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Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University of Michigan All authors contributed substantially to this paper, and names are listed alphabetically to reflect the substantial contribution of each. Paper available at http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx? submissionId=60182
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Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Dec 14, 2015

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Page 1: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society

Miles KimballColter Mitchell

Arland ThorntonLinda Young-DeMarco

University of Michigan

All authors contributed substantially to this paper, and names are listed alphabetically to reflect the substantial contribution of each.

Paper available at http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=60182

Page 2: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Higher education is associated with…

Individual achievement

Marriage and intergenerational relationships

Divorce, cohabitation, and childbearing

Careers, fulfillment, and community service

Page 3: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Focus of Research

Causal Relationships College Major Values

Page 4: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Focus of Research

Causal Relationships College Major Values

Page 5: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Focus of Research

Reciprocal Causal Relationships College Major Values

Page 6: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Theory

Three Streams of Thought: Science Developmentalism Postmodernism

Page 7: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Science

Alternative authority structure

Alternative view of life and purpose

Page 8: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Developmentalism

Narrative of progress:

Individual over family

Materialism

Equality and Freedom

Page 9: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Postmodernism

Rejection of absolute or universal standards

Epistemological doubt

Page 10: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

College Major

Major Science Postmodernism Developmentalism

All Majors + + +

Humanities ++

Social Science ++ ++

Natural Science ++

Page 11: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Two Fundamental Hypotheses

Hypotheses 1: College major will influence values concerning family, careers, and society

Hypothesis 2: Values will influence the choice of college major

Page 12: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

College Major

Major Family Career Society

Humanities - - +

Social Science - - +

Natural Science - ? ?

Page 13: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Monitoring the Future

High school seniors in the United States

The baseline interview takes place during senior year (Time 0)

Time 1 is one or two years after high school

Time 3 is five or six years after high school

Page 14: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

How Important Is… (4pt scale)

Family Having a good marriage and family life Being able to give my children better opportunities than I've

had Living close to parents and relatives

Career Being successful in my line of work Having lots of money Being able to find steady work

Society Working to correct social and economic inequalities Making a contribution to society Finding purpose and meaning in my life

Page 15: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

College Major Categories

Natural Science Social Science Humanities Other/Undecided No College “Trades” (clerical, vocational/technical,

business, education, and engineering)

Page 16: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Controls

Year of initial survey (1976-1995) Region Gender Parental education Political preferences and beliefs Religion

Page 17: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Analyses

College Major Values

Page 18: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Figure 1Measurement and Structural Effects Model of Personal Values

A0

ε0

η1 η0 η3

A3

ε3

A1

ε1

τ 1 τ 2

ζ1 ζ3

College Major at Time 1

Controls

β1

β2

λ0 λ1 λ3

Var ε0 = Var ε1 = Var ε3

λ 0 = λ1 = λ 3 = 1

Page 19: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Table 3Predicting Time 3 Attitude from Time 1 Attitude and College Major at Time 1

LISREL Models (Z – ratios in parentheses) N=4173

No

College

Natural Science

Humanities/ Social

Science

Trades

Dependent Variables (Attitude3)

Family .029 (1.56)

-.026 (.988)

-.060 (2.28)

--

Career -.004

(.235) -.062 (2.53)

-.024 (1.01)

--

Society .010

(.056) .037

(1.46) .080

(3.20) --

Page 20: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Analyses

Values College Major College major stability Choosing a new college major

Page 21: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Table 4 Predicting the Stability of Time1 College Majors Through Time3 for the Time1

Attitude (Z-Ratios in Parentheses) N=4173

Not in

College Trades Natural Science Humanities

Social Science

Independent Variables Family .409

(2.72) .208

(0.99) .141

(0.52) .135

(0.35) .016

(0.04) Career -.106

(0.65) .528

(2.05) -.063 (0.20)

-.120 (0.36)

-.363 (0.95)

Society -.276

(1.62) -.530 (2.19)

.201 (0.75)

.185 (0.44)

.534 (1.46)

Page 22: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Table 5Multinomial Logistic Regressions Predicting the Time3 College Major from the Time1 Attitude

for Individuals in College at Time1 Who Indicated a Change in College Major by Time3(Trades is the Omitted Category) (Z-ratios in Parentheses) (N=888)

Natural

Science Humanities Social

Science Trades Independent Variables

Family -.370

(1.16) -.725 (2.53)

-.637 (2.72)

--

Career -.391

(1.28) .226

(0.79) -.039 (0.16)

--

Society .588

(1.96) .735

(2.34) .592

(2.53) --

Page 23: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Summary and Conclusions

College major changes values

Values affect college major choice

Strong causal nexus between values and major life decisions

Page 24: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Table 3Predicting Time 3 Religiosity from Time 1 Religiosity and College Major at Time 1

LISREL Models (Z – ratios in parentheses)

Not in

College

Natural Science

Humanities

Social Science

Trades

Dependent Variables

Religious Attendance

-.032 (2.46)

-.009 (.474)

-.043 (1.87)

-.051 (2.32)

--

Religious Importance

.008 (.615)

-.021 (1.11)

-.065 (2.83)

-.045 (2.05)

--

Page 25: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Table 4 Predicting the Stability of Time1 College Majors Through Time3 for the Time1

Religiosity (Z-Ratios in Parentheses)

Not in

College Natural Science Humanities

Social Science Trades

Independent Variables

Religious Attendance -.160 (5.71)

.057 (1.12)

.006 (0.09)

.108 (1.64)

.065 (1.67)

Religious Importance -.106

(3.53) .020

(0.39) .045

(0.71) .036

(0.57) -.035 (0.85)

Page 26: Reciprocal Influences of Education on Values Concerning Family, Careers and Society Miles Kimball Colter Mitchell Arland Thornton Linda Young-DeMarco University.

Table 5Multinomial Logistic Regressions Predicting the Time3 College Major from the

Time1 Religiosity for Individuals in College at Time1 Who Indicated a Change in College Major by Time3 (Trades is the Omitted Category) (Z-ratios in Parentheses)

Natural

Science Humanities Social

Science Trades Independent Variables

Religious Attendance -.045 (0.87)

.109 (2.06)

-.084 (1.82)

--

Religious Importance -.019

(.35) .158

(2.87) -.048 (1.06)

--