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LOK VIGNYAN BHAVAN : Aarti Society, Atmajyoti Ashram Road, Subhanpura, Vadodara-390 023. Ph : 0265-2389749 E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.cscvadodara.com

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2. âp¡apBg B“ kpeÞk$ 2G D AGARWAL - THE GANGA CRUSADER (1932- 2018)

3. Eco Agriculture for Evergreen

Revolution 3

4. Vaho Vishwamitri Abhiyan 5u Daksha Vaja

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2

I came to know him in 1986 when Anil materials used, in how many days it was finished and Agarwal, the founder of Delhi-based research its utility, laying stress on the fact that locals were not institute Centre for Science and Environment, and wrong in building it. Rather, he suggested a course the founder editor of Down To Earth, introduced correction to the government.us. At that time, I was experimenting with water After the rejuvenation of Arvaririver in conservation in Rajasthan. During those days, Rajasthan in 1996, my organization Tarun Bharat Agarwal was working at Envirotech, the company Sangh (TBS) decided to fight for the Yamuna. But at that manufactures air quality monitoring Swmiji’s insistence, a proposal was passed in TBS equipment. It was set up in 1982 by the IIT-Kanpur to save the Ganga. Agarwal fasted for the first time in alumni. He wrote a letter to me in which he 2009, demanding that the natural flow of the river expressed his wish to visit Alwar to see my work on must be maintained. Though the received threats, river rejuvenation. I replied saying he would have his will remained undeterred. The year 2010 was to come as an environmentalist to which he readily momentous for us. Swamiji fasted for 34 days, agreed. demanding the scrapping of hydroelectric projects in

Thus my journey began with Ganga’s the Bhagirathi River, a source stream of the Ganga. crusader, which lasted till Swamiji breathed his The Union government scrapped the 600 MW last at AIIMS in Rishikesh on October 11. He Loharinag Pala hydro project. Two more projects – always remained a scientist at heart and trained Pala Maneri (480MW) and Bhairo Ghati (381MW) – umpteen volunteers pro bono in measuring air and were also scrapped.water quality. I was fascinated to see in him the We never realized that his Gandhian way of protest harmony of traditional knowledge and scientific would end his life. He was not against development, temper and decided to work with him lifelong. but what he wanted was minimum flow in the Ganga

He always stood by the community. Once a so that it could be saved. The river was like a mother small dam like structure built near Lave in to him.Uttarkhand got completely decimated due to (Shri Rajendra Singh is known for his works on cloudburst in the late 1990s. Its purpose was to revival of traditional water harvesting structure)store water for local residents. Agarwal wrote a

Source: DOWN TO EARTH, 1-15 November, 2018, long letter to the state government, giving details

Page No. 54)about the way the structure was constructed, the

G D Agarwal’s death after holding fast for 111 days for the cause of India’s holy river should inspire us to fight in a Gandhian manner

KNOWN FOR his marathon 111-day fast to save the Ganga, G D Agarwal, who turned an ascetic in 2011 under the guidance of Swami Swaroopanand Sarwaswati, was a versatile man. He was a professor at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur till 1975 from where he resigned after working for 11 years. Early in his career, he went to the University of California, Berkeley, where he completed his Master’s degree and Ph.D. In 1980, Agarwal was instrumental in setting up the Central Pollution Control Board and became its first member secretary. He also played a pivotal role in the formulation of the Environment Protection Act,1986 and the National Ganga River Basin Authority.

PROFILE IN SCIENCE

G D AGARWAL - THE GANGA CRUSADER (1932- 2018)

G D AGARWAL


3

r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d It is being said that after the universities. We already had two Green Revolution, it is now time for very successful Round Tables and a Eco Agri Resolution or Ever Green Road Map and Action Plan are Revolution. What is Eco Agriculture ?being worked out. For this 3 Expert

Eco Agriculture or Agro Groups are formed - Policy Thrust to

Ecology is the approach capable plan and promote Eco Agriculture:

of producing enough accessible Agri Bio inputs and Scale up and

food wi thout harming the Eco Agri Models.

environment. It is based on the Please tel l us about the convergence of two scientific

forthcoming International Conference discipl ines, agronomy and on Eco Agriculture being held at New ecology and is a broad term that

inc ludes organ ic fa rming, Delhi on 26th October, 2018biological framing etc. If the past International Conference will s ix ty years led to Green be organized on 26th October, 2018 Revolution, the coming decades on “Eco Agri Revolution for Ever will be the Ever green or Eco Agri Green Revolution” during Agri Revolution or Sustainable Ever World - 2018 at New Delhi. Global Green Revolution. and National leaders and Experts,

Farmers Associations, Industries & We understand that the Scientists and Ministers from Working Group on Eco Agriculture has various states are expected to been funct ioning under your participate. It will be great event to Chairmanship. Can you give details ?discuss and launch the initiative for

Realizing the importance of the coming Eco Agri Revolution.

Eco Agriculture such a Working Is Eco Agriculture and Group has been created by ICFA.

Organic Farming the same ? What It has an excellent and balanced are the differences ? representation from Farmers

We may call Eco Organizations, Experts from G o v e r n m e n t a n d N o n -Government bodies, industries,

organic farming. To simplify, it is said that organic philosophy is a social movement based on science of agroecology of Eco Agriculture. Eco agriculture is understood in diverse ways but organic has emphasis on ‘standards’. For a large percentage of small farmers, the standards and certifications are too complex and often impractical. Eco Agriculture practice emphasizes the path of lower input costs, soil health, sustainable productivity, new generation eco-friendly bio inputs, scientific management of farm wastes etc. Some time, Eco Agriculture is regarded as the more practical middle path between the two, i.e. ‘chemical’ farming and ‘no input’ farming.

What are the major driving forces for

moving from Green Revolution to Eco

Agri Revolution?

Green Revolution brought a major jump in production of food grains. However the country’s farm productivity has been going down particularly in the green revolution areas like Punjab, and Haryana.

Agriculture Closely linked with this is the drastic as a broader term which includes- reduction of carbon in the soil and but not limited to-practices like

Food production without due recognition of the environment has many times led to unflattering effects on the ecosystem and the productivity of farms. Eco agriculture, which balances the need for food production and ecological balances, thus becomes a suitable alternative. In an interview with Agriculture Today, Padmshri Dr. M. H. Mehta-internationally known Scientist for his leadership and contribution on ecology and agriculture, elaborates on the relevance of this system of farming. Dr. Mehta is the Chairman of the forthcoming international conferences on Eco Agriculture (being held on 26th October, 2018, by ICFA at New Delhi during Agri Word 2018)Dr. M. H. Mehta


Eco Agriculture for Evergreen Revolution(Agriculture Today, Oct-2018)

lowering of the fertilizer use called “Do Ecology” and has been demonstrated in a efficiency. Also, the problem of small way. It should immediately be The “20 - 20 Model” is about contaminat ion of chemical implemented in a Big Way-increasing farm production by 20% pesticide in food, milk, river and especially in northern state like with lowering of ‘input’ costs by water sources have been alarming Pubjab, Haryana, Western UP, 20% in sustainable model. It is in many situations. The worldwide Delhi etc. Crop residue burning based on using new generation awareness of harmful effects of plays havoc with the Soil health, air eco-friendly bio inputs like Bio-organo - chlorine and organo- quality and human health. On the fertilizers, Bio-pesticides (both phosphorous pesticide is clearly other hand, adopting, this solution microbial and bonanicals) from farm making impact on the Indian can help save a great deal of input agro wastes etc. In a way, it is the chemical pesticide industry. This costs including nutrients and micro Middle Path’ of moving from has spurred organic movements. nutrients, improve soil organic chemical to eco-friendly farming. It Rain-fed agriculture is being carbon and air quality. It can is also a particle model. We cant’ increasingly looked up as a major definitely become a most important wish ```````````àway chemical sector to shoulder the larger component of eco agriculture overnight and their are many failed burden of providing foods in practiced. I am very impatient and examples of such switch overs. On developing countr ies. Bio- hope that the implementation is the other hand, it is possible to have pesticide and Bio-fertilizers taken up soon for the benefit of all.stepwise change over by including industries are rising at a very high eco- friendly products that help What is the potential of eco rate, though i ts s ize and reduce input costs on one hand and agricultures in the objective of doubling contribution on a global scale is at the same time improve farm the farm income ?much smaller than chemical productivity sustainably. This is Any exercise, report for doubling of pesticides. There is thus the time what the farmers want and have farmers income would pertain to and need for the next revolution- started accepting. Once this is three areas:- (1) Productivity gains Eco Agri Revolution-A revolution demonstrated in the next years, the (2) Reduction in cost of cultivation that is sustainable, balanced and bio inputs can be doubled and and (3) Remunerative prices. Of farmer-friendly. tripled and have total switch over. It this, the sustainable farming, lower

is good to see the gradual In the forword of your recently input costs and product ion adaptation of this model in the published book “Eco Agri Revolution-” enhancement are extremely different parts of India and even Partical Lession and the way Ahed. important requirement. These are other countries in Asia and Africa.Prof. M. S. Swaminathan, has said that also the main strong points of Eco

Is the Scientific solution being Eco Agri Revolution is the pathway to Agriculture Model. There are also suggested by you for Crop Residue Burning tremendous opportunities for new Ever Green Revolution and has Problem a part of Eco Agri Revolution ? generation entrepreneurs. These emphasized the need for Do - How’- and

industries are R&D based, Small to As you know, scientific conversion your 20-20 model can you elaborate ?medium scale and offer great of agro wastes to bio-composts is It was heartening to hear him often opportunities to attract youth to work the most important components of say that and further emphasizing with farmers in a win-win situation. Eco Agriculture. We have worked & on how we can achieve advance Eco Agriculture model can and will demonstrated that using multi in productivity in perpetuity pay a major role in improving microbial sprays after crop residue without ecological harm. Realizing farmers income by reducing the harvest ing and mechanica l that farmers get convinced only input costs and improving farm shredding the agro wastes from when they see demonstrations productivity sustainably. It is based reduces of rice, banana, wheat etc. and field results to convince them on new generation agri-bio inputs, can be converted in-situ to highly about the improvement in scientific management of farm useful Bio-compost. The challenge productivity, lowering of input wastes and integrated farming.earlier was doing this in a short time c o s t s a n d e c o l o g i c a l

of 20 to 30 days. This too is possible imporvement. Therefore, it is

4


The 5th Round Table Meeting of the technology awareness through Jambuva River that meets the Vaho Vishwamitri Abhiyan was various participatory programs were Vishwamitri at Khalipur. The River organized by the Community also presented. Basin inhabits in all 102 villages and Science Centre on January 5, 2018 the Vadodara city. The River’s The Mr Bhatt, Irrigation Department, at the Centre’s premises. The geological data and its state of the GoG informed that the proposal on Meeting’s agenda was focused on environment that we are facing today construction of the Dams on the River water re-charging systems and were presented. It comprises of 1185 basin at Paldi village that was recommend a holistic water sq km, an elevation range of 829-13 sanctioned in FY 2013-14, will have management system for the 102 m-13m AMSL, a slope of > 10 degree re-submitted for financial approval to villages located on both sides of the at the source area nad< 10 degree at rates be re-tendered as the rates banks. the middle and lower. A geographical obtained are 5 years old and the

scenario of the River as of today The Meet saw the participation parties as no parties will agree to helped gauged the soil’s course loam about 25 professionals that works on the same rates. He assured conditions of fineand sand which is included Sr Engineers from the that the finiacial proposal will be very important part of his study as the Irrigation Dept GoG, Dr KC Tiwari processed in about 8-15 days Bio-shield Plan need to take into C o n s u l t i n g G e o l o g i s t , duration an dthis year they will try their consideration. The estimated soil representative from Ramkrishna best to complete the project work. erosion is of 240 ton per ha annually Mission, Sarpanch, Paldiv Village Dr Tiwari presented the potential of and the upper basin severe erosion. and other interested professionals. water management system along the

(Refer Annex for details ) The land usage comprised of over entire course of the River. He opined 931 sq km for used agriculture, The Meet opened with screening of that data collection is crucial followed by built area about 121, 3.33 the Ganga Haryitma Program’s film c o m p o n e n t o f a n y w a t e r for forest, 0vsr 51 sq km is waste land, followed by the message from the management program one strategy 36.68 sq km occupied by water Chair, Dr M H Mehta – the architect cannot work in every village. Site bodies and rest over 40 sq km. of the VVA. The VVA program specific technology and tools will be

currently in its 8th year has seen required for success of a program as Statistical data obtained through positive developments. The CSC is geological situation differ from place remote sensing data and conducting the Knowledge Partner of the to place. actual study in each of the villages is Gagnga Haritma Program of the UP very crucial to develop and design a Dr K C Tiwari, former Professor of state Government. The Centre de-centralized people-centered land Geology, M S University of Baroda presented a brief on the biodiversity andwater management system which presented in detail the problems and revival for the entire length of the should be coupled with coupled with prospects of Watershed development River. A strategic plan of the Bio- modern technological tools. of Vishwamitri River. Initiating his talk shield cover with zone and area with the importance of water and the The deliberations concluded that specific native plantations with situation that global vs India faced there is possibility to make the river appropriate site-specific water shed was authenticated with statistical clean and perennial with rich systems will increase the green information. A detailed presentation Biodiversity at Paldi, all along the cover and eventually the revive was na r ra ted on the R ive r edges of small check dam where ecosystem with flora and fauna. The Vishwamitri, which is a is a westerly water will be stored, plantation work scientifically designed Bio-shield flowing ephemeral drainage system for the three years would be taken up. supporting native biodiversity cover having its source in the hills of A study to be conducted on a holistic has been divided to area and zones. Pavagadh, passing through the basis or for a cluster of villages could The micro-habitat plan included Vadododara city, it meets the be proposed to implement a result-t r ees c l ose t o t he wa te r, Dhadhar River further downstream at oriented water management system banks/s lopes and near the Pingalwada and ultimately debouch along with a Bio-shield cover and a agricultural fields. The Centre’s its load in the Gulf of Khambhat. It has robust water recharging system.initiatives at generating seed ball a solitary tributary stream the


5

5th National Round Table Meeting - Vaho Vishwamitri Abhiyan (... Daksha Vaja )

6

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fp¡S> fp¡S>“u âh©rÑAp¡dp„ cg¡ kp^“p¡ R>¡. S>¡d A¡L$ ip„s smphdp„ ‘Õ’f S> L$l¡hpe ! S|>“p¡ N°uL$ eyN S>¡dp„’u Ap‘Z¡ rhop““p¡ D‘ep¡N L$ep® L$fsp a¢L$sp sf„Np¡ ’pe s¡d S> Ap A“ychp¡ rhop““p¡ Dv¹$ch Ap^yr“L$ A’®dp„ ’ep¡, lp¡BA¡ L¡$ ‘R>u rhð rhi¡“p op““u s’p Ahgp¡L$“p¡ Ap‘Zp d“dp„ sf„Np¡. s ¡dp „ b °ûp „X $“u d |mc|s k„fQ“p rnrsÅ¡“¡ ‘Z cg¡ rhop“ ApNm õ‘„v$“p¡ s’p rhQpf DÐ‘Þ“ L$ep® S> L$f¡ kdS>hp“p âepk“¡ S> rhop“ L$l¡hpsy„:.h^pfsy„ Åe, ‘f„sy A¡ “p¢^hp S>¡hy„ R>¡ L¡$ R>¡. s¡dp„ hmu Ap“„v$, rhipmsp, Apòe®,

dTp“u hps sp¡ A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Aphp¡ ApV$gy„ “ÆL$ lp¡hp R>sp„e s¡ l„d¡ip ÅZ¡ ce S>¡hu gpNZuAp¡ ‘Z Dd¡fpsu Åe TX$‘u rhL$pk dp¡V$p cpN¡ sp¡ R>¡ëgu ’p¡X$u OÏ„ v|$f S>Zpe R>¡ ! h¥opr“L$ ip¡^“u R>¡. D“pmp“u fps“y„ Myëgy„ ApL$pi Ap“„v$ kv$uAp¡dp„ A“¡ s¡dp„e rhi¡j sp¡ ldZp„ S> hps Aph¡ Ðepf¡ A¡L$v$d S> AQ„bp¡, A“¡ rhipmsp“u gpNZu S>Þdph¡ sp¡ hus¡g hukdu kv$udp„ ’ep¡ R>¡. kp‘¡nhpv$ A’hp cpf¡ Apòe® L¡$ ‘R>u X$f“u ^fsuL„$‘’u ^Z^Zu EW$su ‘©Õhu s’p L$hp¡ÞV$d rkÙp„s s¡ Ap “hp rhop““p gpNZu ‘Z ‘¡v$p ’B Åe R>¡. L¡$ Af¡, Ap‘Z“¡ ce’u S>X$ L$fu v$¡ R>¡.‘pepAp¡ R>¡. S>¡Z¡ Ars rhipm Ars k|ÿd vy$r“ep L$ep„ S>B flu R>¡ A“¡ Ap b^y„

‘f„sy R>¡hV¡$ sp¡ Apdp„’u S>Þd¡ R>¡. b°ûp„X$“p„ õsfp¡ Mp¡gu Apàep„ R>¡. Ap’u S> Ap‘Z“¡ L$ep„ gB S>i¡ ? h¥opr“L$ rS>opkp. L¡$d, L¡$hu fus¡ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap Ly$v$fs, Ap‘Z¡ âp¡V$p¡“, ÞeyV²$p¡““p ‘fdpÏ rhðdp„ rhL$pk A¡L$ A¡hp rdÓ S>¡hp¡ cpÁe¡ S> s¡“u OV$“pAp¡ ? bk, Ap S>¡“¡ kdS>hy„ s’p N°lp¡, D‘N°lp¡, spfpAp¡ s’p spfp gpN¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡“¡ dmu“¡ Ap‘Z“¡ Ap“„v$ R>¡, S>¡“¡ A¡ rkhpe Q¡“ ‘X$sy„ “’u A¡ S> rhðp¡“u vy$r“epdp„ ApS>¡ rhlpf L$fsp ’B ’pe ! dp¡V¡$cpN¡ sp¡ L$p¡B AÅZu, rhop“u. F>syAp¡ L¡$d bv$gpe R>¡ ? Nep R>uA¡.i„L$põ‘v$ ìeqL$s“¡ dþep“u S> gpNZu N°lZp¡ cfsu-Ap¡V$ L¡$d ’pe R>¡ ? b°ûp„X$ ’pe R>¡. Å¡ D‘dp Ap‘hu lp¡e sp¡ A¡d Apdp„’u S> M¡suhpX$u, Æhip”, L¡$V$gy„ rhipm li¡ ? Ap A“¡ Aphp A‘pe L¡$ A¡L$ S> Ofdp„ fp¡S>¡fp¡S> A¡L$ A¡hu Apfp¡Áe S>¡hp„ n¡Óp¡dp„ ¾$p„rsL$pfu a¡fapfp¡ A“¡L$rh^ âñp¡“u ip¡^dp„’u S>Þd¡ R>¡ ìeqL$s kp’¡ fl¡hp“y„ R>¡ S>¡“¡ L$v$ue S>Þçep R>¡. kdpS>“p¡ A¡L$ hN® lSy> ApS>¡ Ly$v$fs“p ‘pep“p r“edp¡ rhj¡“y„ L„$BL$ Ap‘Z¡ kpfu fus¡ Ap¡mMsp-ÅZsp ‘Z N°lp¡“p ce “uQ¡ Æh¡ R>¡. ‘f„sy buÆ op“. s¡dp„ hmu NrZs s’p rhrh^ “’u ! bpSy>A¡ A¡ S> L$pmp dp’p“p dp“huA¡ âL$pf“p âep¡Np¡ ‘Z OZu dv$v$ L$f¡ R>¡.

D‘N°lp¡“u fQ“p L$fu“¡ ‘©Õhu“u ApSy>bpSy> Aphu ‘fu[õ’rs“p¡ lg sp¡ S> S>¡d rQÓ, k„Nus L¡$ AÞe s¡d“¡ sfsp d|L$ep R>¡, S>¡dp„’u ApS>“u “uL$m¡ Äepf¡ Ap‘Z¡ ‘l¡gp„ A¡ kdÆA¡

L$gpAp¡ Ap“„v$ Ap‘¡ R>¡ s¡d S> Ap‘Zu Av¹$cys k„Qpf ¾$p„rs S>Þdu R>¡. dlpcpfs L¡$ Mf¡Mf rhop“ iy„ R>¡ A“¡ s¡ L¡$hu fus¡ Apk‘pk“p rhð“u k„fQ“p s¡“p L$pmdp„ sp¡ L¡$hm ^©sfpô²$ S>¡hp dlpfpÅ“¡ L$pd L$f¡ R>¡. sp¡ S> Mfp¡ ¿epg Aphu iL¡$ L¡$ ‘pep“p r“edp¡ kdS>hpdp„ ‘Z A¡L$ S> k„S>e“u v|$fv$i®“ k¡hpAp¡ D‘gå^ s¡ dp“hÅrs“p cprh“¡ A“¡ Ap‘Z“¡A“¡fp¡ Ap“„v$ R>¡. cfsu-Ap¡V$, cyê„$ lsu, ‘f„sy ApS>¡ sp¡ “p“p NpdX$p“p¡


7

kpdpÞe dpZk ‘Z lÅfp¡ dpBg v|$f“u "lh¡ dpê„$ Apeyóe ‘|ê„$ ’hpdp„ R>¡. ' A“¡ L$pfZ õhp’} ̂ r“L$p¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡d rhð õsf¡ q¾$L¡$V$ d¡Q L¡$ v$¡i-rhv$¡i“p„ “¡spAp¡“u s¡“p¡ D‘ep¡N b„^ L$fu iL$pi¡. ‘Z ^r“L$ v$¡ip¡ rhop““u rkqÙAp¡“¡ d ygpL$ps L ¡ $ ‘R>u ^° yh âv$ ¡idp „ ‘p¡sp“p L$bÅ “uQ¡ fpMu, kdN°

S>¡d S>¡d dp“h“y„ e„Óp¡ ‘f“y„ rhop“uAp“¡ p „ bfaugp „ kplk s’p ip¡̂ “ ¡ dp“hÅrs“p cgp dpV¡$ s¡“¡ hp‘fhp“¡ Aphy„ Ahg„b“ h^sy„ S>i¡ s¡d h^pf¡ “S>fp-¡ “S>f "gpBh' ÅB¡ iL$¡ R> ¡ ! bv$g¡ ‘p¡sp“p¡ S> õhp’® A“¡ kÑp h^pfhp EÅ®“u S>ê$f ‘X$su S>i¡. i[¼s“p¡ s¡“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$f¡ R>¡. hukdu kv$u“p

“hu kv $ ud p „ A“ ¡ L $ rh^ A¡L$dpÓ iyÙ, âv|$jZ hNf“p¡ ”p¡s s¡ h¥opr“L$ rhL$pkdp„’u Ecp¡ ’e¡gp¡ Aphp¡ h¥opr“L$ ¾$p„rsAp¡“u A‘¡np R>¡. hukdu k|e® i[¼s R>¡. A„sfundp„ dlpL$pe ApS>“p¡ dp¡V$pdp„ dp¡V$p¡ Msfp¡ s¡ ‘ep®hfZ“p¡ kv$u“u iê$Apsdp„ Ap‘Z¡ cpÁe¡ S> A„sNp£m AfukpAp¡ sfsp d|L$u dp¡V$p “pi R>¡. dp“h r“rd®s kp^“p¡ Üpfp L$ë‘“p L$fu lsuL¡$ d“yóe QÞÖ ‘f S>B“¡ âdpZdp„ k|e®i[¼s“¡ ‘©Õhu ‘f dp¡L$gu DÐ‘Þ“ ’sy„ L$gp¡fp¡agp¡fp¡ L$pb®“ Ap¡Tp¡“ Ecp¡ fl¡i¡, D‘N°lp¡ b“phi¡ L¡$ ap¡“, iL$pi¡. õsf“p¡ hpsphfZdp„ “pi L$fu ApMu V¡$rgrhT“, L$çàeyV$f S>¡hp„ k„Qpf kp^“p¡ ‘©Õhu“p Æh“ ‘f ce R>phfu füy„ R>¡. AgbÑ Ap “hu kv$udp„ Æh Aphp kh®ìep‘u b“u S>i¡. ‘f„sy “hu ‘f„sy Ad¡qfL$p S>¡hy„ ̂ r“L$, õhp’} fpô²$, S>¡ rhop“ Av¹$cys âNrsAp¡ kpî¡ s¡dp„ kv$u rhi¡ rhQpf L$fhp¡ A¡ kpfu hps R>¡. Ap dpV¡$ kp¥’u h^y S>hpbv$pf R>¡ s¡ i„L$p “’u. hus¡gu kv$u cp¥rsL$ rhop““u S>¡’u kdpS> A¡ qv$ipdp„ rhQpfsp¡ ’pe ApÐdr“e„ÓZ L$fhp s¥epf “’u. Aphu S> lsu sp¡ “hu kv$u L$v$pQ Æh rhop““u s¥epf ’pe. fus¡ rhL$rks v$¡ip¡ Üpfp h^sp S>sp li¡. dp“h Æ“p¡d ep¡S>“p lh¡ ‘|fu ’hp

‘fdpÏ i”p¡“p MX$L$gp Star-Wars hpl“ ìehlpfdp„ kp^“p¡dp„ Aphu R>¡. s¡“p Ap^pf¡ dp“hifuf“p S>¡hp cep“L$ rdkpBg L$pe®¾$dp¡ Ap b^y„ Qy„bL$ue V²¡$“p¡ L$gpL$“p 500 qL$gp¡duV$f b^pe¡ Apif¡ A¡L$ gpM Æ““p¡ “L$ip¡ nZ¡ kdN° dp“hÅrs“¡ rh“pi“u S>¡hu Nqs d¡mhu g¡i¡. s¡dp„ NpX$u“p„ ‘¦X$p b“u S>i¡. S>¡d e„Óp¡ s’p kp^“p¡ kp’¡ ApNdp„ ̂ L¡$gu v$¡i¡, s¡ L$l¡hpe “rl.S>du“ ‘f v$p¡X$hp“¡ bv$g¡ Qy„bL$ue n¡Ó s¡“p "d¡ÞeyAg' (Qp¡‘X$u) Aph¡ R>¡, S>¡“p

Üpfp NpX$u KQu ’B“¡ lhpdp„ S> v$p¡X$i¡. Üpfp e„Ó bNX$hp“y L$pfZ S>Zpe R>¡ s¡d Æhrhop““u âNrs“u Ap‘Z¡ Aphu V²¡$“dp„ dy„bB’u qv$ëlu 3 L$gpL$dp„ Aphp Æ“-“L$ip Üpfp A„v$f“p fp¡Np¡“p¡ hps L$fu, ‘f„sy Æ“-V¡$L$“p¡gp¡Æ“p¡ Msfp¡ ‘lp¢Qu S>hpe. Ap Nrs h^pfu“¡ 2000 BgpS> L$fhpdp„ dv$v$ dmi¡. crhóedp„ sp¡ ‘fdpÏi”p¡’u ‘Z h^y cep“L R>¡ ! qL$gp¡duV$f kyû ‘Z ‘lp¢Qu S>B iL¡$, B[õ‘spgdp„ S>B, V¡$õV$ L$fphu sdpfp S>¡hu fus¡ "¼gp¡“]N' A¡V$g¡ Æh““u A“¡ sp¡ g„X$“’u Þe|ep£L$“p¡ ‘Z ÓZQpf ifuf“u "fQ“p-‘y[õsL$p'' dmu S>i¡. ârsL©$rs Üpfp "X$p¡gu' “pd“y„ O¡Vy$„ b“pìey„ L$gpL$“p¡ fõsp¡ ’B S>¡d“¡ rhdp“dp„ s¡d s¡“p EgV$p D‘ep¡N Üpfp rlV$gf S>¡hp¡ v$f¡L$ n¡Ó¡ rhop““u Nrs A¡hu b¡khp“p¡ X$f gpNsp¡ lp¡e s¡d“¡ ‘R>u sp“pipl kph kfmsp’u ApMu sp¡ hû flu R>¡ L¡$ Aphu sp¡ A“¡L$, kpfp¡ rhL$ë‘ dmu fl¡i¡. ÅrsAp¡“p¡ ‘Z rh“pi L$fu iL¡$. Æh““p„ L$ë‘“pdp„ ‘Z “ Aph¡ s¡hu rhL$pk

d|mc|s sÒhp¡ kp’¡“u R>¡X$R>pX$ A¡ sp¡ AgbÑ, “hu kv$udp„ dy„bBdp„ hpsp®Ap¡ dp„X$u iL$pe. ‘f„sy Ap kp’¡S> cp¥rsL$- fkpeZ rhop“’ue Sy>v$u S> D‘“Nfue f¡gh¡k¡hp“y„ crhóe cpMhy„ L„$BL$ kph^p“u“p¡ k|f ‘Z S>ê$fu R>¡. hps R>¡ A“¡ s¡“p v|$fNpdu ‘qfZpdp¡ iy„ li¡ s¡ dpfp S>¡hp rhop“u - Å¡ju dpV¡$ ‘Z rhop“ sp¡ A¡L$ dlpi[¼sipmu i” R>¡. s¡“u ApS>¡ L$p¡B Mbf “’u. kdpS>“¡ lh¡ dyíL¡$g R>¡ ! ‘f„sy Ap khpg rhop“ L$fsp Ap‘Zu L$l¡hs R>¡ L¡$ kp¡““u R>fu cg¡ rhop“’u rhdyM fl¡hy„ ‘p¡kpi¡ “lu A“¡ hluhV$“p¡ h^pf¡ R>¡ A¡ Ap‘Z¡ kly lp¡e ‘Z s¡“¡ ‘¡V$dp„ “ dfpe ! Apd, Aphp Aops cep¡ sfa¡ S>“ÅN©rs ÅZuA¡ R>uA¡. Aphu rhL$ksu i[¼sAp¡“u kp’¡ S> rkhpe AÞe L$p¡B fõsp¡ fl¡i¡ “l].Ap‘Z¡ A¡ ‘Z ksL®$ flu“¡ Å¡hy„ ‘X$i¡ L¡$

Ap‘Zp ifuf“¡ Op hpN¡, Ap‘Ï„ k„syg“ bNX¡$ “lu, “hp en, hmu, R>¡hV¡$ sp¡ Arsie kyM-lpX$L$p„ cp„N¡ Ðepf¡ Ap‘Ï„ s„Ó ‘p¡s¡ S> âñp¡ Ecp “ ’pe. Ap dpV¡$ rhop“uAp¡A¡ kNhX$hpmy„ Æh“ d¡mhu“¡ Ap‘Z¡ L$fuiy„ ‘y“r“®dpZ L$fu“¡ Aõ’u kp„û v$¡ R>¡ sp¡ Mê„$ S> ‘Z kdN° kdpS>¡ fk gB“¡ Ap ? k„õL©$sdp„ ïgp¡L$ R>¡ :A’hp Oph W$uL$ L$fu v$¡ R>¡. ep„rÓL$ bû hps kdS>hu ‘X$i¡. Mpk L$fu“¡ kp^“p¡dp„ ‘Z Aphu âq¾$ep“u “L$g“p H$mì¶-emó {dZmoXoZ, H$mbmo JÀN>{V suh° Nrs’u Aphsp„ Aphp„ ‘qfhs®“p¡ âepk Qpgu füp„ R>¡. A“¡ Aphp„ Yr‘Vm‘² & ìggZoZ Vw ‘yIm©Um§ {ZÐm¶m kdpS>“u Ap„sqfL$ ìehõ’p“¡ rhn¡r‘s "byqÙipmu' kp^“p¡ A[õsÐhdp„ Aph¡ H$hbZo dm && L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. sp¡ “hpB “lu ‘yg syV¡$ A“¡ AL$õdps ’pe s¡ ‘l¡gp„ ‘yg S> k„v$¡ip¡ Ap‘u v$¡i¡, S>¡d kdpS>dp„ OZp„ v|$jZp¡“y„


(A“yk„^p“ ‘p“ “„.10 ‘f)

8

ågy A¡gBX$u-âL$pi“y„ “hy qL$fZ (... X$pµ. Æs¡ÞÖ MX£$)

hj® 2014“p¡ cp¥rsL$ip”“p¡ åëey A¡gBX$u“p„ AprhóL$pfp¡“¡ ‘yfõL©$s ê$‘p„sfus L$f¡ R>¡. EÅ®“y„ âL$pidp„ “p¡b¡g ‘yfõL$pf A¡hp ÓZ h¥opr“L$p¡“¡ L$fhp“p„ r“Z®e’u “p¡b¡g ‘yõL$pfp¡“p„ ê$‘p„sfZ L$fhp“u Ap âeyqL$s (A¡g B Ap‘hpdp „ Apìep ¡ R> ¡ , S> ¡d“p „ S>“L$ kf Apëä¡X$ “p¡b¡g“p„ ApÐdp“¡ X$u) Myb S> L$pe®v$n kprbs ’B R>¡. k„ip¡^“’u rhð“p¡ v$f¡L$ “pNqfL$ r“ròs ê$‘¡ Myb S> ip„rs dmi¡. Ap s¡“p’u ïh¡s âL$pi âpá ’pe R>¡, âvy$jZ gpcprÞhs ’i¡ s¡dp„ L$p¡B b¡ ds “’u. AprhóL$pf kpdpÞe’u Ars kpdpÞe “rlhs R>¡, EÅ®“u dlÑd bQs ’pe Ap ÓZ ho¥ pr“L$p ¡ R>-¡ Å‘p““p „ Bkpdy dp“hu“¡ h¥opr“L$ ip¡^p¡’u gpcrhÞs R>¡. S>epf¡ AÞe ‘f„‘fpNs AÞe rhÛys ApL$pkpL$u, rlfp¡iu Adp“p¡ s’p L$fhp“u s¡d“u d|m cph“p“¡ ‘qf‘|Z® âL$pi D‘L$fZp¡dp„ EÅ®“p¡ dp¡V$p¡ cpN Ad¡qfL$p“p i|Æ “pL$pdyfp, Ap ÓZ¡e L$f¡ R>¡. (gNcN 60 V$L$p) Dódp DÐ‘Þ“ L$f¡ R>¡. h¥opr“L$p¡“p„ A’pN ‘qfîd A“¡ aL$s 40 V$L$p cpN S>âL$pi Ap‘¡ R>¡.

gpg, gugp¡ L¡$ ‘ump¡ âL$pi AprhóL$pf’u rhð“¡ âL$pris L$fhp“y„ sp‘v$uàs A“¡ l¡gp¡S>“ âL$pf“p båbdp„

DÐkÆ®s L$fsu gpBV$ A¡rdV$$]N X$pep¡X$ kp¥’u kõsy A“¡ ‘ep®hfZ rd Ó A¡hy„ V„$NõV$“ ̂ psy“u qagpd¢V$ Nfd ’sp âL$pi

A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A¡gBX$u sp¡ gNcN A^} kv$u kp^“ åëey A¡gBX$u (gpBV$ A¡rdqV„$N d m ¡ R > ¡ . S > e p f ¡ â q v $ r á i u g

‘l¡gp’u S> hl¡hpfdp„ âQrgs R>¡. X$pep¡X$) õhê$‘¡ âpá ’ey„ R>¡. (Incandescent) V$éyb gpBV$ A“¡

dp¡V$pcpN“p Bg¡L$V²$p¡r“L$ D‘L$fZp¡, kuA¡aA¡g âL$pf“u gpBV$dp„ dL$ey®fu

hj® 2014“u “p¡b¡g ‘yfõL$pf rX$kàg¡ bp¡X®$“p B[ÞX$L¡$V$f sfuL¡$ s¡“p¡ N¡k h‘fpe R>¡ S>¡ T¡fugu N¡k DÐkÆ®s

krdrs“¡ åëey A¡gBX$u“u ip¡^dp„ A¡hy„$ D‘ep¡N ’sp¡ Apìep¡ R>¡. ‘f„sy L$f¡ R>¡ A“¡ s¡Ap¡ rb“D‘ep¡Nu ’sp

sp¡ iy„ flõe S>Zpìey L¡$ s¡dZ¡ Ap âL$priqL$e V¡$L$p¡“gp¡Æ n¡Ó¡ dlÐh‘|Z® ‘ep®hfZ dpV¡$ Msfpê$‘ kprbs ’B R>¡.

ip¡^“¡ âL$pi n¡Ó¡ Ap kv$u“u ¾$p„rsL$pfu ¾$p„rs õ’pr‘s L$fhp dpV¡$ åëey âL$pi s¡dp„ ‘Z âL$pi“u kp’¡ kp’¡ Dódp ‘Z

ip¡^ sfuL¡$ hZ®hu. s¡“u ‘pR>m“y„ DÐkÆ®s L$fu iL¡$ s¡“p A¡gBX$u“u DÐkÆ®s ’pe R>¡.

L$pfZ Ap V¡$L$“p¡gp¡Æ Myb S> TX$‘’u AphíeL$sp lsu. gpg gugp¡ A“¡ “ugp¡ âL$pi dpV¡$“p Sy>“p kp^“p¡ S>¡hp L¡$ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ åëey âL$pi“p rÓh¡Zu ApS>¡ hs®dp“ kde“u âdyM qagpd¡ÞV$ gåg, a¡gp¡f¡k¢V$ V$éyb- k„rdîZ’u S> rhð“¡ Agp¥qL$L$ L$f¡ s¡hp¡ kdõep A¡ R>¡ L¡$ DÅ®“u dlÑd bQs L¡$hu gpBV$ A“¡ hs®dp“dp„ âQrgs ð¡s âL$pi DÐkÆ® s ’pe R>¡. R>¡ëgp fus¡ L$fu iL$pe ? dpV¡$ hps õ‘ô$ R>¡ L¡$ kuA¡aA¡g g¡ç‘“¡ rhð“u ×rô$’u L¡$V$gpe kde’u A“¡L$ ârsr›$s A¡g BX$u V¡$L$“p¡gp¡Æ“¡ âp¡Ðkpl“ Ap‘u“¡ A×íe L$fu “pMi¡. åëey âL$pi h¥opr“L$p¡, âep¡NipmpAp¡, Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ khp®r^L$ L$pe®v$n âL$pi d¡mhuA¡. lpg“u DÐkS>®“ X$pep¡X$ (Blue LED) ð¡s N©lp¡ Üpfp A’pL$ âep¡Np¡ L$fhpdp„ ‘qf[õ’rs Å¡sp sp‘v$uàs bëb’u 16 âL$pi DÐ‘Þ“ L$fhp“y kp¥’u kõsy, Apìep R>sp„e åëey âL$pi DÐkÆ®s L$f¡ ëeyd¡Þk ârs hp¡V$ âL$pi DÐ‘Þ“ ’pe R>¡. h^y L$pe®nd A“¡ v$uO® Æh“L$pm s ¡hu â eyqL$s’u ip¡^ A¡L$ õhà“ kdp“ âv$uràsiug g¢‘ Üpfp 70 ëeyd¡Þk ârs (Long life Span) ^fphsy„ kp^“ R>¡. gpNsy lsy„. hp¡V$ s’p “hu“sd A¡gBX$u Üpfp 300 S>¡ rhð“p„ 1.5 AbS> gp¡L$p¡“p„ A„^L$pf ëeyd¡Þk ârs hp¡V$ âL$pi r“dp®Z ’pe R>¡.

âL$pi DÐkS>®“ X$pep¡X$ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ dyL$s Æh“dp„ AS>hpmy„ ‘p’fu s¡d“y„ rhðdp„ DÐ‘Þ“ ’su L|$g EÅ®“p¡ 25 V$L$p

A¡gBX$u d|ms: b¡ A^®hplL$ (Semi-Æh“ ^p¡fZ ‘Z JQy„ gphi¡. lpgdp„ cpN âL$pi d¡mhhp dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡

Conductor) ‘v$p’p£“p„ ‘X$dp„ L¡$V$guL$ S>¡ A„sqfepm L¡$ vy$N®d rhõspfp¡dp„ R>¡. Å¡ h¥rðL$ õsf¡ g¡X$ (A¡gBX$u)

S>ê$fu AiyqÙAp¡ (Dopping) Dd¡fu$“¡ ‘f„‘fpNs huS>mu ‘lp¢Qu iL$u “’u g¡ç‘“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fhp dpV¡$ ep¡Áe âkpf

b“phhpdp„ Aphsy„ A¡L$ S>„L$i“ R>¡. s¡“¡ s¡hp õ’mp¡“¡ ‘Z kp¡gf A¡“Æ®’u Ap A“¡ âQpf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ r“ròs

Bg¡L$V²$p¡r“L$ DÛp¡Np¡dp„ S>„L$i“ X$pep¡X$ åëey A¡gBX$u Myb S> “Æhp rhÛys D‘fp¡L$s MQ® Ap¡R>p¡ ’i¡ A“¡ s¡ rhÛys

‘Z L$l¡ R>¡. S>¡ rhÛys EÅ®“¡ rk^¡ rk^p ‘phf (Voltage)’u âL$pi ‘p’fi¡. k„kp^“p¡“p¡ D‘ep¡N AÞeÓ L$fu BÃR>us

âL$pi L$Zp¡dp„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ap¡V$p¡Þkdp„


rhL$pk v$f Ahíe lp„kg L$fu iL$pe. -ve huS>âhpl Ap‘hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. cp¥rsL$ip” rhj¡ Mpk op“ lsy„ s¡’u S>ê$f R>¡ A¡gBX$u g¡ç‘“u D‘ep¡rNsp“¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ ap¡V$p¡Þk õhê$‘¡ âL$pi“y„ s¡d“p„ k„ip¡^“ L$pe®“¡ ìehlpfdp„ [õhL$pfhp“u A“¡ s¡“u DÐ‘pv$L$sp“¡ DÐkS>®“ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap DÐkÆ®s ’sp D‘ep¡Ndp„ Aphsp buÅ b¡ v$iL$ S>¡V$gp¡ âp¡Ðkprls L$fhp“u. âL$pi“u sf„N-g„bpB (Wave- kde gpNu Nep¡. Ðepfbpv$ k“

Length) s¡dp„ L$ep„ âL$pf“p A^®hplL$ 1951dp„ L$V®$ g¡lp¡L¡$L$, A¡X$hX®$ A¡L$p¡X®$ A¡gBX$u g¢‘“p¡ Æh“L$pm (Life-

‘v$p’p£“¡ D‘ep¡N L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. A“¡ S>¡dL$p¡rQe“¡¡ âL$pi DÐkS>®““u Ap Span) ‘Z AÞe âL$pi ey[¼sAp¡

s¡“p ‘f r“c®f lp¡e R>¡. Ap¡R>u sf„N âq¾$ep“¡ rhNshpf kdÅhu A“¡ kp¥ L$fsp OZp¡ h^pf¡ lp¡e R>¡. qagpd¢V$

g„bpB åëey âL$pi DÐ‘Þ“ L$f¡ R>¡. s¡ â ’ d h p f s ¡ “ ¡ A ¡ L $ D ‘ L $ f Z bëb“p¡ Æh“L$pm 1000 L$gpL$ /

L¡$V$gpL$ rhriô$ âL$pf“p krdî (Component) sfuL¡$ ìehlpfdp„ L$pe®L$pm S>¡V$gp¡ dp“hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

(Composites) ‘v$p’p£ S> DÐ‘Þ“ L$fu õ’pr‘s L$fu k“ 1953dp s¡“y„ L$pfZ kss Nfudu’u s¡“u qagpd¡ÞV$“¡

iL¡$ R>¡. b^p„ “l] dpV¡$ gNcN huk hj® ìephkpreL$ DÐ‘pv$“ iê$ ’ey„ iê$Apsdp„ r“f„sf nrs ‘lp¢Qsu lp¡e R>¡.

kyû Sy>v$p Sy>v$p krdî ‘v$p’p£ ‘f gpg, gugp¡ A“¡ ‘ump¡ âL$pi DÐkÆ®s a¡gp¡f¡k¡ÞV$ V$eyb gpCV$“p¡ Æh“L$pm

k„ip¡^“ A“¡ fpkperZL$ âq¾$epAp¡ L$fsu A¡gBX$u“y„ âQg“ lsy„. s¡“p¡ 50,000 L$gpL$ L$pe® Ap„L$hpdp„ Apìep¡

L$ep® ‘R>u D‘fp¡L$s ÓZ¡e h¥opr“L$p¡ D‘ep¡N qX$ÆV$g L$gp¡L$, L¡$ëey¼eyg¡V$k®, R>¡. S>epf¡ A¡gBX$u gç¡ ‘“p ¡ Æh“L$pm

A“¡ s¡d“p„ klep¡Nu rhop“uAp¡A¡ k“ Bg¡L$V²$p¡r“L$ D‘L$fZp¡dp„ dpÓ HqX$L¡$V$f 10,000- 1,00,000 L$gpL$/L$pe®

1994dp åëey âL$pi DÐkÆ®s L$fsu sfuL¡$ ’sp¡ lsp¡. Ðepf bpv$ 1957dp„ rkÙ ’ep¡ R>¡, s¡“p’u ‘v$p’p£“u M‘s

A¡gBX$u r“dp®Z L$fhpdp„ kamsp A¡gBX$u“p¡ D‘ep¡N hpefg¡k f¡qX$ep¡dp„ Ap¡R>u ’pe R>¡. A¡gBX$u 1.5V hp¡ëV$“u

d¡mhu lsu. Ap dlÐh‘|Z® dp“hL$pe® Ap¡[àV$L$g V²$pÞkduV$f sfuL¡$ ’hp gpÁep¡. “Æhu DÅ®’u Qpg¡ R>¡. lpBhp¡ëV¡$S>

dpV¡$ s¡d“¡ 2014“p¡ cp¥rsL$ ip”“p¡ k“ 1961dp„ V¡$L$kpk BÞõV²yd¡ÞV$k, (230V)“u S>ê$fueps “’u. s¡“p

“p¡b¡g ‘yfõL$pf âpá ’hp¡ ep¡Áe S> Ad¡qfL$pA¡ BÞäpf¡X$ âL$pi DÐkÆ®s D‘ep¡N’u rhÛys L$Qfp (Derbies)“u

dp“hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A¡gBX$u ApL$pfdp„ L$fsu A¡gBX$u b“phu S>¡“p¡ ip¡V®$ qX$õV$Þk kdõepdp„ ‘Z OV$pX$p¡ Aphi¡. S>¡

2Myb S> “p“u (1mm ) lp¡e R>¡, S>¡ 1.5V k„QpV$ V²$pÞkrdV$f sfuL¡ D‘ep¡N ’hp ApS>“u rhL$fpm kdõep b“u NB R>¡.

S>¡V$gu “Æhu DÅ®’u L$pe® L$f¡ R>¡. s¡“¡ gpÁep¡ lsp¡, gpg L¡$ gugp¡ âL$pi A ¡gBX $ u V ¡ $ L $“p ¡gp ¡Æ ‘Z rhrcÞ“ ApL$pf Ap‘u Sy>v$u-Sy>v$u DÐkÆ®s L$fsu A¡gBX$u“p¡ D‘ep¡N aL$s

AÐep^ry “L$ L$hpÞV$ddp „ cpr¥ sL$u$ rkÙps„ f¡qX$e¡V$uh ‘¡V$“® ‘Z b“phu iL$pe R>¡. rhÛys D‘L$fZp¡“u [õ’rs (ON or OFF)

‘f Ap^pqfs Dcfsu (Emergent) b“phhp dpV¡$ ’sp¡ lsp¡. ð¡s âL$pi A¡gBX$u“p¡ Brslpk :

V¡$$L$“p¡gp¡Æ R>¡. s¡ dyms: rhriô$ DÐkS>®“ dpV¡$“u âey[¼s“p¡ Acph s¡ Dódpfrls âL$pi DÐkS> ®“ A^®hplL$ (Semi-Conductors) hMs¡ hsp®sp¡ lsp¡. fkpeZ ip”“u

(Electro lumine scent Light) ‘pv$p’p£dp„ S>ê$fu AiyqÙAp¡ d¡mhu“¡ A“¡L$ âep¡N ipmpAp¡dp„ Ap k„v$c®dp„ L$fhp“u âey[¼s“u ip¡^ k“ 1907dp„ b“phhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡dp„ "‘u' V$pB‘ rhrh^ ‘v$p’p£ ‘f âep¡Np¡ L$fhpdp„ Apìep rb°qV$i âep¡L$sp (Experimenter) A^®hplL$ S>¡“¡ A¡“p¡X$ L$l¡ R>¡. A“¡ buSy> lsp. ‘f„sy kamsp v|$f-v|$f kyû L$ep„e l¡Þfu S>¡ fpJX¡$ L$fu lp¡hp“p¡ h¥opr“L$ "A¡“' V$pB‘ A^®hplL$ S>¡“¡ L¡$’p¡X$ v$¡Mpsu “ lsu.v$õsph¡S> kp¡rhA¡V$ friep, S>d®“u A“¡ sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpe R>¡. Ap b„“¡ ‘¡X$p¡“u

rb°V$ui kpeqV„$qaL$ S>“®gdp„ D‘gå^ L$l¡hpe R>¡ “¡ L¡$ dp“hÅrsdp„ hÃQ¡ A¡L$ kq¾$e ‘X$ (Energy Gap)

R>¡. s¡dZ¡ dpL$p£“u g¡bp¡f¡V$uT Mps¡ L$p¡B‘Z âL$pf“p¡ ‘X$L$pf [õhL$pfhp“u lp¡e R>¡. Apd "‘u' A“¡ "A¡“' V$pB‘

rkrgL$p¡“ õaqV$L$ (Crystals) Üpfp âpL©$rsL$ Mprkes fl¡gu R>¡. ð¡s âL$pi A^®hplL$p¡“p S>„L$i“’u A¡gBX$u

X$pep¡X$ qX$V¡$L$V$f“u fQ“p L$fu lsu. DÐkS>®L$ S>L„$i“ X$pep¡X$ rhL$rks L$fhp“p¡ r“dp®Z ’pe R>¡. Bg¡L$V²$p¡r“L$k cpjpdp„

Ðepfbpv$ frie“ k„ip¡^L$ Ap¡g¡N“u ‘X$L$pf D‘fp¡L$s “p¡b¡g ‘yõL$pf rhS>¡sp s¡“¡ S>„L$i“ X$pep¡X$ sfuL¡$ ‘Z hZ®hpdp„

gp¡k¡“¡ k“ 1927dp„ A^®hplL$ ÓZ¡e h¥opr“L$p¡ kdn dyL$hpdp„ Apìep¡ Aph¡¡ R>¡. S>epf¡ "‘u' V$pB‘ sfa“p

‘v$p’p£“p S>L„$i“’u A¡gBX$u“u fQ“p lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ ‘f„‘fpNs dpN® ÐeÆ“¡ A¡L$ R>¡X$p“¡ +ve A“¡ "A¡“' sfa“p„ R>¡X$p“¡

L$fu lsu. ‘f„sy s¡d“¡ âL$priL$u Sy>v$u S> ‘Ùrs A‘“phu“¡ L$pe®“p¡ âpf„c


9

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L$ep£. rhrh^ âL$pf“p D‘L$fZp¡ ‘fs (Substrate) dp„’u AphíeL$sp âL$pi“p„ dym ”p¡s sfuL¡ $ åëey (Instruments) Ås¡ S> rhL$rks âdpZ¡“p„ q¾$V$gg r“dp®Z L$fhpdp„ A¡gBX$u“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap L$ep®.A^®hplL$ ‘v$p’p£ ‘f rhrh^ fus¡ kamsp âpá ’B R>¡. ApS> kdedp„ g¡kf“p¡ D‘ep¡N dy¿e: Ap¡àV$uL$g k¡Þkf âep¡Np¡ iê$ L$ep. A“¡L$ AkamspAp¡ s¡“u ‘f ”‘” V$pB‘ A®^® QpgL$“y„ fuL¡$ âkpfZ âZpguAp¡dp„ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ dmu ‘f„sy ’pL$ep hu“p r“f„sf ApNm ep¡Áee âdpZdp„ õsf (Layer) R>¡. rkhpe lpgdp„ dp¡V$p cpN“p h^sp Nep. A¡L$ DÃQ L$p¡V$u“u ‘p’fhpdp„ ‘Z s¡Ap¡ kam ’ep. Bg¡L$V²$p¡r“L$ D‘L$fZp¡dp„ åëey g¡kf âep¡Nipmp“p¡ S>¡ Apv$i® lp¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡ ‘p¡sp“p Üpfp r“rd®s ‘v$p’®“y„ õL¡$t“N A¡gBX$u“p¡ D‘ep¡N Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. s¡dp„ s¡ s¡dZ¡ õ’pr‘s L$fu bspìep¡. Bg¡L$V²$p¡“ dpB¾$p¡õL$p¡‘ Üpfp r“qfnZ DÃQ L$p¡qV$“p„ g¡kf râÞV$k® Myb S> dp¡V$p

L$fsp AL$pkpL$u A“¡ Adp“p¡A¡ Å¡ey„ L¡$ âdpZdp„ rhqX$ep¡-Ap¡qX$ep¡ A“¡ dprlsu A^®hplL$ ‘v$p’p£dp„ N¡¡rged

s¡ ‘v$p’® s¡S>õhu âL$pi’u QdL$u füp¡ k„N°l L$fhp dpV¡$“u åëey f¡ qX$õL$, “pBV²$¡V$ (GaN) AL$pkpL$u, Adp“p¡

R>¡. Ap r“funZ’u s¡dZ¡ A“ydp“ V¡$rgrhT“, dp¡bpBg ap¡“, L¡$d¡fp“u A“¡ “pL$p^yfp ÓZ¡e“u A¡L$ Mpk

gNpìep¡ L¡$ ‘u õsf“u ×nsp“¡ gu^¡ ag¡i- gpBV$ BÐepqv$dp„ åëey g¡kf ‘k„v$Nu lsu. Ap A^®hplL$ ‘v$p’p£ ‘f

âL$pi DÐkÆ®s ’pe R>¡. k“ 1992dp„ gpBV$“p¡ D‘ep¡N ’pe R>¡. Ap dlÐh‘|Z® âep¡Np¡ L$fsp L$fsp s¡d“¡ åëey âL$pi

s¡d“¡ åëey âL$pi DÐkÆ®s L$fsp AprhóL$pf dpV¡$ s¡d“¡ ÓZ¡e“¡ hj® DÐkS>®“ L$fsu âeyqL$s“u fQ“p

X$pep¡X$ r“dp®Z L$fhpdp„ kamsp dmu. 2006 “p¡ rdg¡r“ed V¡$L$p¡“gp¡Æ A¡hp¡X®$ L$fhpdp„ kamsp dmu lsu. Ap ‘l¡gp„

A“¡ 2014“p¡ cp¥rsL$ ip”“p¡ “p¡b¡g AÞe rhop“uAp¡A¡ ‘Z N¡rged hj® 1994dp„ iyÆ “pL$pdyfpA¡

‘yfõL$pf ‘Z âpá ’ep¡ lsp¡.“pBV²$pBV$ ‘v$p’® ‘f âep¡Np¡ Apv$ep® ‘p¡sp“u QsyfpB’u Np¡rged “pBV²¡$V$“p„ lsp, ‘f„sy s¡Ap¡ Aka©m füp lsp. DÃQ õsf“p õaqV$L$ r“dp®Z L$fhp“u “p¡b¡gp¡ ‘yfõL© $s h¥opr“L$p ¡“p s¡dp„ dy¿e kdõep Np¡rged “pBV²¡$V$“p„ õhe: ‘p¡sp“u A¡L$ ApNhu ‘Ý^rs AprhóL$pf’u âL$pi âp¥Ûp¡rNL$u n¡Ó¡ DÃQ õsf“p AphíeL$sp“ykpf A“¡ rhL$rks L$fu. s¡dZ¡ N¡qged “pBV²$¡V$“p„ Ac|s‘|h® ¾$p„rs õ’pr‘s ’B R>¡. ð¡s Ars Qp¡L$L$k (Highly Accurate) õaV$uL$dp„’u DÃQ sp‘dp“ Ap‘u A¡L$ âL$pi Ap‘sp A¡gBX$u eyL$s “hp-“hp„ dp‘“p„ õaqV$L$ b“phhp“u A“¡ s¡“p ‘psmy„ ‘X$ b“pìey„ Ðepfbpv$ s¡“p ‘f âL$pi D‘L$fZp¡“y ìephkpreL$ DÐ‘pv$“ ‘f ‘‘u’ V$pB‘“y Qp¡½$k dpÓpdp„ ‘X$ buSy> ‘X$$ ‘p’fhp dpV¡ $ Ap¡R>p iê$ ’B QyL$ey R>¡. M|b S> Ap¡R>u EÅ® -QY$phhp“u âq¾$ep M|b S> S>qV$g lsu. sp‘dp““p¡ D‘ep¡N L$ep£ Apd A¡L$S> iqL$s’u kp¥çe âL$pi Ap‘sp rhrh^ Ap rkhpe ‘Z AÞe OZu bû ‘v$p’® ‘f kpv$u Dódpdp„ ‘qfhs®“ L$fu. î¡Zu A“¡ ApL$pf“p A¡gBX$u g¡çàk S>V$ug dyíL¡$guAp¡ lsu. kp¥’u kõsy A“¡ h^y L$pe®v$n ‘‘u’ ‘X$ bÅfdp„ dmhp gpÁep R>¡.

b“pìey„ Ðepf bpv$ s¡“p ‘f buSy>„ ‘X$ ‘yh® A“ych“p Ap^pf¡ ApL$p åëey A¡gBX$u“u klpe’u ð¡s

‘p’fhp dpV¡$ Ap¡R>p sp‘dp““p¡ D‘ep¡N kpL$u“¡ ×Y$ rhðpk lsp¡ L¡$ ‘v$p’®“y„ âL$pi DÐ‘Þ“ L$f“pf“u ÓZ ‘ÙrsAp¡

L$ep£. Apd A¡L$ S> ‘v$p’® ‘f kpv$u Qe“ (Selection)sp¡ ep¡Áe S> R>¡. rhL$rks L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. s¡dp„

Dódpdp„ ‘qfhs®“ L$fu kp¥’u kõsy A“¡ dpV¡$ kamsp dmsu Å¡BA¡. As: s¡Ap¡

(1) ApfÆbu d¡’X$ (RGB Method) h^y L$pe®v$n ‘u ‘X$ b“pìey„. s¡d“p s¡d“p klep¡Nu Adp“p¡ kp’¡ âep¡Np¡

Ap ‘Ùrsdp„ gpg, gugp¡ A“¡ åëey AÞé kl ki„ p¡̂ L$pA¡ ¡ Nq¡ ge“ “pBV$¡²V$“u L$fsp füp. Ap kde v$fçep“ S>

âL$pi“¡ ep¡Áe dpÓpdp„ A¡L$ âqv$ràsiug kp’¡ A¡ëeyrdr“ed, B[ÞX$e“ s’p Adp“p¡ AL$pkpL$u“p r“v$£i“ l¡W$m

‘v$p’® Üpfp DÑ¡Æs L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. AÞe k„rdî ^psyAp¡“u AiyqÙAp¡ ‘uA¡QX$u“p¡ Aæepk L$fu füp lsp.

s¡d“p„ ep¡Áe âdpZdp„ rdîZ’u ð¡s Dd¡fu“¡ QdÐL$pfu åëey A¡gBX$u“p¡ ApS> hMs¡ “urQep L¡$rdL$ëkdp„

âL$pi d¡mhu iL$pe R>¡. ArhóL$pf L$ep£. fkpeZip”dp„ k„ip¡^“ L$pe® L$fsp

(2) ap¡õaf d¡’X$ : Ap ‘Ùrsdp„ Myb S> “pL$pdyL$p ‘Z N¡rged “pBV²¡$X$ ‘f L$pe® Ðepfbpv$ hj® 1999dp„ “pL$pdyfp g„Oy sf„gbpB ^fphsp A¡L$ S> åëey L$fsp lsp. k“ 1986dp dL$pkpL$u ApL$pkpL$u A“¡ Adp“p¡“u rÓ‘yV$uA¡ A’hp AëV²$p hpep¡g¡V$ A¡gBX$u“u A“¡ Adp“p¡ s¡ N¡rged “pBV²$¡V$“p åëey g¡kf X$pep¡X$“u fQ“p L$fu,S>¡dp„



klpe’u ap¡õaf“p ‘ump õsf kp’¡ rdîZ S> R>¡. lp¡hp’u Ofp¡, L$pep®gep¡ s’p Ål¡f k„ep¡S>“ L$qfs¡ ð¡s âL$pi âpá ’pe R>¡. fõsAp¡ ‘f âL$pi dpV¡$ ‘Z s¡“p¡ D‘ep¡N

A¡gBX$u Üpfp v$f¡L$ âL$pf“p âL$pi kfmsp’u L$fu iL$pe. Ap kp’¡ S> åëey

(3) ¾$udp ìlpBV$ (Chroma white) DÐ‘Þ“ L$fu s¡“u suh°sp ‘Z r“e„rÓs A“¡ AëV²$phpep¡gg¡V$ A¡gBX$u lpB k‘uX$

d¡’X$ : Ap^ry “L$ fN„ -rdîZ ‘Ùrs’u L$fu iL$pe R>¡. dpV¡$ s¡“u D‘ep¡rNsp râÞV$k®, õL¡$“k®, ‘pZu iyqÙL$fZ

blrº h^ (Multiple) A¡gBX$u dp¡X$eyg (Applications)dp„ ‘Z r“f„sf D‘fL$Zp¡ A“¡ rQqL$Ðkp D‘L$fZp¡dp„

Üpfp Myb S> L$pe®v$n ð¡s âL$pi h^pfp¡ ’sp¡ Åe R>¡. L$p¡çàeyV$f r“e„qÓs D‘ep¡Nu ’pe R>¡.s¡ ‘Z åëey A¡gBX$u“u

d¡mhhp“u sL$r“L$u âpep¡rNL$ [õ’rsdp Ål¡fps bp¡X®$dp„, âZpguAp¡dp„, V$uhu>, S> c¡V$ dp“u iL$pe. dpV¡$ åëey A¡gBX$u A¡

R>¡. Sy>v$p-Sy>v$p f„Np¡“¡ ep¡Áe âdpZdp„ L¡¡$d¡fp, S>¡hp Bg¡L$V²$p¡“uL$ D‘L$fZp¡dp„ âL$pi“u vy$r“ep“¡ bv$ghp“y„ iê$ L$fu v$u^y„

rdîZ L$fu ð¡s âL$pi L$fhp“u A¡gBX$uA¡ dlÐh“p¡ cpN cS>ìep¡ R>¡. R>¡. A¡hy„ AíeL$ L$lu iL$pe.

sL$r“L$u hjp£ ‘l¡gp„ ApDT¡L$ ÞeyV$p“¡ âpL©$rsL$ âL$pi“p¡ h¥L$[ë‘ ”p¡s lp¡hp’u ‘p¡s“p„ âL$pi rhj¡“p k„ip¡^“ hMs¡ N°u“ lpDk k„b„û âep¡Np¡dp„, S>¥rhL$ v$ip®hu lsu. Ap‘Z¡ S>¡ L$pB âL$pi OqX$epmp¡dp ‘Z s¡“p¡ D‘ep¡N ep¡Áe Ap„Mp¡ Üpfp Å¡BA¡ R>uA¡ s¡ kps f„Np¡“y„ R>¡. Ap¡R>p MQ£ S>ê$fu âL$pi âpá ’sp¡

k„v$c® : HTTP/KVR-SV

Moble Prisein Physic -2014Royal Swidish Academy fo Science(2) LED, OSHO STATE UNIVERSITY

E-mail : [email protected]

11

(qhop““y„ cqhóe A“¡ cqhóe“y„ rhop“.... ‘p“p 7“y„ A“yk„^p“ Qpgy...)

ApS>’u S> v$¡Mpe R>¡ L¡$ L$l¡hpsp rhL$rks, rbgbpAp¡ Npddp„ A¡L$ cìe rië‘ Å¡hp ApL$piN„Np! s¡“p A¡L$ M|Z¡ Ap‘Ï„ kyMu v$¡ip¡dp„, ìek“p¡ -X²$Ák aŸguapgu dþey„, S>¡dp„ dp“h kdyÖ“p v$¡hsp kp’¡ k|e®d„X$m A“¡ ‘©Õhu. s¡dp„ b°ûp„X$“p¡ füp„ R>¡. L$p¥V|„$rbL$ Æh““p¡ sp¡ “pi ’B eyÙ L$fu füp¡ R>¡ A“¡ s¡“¡ lfphu, ‘p¡sp“p rhS>e L$fhp“u hps Aph¡ ! õhL¡$[ÞÖssp“p¡ ‘pf “’u A“¡ “p“p- ‘N sm¡ v$bphu v$u^p ¡ R>.¡ A“ ¡ kdÖy sV$¡

lp, A¡V$gy„ S>ê$f kpQy„ R>¡ L¡$ k©rô$ “p“p TOX$pdp„’u M|“ Mfpbp A“¡ lL„º $pf L$fsp ¡ MX$p ¡ R>.¡ Apd, iê$Aps“p dpsp“p rhipm dl¡g“p¡ A¡L$pv$ flõede ipmp“p„ bpmL$p¡dp„ ‘Z b„v|$L$“p kL¥ $pApd¡ p „ rhop““p ¡ A’ ® lhp, ‘pZu, Ap¡fX$p¡ Ap‘Z¡ Mp¡gu iL$ep R>uA¡ A“¡ Np¡mubpf-M|“ ’hp gpÁep„ R> ¡. ArÁ“ S>h¡ p L$yv$fsu sÒhp ¡ ‘f“p ¡ rhS>e sh¡ p ¡s¡“p Av¹$cys v$i®“dp„ Mp¡hpe R>uA¡. ‘f„sy ‘qfîd“p Acph¡ ipfuqfL$ s„vy$fõsu sp¡ ’sp.¡ AgbÑ AL¡ $ kplk“u cph“p sfuL$¡ v$f¡L$ “hu ip¡^ s’p op““u “hu qnrsS> Åe ‘Z dp“rkL$ õhpõÕe ‘Z bNX¡$ sd¡ p „ hp„̂ p ¡ “’u, ‘fs„ y S>epf ¡ ApS> A’d® p „M|ghp“u kp’¡ Mf¡Mf sp¡ Aops“p “hp R>¡. Apd, e„Óp¡ ‘f“y„ Ahgb„“ L¡$V$gy„ i[¼sipmu v$i¡ p ¡ AÞe dp“hÅs“ ¡ v$bphu S> rhõspfp¡ “S>f¡ ‘X$sp Åe R>¡. A“¡L$ rh^ apev$pL$pfL$ s¡ âñ R>¡. fpMhp ho¥ pr“L$ iqL$s hp‘f ¡ Ðepf ¡ Mp“p-kp^“p ¡, v | $fbu“p ¡ Üpfp Ah“hp „ Mfpbu kÅe® R>.¡ dpV¡ $u D‘prÂp ¡ sp ¡ Ðepf ¡

Ap s’p Aphp„ AÞe A“¡L$ Ahgp¡L$“p¡ A“¡ “hu “hu OV$“pAp¡ “S>f¡ kÅe® R> ¡ S>epf ¡ ho¥ pr“L$p ¡ i[¼s Ah¡ p gpL¡ $p ¡ceõ’p“p¡’u bQhp“p¡ A¡L$ S> dpN® R>¡. ‘X$su Åe R>¡. hp‘f ¡ R> ¡ S> ¡ ‘ps¡ ¡ rhop“u “’u ‘Z S>“¡ p ¡ ls¡ yA“¡ s¡ R>¡ rhop““p¡ rhh¡L$‘|©Z® D‘ep¡N. L$¡hm ‘ps¡ p“ „y hQõ® h- kÑp h^pfhp“p ¡ R>.¡ Ap A’®dp„ Å¡BA¡ sp¡ rhop“ s’p rhop“ Üpfp dmsu rkqÙAp¡“p dv$dp„ sd¡ p’„ u ’pe R> ¡ k‘„ rÑ s’p DÛpN¡ p ¡ b°ûp„X$ rhop“ Ap‘Z“¡ L„$BL$ “d° R>L$u S>hp“¡ bv$g¡ Ap‘Z¡ A¡ kdS>hy„ ‘pR>m“u Ap„̂ mu v$pV¡ $. b“hp“p¡ ‘pW$ iuMhu Åe R>¡. Ap A’®dp„ ‘X$i¡ L¡$ rhop“ sp¡ b¡ ^pfu sghpf R>¡,

Å¡Biy„ sp¡ L$v$pQ “hu kv$udp„ ’“pfu hp‘fsp “rl AphX¡$ sp¡ Ap‘Z“¡ S> Mf¡Mf sp¡ k©qô$fQ“p“p rhrh^ rhop““u cìe Nrs s’p âNrs“p hpNi¡. ‘pkpAp¡“p„ v$i®“ Üpfp rhop“ Ap‘Z“¡ ceõ’p“p¡ r“hpfu“¡ kpQp¡ gpc s’p A¡ iuMh¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap Ars rhipm

buÆ fus¡ kdÆA¡ sp¡ rhop“ Ap“„v$ Ap‘Z¡ d¡mhu iL$uiy„.b°ûp„X$“p¡ L¡$hp¡ “p“L$X$p¡ A„i R>¡ dp“hu ! A¡V$g¡ Ly$v$fs kp’¡“u gX$pB, Ly$v$fsu Ly$v$fs kp’¡ eyÙ L$f“pf sfuL¡$ “rl ‘f„sy bmp¡“ Æsu g¡hp“y„ eyÙ A¡ A’® L¡$ Ly$v$fs“p A¡L$ cpN, A„iê$‘¡ d“yóe¡

(kp¥S>Þe : b°ûp„X$ v$i®“)cph“p lp¡hu Å¡BA¡ “rl. spS>¡sf“p Æhhp“y„ R>¡. L$ep„ AbÅ¡ spfprhðp¡“y„ Ap dpfp eyfp¡‘“p A¡L$ âhpkdp„ õ‘¡B“ b°ûp„X$ ! s¡dp„“y A¡L$ spfprhð Ap‘Zu v$¡i“p v$qfepqL$“pf¡, DÑf qv$ipdp„

(... rhop“ ×rô$)âpZuAp¡ A“¡ rhÛys

rhÛys A“¡ rhÛys âhpl rhi¡ sp¡ Ap‘Z¡ b^p ÅZuA¡ [õ’rsdp““p¡ saphs A“¡ Ahfp¡^ A¡L$kfMp¡ lp¡e R>¡ ‘f„sy R>uA¡ L¡$ L$p¡B ‘Z ‘v$p’®dp„’u Äepf¡ F>Z rhÛyscpqfs L$Z, buÅ spf“p¡ rhÛys [õ’rsdp““p¡ sahps A“¡ Ahfp¡^ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Bg¡L$V²$p¡““y„ hl“ ’pe Ðepf¡ s¡dp„ rhÛys âhpl ‘kpf AgN lp¡B iL¡$. Ap’u, ‘nu S>¡ spf D‘f b¡Wy„$ li¡ s¡ spf“p ’pe R>¡ A¡d L$l¡hpe A“¡ Ap“p Ap^pf¡ ‘v$p’®“¡ dymc|s fus¡ k„v$c®dp„ s¡“p ifufdp„’u A¡L$kfMp¡ rhÛys âhpl ‘kpf ’i¡ ÓZ âL$pfp¡dp„ hl¢Qhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kyhplL$ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A¡hp A“¡ s¡“¡ Ahfp¡û“¡ ‘kpf ’B S>i¡, ‘f„sy Å¡ s¡ Ap kde¡ ‘v$p’p£ L¡$ S>¡dp„’u rhÛys âhpl kfmsp’u ‘kpf ’B iL¡, buÅ spf“¡ ‘Z AX$L$i¡ (k„‘L®$dp„ Aphi¡) sp¡ Ap b¡ spf AhplL$ ‘kpf “p ’sp¡ lp¡e A“¡ A^®hplL$p¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A¡hp hÃQ¡“p rhÛys [õ’rsdp““p A“¡ Ahfp¡^“p saphs“p ‘v$p’p£ L¡$ S>¡dp„’u AdyL$ A„i¡ rhÛys âhpl ‘kpf ’sp¡ lp¡e. L$pfZ¡ s¡“¡ L$f„V$ gpNhp“u iL$esp fl¡ R>¡. A“¡ Ap L$pfZ¡

L$v$pQ s¡ d©Ðey ‘Z ‘pdu iL¡$. lh¡, sd¡ S>epf¡ ‘Z ‘nuAp¡“¡ lh¡, Ap‘Z¡ b^p ÅZuA¡ R>uA¡ A¡ dyS>b dp“h ifuf rhÛys“p spf D‘f b¡W¡$gp Sy>Ap¡ Ðepf¡ Ahgp¡L$“ L$fÅ¡ L¡$ iy„ rhÛys“y„ kyhplL$ R>¡, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Å¡ Ap‘Z¡ L$p¡B spf A’hp s¡ A¡L$ spf D‘f b¡ku buÅ spf“p k„‘L®$dp„ Aph¡ R>¡ ? kp^“ L¡$ S>¡dp„’u rhÛysâhpl ‘kpf ’sp¡ lp¡e s¡“¡ ku^y„ S> Ap D‘fp„s A¡ ‘Z “p¢^ L$fÅ¡ L¡$ S>epf¡ s¡Ap¡ spf D‘fAX$L$uA¡ sp¡ Ap‘Z“¡ rhÛys“p¡ TpV$L$p¡ (L$f„V$) gpNu iL¡$ A“¡ b¡k¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡d“p b¡ ‘N hÃQ¡“y„ A„sf âdpZdp„ h^yÅ¡ Ap TpV$L$p¡ dp¡V$p¡ lp¡e sp¡ d©Ðey ‘Z ’B iL¡$.lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Ap¡Ry>„? A“¡ ip dpV¡$ ?

‘f„sy iy„ sd¡ L$epf¡e A¡hy„ rhQpey¯ R>¡ L¡$ ‘nuAp¡ Aphp Ap sp¡ Ap‘Z¡ ‘nuAp¡ rhi¡“u hps L$fu ‘f„sy Ap‘Zu rhÛys“p spf D‘f b¡k¡ R>¡ A“¡ s¡d R>sp„ s¡d“¡ rhÛys“p¡

k©rô$dp„ AÞe L¡$V$gp„L$ âpZuAp¡ A¡hp„ ‘Z R>¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ TpV$L$p¡ gpNsp¡ “’u, sp¡ Aphy„ ip L$pfZ¡ ’sy„ li¡ ? iy„ sdpf¡ rhÛys“p¡ AgN AgN fus¡ D‘ep¡N L$f¡ R>¡. sp¡, Qpgp¡ Ap‘Z¡ ÅZhy„ R>¡ ?s¡d“p rhi¡ ‘Z ’p¡Xy„$ ÅZuA¡.

‘nuAp¡“¡ L$f„V$ “p gpNhp“y„ A¡L$ L$pfZ A¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡d“p Ap‘Zu ÅZ âdpZ¡ kpdpÞe fus¡ d“yóep¡ rhÛys“p¡ ifuf“u fQ“p rhÛys“p AhplL$ S>¡hu R>¡, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡d“p

D‘ep¡N L$fsp„ lp¡e R>¡. iy„ âpZuAp¡ ‘Z s¡d“p Æh“dp„ ifufdp„ fl¡gp„ L$p¡jp¡ A“¡ ‘¡iuAp¡ Ap rhÛys âhpl“¡ ‘kpf rhÛys“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$f¡ R>¡ ? A“¡ L$f¡ R>¡, sp¡ L¡$hu fus¡. Ap A¡L$ ’hp v$¡sp “’u. Ap’u, S>epf¡ s¡Ap¡ rhÛys“p spf D‘f b¡k¡ M|b S> fkâv$ rhje R>¡. sp¡ Qpgp¡, ApS>¡ Ap‘Z¡ AdyL$ Ðepf¡ rhÛys âhpl s¡d“p ifuf“¡ Ap¡m„Nu“¡ ku^p¡ S> ‘kpf âpZuAp¡“u Ap Av$c|s q¾$epAp¡ rhi¡ ÅZuA¡ A“¡ Ap‘Zp ’B Åe R>¡. lh¡, buSy>„ L$pfZ A¡ ‘Z R>¡ L¡$ S>epf¡ rhÛys âhpl op“dp„ ’p¡X$p¡ Dd¡fp¡ L$fuA¡.A¡L$ spfdp„’u ‘kpf ’sp¡ lp¡e s¡ hMs¡ s¡“p rhÛys

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d“yóe (L$f„V$ gpÁep¡ R>¡)d“yóe (L$f„V$ gpÁep¡ R>¡)

‘nu“¡ (L$f„V$ “’u gpÁep¡)‘nu“¡ (L$f„V$ “’u gpÁep¡)

KQy rhÛys [õ’rsdp“KQy rhÛys [õ’rsdp“

rhÛys ‘fu‘’“y„ S>du“ kp’¡ Å¡X$pZ

rhÛys“p¡ Ap„QL$p¡

rhÛys“p¡ spf

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L$fp¡rmep¡ :

L$fp¡rmep¡ s¡“y„ Åmy Mpk âL$pf“p Ny„v$f S>¡hp ‘v$p’®’u b“ph¡ R>¡ S>¡“p Üpfp s¡ huS>cpfus L$Zp¡, S>¡hp„ L¡$ EX$sp S>„syAp¡“¡ ApL$j} iL¡$. Ap ApL$j®Z A¡V$gy„ dS>b|s lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Ap r“Æ®h Åmy„ DX$sp„ riL$pf“¡ ‘L$X$hp dpV¡$ A¡“u sfa M¢Qpe R>¡. Ap D‘fp„s, ÅmpAp¡ lhp“p âv|$jZ“¡ ‘Z ApL$j£ R>¡. Apd L$fp¡rmep S>„syAp¡“p¡ ‘Z “pi L$f¡ R>¡ A“¡ lhp“¡ ‘Z Qp¡¿Mu L$f¡ R>¡.

L$f¡ R>¡. cdfp Ap rhÛys“p¡ EÅ®“p (Spider) BrQ“pk : (Echidnas)”p¡s sfuL¡$ D‘ep¡N L$f¡ R>¡. Ap A¡L$ dpÓ A¡hy„ ÅZusy„ âpZu R>¡ S>¡ k|e®“u EÅ®“¡ rhÛys EÅ®dp„ ê$‘p„sfus L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.

d^dpMu : (Bees)

BrQ“pk A¡ v$f Mp¡v$“pê„$ A“¡ HX$p dyL$sy„ kõs“ hN®“y„ Ap¡õV²¡$rgep“y„ âpZu R>¡. s¡ s ¡“p ipfuqfL $ dpmMpdp „ fl ¡gp Bg¡L$V²$p¡fuk¡àV$f, ifuf“p A¡hp L$p¡jp¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ rhÛys n¡Ó“¡ Ap¡mMhp dpV¡$ knd agŸ p“¡ u fN„ bf¡ N„ u ‘pM„ X$uAp ¡ A“ ¡ kNy „̂ lp¡e, s¡“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fu Mp¡fpL$ ip¡^¡ R>¡. d^dpMuAp“¡ ¡ ApL$rjs® L$f ¡ R>.¡ agŸ pd¡ p „S>„syAp¡ A“¡ L$uX$pAp¡ Üpfp Ap‘hpdp„ F>Z rhÛyscpf lp¡e R>¡. S>epf¡ Aphsp rhÛys Aph¡N, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ifufdp„ d^dpMudp „ ^“ rhÛsy cpf lpe¡ R>.¡ fl¡gp rhÛys“p k„L¡$sp¡ L¡$ S>¡ Q¡sps„syAp¡ d^dpMu“p ‘N ‘f flg¡ p „ hpm kh„ v¡ $“p Ü pf p ‘ qfhl“ ‘pd ¡ R > ¡ , s ¡“ ¡ A“cy hhp“ „y L$pd L$f ¡ R>.¡ OZuhpf AdLy $ Bg¡L$V²$p¡fuk¡àV$f Üpfp Ap¡mMu“¡ s¡d“p¡ a Ÿgp ¡“u “ÆL$ S>sp „ d^dpMu“p riL$pf L$f¡ R>¡.rhÛsy cpfdp „ af¡ apf Åh¡ p dm ¡ R>.¡ S>’¡ u

d^dpMu agŸ “p rhÛsy nÓ¡ “ ¡ A“cy hu“ ¡cdfp¡ : (Oriental Hornet) A¡guaÞV$ “p¡T aui :“½$u L$fu iL$¡ R> ¡ s ¡ agŸ dp „ fk R> ¡ L$¡ “l].

(Elephant Nose Fish)

àg¡qV$‘k : (Platypus)

cdfp s¡d“p suÿZ AhpS>“p gu^¡ lp’u S>¡hp„ “pL$hpmu dpR>gudp„ s¡“p M|b ÅZusp R>¡. Ap D‘fp„s s¡d“pdp„ “pd A“ykpf A¡hu L$p¡B âp^pÞe k|„Y$

CrQ“pk“u S>¡d àg¡qV$‘kdp„ ‘Z s¡“u buÆ ‘Z A¡L$ M|bu R>¡ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ “’u lp¡su, ‘f„sy ApNm “uL$m¡g “k D‘f Apif¡ 40,000 S>¡V$gp k|e®dp„’u M|b dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ EÅ® gp„bu lX$‘Qu (v$pY$u) lp¡e R>¡, S>¡“p Bg¡L$V²$p¡fuk¡àV$f î¡ZubÂ^ ‘Ë$pAp¡dp„ d¡mhu iL¡$ R>¡. k|e® S>epf¡ âQ„X$ Nfdu Üpfp dpR>gu riL$pf“p ifuf“p rhÛys Np¡W$hpe¡gp lp¡e R>¡ S>¡ s¡d“p riL$pf“¡ Ap‘sp¡ lp¡e Ðepf¡ Ap cdfpAp¡ M|b Aph¡N“¡ Ap¡mMu iL¡$ R>¡. Ap dpR>gu ip¡^hpdp„ dv$v$ L$f¡ R>¡. àg¡qV$‘k“u Ap kq¾$e Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Ap AL$ë‘“ue rhÛys n¡Ó“¡ Ap¡mMhpdp„ M|b dprlf ndsp“p L$pfZ¡ s¡ OZu hMs KX$p S>„sydp„ fl¡gu Mpk âL$pf“u ‘ump f„N“u lp¡e R>¡. S>¡’u A„^pfpdp„ ‘Z v$V$pe¡g ‘pZudp„ L¡$ S>ep„ riL$pf Å¡hp“y„ ‘Z ‘¡iuAp¡ k|e®âL$pi “¡ ip¡j¡ R>¡. A“¡ Mp¡fpL$“¡ ip¡û iL¡$ R>¡. iL$e “p lp¡e Ðep„ s¡ riL$pf L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.L$Õ’B f„N“u ‘¡iuAp¡ rhÛys DÐ‘Þ“

(... rhop“ ×rô$)rhÛys D‘ep¡N L$fsp âpZuAp¡

Nfp¡mu“p ‘N“p smue¡ ^“ rhÛyscpf Bg¡qL$V²$L$ Bëk : NyAp“p X$p¡[ëa“ :DÐ‘Þ“ ’pe R> ¡ . Apd rhÛ ys (Electric Eels) (Guiana Dolphin)[õ’rsdp““p saphs“p L$pfZ¡ k‘pV$u D‘f [õ’f rhÛysbm“y r“dp®Z ’pe R>¡ A“¡ s¡ kfmsp’u Qpgu iL¡$ R>¡.

Bg¡qL$V²$L$ f¡T dpR>gu :

(Electric Rays Fish) NyAp“p X$p¡[ëa“ kfm, fdrsepm gpN¡ Bg¡qL$V²$L$ f¥T R>¡. s¡“p S>Þd kde¡ s¡“p “pL$ D‘f dpR>gudp„ qL$X$u

Bg¡qL$V²$L$ Bg A¡ Bem “l] ‘f„sy L$p„V$pv$pf hpm lp¡e R>¡ S>¡ kde S>sp„ Mfu S>¡hp ApL$pf“y„ A¡L$ âL$pf“u dpR>gu R>¡. s¡ A¡d¡Tp¡“ Åe R>¡. ‘f„sy s¡“p MpX$pAp¡“p r“ip“ A¡L$ A„N lp¡e A“¡ v$rnZ Ad¡qfL$p“p Ap¡qf“p¡L$p¡“p flu Åe R>¡. A“¡ S>¡“¡ rh[õaTg q¾$àV$p¡k R>¡ S>¡ 8 ’u smph A“¡ “v$uAp¡dp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. s¡ L$l¡hpe R>¡. Ap“p D‘ep¡N’u s¡ 220V S>¡V$gp âdpZdp„ rhÛys âhpl“p¡ huS>cpfus L$Zp¡ DÐ‘Þ“ L$f¡ R>¡. S>¡“p riL$pfdp„’u r“L$msp rhÛysn¡Ó“¡ D‘ep¡N s¡ riL$pf“¡ ‘L$X$hp A“¡ s¡“u Üpfp rhÛys“p¡ Ap„QL$p¡ Ap‘u riL$pf“¡ A“ych¡ R>¡. ipL®$“u S>¡d NyAp“p D‘f lºdgp¡ L$fhp dpV¡$ L$f¡ R>¡. riL$pf“¡ dpfu iL¡$ R>¡, riL$pfu kpd¡ fnZ d¡mhu X$p¡[ëa““¡ ‘Z “pL$ D‘f L$p¡jp¡ lp¡e R>¡. ‘L$X$hp dpV¡$ Ap¡R>p¡ A“¡ riL$pf ‘f lºdgp¡ iL¡$ R>¡, D‘fp„s AÞe Bg¡qL$V²$L$ Bg S>¡dp„ S>¡g lp¡e R>¡. S>¡g Üpfp s¡ s¡“u L$fhp dpV¡$ h^y rhÛys âhpl DÐ‘Þ“ L$f¡ kp’¡ hpsQus ‘Z L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. Apk‘pk“p riL$pf“u lpS>fu ip¡û iL¡$ R>¡.

R>¡. s¡“p “pL$ ‘f“p v$f¡L$ MpX$p gp¡lu“u õV$pfN¡Tf : (Stargazer)

L¡$riL$pAp¡ Üpfp Å¡X$pe¡g lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ ipL®$ : (Shark)

Mpk âL$pf“p qV²$rNrd“g Q¡sps„sy kp’¡ ipL®$ dpR>gu“p “pL$ D‘f Mpk âL$pf“p Å¡X$pe¡g lp¡e R>¡ s¡“p Üpfp k„h¡v$“iug L$p¡j Aph¡gp lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ âL$pi, Nfdu L$¡ dprlsu dpR>gu“p dNS> kyû ‘lp¢Q¡ R>¡.

Nfp¡mu : (Geckos)

Ap Æh A¡L$ “p“u L$p„V$pmu ê„$hpV$uhpmu dpR>gu sfuL¡$ ÅZusy„ R>¡. s¡“u Ap„M“p õ“peyAp¡ A¡ fus¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ s¡ rhÛys“p¡ AÞe bpü lg“Qg““ ¡ A“cy hu s¡“p iy„ sd“¡ Mbf R>¡ L¡$ Nfp¡mu L¡$hu fus¡ Ap„QL$p¡ Ap‘u iL¡$ R>¡. Ap Ap„QL$p¡ Q¡sps„syAp¡“¡ k„v$¡ip¡ ‘lp¢QpX$u iL¡$ R>¡ S>¡“¡ L$p¡B ‘Z klpfp hNf k‘pV$u D‘f A¡V$gp¡ dp¡V$p¡ “’u lp¡sp¡ L¡$ s¡ riL$pf L$fu A¡ç‘ygu Ap¡a gp¡f¡[ÞT“u L$l¡ R>¡. Ap L$p¡jp¡ QY$u iL¡$ R>¡? kpdpÞe fus¡ s¡dp„ Oj®Z iL¡$, ‘f„sy riL$pf“¡ c°rds L$fhp L¡$ s¡d“¡ s¡d“p riL$pf sfa’u Aphsp bm A“¡ hpÞX$fhpgbm L$pe® L$f¡ R>¡. dy„ThZdp„ d|L$hp dpV¡$ ‘|fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap rhÛys n¡Ó“¡ ip¡^hpdp„ dv$v$ L$f¡ R>¡. S>¡“p ‘f„sy V¡$agp¡“ S>¡hu guku k‘pV$u“u fus Üpfp s¡ L$v$pQ riL$pfu“¡ ‘Z v|$f L$pfZ¡ s¡Ap¡ KX$p v$qfepdp„ OZp v|$f hps L$fuA¡ sp¡ Ðep„ [õ’frhÛysbm fpMu iL¡$. A’hp sp¡ R|>‘pB“¡ fl¡gp ‘p¡sp“p L$pe® L$f¡ R>¡. Aphu k‘pV$u D‘f S>epf¡

riL$pf“¡ kfmsp’u ip¡û iL¡$ R>¡.Nfp¡mu Qpg¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ k‘pV$u D‘f F>Z (rhop“ ×rô$“p kp¥S>Þe’u)rhÛyscpf DÐ‘Þ“ ’pe R>¡. A“¡

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Ofdp„, DÛp¡¡Np¡dp„, M¡sudp„ L$pb®“ X$pep¡kpCX$ f¡äuS>f¡V$f, A¡f L$ÞX$ui“f rhN¡f¡“p s’p hpl“ ìehlpf S>¡hp v$f¡L$ n¡Ódp„ h‘fpi’u EÅ® h‘fpi OV$pX$u L$pb®“ 1 guV$f l¡hu Ap¡Cg dpV$¡ 3 qL$gp¡ N°pd EÅ® A“¡ buÅ k„ip^“p¡ S>¡hp L¡$ aºV$âuÞV$ OV$pX$u iL$pe.L$pb®“ X$pep¡L$kpBX$ ‘pZu, A“¡L$ â$L$pf“u ^psyAp¡ - hpl“ ìehlpfdp„ Qpghp A“¡ N¡k : 1 qL$gp¡N°pd A¡g‘uÆ dpV¡ rhN¡f¡“p¡ h‘fpi ’pe R>¡. EÅ® A“¡ kpeL$g]N“p h‘fpi’u L$pb®“ 2.62 qL$gp¡N°pd L$pb®“ X$pep¡L$kpCX$buÆ$ ^psyAp¡“p h‘fpi Üpfp L$pb®“ 3 aºV$âuÞV$ OV$pX$u iL$pe.1 du “¡Qfg N¡k dpV$¡ 1.77 qL$gp¡N°pd X$pep¡kpCX$ A“¡ buÅ GHG (N°u“ - hpl“ ìehlpfdp„ ìeqL$sNs kp^“p¡ L$pb®$“ X$pep¡L$kpBX$lpDk N¡kuk) hpeyAp¡ S>¡hp L¡$ du’¡“, S>¡hp L¡$ õLy$V$f, dp¡V$f, kpBL$g, L$pf hpl“ ìehlpf : “uQ¡“p L$p¡ô$L$ Üpfp “pCV²$k Ap¡L$kpCX$“y„ hpsphfZdp„ L$fsp Ål¡f h‘fpi“p kp^“p¡ S>¡hp L$pb®“ aºV$âuÞV$“p¡ ¿epg Aphi¡. hpl“ DÐkS>®“ ’pe R>¡. Ap hpeyAp¡“¡ gu^¡ bk L¡$ V²¡$““p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fu L$pb®“ aºV$ ìehlpfdp„ L$¡V$gu ìeqL$sAp¡ dykpafu L$f¡ ‘©Õhu“p hpsphfZdp„ A“¡L$ a¡fapfp¡ âuÞV$ OV$pX$u iL$pe.A“¡ L¡$V$gp A„sf dpV¡$ hN¡f¡ OZp ’B füp R>¡. DÑf v$rnZ ^°yh ‘f“p dp„kplpfu Mp¡fpL$dp„ ipL$plpfu Mp¡fpL$ ‘qfbmp¡ EÅ® h‘fpi A“¡ L$pb®“ bfa“y„ ‘uNmhy„, hfkpv$“u hÔV$ L$fsp„ 4 ’u 5 OÏ L$pb®“ DÐkS>®“ L$pb®“ aºV$âuÞV$ “½$u L$f¡ R>¡.kdyÖ“u k‘pV$u“p¡ h^pfp¡ ’hp¡, ’pe R>¡. dpV¡$ h¥rðL$ sp‘dp“ OV$pX$hp hphpTp¡X$p A“¡ sp¡ap“p¡“u k„¿$epdp„ L$pd L$fsu bû k„õ’pAp¡ ipL$plpfu h^pfp¡ S>¡hu Akfp¡ ’pe R>¡. Ap bû Mp¡fpL$“¡ âp^pÞe Ap‘¡ R>¡.Akfp¡ OV$pX$hp dpV¡ hpsphfZdp„ Ap - fkp¡X$pdp„ â¡if Ly$L$f“p¡ D‘ep¡N hpeyAp¡“y„ DÐkS>®“ OV$pX$hy„ S>ê$fu R>¡. L$fhp’u, N¡k b“®f rh. kpa L$fhp’u L$pb®“ aºV$ âuÞV$$ A¡V$g¡ v$f¡L$ n¡Ódp„ EÅ® h‘fpi OV¡$ R>¡. A“pS> rhN¡f¡ h‘fpsu EÅ® A“¡ buÅ kp^“p¡“¡ ‘gpmu“¡ fp„^hp’u, ‘lp¡mp hpkZp¡ gu^¡ L¡$V$gp¡ L$pb®“ X$pep¡L$kpBX$ DÐ‘Þ“ hp‘fhp’u EÅ® h‘fpi A“¡ L$pb®“ ’pe s¡“u NZsfu. EÅ®$ dpV¡ huS>mu, aºV$âuÞV$ OV¡$ R>¡. k|e® L|$L$f“p ‘¡V²$p¡g, X$uTg A¡g‘uÆ rhN¡f¡“p h‘fpi’u ‘Z EÅ® bQs ’pe R>¡ h‘fpi ‘f’u L$pb®“ aºV$ âuÞV$“u Ap D‘fp„s Mp¡fpL$, L$‘X$p„ L$pb®“ aºV$âuÞV$dp„ OV$pX$p¡ ’pe R>¡.NZsfu L$fu iL$pe R>¡. àgp[õV$L$$ rhN¡f¡ h‘fpidp„ M|b CO “y„ 2 - s¡ D‘fp„s L$‘X$p„, àgp[õV$L$ ^psyAp¡ huS>mu : cpfsdp„ huS>mu$ dy¿e DÐkS>®“ ’pe R>¡. Ap dpV$¡ CÞ$V$f“¡V$ ‘f rhN¡f¡“p¡ ‘Z h‘fpi ‘Z L$pmÆ L$p¡gkp Ap^pfus R>¡. A¡V$g¡ 1 eyr“V$ rhi¡j dpqlsu dmu iL¡$. ‘yh®L$ L$fhp’u L$pb®“ aºV$ âuÞV$ OV¡$ R>¡ h‘fpi dpV¡ 1 qL$gp¡ N°pd L$pb®“ L$pb®“ aºV$âuÞV$ L¡$d OV$pX$ip¡? S>¡ hõsyAp¡“p¡ hpf„hpf D‘ep¡N ’B X$pep¡L$kpCX$“u NZsfu$ L$fu iL$pe. - EÅ® v$nsp A“¡ EÅ® k„fnZ iL¡$ R>¡ s¡ hõsyAp¡ hp‘fhp’u L$pb®“ S>m rhÛys, kp¥f rhÛys, ‘h“ (Energy Efficiency and aºV âuÞV$ OV$u iL¡$. L$‘X$p“u ’¡gu

Energy Conservation) Üpfp rhÛysdp„ blº Ap¡R>p âdpZdp„ CO 2 hõsyAp¡ gphhp A“¡L$hpf hp‘fu EÅ®“p¡ h‘fpi OV$pX$u L$pb®“ aºV$ DÐ‘Þ“ ’pe R>¡ gNcN “rlhs. iL$pe. àgpõV$uL$“u ’¡gu, bp¡V$gp¡ ‘°uÞV$ OV$pX$u iL$pe R>¡.Ap¡Cg A¡L$hpf hp‘fu a¡L$u v$¡hu ‘X¡$ R>¡.

1 guV$f ‘¡V²$p¡g dpV$¡ 2.3 qL$gp¡ N°pd - kpv$p bëb“¡ bv$g¡ A¡gBX$u bëb REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE L$pb®“ X$pep¡kpCX$ hp‘fhp “p¡ Æh“d„Ó A‘“phu L$pb®“ aºV$ 1 guV$f X$uTg dpV¡$ 2.7 qL$gp¡N°pd âuÞV$ OV$pX$u iL$pe R>¡.- buBB 4 L¡$ ‘ õV$pf g¡bghpmp

L$pb®“ aºV$ râÞV$ (... X$pµ. bu. Æ. v$¡kpB)


Vy$ ìlugf 30 N°pd CO / qL$du2

“p“u L$pf 160 N°pd CO / qL$du2

dÝed L$pf 225 N°pd CO / qL$du2

dp¡V$uL$pf 300 N°pd CO / qL$du2

funp 50 N°pd CO / qL$du2

bk 50 N°pd CO / qL$du2

V²¡$“ 25 N°pd CO / qL$du2

àg¡“ 250-400Np° d CO /qL$du2

L$pb®“ aºV$ âuÞV$hpl““y„ “pd

iåv$ L$p¡eX$p¡ ... TgL AplºÅ


16

Ecu Qphu1. Bg¡L$V²$uL$ L$f„V$ dp‘hp dpV¡$“y„ D‘L$fZ (4)2. lhp L$fsp„ lgL$p¡ hpey (5)3. Oj®Zbm l„d¡ip ‘v$p’®“u Nrs“u... qv$ipdp„ gpN¡ R>¡. (3.5)4. d„Nm N°l“p¡ f„N (2)5. lhp“y„ v$bpZ dp‘hp“y„ kp^“ (5)6. Na k„L¡$s ̂ fphsp sÐh“y„ “pd S>¡“p¡ ‘fdpÏ„ ¾$dp„L$ 11 R>¡. (4)7. fyr^f Ådu S>hp“u q¾$epdp„ dv$v$ L$f“pf L$Zp¡ (4)8. âhpludp„ Öpìe, O“ ‘v$p’p£“¡ Sy>v$p ‘pX$hp dpV¡$“u ‘Ùrs (5.5)9. L$p¡X$ “pd“u dpR>gu“p eL©$sdp„’u dmsy„ s¡g (5)10. ‘©Õhu A“¡ s¡“p hpeyd„X$m“u blpf“u A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A„sqfn“u

OV$“pAp¡“p Ahgp¡L$“ s’p AÂee“ L$fhp“y„ rhop“ (5)11. cp¥rsL$ ip”dp„ sf„N“u g„bpB dp‘hp dpV¡$ h‘fpsp¡ A¡L$d (6)12. Aphs® L$p¡ô$L$“p r‘sp NZpe R>¡. (7)13. rhrh^ ‘¡iuAp¡“p¡ kd|l (4)14. Ap‘¡gp ‘v$p’®“p A¡L$d O“amdp„ fl¡gp ×m“y„ dp‘ (3)15. Q„Ö“u k‘pV$u ‘f v$¡Mpsp L$pmp ̂ åbp S>¡hp âv$¡ip¡ (3)

ApX$u Qphu1. kdyÖdp„ Xy$b¡gp ‘v$p’p£ ip¡û L$pY$hp dpV¡$ D‘ep¡Ndp„ g¡hpsy„

D‘L$fZ (3)2. ‘pZu“p¡ ìee kp¥’u Ap¡R>p¡ ’pe A¡hu tkQpB ‘Ùrs (9.5)3. cpfsue AhL$pi L$pe®¾$d“p r‘sp (7)4. ‘¡V²$p¡rged“y„ r“õQ„v$“ L$fhp’u 1800 ’u 2600 sp‘dp“¡ R|>V$p¡

‘X$sp¡ ‘v$p’® (4)5. Âhr“ L$fsp„ h^y TX$‘¡ Nrs L$fsp„ rhdp“ (6)6. L$fp¡X$fÄSy>...........................“y„ fnZ L$f¡ R>¡. (5.5)7. Ahfp¡^L$ spf b“phhp dpV¡$ h‘fpsu rdî^psy (3)8. S>ê$fu NZsfu dpV¡$ e„Ó Üpfp hp„Qu iL$pe A¡hu Ecu f¡MpAp¡dp„

v$ip®hpsp¡ k„L¡$s (4)9. h©n ‘f“p ‘Z®..................... F>sydp„ Mfu ‘X¡$ R>¡. (4)10. AÏ AÏ hÃQ¡ Dv$chsy r“b®m âL$pf“y ApL$j®Z bm (8.5)11. .......“y n¡Óam = (g„bpB+‘lp¡mpB+KQpB) (4)12. hõsy“u DóZsp“y dp‘ (4)13. A¡L$L$p¡ju kÆh (3)14. ‘pV$p“u AÂ^f flu“¡ Qpgsu V²¡$“ (3.5)15. A¡hy„ hj® L¡$ S>¡dp„ 366 qv$hk lp¡e R>¡ (4)

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S>hpb : Ecu Qphu(1)A¡duV$f(2) lpBX²$p¡S>“(3) rhfyÙ(4) fpsp¡(5) b¡fp¡duV$f (6) kp¡qX$ed(7) ÓpLL$Zp¡(8) bpó‘uch“(9) L$p¡X$guhf(10) MNp¡m rhop“(11) sf„N g„bpB(12) qv$rdÓu d¡“L¡$guh(13) Aheh(14) O“sp(15) dqfep

ApX$u Qphu(1) kp¡“pf (2) V$‘L$tkQpB ‘Ùrs(3) rh¾$d kpfpcpB(4) L¡$fp¡ku“(5) ky‘fkp¡r“L$(6) L$fp¡X$õs„c(7) r“¾$p¡d(8) bpfL$p¡X$(9) ‘p“Mf(10) Ap„sf ApÎhubm(11) g„b^“(12) sp‘dp“(13) Adubp(14) d¡Ág¡h (15) gu‘hj®

17

lhpdp“ A“¡ Apbp¡lhp (... X$pµ. k„v$u‘ Ap¡Tp)

âpõsprhL$ Aplpf“u Apv$s, ‘l¡fh¡i, L©$rj A“¡ k„„b„r^s k¡hpAp¡ ‘yfu ‘pX$sp„ Mpsp„Ap¡ kpdprS>L$ âh©rÑAp¡“¡ Akf L$f¡ R>¡. Üpfp õ’‘pe¡g r“funZ “¡V$hL®$ Üpfp lhpdp“ip” A¡ lL$uL$sdp„ lhpdp“ A“¡ Apbp¡lhp“u dprlsu S>ê$fu bpbsp¡dp„ Ahgp¡L$“p¡ “p¢^hpdp„ rhop““u Ars âpQu“ ipMpAp¡dp„“u âÐe¡L$ ìeqL$s dpV¡$ dlÐh“u lp¡e R>¡. A“¡ ‘yfp ‘pX$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap “¡V$hL®$dp„ A¡L$ ipMp R>¡. lhpdp“ ip”“y„ kh® OZp„ b^p„ eyÙp¡“p ‘qfZpd ‘Z S>du“ ‘f L¡$ kdyÖ ‘f rhdp“ A“¡ D‘N°l

â’d ‘yõsL$ Meterologica lhpdp“¡ bv$g¡gp„ Å¡hp dþep„ R>¡. rhð Üpfp g¡hpe¡g Ahgp¡L$“p¡“p¡ kdph¡i

A¡fuõV$p¡V$g¡ B.‘|. 340dp„ g¿ey„ lsy„. rhS>¡spAp¡ A“¡ dp¡V$p gíL$fp¡A¡ ‘Z ’pe R>¡. Apdp„ S>du““u k‘pV$u ‘f’u

ApS>“p kdedp„ lhpdp“ ip”“p¡ A’® lhpdp““u dprlsu“p Acph¡ lpf gu^¡gp„, D‘fu hpeyd„X$m k‘pV$u ‘f’u

lhdp““p¡ Aæepk ’pe R>¡. ‘f„sy Mdhu ‘X$ép„“p v$pMgp ‘Z R>¡. Af¡, gu^¡gp„ D‘fu hpey d„X$m (k‘pV$u’u 30

A¡fuõV$p¡V$g“p„ S>dp“pdp„ ApL$pidp„’u OZp v$¡ip¡A¡ sp¡ Ap ip”“u dprlsu“¡ L$u.du.“u KQpB kyû)dp„’u gu^¡g

‘kpf ’B“¡ Aphsu L¡$ ‘X$su v$f¡L$ i” sfuL¡$ ‘Z hp‘f¡g R>¡! V|„$L$dp„ s¡dS> S>lpS>dp„’u g¡hpe¡g Ahgp¡L$“p¡“p¡

hõsy“¡ Meteor L$l¡hpdp„ Aphsu lsu, L$luA¡ sp¡ ’p¡X$p„L$ L$gpL$, dlu“p L¡$ hjp£ kdph¡i ’pe R>¡. Ap D‘fp„s Apdp„

S>¡hu L¡$ hfkpv$, ap¡fp-õ“p¡, bfa“p„ ‘R>u“p„ lhpdp““p¡ hsp®fp¡ ÅZhp dpV¡$ D‘N°l Üpfp d¡mhpsu h¥rðL$ hpeyd„X$m“u

L$fp„, d¡O ̂ “yóe, DëL$p hN¡f¡ ! ApS>“p dp“h Ås l„d¡ip DÐkyL$ fl¡ R>¡. v$¥r“L$ dprlsu“p¡ ‘Z kdph¡i ’pe R>¡.

kdedp„ lhpdp“ A“¡ ‘©Õhu“p hpey lhpdp““u ÅZL$pfu v$f¡L$ n¡Óp¡dp„ dv$v$ Ap D‘fp„s Apdp„ D‘N°l Üpfp d¡mhpsu

d„X$m“p¡ Aæepk L$f“pf h¥opr“L$“¡ ê$‘ lfu R>¡. ‘R>u s¡, L©$rj n¡Ó lp¡e L¡$, h¡¥rðL$ hpeyd„X$m“u v$¥r“L$ dprlsu“p¡ ‘Z

"lhpdp“ip”u' L$l¡hpe R>¡. hpey EÅ® ‘e®V$“ L¡$ Apfp¡Áe“y„ n¡Ó lp¡e. kdph¡i ’pe R>¡. A¡ ÅZu“¡ Apòe® ’pe

d„X$m“u L$p¡B õ’m ‘f r“ròs kde“u ApV$gu bû dprlsu? ApV$gp„ ANrZs

[õ’rs“¡ s¡ kde“y„, s¡ õ’m“y„ lhpdp“ Aphgp¡L$“p¡? A“¡ s¡“u ‘f’u d¡mhpsp¡ L$l¡hpe R>¡, S>epf¡ s¡ õ’m ‘f Üpfp õ’pr‘s A“¡ 191 v$¡i, fpS>ep¡ L¡$ lhpdp““p¡ hsp®fp¡! kpvy$„ ku^y„ gpNs„y ‘Z âhs®dp“ gp„bp kde“p„ (30 hj® âv$¡ip¡“p„ kæep¡hpmu A¡L$ k„õ’p R>¡. L¡$V$gy„ S>V$ug R>¡ Ap lhpdp“ ip” !A’hp h^y) kf¡fpi lhpdp““¡ s¡ “y„ dy¿e Ýe¡e lhpdp“ S>m õ’m“u Apbp¡lhp L$l¡hpe R>¡. buÅ lhpdp““u h¡^ ipmp rhop“ k„b„r^s k¡hpAp¡ ‘yfu ‘pX$u“¡ A’®dp„ L$luA¡ sp¡ Apbp¡lhp Ap‘Z¡ iy„ vy$r“ep“p v$¡ip¡“¡ lhpdp“, Apbp¡lhp lhpdp““u h¡îpmp (lhpdp“ dp“uA¡ R>uA¡, A“¡ lhpdp“ A¡V$g¡ A“¡ S>mfpri“¡ L$pfZ¡ ’su Ly$v$fsu L¡$ÞÖ Weather-Station) A¡ A¡L$ A¡hy„ Ap‘Z“¡ dm¡ R>¡ s¡ lhpdp“ip”“u Ap‘rÑAp¡ kpd¡ fnZ ‘yfy„ ‘pX$hp“y„ R>¡, õ’m R>¡ S>ep„ lhpdp“ A“¡ hpey d„X$m“u ipMpAp¡ ‘Z R>¡, S>¡d L¡$ Nrsiug S>’¡ u L$fu“ ¡ Ap v$i¡ p ¡ ‘ps¡ p“p „ hpsphfZ“u [õ’rs dp‘hp„ dpV¡$“p„ rhrh^ D‘L$fZp¡ (Dynamic), cp¥qsL$ kgpdsu kp’¡ õ’peu (Sustainable) ( )“u kyrh^p lp¡e R>¡. L$p¡B rhdp“ k„Qpg“ , L©$rj âNrs L$fu iL¡$. Ap âL$pf“u k¡hpAp¡ ‘Z v$¡i dpV¡$ lhpdp“ k„b„r^s k¡hpAp¡

, D‘N°l ‘yfu ‘pX$hp dpV¡$ lhpdp“ Apbp¡lhp“p dpV¡$ ‘pepdp„ fl¡g kyrh^p A¡V$g¡ Ap lhpdp“ hsp®fp¡ hN¡f¡. âQgp¡ (sp‘dp“, v$bpZ, lhp“u Nrs r“funZ “¡V$hL®$. Ap “¡V$hL®$ S>¡V$gy„

A“¡ qv$ip, hfkpv$, c¡S> hN¡f¡) ‘f“p„ dS>b|s A¡V$gp¡ kQp¡V$ dmi¡ lhpdp““p ¡‘©Õhu“p„ L$p ¡B‘Z âv$ ¡idp„ r“funZp¡ ANÐe“p¡ cpN cS>h¡ R>¡. hspf® p!¡ Ap âL$pf“p r“funZp ¡ dpV$¡ r“ròs âhs®sp„ lhpdp““u cps L¡$ rhrh^sp

^pf¡ Zp ¡ Åmhhp S>ê$fu lp¡e R>¡. A“¡ S>¡ s¡ õ’m“p„ gp¡L$p¡“u v$¡i“p lhpdp“ A“¡ S>mrhop“

WMO (World Meteorological Organisation) A¡ United Nations

WMO

(Physical) Sensors(Aviation)

(Agriculture) (Satellite)

(Forecasting)

(Pattern)

Ap‘Z¡ Ðep„ hj® v$fçep“ Nfdu/W„$X$u“y„ dp¡Sy>„ Aph¡ A“¡ Åe, L¡$ Qp¡dpkpdp„ hfkpv$“p¡ fpDÞX$ iê$/ ‘yfp¡ ’pe hN¡f¡ L¡$hu kh® kpdpÞe bpbsp¡ R>¡ ?! lhpdp“ A“¡ Apbp¡lhp A¡ dpÓ cyNp¡m“p¡ rhje “’u, A¡dp„ sp¡ fl¡g R>¡ AV$‘Vy„$ rhop“, A¡ ANÐe“p„ rhop““u V|„$L$u dprlsu Ap g¡Mdp„ Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. Al] SAC-ISRO “u L$pdNufu“u ‘Z TgL$ Ap‘¡g R>¡.


18

A“p dpV¡$ Üpfp dpN®v$ri®L$p ‘Z

b“phhpdp„ Aph¡g R>¡. lhpdp“ L¡$ÞÖ ‘f Ap dpN®v$ri®L$p“y„ ‘pg“ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. lhp“u TX$‘ A“¡ qv$ip A„sfpe hNf“u S>Áep ‘f dp‘hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. S>epf¡ sp‘dp“ A“¡ c¡S> k„b„r^s Ahgp¡L$“p¡ Mp¡Mp L¡$ ‘V¡ $u“p „‘p¡gpZ (Closed Chamber)dp„ fpM¡g D‘L$fZp¡ Üpfp dp‘hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. S>¡’u L$fu“¡ s¡“p ‘f k|e®“p„ ku^p qL$fZp¡ ‘X¡$ “l]. õhe„ k„Qprgs lhpdp“ L¡$ÞÖ kQp¡V$ A“¡ hpf„hpf Ahgp¡L$“p¡ gB iL¡$ R>¡. S>¡ dp“hp¡ Üpfp g¡hpdp„ Aphsp„ Ahgp¡L$“p¡ L$fsp QY$uepsy„ d“pe R>¡. S>lpS> A“¡ bye (Buoy) kdyÖ ‘f“p„ lhpdp““p„ âQgp¡“p„ Ahgp¡L$“p¡ ‘yfp„ ‘pX¡$ R>¡. kpdpÞe fus¡ lhpdp“ k„b„r^s ÅZL$pfu d¡mhhp dpV¡$ “uQ¡ v$ip®h¡g D‘L$fZp¡“p¡ D‘ep¡N ’sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

(1) ’dp£duV$f lhp A“¡ kdyÖu k‘pV$u ‘f“p„ sp‘dp“ dpV¡$

(2) b¡fp¡duV$f ( ) lhp“p v$bpZ dpV$¡$

WMO dp¡Vy„$ k„L$rgs r“funZ s„Ó-“¡V$hL®$ sp‘dp“-c¡S> A“¡ Ap¡Tp¡““p„ hV$}L$g b“pìey„ R>¡ A“¡ Apdp„ k„h^®““u âp ¡ a pBg (Vert ical Prof i les)

A¡V$dp¡õa¡fuL$-õV¡$buguV$u r“v$i®L$ rQÞlp¡ (Augmentation) “u âq¾$ep kss

(indices) hN¡f¡. Megha-Tropiques Qpgy S> R>¡. IMD Üpfp õ’‘pe¡g A“¡ Ap‘Z“¡ rhjyhh©rÑe âv$¡ip¡ ‘f“p„ k„Qprgs h¡îpmpAp¡dp„ k‘pV$u ‘f“p Ahgp¡L$“p¡ Ap‘¡ R>¡, S>¡hp L¡$ dpB¾$p¡h¡h âQgp¡ dp‘hp dpV¡$“u 199, D‘fu fudp¡V$ k¡Þk]N Üpfp d‘pe¡gp hfkpv$, lhp“p„ âQgp¡ dpV¡$“u 39 A“¡ bgy“ hpv$mp¡dp„“y ‘pZu“y„ âdpZ, kdyÖu Üpfp g¡hpsp„ ‘qfZpdp¡ dpV¡$“u 62 k‘pV$u ‘f“u lhp“u qv$ip, Ly$g hfkpv$u h¡îpmpAp¡“p¡ kdph¡i ’pe R>¡. Ap ‘pZu, ‘©Õhu ‘f“p„ f¡X$uA¡i“ b¡g¡Þk“u D‘fp„s 675 õhe„ k„Qprgs lhpdp“ dprlsu, c¡S>“y„ âp¡apBg hN¡¡f¡. Scat L¡$ÞÖp¡, 69 A¡fp¡“p¡V$uL$g (Aerona-Sat-1 Ap‘Z“¡ kdyÖu k‘pV$u “ÆL$“u

utical) L¡$ÞÖp¡, 130 L©$rj-lhpdp“ lhp“p¡ kqv$i (qv$ip A“¡ Nrs) Ap‘¡ R>¡. L¡$ÞÖp¡, 130 L©$rj - lhpdp“ L¡$ÞÖp¡, 24 cpfsue D‘N°lp¡ Üpfp g¡hpe¡gu lhpdp“ X $ p ¡ àgf h ¡^f fX $ pf (doppler k„b„r^s dprlsu“p¡ X¡$V$p k„ip¡^“L$sp®Ap¡

weather) A“¡ 45 kp¡gpf f¡X$uA¡i“ A“¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡ dpV¡$ rh“p d|ëe¡ http:// L¡$ÞÖp¡“p¡ kdph¡i ‘Z IMD Üpfp www. mosdac. gov.in Sat-1 h¡bkpBV$ k„Qpqgs r“funZ “¡V$hL®$dp„ ’pe R>¡.D‘f D‘gå^ R>¡.

cpfs ‘pk¡ s¡“p¡ ‘p¡sp“p¡ A¡L$ hpeyd„X$m“u fQ“p

ApNhp¡ dp¡kd -D‘N°lp¡“p¡ L$pe®¾$d R>¡. ‘©Õhu ‘f“y„ hpeyd„X$m Qpf AgN ISRO Üpfp dp¡kd rhop“ dpV¡$ õ’pr‘s cpNp¡dp„ A“¡ ÓZ k„¾$p„rs rhcpNp¡ (Thermometer) L$fpe¡gp„ D‘N°lp¡dp„ INSAT-Series (Transition Zones)dp„ hl¢Qpe¡g R>¡ S>¡ A“¡ “uQu c°dZ L$npdp„ õ’‘pe¡gp„ DÂh® qv$ipdp„ (Vertical) sp‘dp“dp„ Megha-Tropiques, Scat Sat-1

hN¡f¡“p¡ kdph¡i ’pe R>¡. INSAT bv$gph ‘f Ap^pqfs R>¡. Ap Qpf Barometer

î¡Zu“p„ D‘N°lp¡ Üpfp cpfs D‘f“p„ v$f rhcpNp¡ “uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡.AX$^p L$gpL¡$ g¡hpe¡gp„ Ahgp¡L$“p¡ dm¡

(1) Troposphere (k‘pV$u’u 16 qL$. (3) lpBN°p¡duV$f (Hagrometer) R>¡. S>epf¡ ^°yhue (Polar) L$npdp„ du. “u KQpB kyû“p¡ cpN) S>¡dp„ KQpB lhpdp„“p c¡S> dpV¡$ Np¡W$h¡gp D‘N°lp¡ Üpfp qv$hkdp„ b¡ hpf kp’¡ sp‘dp“ OV¡$ R>¡.

dprlsu dm¡ R>¡. INSAT-3 î¡Zu“p„ (4) A“¡ udpd¡ uV$f (Anemometer) (2) Stratosphere (k‘pV$u 16-c|[õ’f-ÆAp¡ õV¡ $i“fu D‘N°lp¡ lhp“u TX$‘ A“¡ qv$ip dpV¡$

50) qL$.du. hÃQ¡“p¡ cpN) S>ep„ Ap‘Z“¡ lhpdp““p„ ANÐe“p„ OZp„ (5) ‘pBf“¡ pd¡ uV$f (Pyranometer) JQpB kp’¡ sp‘dp“ h^¡ R>¡.b^p„ ‘qfZpdp¡“p„ Ahgp¡L$“p¡ Ap‘¡ R>¡

k|e®“p rhqL$L$fZp¡ (Solar S>¡hp L¡$ hfkpv$, S>du“ A“¡ kdyÖu (3) Mesosphere (50-80qL$.du. Radiation) dpV¡$k‘pV$u“„y sp‘dp“, lhp“p¡ kqv$i KQpB) S>ep„ sp‘dp“ KQpB

(6) Rain Gauge hjp® dp‘L$ (qv$ip A“¡ Nrs), OLR (Outgoing h^hp“u kp’¡ OV¡$ R>¡.long-Wave Radiation) k‘pV$u ‘f“y„ cpfsue dp¡kd rhop“ rhcpN (4) Thermosphere (k‘pV$u’u 80 k | e ® “ y „ r h q L $ f Z B Þ k p ¡ g ¡ i “ (IMD, Indian Meteorological L$u.du. D‘f“p¡ cpN S>ep„ sp‘dp“ (insolation), AOD BÞkp¡g¡i“

Department) A¡ cpfsdp„ rhrh^ KQpB kp’¡ h^¡ R>¡. (¾$di:)(Aerisik Optical Depth) ^yçdk õ’mp¡A¡ lhpdp“ L¡$ÞÖp¡ õ’p‘u“¡ A¡L$ (Fog), hpv$mp¡“p„ cp¥rsL$ NyZ^dp£, (h^y Aphsp A„L¡$)


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râe hpQL$ rdÓp,¡ L$p¡‘p£f¡i“dp„’u ‘k„v$Nu L$fpB lsu Ap ¡L $V $ p ¡bf’u qX $k ¡çbf“p ÓZ rhÛp’}Ap ¡“ ¡ ‘ y“:âpàe EÅ®“p „ drl“pdp„ gp¡L$rhop“ L¡$ÞÖ Mps¡ rhrh^ D‘L$fZp¡“p„ dp¡X$ëk bsphu“¡ kdS>Z

(1) PCRA ‘¡V²$p¡rged L$Þkh£i“ âp¡N°pdp¡ ep¡Åep S>¡“u dprlsu “uQ¡ Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu lsu s¡dS> qaëd ip¡ Üpfp fukQ® A¡kp¡rkA¡i““p„ kp¥S>Þe’u âdpZ¡ R>¡ fkâv$ dprlsu A‘pB lsu. L$pe®¾$d“¡ gp¡L$rhop“ L¡$ÞÖ Üpfp EÅ® sS>o X$pµ. A„s¡ âñp¡Ñfu L$pe®¾$d Üpfp 5 bpmL$p¡“¡ rhop“ A¡¼kâ¡k : ey“pBV¡$X$ h¡ Ap¡a bu. Æ. v$¡kpB“p„ dpN®v$i®“ l¡W$m Ofdp„ ‘k„v$ L$fpep lsp. S>¡Ap¡ EÅ® DÐkhdp„ bfp¡X$p“p„ kp¥S>Þe’u rhop“ A¡L$kâ¡k h ‘ f p s u Ó Z â L $ p f “ u E Å ® cpN g¡i¡. Ap L$pe®¾$ddp„ Ns ÓZ dpkdp„ dp¡bpBg hp“’u L$p¡çey“uV$u kpeÞk Bg¡L$V²$ukuV$u, N¡k s¡dS> ‘¡V²$p¡g“u bQs “uQ¡“u ipmpAp¡ klcpNu ’B lsu.k¡ÞV$f Üpfp “Nf âp’rdL$ rinZ kdÅhsp¡ hpsp®gp‘ X$p¡d¡õV$uL$ s¡dS>

krdrs“u 21 L$p¡‘p£f¡i“ ipmpAp¡dp„ (1) 30-11-2018 A¡d.A¡k. ‘„X$ép ey’ d¡çbk® dpV¡$ Apep¡Åe R>¡. S>¡dp„ rhop““p„ âep¡Np¡ iuMhX$php“p¡ ky„v$f õLy$g (2) ‘-12-2018 ‘v$dphsu õgpBX$ ip¡ Üpfp â¡TÞV¡$i“ L$fhpdp„ âepk Qpgu füp¡ R>¡ Ap L$pe®¾$d ̂ p¡. 6, rhÛpge (3) 23-12-2018 Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ k„b„û ky„v$f qaëd ‘Z 7, 8“p„ rhÛp’}Ap¡“p Aæepk¾$ddp„ fZR>p¡X$ rhÛpge-Qp‘X$ (4) 14-bsphhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. sp. 10-10-Aphsp âep¡Np¡ “¡ Ås¡ L$fphu“¡ 12-2018 rhÛp rhL$pk õLy$g (5) 2018“p fp¡S> gp¡L$rhop“ L¡$ÞÖ Mps¡ iuMhpX$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap L$pe®¾$d 15-12-2018 V$u.Apf. ‘V ¡ $g ’yhphu ITI L$p¡g¡S>“p 60 rhÛp’}Ap¡ k„õ’p“p îudsu S>ë‘p kyN„û, îudsu rhÛpk„Ly $g (6) 20-12-2018A“¡ 6 rinL$p¡ kp’¡ Ap L$pe®¾$d ‘peg Å“u, rhipg kp¡“u s¡dS> X$pµ.$kh®‘ëgu fp^pq¾$óZ“ L$Þepipmp Apep¡Åep¡ lsp¡.îudsu fÐ“p Å¡ju Üpfp rhrh^ (7) 26-12-2018 ‘|Äe X$p¢Nf¡Æ

sp. 26-10-2018“p fpS¡ > Ad¡ . Ak¡ . ipmpAp¡dp„ ep¡Åe R>¡. çeyr“rk‘g dlpfpS> âpedfu õLy$g (b‘p¡f) (8) ery “.dp„ bu.A¡X$.“p 25 rhÛp’}“uAp¡ ipmpdp„ rhop“gnu qaëdk ‘Z 27-12-18 ‘|Äe X$p¢Nf¡Æ dlpfpS> kp’¡ Ap L$pe®¾$d ep¡Åep¡ lsp¡. S>¡“p¡ bsphhpdp „ h ¡ R>,¡ “uQ“¡ u ipmpApd¡ p„ âpedfu õLy$g (khpf) Ap L$pe®¾$ddp„ Ly$g ârscph M|b kpfp¡ dþep¡ lsp¡.Ap L$pe®¾$d ep¡Åe R>¡. 900 rhÛp’}Ap¡ A“¡ 20 rinL$p¡

klcpNu ’ep lsp. sp. 14-12-2018 s¡dS> 15-12-(1) ‘„qX$s v$u“v$epg âpedfu õLy$g 2018“p fp¡S> dlphuf apDÞX¡$i““p„ (2) gpg blpvy$f âpedfu õLy$g (3) (3) EÅ® bQs rhje D‘f hL®$ip¡‘ : 78 rhÛp’}Ap¡A¡ Ofdp„ EÅ® bQs, huf cNstkl âpedfu õLy$g (4) NyS>fps EÅ® rhL$pk k„õ’p (GEDA) rhjeL$ hpsp®gp‘dp„ cpN gu^p¡ lsp¡ íepdp âkpv$ dyMfÆ âpedfu ipmp A“¡ åe|fp¡ Ap¡a A¡“Æ® A¡aukueÞku A“¡ L¡$ÞÖ“p A¡“Æ® lp¡g“u dygpL$ps gB (5) L$rh v$epfpd âpedfu õLy$g (khpf “hu qv$ëlu“p fpô²$ ìep‘u EÅ® dp¡X$ëk rhj¡ dprlsu d¡mhu lsu.s¡dS> b‘p¡f b„“¡) (6) õhpdu k„fnZ L$pe®¾$d“p cpN ê$‘¡ ApB.V$u.

rhh¡L$p“„v$ âpedfu õLy$g (7) X$pµ. l„kp ApB. k„õ’pAp¡ s¡dS> X$uàgp¡dp A¡[ÞS>-(2) NyS>fps A¡“Æ® X¡$hg‘d¡ÞV$ dl¡sp âpedfu õLy$g (8) huf kphfL$f r“f]N“u L$p¡g¡S> dpV¡$ EÅ® k„fnZ rhje A¡S>Þku Np„û“Nf Üpfp âpedfu ipmp (9) BÞvy$gpg eproL$ D‘f EÅ® r“óZps X$pµ. bu. Æ. v$¡kpB ‘yfõL©$s A“¡ âpv$¡riL$ gp¡L$rhop“ L¡$ÞÖ, âpedfu õLy$g (10) X$pµ. kh®‘ëgu s¡dS> îu fpSy>cpB ‘„X$ép Üpfp kprlÐe hX$p¡v$fp Üpfp Apep¡rS>s bpm EÅ® fnL$ fp^pL©$óZ“ âpedfu õLy$g (11) s¥epf ’ep ‘R>u ApB.V$u.ApB. L$p¡g¡Å¡ v$m L$pe®¾$d hj® 2018-19 A„sN®s Ly$b¡f¡ðf L$Þep rhÛpge (12) îu s ¡dS > X $ u àgp ¡d p „ A ¡ ÞÆr“ef]N 30 ipmpAp¡dp„ Ap L$pe®¾$d L$fhpdp„ NuSy>cpB bX¡$L$p âpedfu õLy$g (13) L$p ¡g¡Å¡dp „’u âp¡a ¡kk®, Ap¥Ûp ¡rNL$ Apìep¡ R>¡. Ap L$pe®¾$d“p¡ dy¿e Dv$¡íe îu f„N Ah^|s âpedfu õLy$g (14) n¡Óp¡dp„’u A¡L$õ‘V®$k s¡dS> EÅ® ‘y“: âpàe EÅ®“p¡ D‘ep¡N Of¡ Of¡ ’pe ‘yÄe X$p¢Nf¡Æ dlpfpS> âpedfu õLy$g r“óZpsp¡“¡ bp¡gphu“¡ A¡L$ hL®$ip¡‘ sp. s’p gp¡L$p¡ ‘©Õhu“y„ âv|$jZ OV$pX$¡ s¡hp¡ (khpf s¡dS> b‘p¡f) (15) dlrj® 11-10-2018“p fp¡S> Apep¡Åep¡ k „v $ ¡ip ¡ bpmL$p ¡ Üpfp O ¡f O ¡f

EÅ® bQs rhjeL$ S>“ÅN©rs L$pe®¾$dp¡ :

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lsp¡. S>¡dp„ Ap kprlÐe rhj¡ s¡Ap¡“p¡ âZpgu. “p“u Jdf’u bpmL$dp„ fukQ® Arcâpe g¡hpdp„ Apìep¡ lsp¡. h©rÑ S>NpX$“pf Ap L$pe®¾$d sp.12-

10-2018“p fp¡S> gp¡L$rhop“ L¡$ÞÖ khp®“yds¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Ap kprlÐe“¡ Mps¡ Apep¡Åep¡ lsp¡. S>¡dp„ 15 ipmp“p hMpÎey„ lsy„ ApV$gp dlÐh“p„ L$pe®“u 130 rhÛp’}Ap¡ 39 dpN®v$i®L$ rinL$p¡, kp¢‘Zu dpV¡$ k„õ’p GEDA“p¡ Apcpf 70 âp¡S>¡L$V$ gB“¡ cpN gu^p¡ lsp¡. dp“¡ R>¡.r“óZps hN®dp„ X$pµ. ^d£ÞÖ ipl,

gp¡L$rhop“ L¡$ÞÖ Mps¡ ipmpAp¡“u “ugpb¡“ X$p¢Nf¡, îudsu õhprs b¡X$¡L$f, dygpL$ps : Ap‘Z¡ v$f¡L$ A„L$dp„ ÓZ îudsu õhprs ‘f“pdu, X$pµ. r“rs“ dpk v$fçep“ dygpL$ps¡ Aph¡gu cpV$¡, X$pµ. S>e¡ÞÖ gMdp‘yfL$f s¡dS> ipmpAp¡“p„ “pd Ap‘uA¡ R>uA¡. gp¡L v$npb¡“ hpÅ lpS>f füp lsp. $rhop“ L¡$ÞÖdp„ rhÛp’}Ap¡ A¡“Æ®

“¡i“g õV$pÞX$X®$ A¡L$kpdu“¡i“-lp¡g, bpep¡V¡$L$ lp¡g, S>“fg kpeÞk 2018 : BÞX$ue“ A¡kp¡kuA¡i“ Ap¡a lp¡g s¡dS> V¡$L$“p¡gp¡Æ lp¡g“u dygpL$ps auTLk V$uQk®“y„ A¡L$ A¡kp¡kuA¡i“ R>¡ gB rhop““p„ âep¡Np¡ kdS>¡ R>¡ s¡dS> S>¡“p„ Üpfp “¡i“g g¡hg“u ‘funpAp¡“y„ rhop“gnu qaëd Sy>A¡ R>¡. “uQ¡ Apep¡S>“ ’pe R>¡. s¡dp„ auTuL$k, S>Zph¡g ipmpAp¡ Ns ÓZ dpkdp„ bpep¡gp¡Æ A¡õV²$p¡“p¡du“u ‘funp ^p¡fZ dygpL$ps¡ Aphu lsu.11 A“¡ 12“p rhÛp’}Ap¡ dpV¡$ g¡hpe

(1) sp. 5-10-18 guV$g agphk® R>¡ s¡dS> ^p¡.8-9“p rhÛp’}Ap¡ dpV¡$ ipmp“p 94 rhÛp’}Ap¡ A“¡ 4 rinL$p¡ NSEJS ‘funp g¡hpe R>¡. Ap ‘funp“y„ dygpL$ps¡ Apìep lsp. k¡ÞV$f Ap‘Zu k„õ’pdp„ R>¡ëgp 10 (2) sp. 31-10-18 VIBGYOR hj®’u R>¡. sp. 18-11-2018“p fp¡S> õLy$g“p 77 rhÛp’}Ap¡ A“¡ 4 rinL$p¡ Sy>“uef kpeÞk“u ‘funpdp„ 138 gp¡L$ rhop“ L¡$ÞÖ“u dygpL$ps¡ Apìep rhÛp’}Ap¡A¡ ‘funp Ap‘u lsu s¡dS> lsp. sp. 23-11-2018“p fp¡S>

A“¡ “p Ly$g “¡i“g QuëX²$“ kpeÞk L$p¢N°¡k 167 rhÛp’}Ap¡A¡ ‘funp Ap‘u lsu. rS>‰p L$np : Ap L$pe®¾$d i¥nrZL$ âhpk : sp. 24-12-rhop“ A“¡ V¡$L$“p¡gp¡Æ rhcpN cpfs

kfL$pf“p¡ Ars ANÐe“p¡ L$pe®¾$d R>¡. 2018“p fp¡S> gp¡L$ rhop“ L¡$ÞÖdp„ S>¡dp„ 10-17 hj®“u he“p rhÛp’}Ap¡ rhop“ L$gbdp„ Aphsp rhÛp’}Ap¡ cpN g¡ R>¡. dpN®v$i®L$ rinL Üpfp cpegu Npddp„ Aph¡gp k„Qprgs h¥opr“L$ ‘Ý^rs“p„ Ap^pf¡ “u dygpL$ps¡ Nep 2-3 drl“p A„sN®s du“u fukQ® lsp bpmL$p¡A¡ M|b dTp L$fu lsu S>¡dp„ âp¡S>¡L$V$k lp’ ^fpe R>¡. S>¡dp„ Ap 50 rhÛp’}Ap ¡ A“ ¡ kpeÞk hj®“p¡ ’ud õhÃR> lqfepmy A“¡ õhõ’ L$p¡çàey“uL¡$V$k® Å¡X$pep lsp.fpô²$ dpV¡$ rhop“, V¡$L$“p¡gp¡Æ A“¡ “hu“uL$fZ Ap rhje“p 5 ‘¡V$p rhcpNp¡ lp¡e R>¡ (1) BL$p¡ rkõV$d A“¡ BL$p¡ rkõV$d k¡hp (2) Apfp¡Áe, õhõ’ A“¡ õhÃR>sp (3) L$Qfpdp„’u L„$Q“ (4) kdpS>, k„õL©$rs A“¡ ApÆrhL$p (5) ‘f„‘fpNs op“

Arsr’ sfuL¡$ Nep lsp.

âv$i®“ : dlpÐdp Np„ûÆ“p Æh“ QqfÓ A“¡ õhÃR>sp A“¡ Apfp¡Áe rhjeL$ âv$i®“ sp. 5 A“¡ 6-10-2018“p fp¡S> gp¡L$rhop“ L¡$ÞÖ Mps¡ Apep¡Åey lsy S>¡“u dygpL$ps “|s“ rhÛpge“p 45 rhÛp’}Ap¡, QpZL$e rhÛpge“p 25 rhÛp’}Ap¡, ‘v$dphsu rhÛpge“p 25 rhÛp’}Ap¡ s¡dS> A¡k. A¡. ‘„X$ép“p 22 rhÛp’}Ap¡ s¡dS> 4 rinL$p¡A¡ guû lsu.

fpS>e L$np“p¡ kpeÞk X²$pdp : sp. 20-11-2018“p fp¡S> kpeÞk kuV$u Adv$phpv$ Mps¡ rS>‰p L$npA¡ ‘k„v$Nu ‘pd¡gp “pV$L$p¡“p¡ fpS>e L$np“u ‘k„v$Nu dpV¡$ L$pe®¾$d Apep¡Åep¡ lsp¡. S>¡dp„ hX$p¡v$fp“u kp^y hpkhpZu ipmp“p 8 rhÛp’}Ap¡ A“¡ 1 rinL¡$ "X$õV$bu““u ìe’p' “pV$L$ fSy> L$ey® lsy„.

Social Science Project Competition : gp¡L$ rhop“ L¡$ÞÖ, hX$p¡v$fp, kp¡L$gu“, “pN¡i Q¡fuV¡$bg V²$õV$, fp¡V$fu L$gb, BÞX$ue“ àgpõV$uL$ BÞõV$uV$éyV$“p klep¡N’u Ap dp¡X$ëk d¡L$]N lqfapB“y„ Apep¡S>“ ’ey„ lsy„ S>¡“p¡

NSEP, rhje lsp¡. Smart Traffic Practical

NSEB, NSEC NSEBSolution Ap L$pe®¾$ddp„ 38 âp¡S>¡L$V$k

(NCSC) 120 rhÛp’}Ap¡ Üpfp fMpep lsp. r“Zp®eL$ sfuL¡$ X$pµ. Æs¡ÞÖ Nhmu s¡dS> îu AÆstkl NpeL$hpX$ lpS>f füp lsp. Þey A¡fp õLy$g, Dd} õLy$g A“¡

Fuldward “hfQ“p rhÛp“u rhÛpge“p âp¡S>¡L$V$k Advernture Park ‘k„v$Nu ‘pçep lsp.

Science on Wheels : sp. 18-12-18“p fp¡S> ‘fd gp¡L$ rhop“ L¡$ÞÖ, cê$Q Mps¡ ep¡Åeg¡ NrZs-rhop“

hX$p¡v$fp rS>ëgp“p¡ kpeÞk d¡Õk d¡mp¡ dm¡ pdp „ rhop““p „ dpX¡ $¡ëk kdÅhhpdp „: NyS>fps ‘åguL$ õLy$g, hpOp¡qX$ep Mps¡ Apìep lsp. sd¡ S> qaëd ip“¡ „y ApepS¡ >“ ep¡Åe¡gp Ap rhop“ d¡mpdp„ k„õ’p“p L$e ̄y ls.„y S>d¡ p „ Ágpb¡ g hpd¡ …N, EÅ ®îudsu ljp¯Nu eproL$ s¡dS> îu qv$“¡i bQs, kpg¡ pf L$|L$f D‘f qaëd b“phhpdp „Np„û r“Zp®eL$ sfuL$¡ Nep lsp. s¡dS> Aphu lsu S>d¡ p „ 300 rhÛp’}Ap ¡ A“ ¡ 20 k„õ’p“p X$pef¡L$V$f X$pµ. Nhmu dy¿e rinL$p ¡ lpS>f füp lsp.

OUR ACTIVITIES

NyS>fps A¡“Æ® X¡$hgp¡‘d¡ÞV$ A¡S>Þku ‘yfõL©$s BURD L$pe®¾$ddp„ ^p¡.6,7,8“p bpmL$p¡“¡ ‘y“:âpàe EÅ®“p ”p¡sp¡’u Qpgsp D‘L$fZp¡“u kdS>Z Ap‘sp k„õ’p“p kpeÞk L$p¡çeyr“L¡$V$k®

“¡i“g rQëX²$“ kpeÞk L$p¢N°¡k Æëgp L$np“u õ‘^p®dp„ fukQ® âp¡S>¡¼V¹$k kdÅhsp rhÛp’}Ap¡

Publisher : Prof. N. M. Bhatt Publisher : Prof. N. M. Bhatt Shri R. D. Shah Shri R. D. Shah Community Science Centre, Vadodara Community Science Centre, Vadodara Vadodara Vadodarann Editor :Editor : nn Owner :Owner : nn Printed at :Printed at :

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îu AÆstkl NpeL$hpX$ A“¡ X$pµ. Æs¡ÞÖ Nhmudp¡X¡$g d¡qL»$N õ‘^p® r“Zp®eL$

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