Recent cultivation and applications of marine …assg.org.uk/download/i/mark_dl/u/4006929760/4538641819/17 Stefan... · Recent cultivation and applications of marine macroalgae ...

Recent cultivation and applications of marine

macroalgae

Dr Stefan Kraan Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd,

Milltown, Ireland

2 November 2010

FAO 2008 data • Global aquaculture aquatic plants = 15,781 159 t • Global seaweed aquaculture = 13,026270 t • Wild Harvest 1,045069 less then 10% of aquaculture • Value of seaweed aquaculture: 7.5 billion

Current situation

Total production by phylum (Fresh weight in tonnes)

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

80000001950

1954

1958

19

62

1966

1970

1974

1978

1982

1986

1990

19

94

1998

2002

2006

Wet

Weig

ht

(MT

)

Years

Brown Seaweeds

Green Seaweeds

Red Seaweeds

Seaweed harvesting and aquaculture in Europe (FAO 2008) and additional data

Capture Aquaculture

Ireland 30,000 5 (500! IMTA)

UK 2,000 EQ 1(increase IMTA)

Norway 148,322 EQ 1(increase IMTA)

France 39,757 35

Portugal 198 EQ Few MT

Spain 97 12

Italy 1,400 -

Iceland 22,559 -

Total 269,143 (99.8%) 50 (0.02%)

Asia 570,633 (4.1%) 13,826,250 (95.9%)

Seaweed aquaculture and Europe

Large wild stocks

Mechanical harvesting

Labour costs high

Import raw material from Asia

Food applications minor

The demand/markets for seaweeds for

• food,

• cosmetics,

• thalassotherapy,

• functional food,

• nutraceuticals and healthcare

met by harvesting natural stocks but....

Why no development at an industrial scale?

Other forces at work Legislation

EU Waterframework Directive

EU Maritime Green Paper: Towards a future Maritime Policy for the European Union

There is a need for environmental sustainability and an

increase in production in aquaculture!

IMTA

Urgent need for bioremediation (nutrient recycling) to minimise impact and increase carrying capacity in order to increase production

IMTA in Europe

All at R&D and demonstration level, in land based systems or at sea

• Norway: Salmon with Mussels and Kelp at sea • Scotland: Salmon with Palmaria and kelp at sea • Ireland: Salmon with Oysters, Kelp at sea integrated with land

based Abalone and Porphyra ; Cod and Trout with Porphyra dioica in tanks

• Denmark: Trout and Chondrus crispus at sea and in tanks • France: Seabass with Oysters, Ulva and Cladophora in ponds • Spain and Portugal: Seabass with Clams and Microalgae and Turbot and Seabass with 7 red alga species and 3 green alga in

tanks

The message from this all? It works! Need to scale up and commercialise

Other incentives!

• Biofuels (ethanol, methane and others)

• CO2 reduction, carbon tax/credits

• Bioactive molecules/functional foods

• Mechanical harvesting of wild stocks not allowed

Seaweed Aquaculture

Europe

Seaweed aquaculture as stand alone

operation will only take off if high value

added products are produced

Labour costs, environment, legislation

Often cheaper to import products and or seaweed raw materials and molecules

Some examples

Asparagopsis armata

Demand by cosmetics companies • Strong antibacterial properties

• Natural preservative in cosmetics, anti-dandruff and anti-acne treatment

Growing technique established • Patented cultivation technique based on vegetative

propagation and special rope

• France: 10 t wet weight from 2 hectare (14 km of rope)

• Processing and freeze drying; Ysaline 100

• 1 kg powder retails for € 825

• Ireland 2 mt from 1 hectare

• After 3 years has stopped (low price

and no interest)

Production

Diagram of

One

Hectare /

4000 linear

metre unit

Palmaria palmata tradition

• Traditionally used for centuries (first records from 12th century)

• 18th century

“But in Dublin Men chew it like Tobacco when dry, carrying it in their pockets for than end, which destroys Worms, and gives a Relish to Beer, as Anchovies and Olives to Wine; it is commended against Women‟s longing.” (Caleb Threlkeld: Synopsis stirpium hibernicarum, 1726)

• Dulse” in North “Dillisk” in South

Palmaria palmata

Strong demand, 25-30 dry mt a-1 in Ireland

In short supply (other EU countries)

Functional food applications

Very little hand harvesting and no mechanical harvesting possible aquaculture

Vegetative and spore production

Vegetative

• Test feasibility sites • Plants put manually in lay of rope • Start with plantlets of 5-10 cm (200 g on 25

m line) • 25 m long line with drop lines • 4-6 plants per meter • 500 g per meter yield

Spore production

• Collect Tetrasporophytes

• Dry overnight

• Add to tank with seed rope

• Out plant

Commercial farms in Northern Ireland, Ireland, Germany and Spain

Small production (few mt; 200-450 g per m rope)

Sold tinned in brine „El Alga de Asturias‟ and retails for €4.50 per 25g tin = €180,000 per dry mt (Good value added!)

Ireland €1,200/ wet mt or € 8,000-12,000/ dry mt

Palmaria palmata

Alaria esculenta in Ireland

• Seavegetable (exposed areas difficult to harvest)

• Aquaculture, 7 kg wet weight per meter of rope

• Hybrid experiments up to 45 kg

• Foodstuff for macro herbivores (protein levels 15%)

• Retails at € 5,000 per mt dry

• Strain hybridisation (Atlantic populations)

• Seeding on string

Strain hybridisation and field trials

• Outplanting and measuring

Harvesting and analysis

Compared to Irish native strain 7 kg m-1 rope < 5 % protein and 16 cm/month

Canadian strains, 45 kg m-1 rope

Over 20 % protein dwg and 28 cm/month

1980s by IFREMER

Imported via oyster spat (1970s)

Developed free-living technique

Culture conditions manipulated, gametophytes

become fertile and ropes can be seeded.

Time for offshore cultivation manipulated and the

number of growth cycles increased.

Undaria pinnatifida in France and Spain

• Cultivation similar to other kelps

• Seed in non-limiting amounts ideal for

mass cultivation,

• Two harvests a year

• In France, 40 mt wet weight a-1

• Retails at € 35-40 kg dry

Saccharina latissima cultivation

in Germany and Denmark (Luning and

Rasmussen)

2002 ca. 1 tonne at € 25/kg

dw

Now several ton dw

Working with small company

Seaweed drink and cosmetics

Oceanfuel Ltd Temperate fast growing kelp • Four key species

Patented cultivation technique

• Seaweed Hatchery

• 10 hectare license

• Additional 70 available

Composition kelp

Specific composition: range of polysaccharides,

proteins, minerals, no lignin

Highly suited feedstock for biorefinery to

produce products and fuels

Higher value compounds (colorants, mannitol,

fucoidan, proteins, fucoxanthin)

Platform chemicals via fermentation (e.g. lactic

acid) or chemical conversion

Fuels via fermentation (EtOH, CH4, H2)

Nitrates 2.5% of dw Carbon credits $ 15 /t C (Kelp 35% C) Phosphorus 0.3% dw (Price has tripled over last 4 years, effect on prices for corn and wheat) Growing population agriculture increase, P??

Component Contents in w% d.w.

Cellulose 5 Hemicellulose 0 Lignin 0 Lipid s 3-5 Proteïn s 15-20 Starch 0 Alginate s 23 Laminaran 14 Fucoid an 5 Mannitol 12 Total ferment a b le su gar s

45-55

As h conten t s 20-25

Seaweed Bioactive Molecules

Many interesting bioactive molecules

– Protein, peptides and amino acids

– Polysaccharides

– Antioxidants

– Fatty acids

To exploit need access to resource.

If wild harvest is limited .......aquaculture

Functional Natural Foods from seaweed

These products would be new and novel for the European food market but would be logical extensions or enhancements of the health and natural foods in the Current Generation of Food Products

Seaweed possesses many functional benefits associated with:

– Dietary fibre

– Cholesterol

– Diabetes

– Vitamins, antioxidants and minerals

Seaweed protein

Algal protein 10-40% (w/w) per dry weight represent a major untapped resource

• Lectins (haemagglutinins) carbohydrate binding proteins

– host–pathogen interactions,

– cell–cell communication,

– induction of apoptosis,

– cancer metastasis and differentiation,

– recognizing and binding carbohydrates

• Commercially produced from Codium fragile, subspecies tomentosoides and from three Eucheuma species and Soleria robusta

• Other bioactive properties: antibiotic, mitogenic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antiadhesion, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) activity and human platelet aggregation inhibition

• Phycobiliproteins

– Patents on the therapeutic applications of Phycobiliproteins (Sekar and Chandramohan, 2008)

Therapeutic application Patent number Reference

Anti-inflammatory US 7,025,965 (Pieloch, 2006)

JP 256478 (Hirabashi et al., 2004)

Liver protecting CN 1633889 (Ke and Suo, 2005)

Anti viral CN 1524574 (Que, 2004)

US 6,346,408 (Chueh, 2002)

Anti tumour CN 1478552 (Jue and Jue, 2004)

CN 1325729 (Wang and Li, 2001)

CN 1091976 (Shu and Xinhan, 1994)

US 5,163,898 (Morcos and Henry, 1992)

JP 065216 (Iijima et al., 1983)

Treatment of atherosclerosis US 4,886,831 (Morcos and Henry, 1989)

Lipase activity inhibitor JP 359638 (Koda and Okuda, 2004)

Serum lipid reducing agent JP 137805 (Nagaoka et al., 2003)

Skin function activation factor JP 036744 (Fujikawa and Matsushima, 2006)

Anti oxidant JP 330733 (Oho, 2002)

As an agent that obstructs absorption of environmental

pollutant deposition in the body.

JP 157559 (Yoneda, 2001)

Bioactive peptides

• Produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of algal proteins

• In addition to their nutritional value exert a physiological effect in the body. About 2-20 amino acids in length and are inactive within the sequence of the parent protein and only become active when released

– Hydrolysis by digestive enzymes (pepsin or trypsin)

– Hydrolysis by microbial/bacterial proteinases and peptidases during fermentation

– Proteolysis by enzymes derived from micro-organisms or plants or a combination of the above

• Bioactivities include: ACE inhibitory, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antithrombotic, Immuno or cytomodulatory and Mineral binding activity

Bioactive amino acids • In addition to taurine, other bioactive amino acids, such as laminine,

kainoids and mycosporine-like amino acids, have been found in marine macroalgae

• Laminine (Laminaria angustata and Chondria amata) depress the contraction of excited smooth muscles, and exert a transitory hypotensive effect

• The kainoid amino acids, kainic and domoic acids have also been found in numerous algal species. High insecticidal, anthelmintic and neuroexcitatory properties

• Compounds currently used in research associated with neurophysiological disorders such as Alzheimer‟s and Parkinson‟s disease and epilepsy

Some Bioactive polysaccharides

• Laminarin (kelp and fucoids)

– substratum for prebiotic bacteria, tumour-inhibiting

agent, anti-coagulant, anti-bacterial, immuno stimulant

– Potential cancer therapeutic

– wound repair and reduce serum cholesterol levels and

total serum lipid

• Fucoidan (brown algae)

sulphated polysaccharides (fucans)

– Antiangiogenesis, antiproliferation for tumor cells inhibition of tumor growth and reduction in tumor size

– Anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant

– Some anti-viral properties of sulphated fucans have also been characterized (Herpes Simplex Virus)

• Mannitol replace sucrose to make sugar free compound coatings - diabetes, a growing problem in modern society

• Alginates act like fibers and help besides clearing the digestive system in protecting surface membranes of the stomach and intestine from potential carcinogens. Prevent proliferation of implanted cancer cells (Doi and Tsuji, 1998)

• Ulvan - Rhamnose, a major component of ulvans, precursor for the synthesis of aroma compounds. The production of rhamnose from Monostroma, a Japanese species of Codiales has been patented as well as the treatment of gastric ulcers with ulvans

• Agars and carrageenans have similar functionalities attributed to them

Modify the adhesion and proliferation of normal and tumoral human colonic cells Earlier work demonstrated strain specific anti-

influenza activities

Polyphenols and antioxidants • Phlorotanins (Brown algae up to 15 %) Strong

Antioxidant activity

– Other flavenoids and their glycosides present

in green, brown and red algae

– Bactericidal activity

– Help protect tissues against oxidative stress,

such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers,

arthritis, and autoimmune disorders.

• Carotenoids fucoxanthin, B-carotene, violaxanthin are powerful antioxidants.

– Fucoxanthin demonstrated strong anticancer effects

– fucoxanthin is an effective natural food constituent to help prevent obesity

Fatty acids

• Brown algae up to 0.7 % of the dry weight

• Kelp supplement for Iodine deficiency goitre or for under-active thyroids (myxoedema)

• An antitumorogenic role of Undaria pinnatifida, or its equivalent iodine content in inhibiting tumorogenesis

• Suggested that the high dietary seaweed content may account for the relatively low prevalence of breast cancer in Japanese women

• Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexanoic acids, called oxylipins

resemble eicosanoid hormones in higher plants and humans which fulfill a range of physiologically important functions

• Related to prevent inflammation diseases (new classes of anti-inflammatory drugs)

Iodine

Some Recent Applications

• Seavegetables (Various species)

• Cosmetics (Various species)

• Bioremidiation/IMTA

• Biotechnology

• Biomedicine

Extracts of Palmaria palmata, to use a pharmaceutical composition comprising floridoside from Palmaria palmata to inhibit viruses of the herpes family (US Pat. Appl. 20030181394).

Calciferous algae • Calciferous algae and Calcium

• Important in Osteoporosis

• Several tablets and capsules are marketed in Ireland and abroad

• To increase calcium intake and specifically targets osteoporosis. These products are marketed by Marigot Ltd and are patented under US 6,346,275 and EU Patent Application 98900971-7.

• Another calciferous alga is Corallina officinalis, which is used in bone-replacement therapy

• The alga is the source for the bone forming material hydroxyapatite and Laminarin derived from Laminaria digitata is used as a bone growth-promoting factor.

• Waterford Institute of Technology, Ireland

• Use of Polysiphonia lanosa as prototype bioremediation unit

• Removal of Cu, Pb and Cr from waste water of tanneries and glass industry in Suir estuary

• Patented prototype metal filter

Bioremediation

Biotechnology

Commercial application and industrial use

Living organisms (or part of organism) their products or applications Modification or

manipulation of DNA

To produce, make or modify foods, drugs, or other products.

Biotechnology and Fish farming

• Marine algae as a novel, sustainable organic supplement in feed for fed-fish aquaculture (Salmonids, Bream, Bass, Cod, Pangasius and Talapia).

• Trials with Trout (Soler et al., 2009); Sea Bass (Valente et al, 2006); Red Bream (Nakagawa et al, 1997)

• Salmon (OHT, 2010)

• Replacement of artificial ingredients, antibiotics, colorants and preservatives

• Fish fed on fishmeal, oil and seaweed

Trial results

• Oceanfeed™ is a highly palatable diet.

• Growth rate 14% faster compared to commercial high class organic diet

• 18-month trials (2009 & 2010)

• Significant sea lice reduction 54% to 100%

• 60% less mortality

• Improved FCR (0.1 point less)

• Fish5-6 kg, harvested tested and smoked

• Oceanfeed fed fish 2.6% more weight gain

Oil and pigments

• The Oceanfeed™ diet has higher levels of Omega 3 PUFA‟s than top Organic fish feed

• Oil levels in fish flesh did not differ significantly between diets.

• Astaxanthin levels on the other hand were 5 times the levels present in Oceanfeed, while Oceanfeed contained much higher levels of natural pigments notably lutein and other unidentified Esters.

• The SalmoFan values showed that uptake of pigmentation is just as good as in the Oceanfeed diet as in the top Organic diet both with identical values.

Organoleptic results

• Results obviously show a preference for the Oceanfeed™ fed fish raw and cooked with an overall score of 2 (Good) compared with the organic diet fed fish with a score of 3.1 (indifferent)

• Send to 60 UK chefs and restaurants

• Effect of the active identified compounds in the Oceanfeed™ having a marked influence on taste.

• Retains better colour after cooking

Seaweed formula‟s as feed supplement in animal nutrition

Oceanfeed™

THANK YOU