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Recent Trends in Renewable Energy Research

and Education for Sustainable Energy Future

Fuad Abulfotuh

Professor Emeritus (Solar Energy ), Department of Materials Science,

Institute Of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University.

President of IEF (International Energy Foundation) North African Regional Headquarters.

E-mail: [email protected]

OUTLINE

Electric Energy: Principal component for A

Sustainable Energy Future

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

THE CONCEPT

Meet today’s Needs Without Compromising the Ability of the

Future Generation.

REALIZATION

Develop Economically and Environmentally Sustainable

Systems and Technologies

TOOLS

• ADVANCES OF TECHNOLOGY (R&D, R&TD : Education and Training)

• ADEQUATE POLICIES & REGULATIONS

• Sustainable Resources (Energy, Water, and Healthy Environment

WHY ENERGY ?

• STRONG ECONOMY

• NATIONAL SECURITY

• SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• CLEAR VISSION To Identify Balanced Energy Portfolio of

all available resources (including RE and Fossil)

• OWNERSHIP of TECHNOLOGY

•PARTNERSHIP

WHAT DO WE NEED ?

How Much Solar Electric

Power Will Be Part Of The

Solution?

PV is the only direct conversion process of

Solar Solar energy into electric power

PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY (PV)

Advanced/Clean Electric Power Generation

Technologies

Hydro

Wind

Solar-Thermal

Biomass

Small Engine Gen- sets

Fuel cells

Batteries

Small Combustion Turbines

Renewable Technologies Distributed Technologies

PV

Today’s Central Utility

Central Generation

Tomorrow's Distributed Utility

Central Generation

Battery

PVFuel Cell

Generator

Wind

Home Load

Customer

PV and Sustainability

• PV can provide considerable portion of the Electric Power needs through direct conversion of sun light.

• PV technology is now economically and technologically feasible.

• PV is friendly to the environment.

• Large scale application of PV technology started to show a considerable impact on socio-economic development.

• VLS-PV development, on the other hand, can provide a long-term solution if it gets consistent supportive policies.

PV Electricity from the desert

Total

Earth

surfaceTotal

Land

surface

Sahara

8,600,000 km2

(107PWh/y 1071012KWh /y)

If 6.5%of the dessert is covered

by 15% Efficient PV modules

)101( 18 JEJ

470 EJ/year of PV

Electricity will be generated(assuming 12% system efficiency

and 50% space factor)

World Primary Energy Supply

In2006 = 510 EJ/year

Photovoltaic Technology

Development Trends

PV EE

The Photovoltaic Effect

Concentrator Photovoltaics

• Shifts the major system cost from the cell to the optics

• Can afford more efficient, expensive cells

solar cell

Flat Plate Concentrator

lens or

mirror

Use optics to reduce the cell area

(from 2 to more than 1000 times)

CPV Systems

Solar Systems (reflective)

Amonix (refractive)

www.Solfocus.com

Solfocus (reflective & optical rod)

www.solarsystems.com.au

www.amonix.com

4 5 6 7 8 91

2 3 4

Energy (eV)

Single-junction cells respond to a specific

portion of the solar spectrum

in

4 5 6 7 8 91

2 3 4

Energy (eV)

Multijunction cells use multiple materials to

more fully match the solar spectrum

100%

74%68%

54%49%44%39%31%

0%

58%

multiple junction (n ∞ ) hot carrier, MEG

impact ionisation

down converterssingle-junction cell

{(multiple junction (n = 6)

(multiple junction (n = 3)

(multiple junction (n = 2)

Efficiency

Hydrogen Fuel(Closed Energy Cycle)

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Water

Electricity

Heat

Water

Solar

Electricity

Hydrogen

Generation

Hydrogen

Utilization

Photovoltaic Multiply Oil Reserves

0.129 Kwh + Sand PV Module + Sun Light 1 kwh electricity

At higher production efficiency(0.1Kwh)

1730-1750

2000-2010

1945-1955

Diffusion, Distribution, & Techno-

Education Age 2005-2010+

Neoteric Energy &

Medical Science Age

Materials,

Biotechnology, &

Nanotechnology Age

1990-2005 Information

Age1985-2000

Industrial Age

Agrarian

Age

Time ( Relative Scale )

Glo

bal, E

co

no

mic

, Tech

no

log

ical

Sig

nif

ican

ce

/Va

lue-A

dd

ed

Technology Development Pathways

TOOLS

• Fundamental science

• Applied science and technology

• Transformational science &technology

Center of Electric Energy Education Development (CEEED)

Structure & Links

Executive Authority(University Administration)

Industry & Business

Department of

Economy / BA/

Management

Technology

E E

Department

Examples of education programs needed

to support EE graduates in the Job market

• Power systems transitioning to sustainable energy

future

• Advanced concepts in the design, installation, and

performance of electric power generation

• Alternative electric energy engineering technology

program

• Hands-on lab courses to demonstrate the

fundamentals of RE electric power generation

• Fundamentals of solar electric and grid-tied system

design

Concluding Remarks:

•Electrical Energy is the major player to sustain development.

•PV Technology is a major source of Green Electric Energy.

•Business Oriented Education & Training Programs are needed.

•Education, Training, and Communication are essential to

overcome barriers to deployment and practices.

•Partnerships between Academia, Industry, and Business is the

key to a successful education process able to realize

sustainable energy goals.

•But who is carrying the responsibility?

Academia BusinessIndustryOR OR

Better be All Together

Thank You