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Cover design: David Keller
Opening page illustrations: David Keller
Text illustrations: Janet Moneymaker, Rebecca Keller
Copyright 2005 Gravitas Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the
publisher. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without
written permission.
Real Science-4-Kids: Chemistry Pre- Level I Textbook
ISBN # 0-9765097-0-9
Published by Gravitas Publications, Inc.
P.O. Box 4790
Albuquerque, NM
87196-4790
www.gravitaspublications.com
Printed in Hong Kong
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CONTENTS iii
CHAPTER 1 ATOMS 1 1.1 Atoms 2
1.2 Different atoms 5
1.3 Atoms stick together 61.4 Making observations 71.5 Summary 8
CHAPTER 2 MOLECULES 9 2.1 Atoms are building blocks 10
2.2 Atoms form molecules 102.3 Atoms follow rules 14
2.4 Summary 16
CHAPTER 3 MOLECULES MEET 17 3.1 When molecules meet 18
3.2 Molecules switch atoms 193.3 Molecules join together 203.4 Molecules break apart 203.5 Reactions are everywhere 22
3.6 Reactions follow rules 243.7 We can see reactions 253.8 Summary 26
CHAPTER 4 ACIDS AND BASES 27 4.1 Special molecules 28
4.2 Acids and bases are different 284.3 H and OH groups 304.4 Both are important 314.5 Summary 33
CHAPTER 5 ACIDS AND BASES REACT 345.1 When acids and bases meet 355.2 Acid-base reactions 365.3 Important acid-base reactions 395.4 Observing acid-base reactions 405.5 Summary 41
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iv CONTENTS
CHAPTER 6 MIXTURES 42 6.1 Mixing 43
6.2 Mixtures 446.3 Some mixtures dissolve 446.4 Dissolving 456.5 Soap 496.6 Summary 52
CHAPTER 7 UN-MIXING 537.1 Un-mixing 547.2 Evaporation 54
7.3 Sorting by hand 557.4 Using tools 567.5 Using tricks 577.6 Summary 59
CHAPTER 8 FOOD AND TASTE 608.1 Tasty molecules 618.2 The amazing tongue 63
8.3 Large tasty molecules 648.4 Summary 66
CHAPTER 9 MOLECULAR CHAINS 679.1 Chains of molecules 689.2 Different polymers 699.3 Polymers can change 719.4 Summary 73
CHAPTER 10 MOLECULES IN YOUR BODY 7410.1 Special polymers 7510.2 Proteins tiny machines 7610.3 DNA a blueprint 7710.4 Summary 79
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6 Pre-Level I Chemistry
6.1 Mixing
Have you everput water andsand togetherin pail? Whatdid you get? Amud pie maybe!
Have youever made areal pie, likelemon pie? Ifyou have, youprobably added eggs and flour, some table salt
or oil, andmaybe somewater. Whathappenedwhen youadded all
these thingstogether?You probablymixed themwith a spoonor a mixer.
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Chapter 6: Mixtures 7
In either case, what you ended up with is amixture. A mixture of sand and water, or amixture of eggs, oil, salt, and water. Both mudpies and lemon pies are mixtures.
6.2 Mixtures
You can make
a mixture ofblocks and rocks.You can makea mixture ofrocks and sand.You can make a
mixture of sugarand cinnamonand put it onyour toast! Allof these are called mixtures because all ofthese are made of more than one thing mixedtogether.
6.3 Some mixtures dissolve
Have you ever wondered why table saltdisappears in water, but sand does not? Have
you ever noticed that sugar disappears in
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water but not in oil and butter? When tablesalt or sugar disappear in water, we say theydissolve.
Some things will dissolve in water and somethings will not dissolve. What makes some
things dissolve and other things not dissolve?
6.4 Dissolving
As with everything else, its the molecules intable salt or sugar that determine whether or
not they will dissolve.
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group and an H group! This is one of thethings that makes water very special. It is
the OH group that makes molecules dissolvein water. Bases that have OH groups arelike water and will dissolve in water. Othermolecules, like alcohol, which is not a base,but still has an OH group will also dissolve inwater.
Sugar is like waterbecause sugar also hasOH groups. Can youcount how many OH
groups sugar has?
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Chapter 6: Mixtures 11
Its not just OH groups that make some things
dissolve in water. For example, salt doesnthave OH groups like sugar, alcohol, and basesbut salt dissolves in water. Salt dissolves inwater because the water molecules break the
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salt molecules into pieces that mix with water.Oil, grease, and butter are not like water, sonone of these will dissolve in water. Lookcarefully at the drawing that illustrates thetype of molecule found in oil, grease, andbutter. Can you tell why it is not like water?
6.5 Soap
Soap makes things like butter and grease
dissolve in water. Soap can do this becausethe molecules that make up soap are a littlelike water and a little like oil.
In a mixture of oil, soap, and water, the oilypart of soap will dissolve in the oil and the
watery part of soap will dissolve in the water.
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Chapter 6: Mixtures 13
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Because the oil dissolves in the oily part ofsoap and the watery part of soap dissolves
in the water, a small droplet of oil and soapforms. In this way, the oil is trapped by thesoap and water inside this little droplet.
This droplet can then be washed away by thewater. This is how soap washes the grease offof your hands!
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