Recommended Readings - Springer978-1-4899-6094-8/1.pdfRecommended Readings ... 231 . 232 Appendix I IEEE Spectrum Independent International Defense Review ... MICOM,162 Miles system,

APPENDIX I

Recommended Readings

A detailed presentation of laser safety can be found in several books, of which the most complete may be Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources by D. Sliney and M. Wolbarsht, published in 1980 by Plenum Press, New York.

This book is based entirely on public material. To a large extent, information on current military laser developments has been obtained from the following sources:

Air Force Magazine Armada International Armed Forces Journal Armed Forces Journal International Army Aviation Week Aviation Week & Space Technology Defense Flight International Guardian Health Physics J. Hecht, Beam Weapons, Plenum Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. J. Hecht, Understanding Lasers, Howard W. Sams & Co., Indi­

anapolis, 1988.

231

232 Appendix I

IEEE Spectrum Independent International Defense Review Jane's Defense Weekly Journal of Electronic Defense Journal of Peace Research Laser Focus Lasers & Optronics Letterman Army Institute of Research, Proceedings of Confer-

ence on Combat Ocular Problems, San Francisco, October 1980. Military Electronics/Countermeasures Military Review Military Technology NATO'S SIXTEEN NATIONS New Scientist Nordic Journal of International Law Soldat und Technik Soviet Military Power, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing-

ton, D.c., March 1987 Sunday Telegraph (London) The Sunday Times U. S. Army Technical Bulletin Med. 524, Control of Hazards to

Health from Laser Radiation, Washington, D.c., June 1985. Washington Times

APPENDIX II

Metric-English Systems Comparisons

The units familiar to Americans as part of the "metric system"­gram, liter, bar and millibar, calorie and kilocalorie-are for the most part not used in scientific work anymore.

The "metric system" has a single fundamental unit for any measurable quantity. Multiples of the units, both larger and smaller, are formed by the use of decimal prefixes. The most often used prefixes are those multiples which differ by a factor of 1,000 from each other.

The metric units used in this book are: length meter mass kilogram volume stere power watt energy joule

The decimal prefixes are listed below. It should be noted that the use of the hecto, deka, deci, and centi prefixes is discouraged.

233

234 Appendix II

Prefix Symbol Multiplication factors

exa E 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018 peta P 1000000000 000 000 = 1015 tera T 1 000 000 000 000 = 1012

giga G 1 000 000 000 = 109

mega M 1 000 000 = 106

kilo k 1000 = 103

hecto h 100 = 102 deka da 10 = 101 ded d 0.1 = 10-1 centi c 0.01 = 10-2 milli m 0.001 = 10-3

micro f.1 0.000 001 = 10-6

nano n 0.000 000 001 = 10-9

pico P 0.000 000 000 001 = 10-12 femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10-15 atto a 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10-18

The metric units are approximately equivalent to units in the "English system" as follows:

Metric

1 meter (m) 25.37 millimeter (mm) 1 micrometer (f.1m) [formerly

micron (f.1)] 1 kilometer (km) 1.60935 kilometer (km) 1 square centimeter (cm2) 6.45 square centimeter (cm2) 1 kilogram (kg) 0.4536 kilogram (kg) 1 watt (W) 746 watts (W)

39.37 inches 1 inch

English

3.937 X 10-5 (0.00003937) inch or 39.37 microinches

0.62137 mile = 1,093.6 yards 1 mile 0.155 square inch 1 square inch 2.2046 pounds = 35.274 ounces 1 pound = 16 ounces 0.00136 horsepower 1 horsepower

1 joule m = 0.239 calorie

1,054.8 joules 0)

Appendix II 235

9.48 X 10-4 (0.000948) British thermal unit (BTU)

1 British thermal unit (BTU)

The calorie familiar to most Americans for food values is the kilocalorie or large calorie, equivalent to 4)86 joules.

The wavelengths of some common military lasers in both systems follow:

Argon Ruby Neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) CO2

Metric (nanometers)

488,514.5 694.3 1,064 10,600

English (micro inches)

19.21, 20.26 27.33 41.89 417.32

Index

Absorption, 101 Absorption filter, 181 Accidental exposures, 77 Adaptive mirror; 130 ADATS, 53, 168 Add-on combat assault weapon, 172 Admiralty Research Establishment,

155 Afghanistan, 142, 146 AlM-9D Sidewinder, 122 Air defense, 104, 109, 111 Air-defense HEL weapon, 115 Air-defense laser weapons, 128 Air-defense system, 126 Air-to-air assault laser weapon, 169 Airborne HEL weapons, 122 Airborne Laser Laboratory, 122 Airborne laser weapon, 105 Airborne LEL weapons, 166, 167 Alarms, 191 Alexandrite, 28 Alexandrite laser, 28, 151 Allied Corporation, 162 American National Standards

Institute (ANSI), 83

Ammunition, 96, 98 Anti-air missile Rb 70, 53 Anti-aircraft guns, 110 Anti-aircraft LEL weapon, 173 Anti-aircraft missiles, 110 Anti-eye laser weapons,S, 28, 106,

144, 149, 174, 175 Anti-eye low-energy laser weapons,S,

31 Anti-infrared missile laser, 170 Anti-infrared missile LEL weapon,

168 Antilaser weapons, 172, 190 Antisensor, 104, 105, 152 Antisensor HEL weapon, 112 Apache attack helicopter, 161 Approaching missiles, 112 Arc lamp, 26 Argon fluoride (ArF), 116 Argon (Ar) lasers, 30, 33, 40, 151 Army, 21 Artillery, 97 AS.30 L laser-guided missile, 52 Atmosphere, 100, 104, 112, 120, 137 Atmospheric attenuation, 86

237

238 Index

Atmospheric conditions, 25 Atmospheric pollution, 109 Attenuating filter, 178 AURORA,120

Ballistic and Laser Protective Spectacles (BLPS), 184

Bassov, Nikolai G., 13 Bathymetry, 59, 60 Battlefield laser threat, 177 Battlefield requirements, 41 Beam divergence, 21 Beam power, 116 Beam riders, 53 Beam riding, 147 Bennet, W. R., 13 Binoculars, 74 Black eye patch, 179, 189 Blindness, 175, 225 Blink reflex, 80 Blocking the beam, 178 Bohr, Niels, 12, 16 Bradley M2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle,

157 Buffer zone, 85 Burn injuries, 81

C-CLAW, 156 CAMEO BLUEJAY, 161 Casualties, 106 Chemical OF laser, 122 Chemical hazards, 65 Chemical 12:°2 laser, 118 Chemical laser, 34 Chemical pumping, 19 China, 141 Chlorine, 33 Chromium, 26 Clip on, 174 Close combat, 106 Cluster bombs, 97 CO laser, 33, 117 CO2 laser range finder, 46

CO2 lasers, 31, 33, 34, 40, 41, 50, 53, 57, 116, 122, 149

Coagulation, 74 Coatings, 184 Cobalt, 26 COBRA,161 Coherence, 21, 22, 73 Coherence length, 22 Collimation, 21, 73 Colored laser filters, 181 Combat Units, 222 Common Optroelectronic Laser

Detection System (COLDS), 192 Communication systems, 34 Compact disc audio players, 36 Complementary weapon, 176 Conference of the ICRe, 203 Conference on Lasers and Electro-

Optics (CLEO), 121 Construction, 41 Continuous wave (CW), 18, 24 Convertible Laser Designator Pod

(CLDP),51 Copperhead, 50 Cornea, 80, 115, 149 Corneal heating, 80 Corner cubes, 191 CORONET PRINCE, 160 Cost, 98 Cost-effectiveness, 105 Counterfire, 196 Countermeasure system, 167 Countermeasures, 177 Crazing of optics (Glass), 2, 148 Cruise-missile launcher, 112 Crystalline, 26 Cutting, 41 Czechoslovakia, 126

Damage mechanism, 91 Dark adaptation, 71, 143 DAZER,161 Decker, David c., 199

Desert Storm, 8 Destructive effect, 114 Deuterium fluoride (DF) chemical

lasers, 108, 116, 118, 123 Diehl, 122, 126, 130 Dielectric interference filter, 182 Difficulties, 100 Diffuser, 33 Diodes, 35 Direct line of fire, 90 Direct-line-of-fire weapons, 103 Direct line of sight, 96 Direct-line-of-sight weapons, 44, 45,

193 Disadvantages, 100 Discomfort glare, 145 Dual-purpose LEL weapons, 166 Dumdum bullets, 206 Dye, 23,40 Dye laser, 23 Dye (liquid) lasers, 37

Edema, 74 Einstein, Albert, 12 Electrical hazards, 65 Electromagnetic radiation, 15, 16 Electron collision pumping, 19 Electronic countermeasures, 110, 146 Electronic eyes, 146 Elevators, 114 Emitted power, 129 EMRLD,136 Energy absorption, 114

levels, 24, 93, 113, 114 transferred, 91

Erbium, 26 YAG laser, 150

Evasive actions, 110 Excimer laser, 33, 40, 119 EXOCET, 112; see also Retina; Flash

blindness; Fovea Eye hazard, 45 Eye protection, 177

Eye, 5, 67

Far-infrared lasers, 35 FEL weapon, 39 Ferranti, 192 Filter deployment, 184 Filters, 151, 179

Index 239

Fire control, 1, 95, 104 Fire hazard, 66 Flamethrowers, 4, 106, 113 Flash blindness, 71, 105, 106, 143, 145 Flashtube, 19 Flight crews, 200 FUR system, 57, 59 Fluorine, 33 Foley, M., 38 Forward Looking Infrared (FUR)

imaging system, 52 Fovea, 68 France, 125, 132 Free-electron lasers (FEL), 19, 26, 38,

116, 118, 151 French National Aerospace Research

Agency; 132 Frequency; 16 Frequency-agile LEL weapons, 185 Frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser, 151 Frequency doubling, 151 Fuel tanks, 114

Gallium arsenide laser, 36, 53 Gallium indium phosphide (GaInP)

laser, 37 Gamma-ray laser, 39 Garnet, 26 Gas dynamic CO2 laser, 33, 117, 121 Gas laser, 13, 26, 29 GBFEL,135 General Electric Corporation, 158 Geneva conventions, 204 German Ministry of Defense, 132 Germany, 125, 126, 208 Glass, 26

240 Index

Gould, Gordon, 13 Greenwood, c., 210 Ground-based weapons, 171 Ground energy level, 18

Hague Peace Conference, 206 Hague rules, 204 Hand-held laser range finders, 46 Harriot, 0. R., 13 HAVE GLANCE, 161 Hazard classifications, 84 Heat-seeking missiles, 146 Heavy combat assault weapon, 171 Hecht, Jeff, 26 HEL targets, 109 HEL weapon protection, 195 HELEX, 125, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 135 Helium-cadmium (HeCd) gas lasers,

31 Helium-neon (HeNe) laser, 24, 30, 41 Hellfire, 50 Hemorrhage, 74, 75, 76 HeNe laser, 61 HF laser, 117 High-energy laser, 93, 97 High Energy Laser Test Facility, 123 High-energy laser weapons, 3, 24, 33,

94, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 High-repetition-rate range finders, 48 Hit probability, 44, 95, 112 Holmium, 26 Holographic filter, 183 Host material, 26 Hot spots, 25 HVM,53 Hydrocarbon, 33 Hydrogen fluoride laser, 104, 108, 116

Image intensifier, 147 Indirect fire, 103 Indirect viewing, 178, 187 Idium gallium arsenide phosphide

(InGaASP) laser, 36

Infantry weapon, 175 Infrared, 105 Infrared homing missiles, 168 International document, 212 International law, 8, 145, 203, 227 International Red Cross, 8 International Standard Product Code,

41 Intraocular bleeding, 146 Invisible laser beam, 97, 100 Iodine:oxygen (12:02)' 116 Ionization, 77 IR signature, 117 Iran, 142 Iraq, 142 Isby, D., 142

JAGUAR,132 Javan, A., 13

Kazakhstan, 134 Kerosene, 33 Kirtland Air Base Weapons

Laboratory, 136 Kloske, 0. E., 160 Krypton (Kr) lasers, 30, 33 Krypton fluoride excimer (KrF) laser,

33,119 Kumar, c., 32 Kurchalov Institute of Atomic Energy

in Troisk, 134

Ladenburg, R., 12 Lantrin,51 Laser accidents, 141

beam, 21, 25 detector, 44, 168, 173, 191 incidents, 144, 213 industry, 14, 40, 99, 224 light shows, 97 philosophy, 196 pointer, 61 protective filters, 6

Laser accidents (Cont.) protective visors, 184 radar, 56 range finder, 4 sight, 61 target designator, 4, 48 target seeker, 48 trackers, 46 training program, 200 weapon concepts, 104 weapon doctrine, 103

Laser-resistant materials, 195 Laserdot, 125 Lasing medium, 18 LATEX, US Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory, 119, 120 Lazer hazards, 65

to the eye, 66 LOS, 155, 171 Lead,95 Lecture hall pointe~ 24 Legal blindness, 78 Lens, 68 Leopard 2 tank, 128 Light Detection and Ranging

(LIDAR),59 Liquid crystals, 186 Liquid lase~ 26 Logistical problems, 1 Long-range communication, 60 Long-range standoff weapons, 155 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 38,

118,120 Low-energy antipersonnel and

antisensor laser (1EL) weapons, 139 Low-energy laser weapon targets, 145 Low-energy laser weapons,S, 92, 94,

100, 103 Low-light television, 105, 147, 170

Machine guns, 97 Macula, 68

MAD, 123 Magnetic field, 38

Index 241

Magnifying optics, 74, 106, 193 Maiman, Theodore, 13, 43, 44 Maneuver, 197 Martin Marietta Electronics System,

158 MBB, 126, 192 McDonnell Douglas Company, 163 Mechanical damage, 114 Mechanical protection, 185 Mechanical shutters, 186 Medical consequences, 223 Medical lasers, 37 Medical resources, 7, 144 Medical treatment, 7 Medicine, 37, 40 Metal shin, 115 Metastable level, 17 Methane, 33 MICOM,162 Miles system, 55 Military consequences, 216 Military requirements, 28, 111, 146,

169,174 MlRACL (Mid-Infrared Advanced

Chemical Laser), 34, 125, 135 Mirrors, 20, 129 Mobile Test Unit (MTU), 121 Mode locking, 25 Mode of operation, 24 Monochromaticity, 21 Mortars, 97 Multipurpose Chemical Laser

(MPCL),123 Multiple targets, 111

Naval Weapons Center, 122 Nd:glass laser, 27, 45, 120 Nd:YAG laser, 27, 41, 45, 50, 58, 151 Neodymium lase~ 26, 27, 40, 45 Neon, 33 Night-vision goggles, 62

242 Index

Nitrogen laser, 34 Nobel Prize, 13 NOHD (nominal ocular hazard

distance), 85, 140 Nonlinear optical polymer materials,

185 North Vietnam, 50 NOVA,120 Nuclear bomb, 119 Nuclear explosion, 39, 119

Optical density, 180 Optical fibers, 36, 61 Optical pathways, 92 Optical pumping, 18, 26 Optical range finders, 44 Optical resonator, 33 Optical sensors, 115 Optical switches, 186

Panoramic visors, 184 Patel, N., 32 Pava light, 50 Peak power, 25 Permanent blindness, 106, 149 Phantom aircraft, 50 Photochemical changes, 77 Photoinjector, 118 Pilots, 200, 220 Poland,126 Pollution of the atmosphere, 103 Population inversion, 17, 26 Postwar consequences, 225 Postwar society, 226 Power density, 113 Precision drilling, 41 Prochorov, Aleksander M., 13 Protection, 6, 150, 177, 219

for sensors, 186 Psychological impact, 7 Psychological problems, 218 Psychological reactions, 141 Pulse repetition frequency (PRF), 24

Pulse width, 24 Pulsed energy, 24 Pumping, 18 Pumping system, 18

Q-switching, 25, 27, 28, 45 Quantum theory Quinn, T. P., 159

Radar, 44 Radomes, 115 Raman, C. v., 23 Raman scattering, 101 Raman shifting, 3, 151 Raman-shifted Nd:YAG laser, 46 Range finders, 27, 28, 44, 139 Redstone Arsenal, 121 Refiection, 85 Remotely piloted vehicles (RPV), 51 Resonant optical cavity, 20 Retina, 68, 149, 150 Retinal burns, 75, 146 Retinal hazard region, 71, 73, 150 Retinal irradiance, 74 Retrorefiection, 191 Ring laser gyros, 61 ROADRUNNER, 122, 156 Rotor head, 115 Royal Signals and Radar

Establishment (RSRE), 155 Ruby laser, 13, 26, 27, 45, 62 Rudders, 114

Safety factor, 140 Safety regulations, 83 Saint Petersburg Declaration, 205 Sandia National Laboratories, 58 Sapphires, 26 Sary Shagan, Kazakhstan, 134 Scattering, 87, 101 Schawlow, Arthur, 13 501 program, 34, 39, 108, 118, 119,

123,137

Sea-skimming missiles, 3, 48, 105, 112, 134, 170

Semiconductor (diode) laser, 26, 35, 36,55,61

Sensors, 146, 152, 221 Shipboard Soviet laser, 143 Shipborne air defense LEL weapon, 171 Shipborne weapons, 169 Shutters, 179 Silence, 97 Simulators, 54 Single-shot range finders, 48 Size of a laser weapon, 99 SLBD,123 Sliney, 0. H., 26 Smart munitions systems, 48 Smoke, 179, 187 Snow blindness, 79 Solid-state laser, 26, 27, 28 Soviet Military Power, 134, 164 Soviet Union, 51, 107, 133, 134, 143,

164,213 Spark generation, 101 Spatial coherence, 22 Speed, 23, 94

of light, 23 Spontaneous emission, 17 Stanford University, 119 Stimulated emission, 21 STINGRAY, 157, 165 Strategic Defense Initiative (SOl)

program: see SDI program Straub, Harold, 179 Sunglasses, 179 Superconductor FEL, 119 Supermarket scanner, 24 Surgery, 34 Surgical knife, 40 Sweden, 212 Swedish Rb 70, 168

Tactics, 196 Tank-mounted laser firing simulator, 56

Index 243

Target designators, 28, 139 Temporal coherence time, 22 Thermal blooming, 101 Thermal Imaging Airborne Laser

Designator (TIALD), 51 Thermal viewing systems, 147 Threshold levels, 83 Ti-sapphire laser, 28, 151 Tissue damage, 77 Titanium, 26 Tornado, 51 TOW, 122, 157 Townes, C. H., 13 Tracking, 131, 198, 217 Transistors, 35 Transmission for filters, 181 Transmission losses, 114 Transmittance, 69 TRW Inc., 125 Turbulence, 101

UH-1 helicopter, 122 Ultraviolet photokeratitis, 79 UN Conference on Certain

Conventional Weapons, 208 United Kingdom, 155 United States, 53, 55, 76, 83, 107, 125,

140, 143, 208, 213 United Technology Research Center,

108 U.S. Army Infantry Center, 162

Vibronic solid-state lasers, 28 Vietnam, 141 Visible spectrum, 37 Visual behavior, 193 Visual field, 71

Warren, D., 212 Warsaw Pact (WP) countries, 126, 164 Warsaw Pact Forces, 156 Wavelength, 16 Weather, 25

244 Index

Weather conditions, 87 Welding, 41 Wmdshields, 114 Wolbarsht, M. L., 26 Wolfe, J. A., 199

X-ray laser, 26, 39, 116, 119

Xenon fluoride excimer (XeF) laser, 34,119

Xenon fluoride, 116 Xenon, 33

Yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG), 27 Yugoslavia, 192