1 | Page Minor On Real Time Object Tracking Under the guidance of Dr. Malti Bansal Assistant professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Delhi Technological University Submitted by- Anadi Anant Jain 2K12/EC/024 Ankush 2K12/EC/029 Bhavyai Gupta 2K12/EC/051 Faizan Ayubi 2K12/EC/065 B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering, Delhi Technological University
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Minor On
Real Time Object Tracking
Under the guidance of
Dr. Malti Bansal
Assistant professor,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Delhi Technological University
Submitted by-
Anadi Anant Jain 2K12/EC/024
Ankush 2K12/EC/029
Bhavyai Gupta 2K12/EC/051
Faizan Ayubi 2K12/EC/065
B.Tech
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Delhi Technological University
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled – “Real Time Object Tracking” is a bona fide record
of Minor Project submitted by Bhavyai Gupta (Roll No. 2K12/EC/051) as the record of the
work carried out by him under my guidance. It is being accepted in fulfillment of the Minor
Project in the department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Delhi
Technological University, Delhi.
Project Guide
Dr. Malti Bansal
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Delhi Technological University
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deepest gratitude towards Dr. Malti Bansal , Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Delhi Technological University, whose encouragement,
guidance and support from initial to final level enabled to develop an understanding of
the subject. Her suggestion and ways of summarizing the things made me to go for
independent studying and trying my best to get the maximum in the topic, this made my
circle of knowledge very vast. I am highly thankful to her for guiding me in this project.
Finally, I take this opportunity to extend my deep appreciation to my family members and
my group members Anadi Anant Jain, Ankush and Faizan Ayubi for all that they meant
to me during crucial times of completion of this project.
Date Bhavyai Gupta
2K12/EC/024
B.Tech (ECE)
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INDEX
S No Title Page No
01 Abstract
02 Introduction
03 Object Tracking
04 Real Time
05 Sensor Technologies
06 Applications
07 Hardware Specifications
08 Working of Design
09 Code
10 Conclusion
11 Possible Extensions
12 Bibliography
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ABSTRACT
The objective of this project is to track any object in real time, meaning we will be
completely aware of precise location of object to see its movement in real time.
Here, Bluetooth Module is used for sending data received by Arduino board to global
server. With the help of Light sensor, we can detect the motion of object. The proposed
system uses Arduino Uno board to receive and analyze data. With the help of global
servers, we can save data and act as a server. Motion sensor is also used for detecting
the motion of the object.
We will be able to track the number of people in library real-time and head librarian was
able to see results on their computer.
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INTRODUCTION
The use of video is becoming prevalent in many applications such as monitoring of traffic,
detection of pedestrians, identification of anomalous behavior in a parking lot or near an
ATM, etc. While a single image provides a snapshot of a scene, the different frames of a
video taken over time represents the dynamics in the scene, making it possible to capture
motion in the sequence.
Tracking is the problem of generating an inference about the motion of an object given
a sequence of images. Good solutions to this problem can be applied to many
applications. For example, if we can track a moving person accurately, then we can make
an accurate record of his motion. Once we have this record, we can use it to drive a
rendering process, i.e. we can modify the motion record to obtain slightly different
motions. This means that a single performer can produce sequences he would not want
to do in person.
There are three key steps in video analysis: detection of interesting moving objects,
tracking of such objects from frame to frame, and analysis of object tracks to recognize
their behavior.
In its simplest form, tracking can be defined as the problem of estimating the trajectory
of an object in the image plane as it moves around a scene. In other words, a tracker
assigns consistent labels to the tracked objects in different frames of a video. Additionally,
depending on the tracking domain, a tracker can also provide object-centric information,
such as orientation, area, or shape of an object.
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Tracking objects can be complex due to –
loss of information caused by projection of the 3D world on a 2D image,
noise in images,
complex object motion,
non rigid or articulated nature of objects,
partial and full object occlusions,
complex object shapes,
scene illumination changes, and
Real-time processing requirements.
The goal of this project is to group tracking methods into categories and provides
comprehensive descriptions of representative methods in each category. We aspire to
find solution for this, which require a tracker for a certain application, the ability to select
the most suitable tracking algorithm for their particular needs. Moreover, we aim to
identify new trends and ideas in the tracking community and hope to provide insight for
the development of new tracking methods.
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WHAT IS REAL TIME?
Real time is a level of computer responsiveness that a user senses as sufficiently
immediate or that enables the computer to keep up with some external process (for
example, to present visualizations of the weather as it constantly changes). Real-time is
an adjective pertaining to computers or processes that operate in real time. Real time
describes a human rather than a machine sense of time.
In the days when mainframe batch computers were predominant, an expression for a
mainframe that interacted immediately with users working from connected terminals
Motion-based recognition, that is, human identification based on gait, automatic
object detection, etc.
Automated surveillance that is, monitoring a scene to detect suspicious activities or
unlikely events.
Video indexing, that is, automatic annotation and retrieval of the videos in multimedia
databases
Human-computer interaction, that is, gesture recognition, eye gaze tracking for data
input to computers, etc.
Traffic monitoring, that is, real-time gathering of traffic statistics to direct traffic flow.
Vehicle navigation, that is, video-based path planning and obstacle avoidance
capabilities.
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HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It
has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started.
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The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
Revision 3 (R3) of the board has the following features –
pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other
new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to
adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be
compatible with both the board that uses the AVR, which operates with 5V
and with the Arduino Due that operates with 3.3V. The second one is a not
connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.
Stronger RESET circuit.
Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2
Summary of Specifications –
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7 – 12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6 – 20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50mA
Flash Memory 32kB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
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The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each
pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kΩ.
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software.
Motion Sensor
A motion detector (motion sensor) is a device that detects moving objects, particularly
people. A motion detector is often integrated as a component of a system that
automatically performs a task or alerts a user of motion in an area. Motion detectors
form a vital component of security, automated lighting control, home control, energy