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(Nonredox chemical reactions)
(Redox chemical reactions)
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HClNaOHNaCl . ,
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. 3 H2SO4 (-H2O) = SO3 H4SnO4 (-2H2O) = SnO2 H2SO3 (-H2O) = SO2 H4PbO4 (-2H2O) = PbO2 H2CO3 (-H2O) = CO2 H2CrO4 (-H2O) = CrO3 2HNO3 (-H2O) = N2O5 2HMnO4 (-H2O) = Mn2O7 2HNO2 (-H2O) = N2O3 , . (SiO2) (B2O3)
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() . 2NaOH (-H2O) = Na2OCa(OH)2 (-H2O) = CaO2Fe(OH)3 (-3H2O) = Fe2O3 , Li, K, Na, Ca, Ba Mg, , .
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, , ,
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(NH3) Arrhenius (NH4OH)
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, , . : H3AlO3 Al2O3 Al(OH)3 H2ZnO2 ZnO Zn(OH)2 H2SnO2 SnO Sn(OH)2 H2PbO2 PbO Pb(OH)2
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. . ( moles 1:1 ) ( moles 1:2 )
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(Thermal Decomposition) . . Na, K, Rb Cs . . . , .
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, CO2 SO2. , Na, K, Rb Cs,
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CO2, 78oC, SiO2 2000oC. , .=2x10-16=5x10-42
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(Partner Exchange) :
. : , H2S, SO2 CO2
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.
Na+, K+, NH4+ : AgCl, Hg2Cl2 : PbCl2 : AgBr, Hg2Br2, PbBr2 M.: HgBr2 : AgI, Hg2I2, PbI2, CuI : SrSO4, BaSO4, PbSO4, Hg2SO4 M.: CaSO4, Ag2SO4 M.: AgNO2 , , M.: KClO4 M.: AgCH3COO : Na+, K+, NH4+ : Na+, K+, NH4+, Ag+ , : Li+, Na+, K+, Ba2+M: Ca2+, Sr2+, , , : Na+, K+, NH4+ Li+ Li3PO4 : .: E:
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, . , , . , .
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, , .
. . , . .
. , . , , .
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( )
s
( )
Na
+1
F
-1
K
+1
Mg
+2
Ca
+2
d
( )
Ag
+1
Zn
+2
Ni
+2
p ( )
Al
+3
Si
+4
( )
d
( )
Cr
+3,+6
N
-3,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5
Mn
+2,+4,+7
P
-3,+1,+3,+5
Fe
+2,+3
O
-2,-1
Co
+2,+3
S
-2,+4,+6
Cu
+1,+2
Cl
-1,+1,+3,+5,+7
Au
+1,+3
Br
-1,+5,+7
Hg
+1,+2
I
-1,+5,+7
p ( )
Sn
+2,+4
Pb
+2,+4
As
-3,+3,+5
-
2
. ,
.
.
Li
2 .
K
Ba
Sr
Ca
Na
2
.
.
Mg
Al
Mn
Zn
Cr
Fe
2.
2
Ni
Sn
Pb
2
H2
Sb
Cu
Hg
2.
Ag
Pd
Pt
Au
F2
3
Cl2
O2
Br2
I2
S
Se
P
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(Decomposition Reactions) ( ) , . , . , . , ,
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(Displacement Reactions) (.. ) (.. ) (.. ) ( )
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, . , .
N
-3,0,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5
P
-3,0,+3,+5
S
-2,0,+4,+6
Cl
-1,0,+1,+3,+5,+7
Br
-1,0,+1,+3,+5,+7
I
-1,0,+1,+3,+5,+7
Mn
0,+2,+3,+4,+5,+6,+7
Cu
0,+1,+2
Au
0,+1,+3
Hg
0,+1,+2
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(Electron transfer in aqueous solutions) 1 + 2 1 + 2=+0.15V ;
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(Complex Redox Reactions)
X2 (X=F, Cl, Br) X-O2 O2-SoS2- H2SO4 SO2 ( 2S, S) HNO3 NO2 ( NH3, NH4+, HNO2) HNO3NO ( NO2, N2O NH3, NH4+, HNO2) HNO2NO, N2O H2O2 H2O MnO4- + Mn2+ MnO4- + MnO2(s) Cr2O72- + Cr3+MnO2(s) + Mn2+ MoMn+Sn2+Sn4+Fe2+Fe3+H2H+ SO32- SO42- NH3 N2 H2O2 O2
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( ). , , .
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1: . 2: .
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MnO4-
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. : MnO4- + Fe2+ + 1x5x
