RECOGNITION, EVALUATION, AND CONTROL OF SURFACE CONTAMINATION AND DERMAL HAZARDS.

RECOGNITION, EVALUATION, AND CONTROL OF

SURFACE CONTAMINATION AND DERMAL HAZARDS

STEP 1 RECOGNITION

Defining and Identifying Surface and Dermal Hazards

DEFINING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

Chemicals that can cause dermatitis or skin damage

Chemicals that can enter the body through intact skin and cause toxic effects in various organ systems

DEFINING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

PROPERTIES: Can penetrate or

injure the skin

Toxic if ingested

Inhalation hazard if resuspended

Low vapor pressure

Can remain on surfaces for prolonged periods

EXAMPLES: Amines Isocyanates Metal dusts PCBs and dioxins Pesticides VOCs Acids/bases Beryllium

IDENTIFYING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits

(PELs) and ACGIH Threshold Limit

Values (TLVs®) indicate these hazards

with:

SKIN Notation SENSITIZER Notation

THE SKIN NOTATION

Does NOT denote the capability for the chemical to cause irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization

Refers to the potential contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route including absorption through skin, mucous membranes, and eyes

THE SKIN NOTATION

“Is intended to alert the reader that air

sampling alone is insufficient to accurately

quantitate exposure and that measures to

prevent significant cutaneous absorption

may be required.”

+

THE ACGIH SENSITIZER NOTATION (SEN)

Is designed to protect workers from becoming sensitized through respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

Are necessary for those chemicals that have BOTH a low exposure limit and a skin or sensitizer notation

Include process controls, measurement of airborne chemicals, worker training, and a complete dermal exposure reduction program

A DERMAL EXPOSURE REDUCTION PROGRAM

DETECTION of skin and surface contaminants.

PROTECTION through the proper selection and changing frequency of personal protective equipment.

DECONTAMINATION of skin, work surfaces, tools, and equipment.

DETERMINATION of program effectiveness through biological monitoring.

STEP 2 EVALUATION

WHY, WHERE, AND HOW TO SAMPLE

SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

To ensure a comprehensive exposure assessment

Dermal sampling, air sampling, and biological monitoring are all components of a comprehensive exposure assessment strategy.


To select proper personal protective equipment (PPE), particularly hand protection

Surface contamination inside a glove indicates glove failure or improper work practices.

Sampling can determine if and why PPE failure occurred and can be used to retrain workers so as to enhance PPE effectiveness.


To comply with OSHA PPE standard

1910.138 (b) requires employers to select hand protection on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the hand protection relative to the task(s) to be performed, conditions present, duration of use, and the hazards and potential hazards identified.


To eliminate take home toxins

Employees’ shoes, glasses, tools, and lunchboxes contaminated with hazardous chemicals may be an exposure source for family members.


To prevent the

inadvertent mixing

of incompatible

chemicals


To evaluate the effectiveness of decontamination procedures

Sampling can be done initially to determine a “normal” concentration of surface contaminant following a prescribed cleaning regimen.

Future samples can be used to document that the ongoing cleaning procedures result in an acceptable surface contaminant level.


To evaluate non-controlled work areas

Provides documentation that contamination of non-controlled work areas has not occurred from adjacent work areas and activities.

WHERE TO SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION

CONDUCTING AN INVESTIGATION FOR SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

1. Review the published literature to evaluate the potential for skin absorption for the contaminant under study.2. Rate specific jobs in regards to the amount and the frequency of exposure.3. Conduct a walk-through survey of the work area making an assessment of personal and

work-area hygiene.


4. Collect a bulk sample of suspect materials and have them analyzed to confirm contents.5. Note parts of the skin regularly exposed to contaminants due to machine design or employee work practices.6. Note possible contamination of surfaces frequently touched by workers in production areas such as lids, equipment, tools, and switches.


7. Check for cross contamination on cafeteria lunch tables, desktops, doorknobs, and changing rooms. 8. Investigate the potential for exposure from handling contaminated equipment or clothing. 9. Check for contamination on door handles, seats, and flooring of vehicles driven on the job and on the inside of respirators, hard hats, and reusable gloves.

HOW TO SAMPLE

SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

WIPE SAMPLING FOR CHEMICALS ON SURFACES

A routine method involving the use of a filter media used dry or wetted with a liquid or solvent specified in the procedure

WIPE SAMPLING MEDIA

Gauze pads - PCBs, pesticides Filters - Hexavalent chromium Cotton gloves - Pesticides Cotton balls - 2,4 D Ghost Wipes - Lead Cotton swabs - DNT, TNT Adhesive labels and cellophane tape - Dust

and mold spores

GHOST WIPESSKC Cat. No. 225-2414

Ease sample preparation and analysis of surface lead

Hold together in the field even when wiping rough surfaces

Readily and completely dissolve during digestion for complete dispersion of analytes and uniform recoveries

Specified in OSHA Wipe Method ID-125G for metals

WIPE SAMPLE COLLECTIONPROTOCOLS

FOR OSHA Wipe a test area of

100 cm2

Dry wipes or filter paper wetted with distilled water should be used for liquid residues or for sampling on skin, PPE, and surfaces that contact food.

FOR HUD Wipe a test area of 1 ft2

Templates of various shapes are helpful to sample the required area on a variety of surfaces such as floors and window sills. SKC offers plastic HUD templates as SKC Cat. No. 225-2406.

SURFACE SAMPLING OF VOLATILE CONTAMINANTS

Wipe sampling is not effective for many volatile contaminants.

For these compounds, surface contamination can be determined using a general survey monitor such as a photoionization detector (PID).

SKC 730 Series

VACUUM SAMPLING FOR PESTICIDES AND METALS

A 3-piece cassette loaded with an appropriate filter and a short length of tubing on the inlet acting as a nozzle is attached to a personal pump at flows of 2+ L/min.

VACUUM SAMPLING FOR ASBESTOS

ASTM D5755 and D5756 specify a carbon-filled black polypropylene cassette with cowl loaded with an MCE or polycarbonate filter and a short length of tubing on the inlet.

The tubing on the inlet serves as a nozzle to vacuum contaminants from a 100 cm2 area at 1 to 5 L/min followed by transmission electron microscopy.

SKC Cat. No. 225-322

COLORIMETRIC SWABS FOR LEAD

Lead poisoning continues to be a public health problem, particularly among children.

Rapid, inexpensive surface sampling kits have been developed that allow non-professionals to answer the basic question, “Is lead present?”

LEADCHECK® SWABSU.S. EPA TESTING

Recognized by U.S. EPA to reliably determine the absence of lead paint

Detects lead on 96.6% of surfaces tests

Suitable for surfaces, but activated swabs are not suitable for use on skin

SKC Cat. No. 225-2404

LEADCHECK SWABSNIOSH METHOD 7700

Lead in Air by Chemical Spot Test Specifies 0.8 µm MCE filters at 2 L/min for

sample collection. LeadCheck swabs are used to check for the

presence of lead on the filter sample. Laboratory analysis can be done to quantitate

levels if colorimetric test is positive.

LEAD DETECTION ON SKIN OR SURFACES

Developed by U.S. NIOSH; NIOSH Method 9105 Licensed by SKC Scientific breakthrough - Colorimetric wipe for lead on

skin or surfaces Behavior modification tool - Allows workers to

determine if their hand washing has been thorough enough

Limit of ID is 18 µg of lead

FULL DISCLOSURE® LEAD WIPES

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

SKC Cat. Nos. 550-001/2

COLORIMETRIC SWYPE® SAMPLING

Designed to detect contamination of work surfaces or skin

Formulated to be specific to a particular compound group

Sensitive to levels equal to or below PELs for comparable airborne exposures

COLORIMETRIC SWYPE SAMPLING

CHEMICAL SPECIFIC

TEST KITS Aromatic amines Aliphatic amines Aromatic isocyanates Aliphatic isocyanates Hydrazine Acids/bases SKC 769-Series

COLORIMETRIC SWYPE SAMPLING

For surface sampling, spray the proprietary Developer Solution lightly on the test surface and then wipe with the SWYPE indicator pad. Wait 2 to 3 minutes for color to develop.

For skin sampling, first wipe the skin and then immerse the SWYPE indicator pad in the Developer Solution. Wait 2 to 3 minutes for color to develop.

SURFACE SAMPLING FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS

A swab or filter wetted with sterile water or wash solution is used to wipe a specified area.

Typically, the swab is then used to inoculate a culture plate.

SKC Cat. No. 225-2402

SURFACE SAMPLING FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS

SKC Stick-to-it Lift Tape consists of a flexible plastic microscope with an adhesive area

Press onto the surface and insert into the plastic mailers for shipment to the lab.

SKC Cat. No. 225-9808

PPE AND DERMAL EXPOSURES

Wearing the WRONG glove is worse than wearing no glove at all!

If the chemical can permeate the glove material, the presence of the glove along with sweating will enhance chemical absorption 5 to 10 times!

PERMEA-TEC® PADSA SCREENING TOOL FOR PPE

NEW GLOVE EVALUATIONDouble-glove workers and place PERMEA-TECpad between the two gloves. After 1 hour, remove the outside glove and inspect the PERMEA-TEC for color change. Continue checking at regular intervals.

PERMEA-TEC PADSA SCREENING TOOL FOR PPE

ROUTINE GLOVE EVALUATIONAfter a “safe use” time for a glove has been

determined, design a change-out schedule for

gloves and use PERMEA-TEC to assure and

document protection from

chemical exposure.

PERMEA-TEC PADSDIRECTIONS FOR USE

For glove evaluation, place the pads on the thumb, middle finger, and palm with the pad side facing out.

Don PPE normally worn.

After specified time, remove PPE.

Examine PERMEA-TEC for color change.

SKC 769 Series

PERMEA-TEC PADSFOR SOLVENTS

Contain a color indicator and an activated charcoal pad

The color indicator strip turns from white to gray with exposure to common POLAR organic solvents

The charcoal pad can be analyzed by gas chromatography like a charcoal tube.

STEP 3CONTROL

OF SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

DECONTAMINATIONISSUES

THE BEST CLEANSERS: Will not disrupt or abrade the natural barrier

properties of the skin Will not enhance penetration of contaminants

into the skin Will remove water insoluble contaminants

such as pesticides Are chemical specific

SKIN CLEANSERS

D-TAM™ SKIN CLEANSERS FROM SKC Do not contain lanolin or harsh surfactants Will remove water-insoluble contaminants Chemical specific See SKC Surface/Dermal Response kits with

chemical specific SWYPES, PERMEA-TEC pads, decontamination solutions, and D-TAM skin cleansers. (SKC 769 Series)

METHAMPHETAMINE:A NEW SURFACE CONTAMINANT

METHAMPHETAMINE: DEFINING THE PROBLEM

Methamphetamine or "meth" is a potent central nervous system stimulant that is highly addictive, cheap, and easy to produce.

Meth is derived from commonly available decongestants and diet aids containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine and cooked in clandestine (illegal) “labs.”

TYPICAL METH LAB

TYPICAL METH LAB

RESPONDING TO METH

Health and safety

professionals have a

role to play in the

response and cleanup

of clandestine

meth laboratories.

ROLE OF HEALTH AND SAFETY PROS IN METH LABS

To protect first-responders and other personnel from the hazards

To develop health and safety plans for decontamination of buildings/environment

To confirm that appropriate “safe” levels have been met prior to reoccupancy

OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS OF METH

WHO? Law enforcement Fire, hazmat, or

ambulance crews Social services Utilities services Landlords Custodial or

housekeeping staff

WHERE? Homes Cars Hotel rooms Storage units Dumpsters Tents/campsites

SAMPLE COLLECTION

NIOSH reports that air sampling for individual contaminants is only effective during active “cooking” of meth.

The particulate aerosol formed during meth production, however, deposits onto available surfaces.

A better method for sampling meth after a cook is using surface wipe sampling.

NIOSH SURFACE WIPE METHODS FOR METH

To evaluate meth surface residue, NIOSH has

developed two field detection kits and

transferred this technology to SKC for

commercial production.

SKC METH RESIDUE KITS

Detects the presence of meth residue with a limit of identification of 15 micrograms/100 cm2

Color results develop rapidly for on-the-spot qualitative assessments.

Designed to check meth remediation/cleanup

Can assess meth residue on surfaces with limits of identification relevant to state cleanup guidelines

Measures as low as 50 nanograms

SKC Cat. No. 560-001 Kit Includes:

- Gauze wipes

- Disposable gloves

- 10 x 10 cm templates

- Wetting agent spray

- Developer sprays

- Color Guide Instructions and accessories

Must be kept cool during storage/transport

Allows assessment of meth residues on surfaces with limits of identification relevant to state cleanup guidelines:

MethChek 1500 - detects 1500 nanograms/100 cm2




Each kit contains solutions and multiple individually packaged test packets that include:

Gauze wipes/cotton swabs Disposable gloves Disposable 10 x 10-cm templates Syringes Pipettes Extractor solution in vials Sample storage mini bags Detection cartridges Color Quick Guide instructions Wetting Agent spray Complete Operating Instructions

and accessories SKC Cat. Nos. 560-002 to -005B

THANK YOU FOR YOUR INTEREST IN SKC SAMPLING

TECHNOLOGIES!

WWW.SKCINC.COM

SURFACE CONTAMINATION AND DERMAL HAZARDS

CDC-NIOSH has released a technical

resource titled Effects of Skin Contact

with Chemicals: What a Worker Should

Know. Link to

www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-

199/pdfs/2011-199.pdf.

RECOGNITION, EVALUATION, AND CONTROL OF SURFACE CONTAMINATION AND DERMAL HAZARDS.

Documents

dermal hazards chemicals

dermal hazards properties

sample surface

potential hazards

identifying surface

surface contaminants

skin toxic

intact skin