is wondering how are we going Everyone is wondering how are we going to rebuild the countryto rebuild the country

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Southerners had to repair the war Southerners had to repair the war damage, revive their economy, and return damage, revive their economy, and return to peaceful livingto peaceful living

This all had to be done with huge debts This all had to be done with huge debts and little incomeand little income

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Another big problem was the ties between the Another big problem was the ties between the seceded states and the national governmentseceded states and the national government

This had mixed emotionsThis had mixed emotions

Some Northerners wanted to treat the South Some Northerners wanted to treat the South generously. Others thought they should be generously. Others thought they should be punished as defeated enemies.punished as defeated enemies.

Americans also questioned whether those who Americans also questioned whether those who fought against the Union should be able to vote fought against the Union should be able to vote or hold office.or hold office.

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There was also the issue of former slavesThere was also the issue of former slaves

They needed homes, jobs, money, They needed homes, jobs, money, clothing, education, etc.clothing, education, etc.

What was the government going to do What was the government going to do about all these issues.about all these issues.

The plan they came up with became The plan they came up with became known as Reconstruction and it lasted known as Reconstruction and it lasted from 1865 to 1877from 1865 to 1877

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Lincoln’s PlanLincoln’s Plan

Before the War had ended Lincoln began Before the War had ended Lincoln began planning a recovery program for the nationplanning a recovery program for the nation

President Lincoln offered generous terms President Lincoln offered generous terms to the Southto the South

He offered all Southern white males, He offered all Southern white males, except high Confederate Officials, except high Confederate Officials, amnesty (official pardon)amnesty (official pardon)

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They could regain their full rights as U.S. citizens They could regain their full rights as U.S. citizens by taking a simple oath pledging their loyalty to by taking a simple oath pledging their loyalty to the Unionthe Union

He also agreed to recognize the state He also agreed to recognize the state governments in the South if they complied with governments in the South if they complied with two conditionstwo conditions

The states had to accept emancipation of the The states had to accept emancipation of the slaves and at least 10% of the Confederate slaves and at least 10% of the Confederate state’s voters had to take the oath of loyaltystate’s voters had to take the oath of loyalty

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If they complied with those two stipulations If they complied with those two stipulations then the state could form a new then the state could form a new government and adopt a new constitution government and adopt a new constitution and send representatives to congressand send representatives to congress

Unfortunately for the U.S. and Lincoln, he Unfortunately for the U.S. and Lincoln, he was not able to completely carry out his was not able to completely carry out his plan for reconstruction. Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction. Lincoln’s assassination put an end to his planassassination put an end to his plan

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To assist former slaves the Freedmen’s To assist former slaves the Freedmen’s Bureau was establishedBureau was established

This federal agency set up schools and This federal agency set up schools and hospitals for African Americanshospitals for African Americans

It also distributed clothes, food, and fuel It also distributed clothes, food, and fuel throughout the Souththroughout the South

It also helped blacks find jobs and It also helped blacks find jobs and protected their rightsprotected their rights

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Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson1717thth President 1865-1869 President 1865-1869DemocratDemocratBorn Dec. 29, 1808 in N.C.Born Dec. 29, 1808 in N.C.Married 5 childrenMarried 5 childrenOwned his own tailor’s business before politicsOwned his own tailor’s business before politicsWife taught him to read and writeWife taught him to read and writeGov. Tenn., represent. and senator from Tenn.Gov. Tenn., represent. and senator from Tenn.Vice Pres under LincolnVice Pres under LincolnDied July 31, 1875Died July 31, 1875

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Andrew JohnsonAndrew JohnsonOnly Southern Senator to stay loyal to the Union Only Southern Senator to stay loyal to the Union during warduring warHonest and stubborn, lacked popularity that Honest and stubborn, lacked popularity that Lincoln hadLincoln hadLacked Lincoln’s ability to compromiseLacked Lincoln’s ability to compromiseOnly President to be impeached (Nixon resigned Only President to be impeached (Nixon resigned in 1974 to avoid impeachment)in 1974 to avoid impeachment)Key events: Civil War ended, Alaska purchased, Key events: Civil War ended, Alaska purchased, 1313thth & 14 & 14thth Amendments, Tenure of Office Act, Amendments, Tenure of Office Act, Nebraska became a stateNebraska became a state

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Johnson’s Reconstruction PlanJohnson’s Reconstruction Plan

Johnson after taking over Presidency decided to Johnson after taking over Presidency decided to continue on with Lincoln’s plan of reconstructioncontinue on with Lincoln’s plan of reconstruction

When Johnson took over, Congress was not in When Johnson took over, Congress was not in session so he decided to carry out Lincoln’s plan session so he decided to carry out Lincoln’s plan himselfhimself

Johnson believed it was the President’s job to Johnson believed it was the President’s job to carry out Reconstruction not Congress’carry out Reconstruction not Congress’

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Johnson granted amnesty to most white Johnson granted amnesty to most white southerners; he even promised to return southerners; he even promised to return their property if they pledged loyalty to the their property if they pledged loyalty to the U.S.U.S.

Initially he did not offer this option to ex-Initially he did not offer this option to ex-Confederate leaders, top military officers, Confederate leaders, top military officers, and large plantation owners, but they too and large plantation owners, but they too eventually won amnestyeventually won amnesty

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Johnson named temporary governments for the Johnson named temporary governments for the seceded statesseceded states

He ordered the states to hold conventions to He ordered the states to hold conventions to draw up new state constitutionsdraw up new state constitutions

He insisted the states accept the federal He insisted the states accept the federal government as the supreme power government as the supreme power

He insisted that they ratify the 13He insisted that they ratify the 13 thth Amend. Amend.( abolish slavery)( abolish slavery)

2/3 Senate, 2/3 HOR, and ¾ of state legislatures2/3 Senate, 2/3 HOR, and ¾ of state legislatures

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Johnson’s plan had support of most Johnson’s plan had support of most Republicans in Congress with the Republicans in Congress with the exception of the Radical Republicans exception of the Radical Republicans (those who favored extreme changes)(those who favored extreme changes)

They felt it was Congress’ job for They felt it was Congress’ job for reconstruction, not the Presidents’reconstruction, not the Presidents’

QuestionsQuestions

What challenges did the South face after What challenges did the South face after the civil war?the civil war?

What is reconstruction?What is reconstruction?

What steps were taken to help blacks and What steps were taken to help blacks and to protect their rights after the Civil War?to protect their rights after the Civil War?

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States and ConflictStates and Conflict

As the Southern states rebuilt, they set up As the Southern states rebuilt, they set up new state governments much like the old new state governments much like the old onesones

Some refused to ratify the 13Some refused to ratify the 13thth Amend. Amend.

Some southern states passed laws known Some southern states passed laws known as black codes, which limited the freedom as black codes, which limited the freedom of former slavesof former slaves

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Examples of codesExamples of codesIn Mississippi, one law said A.A. had to have In Mississippi, one law said A.A. had to have written proof of employment. Anyone without written proof of employment. Anyone without proof would be put to work on plantationsproof would be put to work on plantationsOne code required blacks to sign contracts One code required blacks to sign contracts forcing them to work at a job for 1 yearforcing them to work at a job for 1 yearAnother allowed white employers to whip black Another allowed white employers to whip black workersworkersOther codes limited freedom of speech and Other codes limited freedom of speech and travel. Blacks were not allowed to meet in travel. Blacks were not allowed to meet in unsupervised groups or carry guns.unsupervised groups or carry guns.

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Some codes denied blacks right to voteSome codes denied blacks right to voteAllowed states to put unemployed blacks in jailAllowed states to put unemployed blacks in jailPrevented blacks from testifying against whites Prevented blacks from testifying against whites in courtin courtSouthern whites used the Black Codes to try to Southern whites used the Black Codes to try to keep the Negroes in almost the same position keep the Negroes in almost the same position they had been in as slavesthey had been in as slavesBecause of these laws many in the North Because of these laws many in the North suspected white Southerners of trying to bring suspected white Southerners of trying to bring back the “old South”back the “old South”

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Radical Republicans felt the President was Radical Republicans felt the President was too generoustoo generous

They wanted to punish anyone who had They wanted to punish anyone who had supported the Confederacysupported the Confederacy

These Republicans were led by Thaddeus These Republicans were led by Thaddeus Stevens and Henry Davis in the HOR, and Stevens and Henry Davis in the HOR, and Charles Sumner and Benjamin Wade in Charles Sumner and Benjamin Wade in the Senatethe Senate

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In 1864, while Lincoln was still in office, these In 1864, while Lincoln was still in office, these Radicals had sponsored the Wade-Davis BillRadicals had sponsored the Wade-Davis Bill

Under this bill, anyone who had helped the Under this bill, anyone who had helped the Confederacy would not be allowed to vote or Confederacy would not be allowed to vote or hold office. It also called for a majority not 10%, hold office. It also called for a majority not 10%, of voters to pledge an oath of loyaltyof voters to pledge an oath of loyalty

Lincoln had stopped this bill from becoming law, Lincoln had stopped this bill from becoming law, but it did not weaken the Radicalsbut it did not weaken the Radicals

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In 1865 when Congress met in December, many In 1865 when Congress met in December, many of the Southern members included former of the Southern members included former Confederate leaders such as generals and the Confederate leaders such as generals and the former V-Pres of the Confederacy Alexander former V-Pres of the Confederacy Alexander StephensStephensNorthern members were shocked and refused to Northern members were shocked and refused to seat the southern delegations.seat the southern delegations.Congress then set up the Joint Committee on Congress then set up the Joint Committee on Reconstruction consisting of 6 senators and 9 Reconstruction consisting of 6 senators and 9 representatives. Their job was to report on representatives. Their job was to report on conditions in the South so Congress could make conditions in the South so Congress could make its’ own Reconstruction policiesits’ own Reconstruction policies

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Republicans outnumbered Democrats in Republicans outnumbered Democrats in both houses (HOR & Senate)both houses (HOR & Senate)

Most Republicans were moderates, who Most Republicans were moderates, who believed the federal government should believed the federal government should stay out of affairs of individuals and statesstay out of affairs of individuals and states

The Radicals, however, wanted the fed. The Radicals, however, wanted the fed. Gov’t. to play an active role in remaking Gov’t. to play an active role in remaking Southern politics and societySouthern politics and society

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They demanded full and equal citizenship They demanded full and equal citizenship for A.A.for A.A.

Their aim was to destroy the South’s old Their aim was to destroy the South’s old ruling class and turn the region into a ruling class and turn the region into a place of small farms, free schools, respect place of small farms, free schools, respect for labor, and political equality for all for labor, and political equality for all citizenscitizens

QuestionsQuestions

What policies of new Southern State What policies of new Southern State governments angered Congress?governments angered Congress?

How did Congress deal with the Southern How did Congress deal with the Southern States?States?

How did the Radical Republicans wish to How did the Radical Republicans wish to reorganize the South?reorganize the South?

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Civil RightsCivil RightsRepublicans in Congress were determined to aid Republicans in Congress were determined to aid the former slavesthe former slavesUrged on by the Radicals, Congress passed a Urged on by the Radicals, Congress passed a bill promoting Civil Rights (those rights granted bill promoting Civil Rights (those rights granted to all citizens)to all citizens)The bill was passed to keep funds going to the The bill was passed to keep funds going to the Freedmen’s Bureau, which in its first year gave Freedmen’s Bureau, which in its first year gave out thousands of dollars worth of food and out thousands of dollars worth of food and clothing, ran hospitals, started schools, and clothing, ran hospitals, started schools, and reunited separated familiesreunited separated families

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The bill had broad support in CongressThe bill had broad support in Congress

The Civil Rights Act of 1866 declared all The Civil Rights Act of 1866 declared all persons born in the U.S. (except Native persons born in the U.S. (except Native Americans), were citizensAmericans), were citizens

It also stated all citizens were entitled to = It also stated all citizens were entitled to = rights regardless of racerights regardless of race

The Republicans were shocked when The Republicans were shocked when Johnson vetoed the billJohnson vetoed the bill

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Johnson felt the Freedmen’s Bureau was a Johnson felt the Freedmen’s Bureau was a wartime measure and should not continue in wartime measure and should not continue in peacetimepeacetimeHe also argued federal protection of civil rights He also argued federal protection of civil rights would lead “towards centralization” of the would lead “towards centralization” of the national governmentnational governmentHe insisted that making A.A. full citizens would He insisted that making A.A. full citizens would “operate against the white race.”“operate against the white race.”He felt the job of helping blacks belonged to the He felt the job of helping blacks belonged to the state and local governmentsstate and local governments

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Congress voted by a 2/3 vote in the HOR and Congress voted by a 2/3 vote in the HOR and Senate to override the veto and the bill became Senate to override the veto and the bill became a lawa lawJohnson tried again to veto it but was Johnson tried again to veto it but was unsuccessfulunsuccessfulJohnson’s vetoes angered Congress and he lost Johnson’s vetoes angered Congress and he lost much of his support much of his support Johnson seemed completely unwilling to Johnson seemed completely unwilling to consider opposing views. He began making consider opposing views. He began making speeches attacking the Radicals. His actions speeches attacking the Radicals. His actions and stubbornness caused other members of and stubbornness caused other members of Congress to side with the RadicalsCongress to side with the Radicals

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Radicals now realized they had challenged Radicals now realized they had challenged the President and won an important victorythe President and won an important victory

They proved they had the support to undo They proved they had the support to undo Johnson’s Reconstruction policiesJohnson’s Reconstruction policies

However, they feared the Civil Rights Act However, they feared the Civil Rights Act might be repealed or judged might be repealed or judged unconstitutional, so to guard against this unconstitutional, so to guard against this possibility they drew up a new proposal possibility they drew up a new proposal

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Congress proposed 14Congress proposed 14thth Amendment AmendmentThis stated all people born in U.S. were citizens This stated all people born in U.S. were citizens and had the same rightsand had the same rightsAll citizens were to be granted equal protection All citizens were to be granted equal protection of the lawsof the lawsHowever, the amendment did not establish black However, the amendment did not establish black suffrage. It declared any state that kept A.A. suffrage. It declared any state that kept A.A. from voting would lose reps in Congress, which from voting would lose reps in Congress, which meant Southern states would have less power if meant Southern states would have less power if they did not grant black men the vote.they did not grant black men the vote.

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Another part of the 14Another part of the 14thth Amend kept former Amend kept former Confederate officials from holding federal Confederate officials from holding federal or state office positions unless a 2/3 vote or state office positions unless a 2/3 vote of Congress approved themof Congress approved them

The amendment also said the debts of the The amendment also said the debts of the Confederate government were not to be Confederate government were not to be paid, thus Southerners had no way of paid, thus Southerners had no way of recovering their financial lossesrecovering their financial losses

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Johnson refused to support the 14Johnson refused to support the 14thth AmendmentAmendmentCongress demanded Southern states Congress demanded Southern states accept the 14accept the 14thth as a condition for taking as a condition for taking their seats in Congresstheir seats in CongressJohnson urged Southern states not to Johnson urged Southern states not to ratify itratify itTen Southern states followed his advice, Ten Southern states followed his advice, except Tennesseeexcept Tennessee

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The defeat of the 14The defeat of the 14thth Amend outraged Amend outraged both moderates and radicalsboth moderates and radicalsAs a result the two groups joined forces As a result the two groups joined forces and passed the Reconstruction Acts of and passed the Reconstruction Acts of 18671867The passage of these acts began the The passage of these acts began the period known as Radical Reconstructionperiod known as Radical ReconstructionFrom this point on, Congress controlled From this point on, Congress controlled ReconstructionReconstruction

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Under the Reconstruction Acts, the Under the Reconstruction Acts, the governments of the 10 states who refused governments of the 10 states who refused to ratify the 14to ratify the 14thth Amendment were Amendment were declared illegaldeclared illegalCongress had total authority over these Congress had total authority over these statesstatesThe government divided them into 5 The government divided them into 5 military districts and placed them under military districts and placed them under military rule led by an Army commandermilitary rule led by an Army commander

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The acts also spelled out steps the Southern The acts also spelled out steps the Southern states had to follow to rejoin the Unionstates had to follow to rejoin the Union

They must approve new state constitutions that They must approve new state constitutions that gave the vote to all adult men, including A.A.gave the vote to all adult men, including A.A.

They must also ratify the 14They must also ratify the 14 thth Amendment Amendment

If they complied they could rejoin the Union and If they complied they could rejoin the Union and their representatives could take their seats in their representatives could take their seats in CongressCongress

QuestionsQuestions

What were the provisions of the Civil What were the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the 14Rights Act of 1866 and the 14thth Amendment?Amendment?

What was the effect of opposition to civil What was the effect of opposition to civil rights legislation?rights legislation?

What were the provisions of the What were the provisions of the Reconstruction Act of 1867?Reconstruction Act of 1867?

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The new Southern GovernmentsThe new Southern Governments

In 1867, Southern voters chose delegates In 1867, Southern voters chose delegates to draft their new state constitutionsto draft their new state constitutions

¾ of the delegates were Republicans, ½ of ¾ of the delegates were Republicans, ½ of them were poor farmers who were angry them were poor farmers who were angry at the planters for starting the rich mans at the planters for starting the rich mans war and they became known as war and they became known as scalawagsscalawags

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The other ¼ of the Republican delegates The other ¼ of the Republican delegates were known as carpetbaggers (White were known as carpetbaggers (White northerners who rushed to the South after northerners who rushed to the South after the war)the war)

A.A. made up the rest of the delegatesA.A. made up the rest of the delegates

The new constitutions set up public The new constitutions set up public schools and gave the right to vote to all schools and gave the right to vote to all adult malesadult males

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As much as Johnson disliked the new As much as Johnson disliked the new laws, he had a duty to enforce themlaws, he had a duty to enforce them

Republicans worried that Johnson might Republicans worried that Johnson might find ways to interfere with Reconstruction find ways to interfere with Reconstruction so they passed the Tenure of Office Act in so they passed the Tenure of Office Act in March 1867 to curb the President’s PowerMarch 1867 to curb the President’s Power

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The act said the President could not remove The act said the President could not remove members of the Cabinet without the Senate’s members of the Cabinet without the Senate’s approvalapprovalJohnson tried testing the lawJohnson tried testing the lawIn February 1868 he fired Secretary of War In February 1868 he fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, the only Radical in his CabinetEdwin Stanton, the only Radical in his CabinetThis was the chance the Radicals had been This was the chance the Radicals had been waiting for. If they could remove the President waiting for. If they could remove the President from office for breaking the law they would have from office for breaking the law they would have more freedom to enact their policiesmore freedom to enact their policies

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Three days after the firing, the HOR voted Three days after the firing, the HOR voted to impeach the presidentto impeach the president

The case moved to the Senate for a trial The case moved to the Senate for a trial and lasted two monthsand lasted two months

When the vote was finally taken, 7 When the vote was finally taken, 7 Republicans joined with 12 Democrats to Republicans joined with 12 Democrats to vote against conviction. Johnson stayed vote against conviction. Johnson stayed in office by one votein office by one vote

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By 1870, voters in all Southern states had By 1870, voters in all Southern states had approved their constitutions and allowed approved their constitutions and allowed back in the Unionback in the UnionDuring Reconstruction, more than 600 During Reconstruction, more than 600 A.A. served in state legislatures A.A. served in state legislatures throughout the Souththroughout the South14 of the new U.S. Congressmen from the 14 of the new U.S. Congressmen from the South were A.A. and 2 U.S. Senators were South were A.A. and 2 U.S. Senators were A.A.A.A.

QuestionsQuestions

What groups controlled the drafting of new What groups controlled the drafting of new state constitutions in the South in 1867?state constitutions in the South in 1867?

What were the effects of the new state What were the effects of the new state constitutions?constitutions?

Why was President Johnson impeached?Why was President Johnson impeached?

What was the verdict in the impeachment?What was the verdict in the impeachment?