PNWS 2015 REAL AND APPARENT LOSS [PRESSURE MANAGEMENT] April 2015
PNWS 2015
REAL AND APPARENT LOSS [PRESSURE MANAGEMENT]
Ap
ril 2
01
5
• Review of Pressure Management
• Infrastructure and Control Systems
• NRW Solutions
• Case Examples
AGENDA
2
Reduction of excess pressures and surges will:
• Reduce the number of new leaks and main breaks each year, and the associated annual repair costs
• Help to defer mains and services replacements
• Reduce the flow rates of all existing leaks
• best way of reducing ‘background’ (undetectable) leakage
• Reduce pressure-dependent consumption
• Increase asset life
WHY MANAGE PRESSURES?
REAL LOSS IN THE AWWA WATER BALANCE
4
Water Losses
System Input
Volume
Real Losses
Apparent Losses
Authorized Consumption
Unbilled
Authorized Consumption
Billed Authorized
Consumption
Leakage from Service Connections
Leakage from Distribution Mains
Leakage from Transmission Mains
Unauthorized Consumption
Consumption Metering Errors
Unbilled Unmetered Authorized Consumption
Unbilled Metered Authorized Consumption
Leakage/Overflow at Service Reservoirs
Billed Unmetered Authorized Consumption
Billed Metered Authorized Consumption
Real Loss Reduction
Current Annual Real Losses
© WRP (Pty) Ltd, 2001
Pressure Management
Pressure
Management
Active LeakageControl
Speed and Quality of
Repairs
Speed and quality
of repairs
Active Leakage Control
Pipe Materials Management:
selection,installation,
maintenance,renewal,
replacement
Pipeline and Assets
Management: Selection,
Installation, Maintenance,
Renewal, Replacement
Unavoidable Annual Real
Losses
Reported Leakage
Often surfaces and is reported by the public or utility workers.
Tools • Pressure reduction • Main and service
replacement • Optimized repair time
Un-Reported Leakage
Often does not surface, but is detectable using traditional acoustic equipment.
Tools • Pressure reduction • Main and service
replacement • Reduction in number of
joints and fittings • Proactive leak detection
Background Leakage
Unreported and undetectable using traditional acoustic equipment.
Tools • Pressure reduction • Main and service
replacement • Reduction in number of
joints and fittings
6
ANATOMY OF A DMA/PMA
DMA PROFILE
MAIN BREAK FREQUENCY
9
Burst Frequency - DMA W07-DZ1
Deodar Drive
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
03/1
999
06/1
999
09/1
999
12/1
999
03/2
000
06/2
000
09/2
000
12/2
000
03/2
001
06/2
001
09/2
001
12/2
001
03/2
002
06/2
002
09/2
002
12/2
002
03/2
003
06/2
003
09/2
003
12/2
003
03/2
004
06/2
004
09/2
004
01/2
005
04/2
005
07/2
005
10/2
005
01/2
006
04/2
006
07/2
006
10/2
006
01/2
007
04/2
007
07/2
007
Month
No
. B
urs
t/m
on
th
Pressure Reduction Commencement 09/2003
Pre Pressure
Reduction
Average
23 bursts/month
Post Pressure
Reduction
Average
7 bursts/month
Average
70% Reduction
REDUCTION OF MAIN BREAKS
Modulo & Cello XO (GSM/SMS)
System Monitoring Using
SMS Technology
PRESSURE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES
ACTIVE LEAKAGE CONTROL MEASURES
Active leakage is defined as an active effort to locate and repair unreported leaks.
• Sonic Survey
• Correlation Surveys
• Noise Logging Surveys
• Night Flow Sector Analysis
• Temporary or Permanent District Metered Area
• Step Testing
• Transmission Main Surveys
Real Loss Control Tools
• Proactive Leak Detection
• Pressure Management
• DMAs
• Improved ALR times
• Asset Management
ECONOMIC LEVEL OF LEAKAGE
13
Losses (MGD) C
ost
of
Leak
age
C
on
tro
l an
d W
ate
r Lo
st
Bac
kgro
un
d L
eak
age
an
d R
ep
ort
ed
Bre
aks
Cost of Leakage Control
Where the total costs is at a minimum Economic Leakage Level
THREE TYPES OF CONTROL Fixed Outlet Control
Time Control
Flow Modulation
14
FIXED OUTLET
PRV
Inlet Pressure
Fixed Outlet Pressure
TIME CONTROL
08
:00
10
:00
16
:00
20
:00
PRV
Inlet Pressure Time Controlled Outlet Pressure
FLOW MODULATION CONTROL
PRV
Inlet Pressure Flow Controlled Outlet Pressure
As flow increases and decreases the pressure is adjusted accordingly to
maintain adequate levels of service during the day
At night time when demand is at its minimum pressure can
be reduced considerably
CASE EXAMPLES
18
Hong Kong MSD Water Loss Control – Pressure Management
Water Loss Reduction
Hong Kong Water Loss Control – Pressure Management
Very Large water loss control program including pipe replacement, rehabilitation and pressure management
312 Pressure Management Areas (PMAs)
514 District Metering Areas (DMAs)
Main Breaks/Bursts reduced from 2,479 to 988 through 10-year life of program.
21
HONG KONG CASE ON PMA IMPLEMENTATION
• MCH-PMA03 (Chuk Yuen Road)
MCH-PMA03
DN300 PRV, In-line Strainer and Flowmeter Combined Chamber
Pang Ching Court
Chuk Yuen (North) Estate
Ying Fuk Court
EFFECTIVENESS CASE ON PMA IMPLEMENTATION
• MCH-PMA03 (Chuk Yuen Road)
• DN300 PRV, In-line Strainer and Flowmeter Combined Chamber
EFFECTIVENESS CASE STUDY – MCH-PMA03 (CHUK YUEN ROAD)
• Data before PMA Implementation (16 Oct 2009 – 8 Nov 2009)
Chamber Outlet Pressure
CPP Pressure
Flow
(Mean Flow)
(Average Chamber Outlet Pressure)
(Average CPP Pressure)
Effectiveness Case Study – MCH-PMA03 (Chuk Yuen Road) • Data after PMA Implementation
Chamber Outlet Pressure CPP Pressure
Flow
Chamber Inlet Pressure
(Average Chamber Outlet Pressure)
(Mean Flow)
(Average Chamber Inlet Pressure)
(Average CPP Pressure)
EFFECTIVENESS CASE ON PMA IMPLEMENTATION - MCH-PMA03 (CHUK YUEN ROAD)
Before PMA
Implementation
After PMA
Implementation
Reduction
Flow 143 cum/hr 134 cum/hr 9 cum/hr (~6.0%)
[40 gpm]
Average Chamber
Outlet Pressure
63.9 m 53.0 m 10.9 m
Average CPP Pressure 55.6 m 43.9 m 11.7 m
WATER SAVINGS FROM PRESSURE MANAGEMENT – GUINEAS CREEK ROAD
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
5/1
7/2
006
6/1
7/2
006
7/1
7/2
006
8/1
7/2
006
9/1
7/2
006
10/1
7/2
006
11/1
7/2
006
12/1
7/2
006
1/1
7/2
007
2/1
7/2
007
3/1
7/2
007
4/1
7/2
007
5/1
7/2
007
6/1
7/2
007
7/1
7/2
007
Source: Wide Bay Water
GOLD COAST, GUINEAS CREEK ROAD DMA
Burst Frequency - DMA W01-DZ1
Guineas Creek Road
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
03/1
999
06/1
999
09/1
999
12/1
999
03/2
000
06/2
000
09/2
000
12/2
000
03/2
001
06/2
001
09/2
001
12/2
001
03/2
002
06/2
002
09/2
002
12/2
002
03/2
003
06/2
003
09/2
003
12/2
003
03/2
004
06/2
004
09/2
004
12/2
004
03/2
005
06/2
005
09/2
005
12/2
005
03/2
006
06/2
006
09/2
006
12/2
006
03/2
007
06/2
007
Month
No
. o
f B
urs
ts/m
on
th
Pre Pressure
Reduction
Average
10 bursts/month
Post Pressure
Reduction
Average
4 bursts/month
Average
60% Reduction
Pressure Reduction Commencement 06/2006
GOLD COAST WATER GUINEAS CREEK ROAD
Source: Wide Bay Water
Burst Frequency - DMA W07-DZ1
Deodar Drive
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
03/1
999
06/1
999
09/1
999
12/1
999
03/2
000
06/2
000
09/2
000
12/2
000
03/2
001
06/2
001
09/2
001
12/2
001
03/2
002
06/2
002
09/2
002
12/2
002
03/2
003
06/2
003
09/2
003
12/2
003
03/2
004
06/2
004
09/2
004
01/2
005
04/2
005
07/2
005
10/2
005
01/2
006
04/2
006
07/2
006
10/2
006
01/2
007
04/2
007
07/2
007
Month
No
. B
urs
t/m
on
th
Pressure Reduction Commencement 09/2003
Pre Pressure
Reduction
Average
23 bursts/month
Post Pressure
Reduction
Average
7 bursts/month
Average
70% Reduction
GOLD COAST WATER DEODAR DRIVE
Source: Wide Bay Water
Pressure Control - Woody Point Pilot DMA/PMA
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
27/02/07
27/02/07
28/02/07
01/03/07
01/03/07
02/03/07
03/03/07
04/03/07
04/03/07
05/03/07
06/03/07
07/03/07
07/03/07
08/03/07
09/03/07
10/03/07
10/03/07
11/03/07
12/03/07
13/03/07
13/03/07
14/03/07
15/03/07
16/03/07
16/03/07
17/03/07
Date
Pre Pressure Reduction Fixed Outlet Control
Flow Modulation Control
Source: Wide Bay Water
Pressure Control - Woody Point Pilot DMA/PMA - Detail
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.0003/03/07
03/03/07
03/03/07
04/03/07
04/03/07
04/03/07
05/03/07
05/03/07
05/03/07
06/03/07
06/03/07
06/03/07
07/03/07
07/03/07
07/03/07
08/03/07
08/03/07
08/03/07
09/03/07
09/03/07
09/03/07
10/03/07
10/03/07
10/03/07
11/03/07
11/03/07
Date
Fixed Outlet ControlPre Pressure Reduction
Flow Modulation Control
Upstream pressure regime from 40m -
53m, system is pumped causing
dramatic pressure changes to the
reticulation netw ork, this w ill have
adverse affect on pipew ork
Fixed outlet control reduced
variations in reticulation dow nstream
of the PRV (DMA/PMA
Flow Modulation Control - this settles
dow n the pressure further -
controller set to reduce pressure
further overnight
Reduction in minimum night f low s as
a result of pressure control
Source: Wide Bay Water
Pressure Control - Oxley Road Pilot DMA/PMAReduction in flow rates over 24hr Periods
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
27/02/07
27/02/07
27/02/07
27/02/07
27/02/07
27/02/07
28/02/07
28/02/07
28/02/07
28/02/07
28/02/07
28/02/07
01/03/07
01/03/07
01/03/07
01/03/07
01/03/07
01/03/07
Flo
w l/s
ec
Source: Wide Bay Water
As reduce overall pressure, will reduce leakage and reduce energy demands
PRESSURE MANAGEMENT
33
Source: WRP PTY, SA
APPARENT LOSS REDUCTION
36
Real Apparent
APPARENT LOSS IN THE AWWA WATER BALANCE
37
Water Losses
System Input
Volume
Real Losses
Apparent Losses
Authorized Consumption
Unbilled
Authorized Consumption
Billed Authorized
Consumption
Leakage from Service Connections
Leakage from Distribution Mains
Leakage from Transmission Mains
Unauthorized Consumption
Consumption Metering Errors
Unbilled Unmetered Authorized Consumption
Unbilled Metered Authorized Consumption
Leakage/Overflow at Service Reservoirs
Billed Unmetered Authorized Consumption
Billed Metered Authorized Consumption
Apparent Loss Reduction Systematic Data Handling Errors
Systematic Data Handling Errors
Errors between meter reads and receipt of bill. Evaluation of billing system integration, meter reading accuracy.
Tools • Billing System Forensics • Integration knowledge
of multiple billing systems (including, SunGard, HTE, SAP, CC&B,…)
Unauthorized Consumption (Theft)
Often difficult to measure. Detectable using detailed data analytics coupled with field surveys.
Tools • Identification through
billing analytics • Anomaly review to
determine problem accounts
Meter Inaccuracy and Monitoring
Most utilities replace on age limits. Performance measurement enhances infrastructure life expectancy.
Tools • Accuracy test analysis • Database of Sensus
meter tests • Performance
measurement curves and payback analyses already constructed
38
Apparent Losses:
• Customer Metering Inaccuracies
• Assemble meter demographics from records
• Conduct regular meter accuracy testing, small samples of meters will suffice
• Unauthorized Consumption
• Can use default value of 0.25% of water supplied volume
• Systematic Data Handling Errors
• Billing system forensic analysis
• Meter reading anomalies
APPARENT LOSSES
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Low
Flo
w M
ete
r A
ccu
racy
(%
)
Age
Failure
Pre-Failure
Degradation
ACH 2011
METER ACCURACY
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 70
75
80
85
90%
95%
100
Low
Flo
w A
ccu
racy
(%
)
Age of Meter
Meter Test Data
Degradation Trend Lines
R2=0.197
METER ACCURACY EVALUATION METHODS PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT
Point Where Meter Replacement Should Be Considered.
IDENTIFICATION OF INACCURATE METERS
$3,121
This can also be done by good database analysis of monthly read data
UNAUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION (THEFT)
• Illegal Connections • Contractors at Hydrants •Open bypasses
CREATIVE USAGE REDUCTION
SYSTEMATIC DATA HANDLING ERRORS WATER, NO WASTEWATER
Name LocID Address Other Info. Check
1 James L. West
Special Care 3426 1101 Summit Ave.
C Large user average (3 years)
187 CCF – If correct costing:
$7,090 per year.
Yes
2 IDI 3678 1201 Summit Ave. C Large user, need to change to
Irrigation. Yes
3 Haws Athletic Center 208 200 Franklin St. DB changed to YD 05/8/06 . Done
4 Paddock Park 212 DB No
5 Inner City 214 DB No
6 Superior Meats 424 1413 Calhoun St. I (monitored?) Old
7 Oncor Electric
Delivery 506 501 Texas St. C (need to research) Yes
8 First United
Methodist Church 678
NP (Has other location ID
accounts with sewer.) No
9 Kent A. Riibe 2904-8 1500 E. 4th St. R Added WW 8/7/08. Done
10 HB Zachary Co. 2926 1712 Heathcote St. C Old Old
11 James L. West
Special Care 3426 1101 Summit Ave. C Large user 400 CCF – research Yes
12 IDI 3678 1201 Summit Ave. C Large user, need to change to
Irrigation. Yes
13 Cook Childrens’
Medical Center 4136 1400 W. Humboldt St.
C Small user, need to add WW
after research. Yes
14 Beall Concrete, Inc. 35452 2725 Premier St. C Large user, possibly monitored. Yes
15 Fort Worth FC 33732 1413 Baurline St. C May be Irrigation. Yes
16 General Industrial
Corp. 33982 3602 N. Sylvania Ave. C Medium user Yes
1201 Summit Ave
WA/NoWW
1101 Summit Ave
WA/NoWW
• There were 2,856 users which fell into the WA/NoWW framework. Of those, some are: • Old accounts or in areas not served by sewers.
• Secondary accounts with sewer.
• Just irrigation accounts, no sewer.
• More than 100 customers remain who were WA/NoWW and should be billed.
• Revenue enhancement ~$90,000 per year.
REVENUE GENERATION
REVENUE GENERATION INCORRECTLY ASSIGNED: CREEKWOOD HOA
• One other location, classed as Commercial.
• High use for Residential-class property.
• No irrigation meter.
• Water meter up to 500 CCF per month, with 290 CCF average.
• Estimated revenue increase if changed to Commercial and/or irrigation meter added: $1,500 to $11,000/year.
SMART METERING TECHNOLOGY
VISUALIZATION AND ANALYTICS
APPARENT WATER LOSS DATA AND COMPARISONS
52
OVERALL WATER LOSSES
53
3 May 2015
54
Dallas
Plano
Frisco
Denton
Garland
McKinney
Wylie
Allen
Mesquite
Sherman
Greenville
Terrell
Rowlett
Richardson
Rockwall
Westminster
Prosper
Lucas
Sunnyvale
Little Elm
Seagoville
Heath
Sachse
The Colony
Fate
Bonham
Forney
Parker
Royse City
Fairview
Celina
Combine
Murphy
Kaufman
Balch Springs
Howe
Commerce
Melissa
Talty
Princeton
Mclendon-Chisholm
Weston
Crandall
Wills Point
Van Alstyne
Anna
Gunter
Farmersville
Lavon
Leonard
Trenton
Caddo MillsSt. Paul
The Colony
Quinlan
Josephine
West Tawakoni
New Hope
Edgewood
Nevada
CelesteWeston
Blue Ridge
Hackberry
Neylandville
Apparent Loss
Gallons per Connection per Day
Customer City, 3 - 29 (Avg. 10)
Member City, 4 - 54 (Avg. 20)
(TWDB 2010 Data)
3 May 2015
55
Dallas
Plano
Denton
Frisco
Garland
McKinney
Allen
Wylie
Mesquite
Sherman
Greenville
Terrell
Rowlett
Richardson
Rockwall
Westminster
Prosper
Lucas
Sunnyvale
Heath
Seagoville
Little Elm
Sachse
The Colony
Fate
Bonham
Parker
Forney
Royse City
Fairview
Celina
Combine
Murphy
Kaufman
Howe
Balch Springs
Commerce
Melissa
Talty
Princeton
Weston
Mclendon-Chisholm
Crandall
Wills Point
Van Alstyne
Anna
Gunter
Farmersville
Lavon
Leonard
Trenton
Caddo MillsSt. Paul
The Colony
Quinlan
New Hope
West Tawakoni
Josephine
Edgewood
Nevada
CelesteWeston
Blue Ridge
Hackberry
Neylandville
Meter Accuracy (%)
Customer City, 94 - 99 (Avg. 97.7)
Member City, 90 - 99 (Avg. 96)
(TWDB 2010 Data)
2012 Dataset – Real and Apparent Loss per connection
BENCHMARK APPARENT WATER LOSSES
56
DATA SUMMARY (JUNE 2013)
57
Key Performance Indicator n AVG NTMWD
Data Validity Score 310 62.5 60*
Non-Revenue Water as % by Volume 310 23.1%
Non-Revenue Water as % by Cost 310 9.1%
Apparent Loss (gal/connection/day) 310 11.2 15
Real Loss (gal/connection/day) 248 56.5 55
Real Loss (gal/mile of main/day) 62 1,932
Infrastructure Leakage Index 283 3.0
CONTACT DETAILS
[email protected] ANDREW CHASTAIN-HOWLEY 1300 SUMMIT AVE, SUITE 400 FORT WORTH, TX 76102 (817) 271 4273
58