Recent Developments in Copper Recent Developments in Copper - Recent Developments in Copper Recent Developments in Copper Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling Reactions Using Oxygen as Oxidant Reactions Using Oxygen as Oxidant ZHE JIA ZHE JIA ZHE JIA ZHE JIA MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 2/16/2011
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Recent Developments in CopperRecent Developments in Copper--Recent Developments in CopperRecent Developments in CopperCatalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling
Reactions Using Oxygen as OxidantReactions Using Oxygen as Oxidant
ZHE JIAZHE JIAZHE JIAZHE JIA
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITYMICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
2/16/2011
Transition Metal Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling Reaction
2
Activate two different C-H bonds or H-Heteroatom bonds
Couple them via a transition metal catalyst
Carry out the reaction in air or O with O as the oxidant Carry out the reaction in air or O2, with O2 as the oxidant
Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420.Gligorich, K. M. Sigman, M. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 6612-6615.Gligorich, K. M. Sigman, M. S. Chem. Commun., 2009, 3854-3867.
Copper is relatively abundant in the earth’s crust.
Copper can bind and activate dioxygen well that perform a variety of critical biological functionscritical biological functions.
Glaser Coupling (1869)
Gamez, P.; Aubel, P. G.; Driessen, W. L.; Reedijk, J. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2001, 30, 376-385. Lewis, E. A.; Tolman, W. B. Chem. Rev., 2004, 104, 1047-1076.Glaser, C. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1869, 2, 422.Glaser, C. Ann. Chem. Pharm. 1870, 154, 137.
Pros and Cons of Oxidative Coupling Reactionp g
4
Attractions:Attractions: Challenges:Challenges:
Direct C-H functionalizaton
Hi h t ffi i
Homocoupling of the two nucleophiles
High atom economy efficiency
H2O is generated as by-product environmentally friendly
p
Direct reaction of the nucleophiles with the oxidant
y y
Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420.Stahl, S. S. Science, 2005, 309, 1824-1826.Gligorich, K. M.; Sigman, M. S. Chem. Commun., 2009, 3854-3867.
Transition Metal Catalyzed Coupling Reaction PPattern
Armin de Meijere, François Diederich, Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions, 2nd, Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition, Wieley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004
Models for Coupling Reaction Bond ConstructionModels for Coupling Reaction Bond Construction6
Classic Coupling Model
Oxidative Coupling Model
Liu, C.; Jin, L.; Lei, A. Synlett., 2010, 17, 2527–2536.
To Combine Two Nucleophiles Togethero Co b e o uc eop es oge e
7
Nu1 H
2+
Mn+2X2[O] Nu1 H
+
Mn+2X2O2
Nu2 H
+
Mn Nu2 HMn
2H+
Mn+2Nu2
Nu1
Nu1 Nu2 H2O(H2O2)
Mn+2Nu2
Nu1
Nu1 Nu2
Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420.Gligorich, K. M.; Sigman, M. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 6612-6615.
To Combine Two Nucleophiles Togethero Co b e o uc eop es oge e
8
Nu1 H
2+
Mn+2X2[O] Nu1 H
+
Mn+2X2O2
Nu2 H
+
Mn Nu2 HMn
2H+
Mn+2Nu2
Nu1
Nu1 Nu2 H2O(H2O2)
Mn+2Nu2
Nu1
Nu1 Nu2
Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420.Gligorich, K. M.; Sigman, M. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 6612-6615.
Why O2 as Oxidant?y O2 as O da ?
9
O2 is the quintessential oxidant for chemical synthesis!synthesis!
Huge abundance in nature Huge abundance in nature
Available at virtually no cost
Produces no environmentally hazardous by-products
Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420.Stahl, S. S. Science 2005, 309, 1824-1826.
Metalloenzyme-catalyzed Aerobic Oxidationy y
10
a) a) OxygenaseOxygenase PathwayPathway b) b) OxidaseOxidase PathwayPathway
In the oxygenase pathway (a) the substrate oxidation involves oxygen-atom transfer In the oxygenase pathway (a), the substrate oxidation involves oxygen atom transfer from molecular oxygen.
The oxidase pathway (b), utilizes molecular oxygen as a electron/proton acceptor in the oxidation of the substrate
Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420.Stahl, S. S. Science 2005, 309, 1824-1826.
oxidation of the substrate.
Examples of Oxygenase and Oxidasea p es o O yge ase a d O dase
11
C-N Functionalization of Terminal Alkynes
Stahl – Oxidase Pathway
O H
Jiao – Dioxygenase Pathway
R H + H NR1
H O2 ActivationR
O HN
R1
O
[Cu]
Hamada, T.; Ye, X.; Stahl, S. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 833–835.Zhang, C.; Jiao, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 28–29.
Metal Catalyzed Oxidase Reactionse a Ca a y ed O dase eac o s
12
(n+2)+Stage A:Substrate Oxidation
2
n(n+2)+
2
2
Substrate Oxidation
n+
ox
+2
nn
Stage B:Metal Oxidation
Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420.http://www.chem.wisc.edu/content/investigation-fundamental-reactions-between-palladium-and-molecular-oxygen
Metal Catalyzed Oxidase Reactionse a Ca a y ed O dase eac o s
13
(n+2)+Stage A:Substrate Oxidation
2
n(n+2)+
2
2
Substrate Oxidation
n+
ox
+2
nn
Stage B:Metal Oxidation
Stahl, S. S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3400 – 3420.http://www.chem.wisc.edu/content/investigation-fundamental-reactions-between-palladium-and-molecular-oxygen
Cu Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative C-C Bond H li R i Homocoupling Reaction
15
Glaser Coupling (1869)
cat. CuI
Ph Ph+ Ph Phcat. Cu
+ 1/2 O2 + H2Obase
Ph + CuClbase
Ph Cu(I)
One Possible Mechanism Pathway:
H ( )
O2
Ph Ph Cu(II)Ph Cu(I)+
Ph Phdimerization
Ph Ph
Glaser, C. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1869, 2, 422.Glaser, C. Ann. Chem. Pharm. 1870, 154, 137.
Ph Ph Ph Ph
Arene Dimerizatione e e a o
16
Aromatic Glaser-Hay Reaction
Ar Hcat. CuCl2, O2
THF baseAr Ar
THF, base
C t l d d t ti di i ti f b l i OCopper-catalyzed, deprotonative dimerization of arenes by employing O2as the terminal oxidant.
FF F
F
F
F
HF
F H
F+
cat. CuCl2, O2
THF, base+ H2O
Do, H.Q.; Daugulis, O. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 17052–17053.
FF
Aromatic Glaser-Hay Reactiono a c G ase ay eac o
17
Previous Work
Cu-Catalyzed Arylationy yof Arene C-H Bond
Do, H.-Q.; Daugulis, O. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12404-12405.Do, H.-Q.; Daugulis, O. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 1128.-1129Do, H.-Q.; Khan, R. M. K.; Daugulis, O. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 15185-15192.
Aromatic Glaser-Hay Reactiono a c G ase ay eac o
18
Inspiration from Previous Work
Cu-Catalyzed Oxidative yArene Dimerization
Do, H.Q.; Daugulis, O. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 17052–17053.
Initial Study on Aromatic Gl H R iGlaser-Hay Reaction
19
FF
FOMe F
F OHF
F H
FF
F
F
F
MeO
+F
MeO
OH
FF
F
MeO FF
cat. CuCl2, O2
DMF, tBuOLi
H
F56% 38%Methoxytetrafluorobenzene
A less polarized C-metal Formed by ArLi intermediateSolutionA less polarized C-metal bond in the intermediate is needed!
Formed by ArLi intermediate with O2 or ArCu with hydroxide derived from water.
King, A. E.; Brunold, T. C.; Stahl, S. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 5044-5045.Do, H.Q.; Daugulis, O. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 17052–17053.
Substrate Scope of Aromatic Glaser-Hay ReactionSubs a e Scope o o a c G ase ay eac o
20
Hindered Zn and Mg amide bases were used
Less acidic the arene H the stronger base was needed
BaseDicyclohexylamine : iPrMgCl•LiCl : ZnCl2
iPrMgCl•LiCl : tetramethylpiperidine : ZnCl2
iPrMgCl•LiCl : tetramethylpiperidine
Less acidic the arene H, the stronger base was needed
g 2 (1.1 : 1 : 0.25)
y p p 2(1 : 1.1 : 0.5)
y p p(1.1 : 1)
Product
%
N
N
N
N
NN
BuBu
Do, H.Q.; Daugulis, O. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 17052–17053.
Cu-Catalyzed Direct Aerobic Alkynylation of Arenes with Terminal Alkynes
22
Direct Alkynylation
The first example of direct alkynylation of an aromatic C-H bond with terminal alkynes.
…but limited to polyfluroroarenes!
Wei, Y.; Zhao, H.; Kan, J.; Su, W. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 2522–2523.
Alkynylation of Arenes with Terminal Alkynes
23
y y a o o e es e a y es
Ar-X + HSonogashira Reaction
R
[Cu] / O2+
Ar-H + X RDirect Alkynylation
Ar R[Cu] / O2
H RAr H Alkynylation withFunctionalized Alkynes
Armin de Meijere, François Diederich, Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions, 2nd, Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition, Wieley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004Wei, Y.; Zhao, H.; Kan, J.; Su, W. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 2522–2523.
Alkynylation of Arenes with Terminal Alkynesy y a o o e es e a y es
24
Ar-X + HSonogashira Reaction
R
[Cu] / O2+
Ar-H + X RDirect Alkynylation
Ar R[Cu] / O2
H RAr H Alkynylation withFunctionalized Alkynes
OH
Cl SiEt3+GaCl3 (10mol%), BuLi (30mol%)
OH SiEt3
2,6-di(tert-butyl)-4-methylpyridine(10mol%)
80-90%
NHR
Cl SiEt3+
NHR SiEt3
X X(10mol%)
GaCl3 (10mol%), BuLi (30mol%)
o Dichlorobenzene55-85%
+
XX
N H Br R NPdCl2(PPh3)2 (3-5mol%)
R
o-Dichlorobenzene
KOAc56-98%
Kobayashi, K.; Arisawa, M.; Yamaguchi, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8528-8529.Amemiya, R.; Fujii, A.; Yamaguchi, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 4333-4335.Seregin, I. V.; Ryabova, V.; Gevorgyan, V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007,129, 7742-7744.
RKOAc
Cu-Catalyzed Direct Aerobic Alkynylation of A i h T i l AlkArenes with Terminal Alkynes
25
Ar-X + HSonogashira Reaction
R
[Cu] / O2+
Ar-H + X RDirect Alkynylation
Ar R[Cu] / O2
H RAr H Alkynylation withFunctionalized Alkynes
Wei, Y.; Zhao, H.; Kan, J.; Su, W. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 2522–2523.
Cu-Catalyzed Aerobic Alkynylation of P fl b i h Ph l l
Amidation of Terminal AlkynesAmidation of Terminal Alkynes40
HalogenationR X [C ] R1R2NH
Coupling via Alkynyl Halide
R H
R X
X = halide
[Cu], R1R2NHbase
NR
R1
R H
[Cu], R1R2NH, base, O2
RR2
Direct Coupling of Terminal Alkynes
Hamada, T.; Ye, X.; Stahl, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 833–835.DeKorver, K. A.; Li, H.; Lohse, A. G.; Hayashi, R.; Lu, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Hsung, R. P. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 5064–5106.
Cu Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Amidation of T i l Alk
O OO
Terminal Alkynes41
Ph
HHN O
O
+[Cu], base (2 equiv.)
Ph
N
OO
Ph2+ +
Ph
Cl
1 2 3 4 5
O2 (1 atm)solvent
1phenylacetylene
22-oxazolidinone
3 4 5
Entry Reaction Condition(equiv. of reagents)
Solvent % Yield3 (4/5)( q g ) ( )
1 CuCl2 (2), Cs2CO3 (2), 1 equiv. of 2
DMSO70°C
26 (42/17)
2 CuCl (2) Cs CO (2) DMSO 89 (4/ )2 CuCl2 (2), Cs2CO3 (2), 5 equiv. of 2
Substrate Scope of Cu Catalyzed Aerobic Ph h i f 3 CPhosphonation of sp3 C
56
Entry Amine Phosphite Product % Yield
1 79 (95)
NPh
P(OEt)2O
2 73 (75)P(OiPr)2O
HPMP = p-methoxyphenyl
3 69 (85)
Op methoxyphenyl
OMP =
Basle, O.; Li, C-J. Chem. Comm., 2009, 4124-4126.
o-methoxyphenyl
SummarySu a y
57
Copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling reactions enable direct C-H functionalization, and can be a powerful tool for constructing C-, p gC bonds and C-heteroatom bonds.
Reactions are conducted in air or an O2 atmosphere with O2 as a Reactions are conducted in air or an O2 atmosphere, with O2 as a stoichiometric oxidant. H2O or H2O2 is generated as a by-product.
However this chemistry is still in its infancy The substrate scope is However, this chemistry is still in its infancy. The substrate scope is very limited for some reactions.
Acknowledgementc o edge e
58
Dr. Baker
Dr Maleczka Dr. Maleczka
Dr. Smith, Dr. Wulff
Baker’s Group: Gina, Hui, Heyi, Quanxuan, Wen, Yiding, Greg, Salinda, Cat and KaylaYiding, Greg, Salinda, Cat and Kayla