Reasearch_Proj2_JDS

8/8/2019 Reasearch_Proj2_JDS

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MicroClimates of San Francisco

Neural Stemcell MicroEnvironments

h t t p : / / w w w . g o

o g l e . c o m / i m g r e s ? i m g u r l = h t t p : / / w w w . n c b i . n l m . n

i h . g o v /

b o o k s h e l f / p i c

r e n d e r . f c g i % 3 F b o o k % 3 D s t e m

b o o k % 2 6 p a r t % 3 D t h e n e u r a

l s t e m c e l l % 2 6

b l o b n a m e % 3 D K a z a n i s 0 2 . j p g & i m g r e f u r l = h t t p : / / w w w . n c b i .

h t t p : / / h e y n e i g h b o r h o o d . b

l o g s p o t . c o m /

MicroClimates

Definitions and Context

A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone

where the climate differs from the surrounding area.

The term may refer to areas as small as a few square

feet or as large as many square miles. Microclimates

are frequently created by such phenomena as bodies

of water, ora, tall builings, urban heat islands with

high thermal mass, and slopes (south vs. north facing

slopes for example).

The term ‘microenvironment’ is often used in-

terchangeably with ‘microclimate’. However, it is also

used to describe cellular environments and specic

biological processes whereas, microclimate is most

commonly used to describe weather in particular geo-graphic areas. Microclimates can be described by the

ora and fauno they support as well as the environ-

mental variables.

In architecture, microclimates have been most

thoroughly explored in museum and preservation ca-

pacities.



Emo Labs - Transparent, Flat speaker

Flat Speaker Diagram

h t t p : / / w w w . e m

o l a b s . c o m / e m o p r o d u c t s / i n d e

x . h

t m l

h t t p : / / w w w . w

i r e d . c o m / g a d g e t l a b / 2 0 0 9 / 0 5 / 0 5 0 1 p i e z o /

h t t p : / / w w w . e n g a d g e t . c o m / 2 0 0 5 / 0 5 / 3 1 / k o r e a n -

s t a r t u p - t o -

p r o d u c e - t h i n - t r a n s p a

r e n t - s p e a k e r s /

Environmental Controls

Flat Panel speakers

Traditional speakers have three fundamen-

tal components: a cone that pushes the air, a voice

coil that is an electromagnet and a permanent mag-

net that can attract or repel the voice coil. When the

coil moves, it pushes and pulls on the cone. This, in

turn, vibrates the air in front, creating sound waves.The cone is typically made of high density paper and

is a shallow cone-shape. In limited sapces, smaller

speakers have a ‘tinny’ or weak sound quality.

Emo Labs is developing a transparent speaker

system to be used in front of at screen tvs. It uses

a thin membrane made of polyethylene terephthalate

(or PET, a plastic used in bottles) and two piezoelectricactuators. The actuators vibrate the membrane along

the side, creating a force that is perpendicular to the

motion. Emo Labs says it is negotiating with display

manufacturers to embed its technology that users can

see in TVs in the next nine months to a year. Warwich

audio is creating a similar, non-transparent version

that can be used in public address systems, etc.Another version of this technology is being de-

veloped by the Plasma and Ion Beam Corp. They are

proposing a version that can be rolled, cut and bent

for use in everything from computer displays to ban-

ners and ags while maintaining a delity on par with

conventional 300Hz speakers.

These speakers create very different shaped

waves than ‘point’ sourced traditional speakers, they

have a more ‘diffused’ effect.



Triad ‘invisible’ speaker Tiles

Rare-Earth Magnets Drive Devices

h t t p : / / w w w . t r

i a d s p e a k e r s . c o m / d e s i g n e r s e r i e s / d e s i g n e r s e r i e s .

h t m l # h o m e t h

e a t e r

h t t p : / / w w w . h o m e t h e a t e r m

a g . c o m / i n w a l l s p e a k e r s / t r i a d_

d s 5 0 0_

i n -

w a l l_ s p e a k e r_ s y s t e m /


Embedded Speakers

This speaker system by the company, Triad, is

meant to be installed in the wall or ceiling, and then

covered over with plaster, paint or wallpaper. The tile

is about 13.5” x 17.75” x 1.5”deep. These have an

extremely diffuse sound dispersion and are intended

to be coupled with one subwoofer, creating more of asurround sound effect than a ‘hotspot’ effect.



triad Mini Ceiling Speakers

Aimable Ceiling speakers

h t t p : / / t h e s t e r e o s h o p i n c . c o m / m a i n / i n d e x . p h

p ? m a i n_

p a g e = p r o d u c t_

i n f o & c P a t h = 4 0_

8 2 & p r o d u c t s_

i d = 6 2 3

h t t p : / / w w w . t r i a d s p e a k e r s . c o m / p r o d u c t s / i c m 8 l c r . h t m l #


Micro-Speakers

Triad produces a series of ‘Mini’ theater speak-

ers designed for ceiling placement. At the smallest,

these are about 12” x 10.5” x 7.5”deep. These direct

sound at a 45degree angle towards the listener.

SpeakerCraft offers an ‘aimable’ in-ceiling

speaker that includes dual tweeters and a 7”radiuswoofer. This unit is 4.5”deep, powered by 60Watts

and directionally aims the sound at the listener.

Polk Audio is also a top in-ceiling speaker pro-

ducer. They make a wide variety of speakers, most

popular is the 9” diameter RC60i series. the appear-

ance mimics recessed ceiling lights to ‘blend-in’. All of

these options are expensive: over $200 for a set.





Ultrasonic Humidifier Components

Ultrasonic Humidifier

h t t p : / / w w w . d i n o d i r e c t . c o m / a i r - h u m i d i e r - u l t r a s o n i c - p e r s o n a l . h t m l

h t t p : / / s k y j u i c e i s w a t e r . b l o g s p o t . c o m / 2 0 0 8 / 0 9 / c u t - y o u r - c

o o l i n g - b i l l s - b y -

5 0 - t o - 9 0 . h

t m l

haptic actuators:

Humidifiers

An Ultrasonic humifdier is micro-computer

controlled, so it suggests great possibilities for con-

trol with Arduino. the average unit has a 3.5L water

reservoir, 3-speed levels, and can run for 12 hours

per lling. Essentially, it has three components: an

ultrasonic vibration unit to generate ne mists, a fanto distribute the mist, and a water reservoir. Often,

the vibration unit will be apiezo-electric transducer that

vibrates. When it contacts the water, it breaks down

into a ne mist. Unlike boiling, no heating is required

and little energy is used in the operation.

The most compact version of this technology

is the Individual Humidier. It is a small device thatattaches to the top of a water bottle and also uses

ultrasonic misting.

Humidiers also provide the opportunity to in-

fuse the water with oils and create a smell dispersing

element.



NewLand Design Atomizer

Mist Atomizer - micro unit

h t t p : / / e l e c t r o n i c a i r c l e a n e r s . c o m / t r i o n - 5 0 . a s

p x

h t t p : / / e l e c

t r o n i c a i r c l e a n e r s . c o m / 7 0 7 u . a s p x

h t t p : / / w w w . n e w l a n d d e s i g

n . c o m /

h t t p : / / w w w . n e w l a n

d d e s i g n . c o m / i n d e x . p h

p ? p a g e = n d l - l o g o

haptic actuators:

Atomizers

Basically, an atomizer breaks molecules into

their individual atoms and releases them in a ne mist.

Often, this is done with no motors or digital enhance-

ments but using pressurized liquid/gas lines.

A motorized atomizer has the capacity to oper-

ate independently and be controlled by Arduino. Inthe Newland Design Model, the spray head spins, and

the shearing action of the air stranforms the liquid into

almost identically shaped droplets. Water is emitted

centrifugally in a doughnut shape of up to 1meter in

diameter. It uses very little power (less than 50Watts)

but does require periodic changing of the spray head.

It can be used to dispense multiple liquids such as:water, fuel, or paint. It is commonly used as a deodor-

izer, humidier, dust suppression, spray coating, and

even anti-static agent. It can dispense up to 20liters

per hour if it is xed to a water source.

Industrial rotary atomizers are used in commer-

cial food production.

One option for small, embedable atomization isthe Mist Atomizer from Electronic Air Cleaners. The

unit is 6” x 6” x 3” deep. It can be installed into existing

ductwork to infuse your HVAC system with humidity. It

consumes low power and need to be attached to a wa-

ter source. It diffuses .75gallons per hour maximum.

All of these atomizers require clean, ltered wa-

ter only. Otherwise, their mechanisms become quick-

ly clogged or corroded.





Commercial Vaporizer Unit

liquid vaporizer Diagram

h t t p : / / w w w . f a

o . o r g / d o c r e p / 0 0 7 / y 4 3 5 3 e / y 4 3

5 3 e 0 c . h

t m

h t t p : / / w w w . s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m / s c i e n c e ?_

o b = A r t i c l e U R L

&_

u d i = B 8 C X B -

4 N 1 S K 2 4 - 1 &_

u s e r = 5 0 1 0 4 5 &_

c o v e r D a t e = 0 3 % 2 F 3 1 % 2 F 2 0 0 7 &_

r d o c = 1 &_

f m t = h i g h &_

o r i g = s e a r c h &_

o r i g i n = s e a r c h &_

haptic actuators:

Vaporizers

Essentially, vaporizers are a smokeless extrac-

tion method. They make the active compounds in a

material (generally an organic material) boil off into

vapor while no smoke occurs as there is no combus-

tion. Extracted vapor can be collected, commonly into

a bag or jar, or it can be dispersed into the atmosphereas a ‘smell’ effect or ambiance actuator. They gener-

ally consist of a precise heating element and access to

put organic material in and remove the remnants once

it has been vaporized.

Generaly, they employ thermal conduction,

convectoin or thermal radiation and can be used in

conjunction with fans or pumps for dispersion. vapor-izers can also work with solid or liquid material.

Vaporizers are also commonly used in surgical

anaesthesia. These are quite large machines that are

very preceisely calibrated for medicine dosages.



haptic actuators:

Heating Films

Flexible heating lms are used for under-oor

installation to provide radiant heat. No electromagnet-

ic waves are emitted. It is extremely energy efcient

and can be set to specic temperatures. It comes in

long rolls of specied widths and can be used partially

or fully.This same technology is being applied to tow-

el warmers, and mirror de-foggers and other simple

home applications.

Roll of Heating Film

Layers of a typical heating film

h t t p : / / w w w . c a b l e w a r m . c o m /

h t t p : / / w w

w . y o u t u b e . c o m / w a t c h ? v = 4 0 u m u E b i H E U

h t t p : / / w w w . c a l o r i q u e . c o m

/

h t t p : / / w w w . a

l i b a b a . c o m / p r o d u c t - t p / 1 1 1 5 8 0 0 8 2 / L e e -

i l_

E l e c t r i c_

H e a t i n g_

F i l m . h

t m l



SubFloor with Hydronic Radiant Heat

Typical Installation Layers

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2 e n e r g y . c o m / p a g e s / r a d i a n t . p h p

h t t p : / / w w w . r a d i a n t - o o r - h e a t i n g . c o m / h y d r o n i c /

haptic actuators:

Radiant Heating

Hydronic radiant oor heating systems use a

boiler to heat up hot water and a pump to circulate the

hot water in plastic pipes installed in a concrete slab.

The pipes, embedded in the oor, carry heated water

that conduct warmth to the surface of the oor where

it broadcasts energy to the room.Separated radiant heat zones are typically con-

trolled by one thermostat and served by a manifold

which distributes the ow of warm water to the indi-

vidual circuits of tubing within each zone.

Hydronic heating offers heat that does not make

noise or give off uneven heat, as a forced air system

would. Again unlike forced air systems, the hydronicsystem warms people and objects rather than just air

so one can leave the door ajar without worrying about

losing heat or becoming cold. On the downside, it is

not recommended the radiant system double-up for

cooling or cleaning the air the way a forced-air sys-

tem can. Although it depends on the application, is

it usually admitted that radiant heating systems are20 to 40% more energy efcient than other heating

systems. Almost any typr of ooring can be installed

ontop of this system.

The main drawback is that this heating system

is not instantaneous.



Hand-Held Heating/cooling hack device

typical manufacture of Peltier Device

h t t p : / / w w w . t e t e c h . c o m / P e l t i e r - T h e r m o e l e c t r i c - C o o l e r - M o d u l e s . h

t m l

h t t p : / / w w w . s y n b i o . o r g . u k

/ c o m p o n e n t / c o n t e n t / a r t i c l e / 4 6

- i n s t r u m e n t a -

t i o n - n e w s / 1 4 5 8 - h a n d - h e

l d - p e l t i e r - d e v i c e - a i r - h e a t e r c o o

l e r . h t m l

haptic actuators:

Peltier Devices

Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to

create a heat ux between the junction of two different

types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermo-

electric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump

which transfers heat from one side of the device to the

other side against the temperature gradient (from coldto hot), with consumption of electrical energy. Such

an instrument is also called a Peltier device, Peltier

heat pump, solid state refrigerator, or thermoelectric

cooler .

Because heating can be achieved more easily

and economically by other methods, Peltier devices

are mostly used for cooling. However, when a singledevice is to be used for both heating and cooling, a

Peltier device may be desirable. Simply connecting it

to a DC voltage will cause one side to cool, while the

other side warms. The effectiveness of the pump at

moving the heat away from the cold side is dependent

upon the amount of current provided and how well the

heat can be removed from the hot side.

Peltier devices are commonly used in camping

and portable coolers and for cooling electronic compo-

nents and small instruments, especially in computers.

The module pictured here is 1” x 1” and sells

for about 9$.



Ideal Passive House

typical Space Heater - ThermoElectric

R e l e v a n t w e

b s i t e o f t h e p r o v i d e r

R e l e v a n t y o u t u b e v i d e o w e b a d d r e s s

h t t p : / / w w w . p a s s i v e - h o u s

e . c o . u

k /

h t t p : / / w w w . p a s s i v e h o u s e . u s / p a s s i v e H o u s e / P a s s i v e H o

u s e I n f o . h

t m l

haptic actuators:

Electric resistance heaters

This type of heating can be either very appro-

priately used, or very inefcient. In conjunction with

a well insulsated area, or a project such as a passive

house, this type f heater is super efcient because it

does away with an HVAC system and its accompany-

ing inefciencies. It heats small spaces quickly. And,it directly heats people and objects, not the air.

this system can also be used in conjunction

with a raiant heating system. Here, it can ‘ne-tune’

the temperature in a local area and the radiant system

can maintain a threshold temperature. Also, this type

of heating can be used to super heat areas of raiant

pipe heating.Ultimately, a thermoelectric heater is making

one more, and therefor inefcient conversion of en-

ergy. PLants generally use natural gas to generate

electricity and this, in turn, is converting that to heat.

Most homes, however, have a natural gas heating

system so this conversion is unnecessary. Coupled

with a pasive house or other super-insulation strategy

it can make sense to employ thermoelectrics as part

of a larger system.



Micro-Fan options

Alternate Micro-fans

h t t p : / / w w w . s

t o k e s . i e / h t m l / r e s e a r c h / m i c r o m

e c h a n i c a l / m i c r o f a n s . h

t m l

h t t p : / / w w

w . e e t i m e s . c o m / e l e c t r o

n i c s - p r o d u c t s / e l e c -

t r o - m e c h a n i c a l / 4 0 8 9 1 9 8 / M i c r o - f a n - t o u t s - h i g h - a i r -

o w - f a s t - s p e e d

h t t p : / / w w w . f e r r e t . c o m . a u

/ c / S w i t c h e s - P l u s - C o m p o n e n t s / S w i t c h e s -

P l u s - C o m p o n e n t s - a n n o u n c e - N K W s - n e w - 1 0 m m - m i c r o

- a x i a l - f a n -

N K W 3 2 - n 8 1 6 0 5 1

haptic actuators:

Micro-Fans

On the opposite end of the spectrum from the

‘Air Curtains’, micro-fans offer the possibility of a dif-

fused source of air-circulation and the potential to

evenly circulate radiant heat or cooling.

The micro -axial fan by SwitchesPlus is only

10mmx 10mmx 2mm, inaudible, and has an airowof 1.3l/min.

the even smaller, Axial fan has a 6mm diameter

. these fans are being produced primarily for portable

electronic devices and are paired with heat sink tech-

nologies to transfer approximately 20% more heat.

the Stokes Institute that produced ths fan has investi-

gated both radial and axial ow geometries, aerodyna-ics and fabrication at this micro-scale. Their products

are not simple ‘shrunken’ versions of larger fans, and

they suggest the potential to have specically micro-

engineered fans embedded into larger systems.



Air Curtain Principles

Common retail air curtain

h t t p : / / w w w . m

a r s a i r . c o m / i n d u s t r i a l . h t m l

h t t p : / / w w w . b e r n e r . c o m /

haptic actuators:

Air Curtains

An air curtain is a device that is mounted above

a doorway and blows air down across the door, sepa-

rating the indoors from the outdoors, or one environ-

ment from another. It is designed to keep an indoor

controlled temperature inside of the building, saving

energy when anything from a customer to a tractor trailer enters and exits the building.

This technology is used on a huge range of

scales, from industrial applications (up to 30ft tall) to

small retail applications such as a food refridgerator/

dispenser.



Fog Wall as a Barrier

Fog SCreen Displaying high-def images

h t t p : / / w w w . y

o u t u b e . c o m / w a t c h ? v = i e h O z d f 4 J P k

h t t p : / / w w w . f o g s c r e e n . c o m / e n / p r o d u c t / E n g

l i s h /

h t t p : / / w w

w . y o u t u b e . c o m / w a t c h

? v = R f m S J Q u h l k 4 & p

= 2 C 5 3 7 9

0 6 E 9 D 6 1 2 8 4 & p l a y n e x t = 1 & i n d e x = 2 5

h t t p : / / w w w . e

f f e c t s . c o m . p

h / c g i - b i n / p h o t o g a l l e r y / d i s p l a y

. a s p ? c a t_ i d = 2

h t t p : / / r o c k y - m o u n t a i n . s i g g r a p h . o r g / s i g w e b 2 / p a g e s / % 2

0 e t e c h % 2 0

f o g % 2 0 w a l l . h t m

haptic actuators:

Fog and Steam Walls

These technologies are primarily being used by

theater and production companies for big performanc-

es. The effects are generally used in combination with

lighting to accentuate the depth or thicknes of the fog.

All of these actuators have proven to be safe enough

for deployment around huge crowds of people.Very thin fog walls or ‘fog screens’ have recently

been pioneered as projection screens. These screens

have the effect of making images appear to oat in

thin air, as the fog is barely visible where there is no

projection. It requires both electricity and pressurized

water ow to create the screen and a projector for the

images. A person can walk through the ‘screen’ andtemporarily interrupt the projection, which will reas-

semle once the fog become stable again as a projec-

tion surface.

Reasearch_Proj2_JDS

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