RDA, FRBR, and FRAD: Connecting the dots

RDA, FRBR, and FRAD: Connecting the dotsLouise Spiteri

School of Information Management

Dalhousie University

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Setting the stage

Consider the work The three musketeers by Alexandre Dumas. • In how many versions can this work appear?• In how many adaptations can this work appear?• How do you describe all these different manifestations

within one catalogue?• How do you bring together all these manifestations to a

client who, for example, wants a specific English edition or the client who isn't fussy about which edition?

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Film adaptations: IMDb

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Book versions: Amazon

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Background• IFLA undertook a re-examination of cataloguing principles in the

early 1990s to take into consideration significant changes in which cataloguing principles and standards operated.

• Economic pressures prompting libraries to do more "minimal level" cataloguing in order to keep pace with the continued growth of publishing output.

• Recognized need to respond more effectively to an increasingly broad range of user expectations and needs

• Growth of large-scale national and international databases containing records contributed and used by thousands of libraries participating in shared cataloguing programs.

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FRBR user tasks To find entities that correspond to the user's stated search criteria,

i.e., to locate a single entity or a set of entities that match search query.

To identify an entity, i.e., to (a) confirm that the entity described in the bibliographic record corresponds to the entity sought, and (b) determine how one entity differs from another.

To select an entity that is appropriate to the user's needs, e.g., an English translation of the text of The Three Musketeers.

to acquire or obtain access to the entity described, e.g., to borrow a Blu-Ray DVD of the 1993 film The Three Musketeers.

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Group 1 entity: Work, 1A work is an abstract entity; there is no single material object one can point to as the work. This is the story of The three musketeers as created by Alexandre Dumas.

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Group 1 entity: Work, 2

•The name we give to a work (e.g., The Three Musketeers) serves a collective name for all the expressions, or realizations, of this work (e.g., texts, films, plays, etc.).

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Group 1 entity: Expression, 1

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English text French text Film

Expression is the form in which a work, or the intellectual concept of The Three Musketeers is expressed, e.g., an English translation, a performance of the content via a film or play, etc.

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Group 1 entity: Expression, 2• Each expression is considered to be separate, since

they are all unique, so every English translation is a different expression since, presumably, each translation may be a different interpretation of the original work.

• Defining expression as an entity in the model allows us to reflect the different types of realizations of the same work

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Group 1 entity: Manifestation, 1

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Manifestation is the physical embodiment of an expression of a work, e.g., DVDs, books, maps, etc. So, it's not just a film about The Three Musketeers, but the film contained in DVDs.

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Group 1 entity: Manifestation, 2

• When the production process involves changes in physical form the resulting product is considered a new manifestation, e.g., A VHS version released as a DVD.

• Defining manifestation as an entity enables us to name and describe the complete set of items that result from a single act of physical embodiment or production, e.g., we can name all the manifestations of the 1993 film The Three Musketeers, e.g., the VHS, DVD, or Blu-Ray versions.

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Group 1 entity: Item• Item is a concrete entity. It is in many instances a single

physical object (e.g., a copy of a one-volume monograph, a single audio cassette, etc.)

• An item exemplifying a manifestation is normally the same as the manifestation itself. However, variations may occur from one item to another, e.g., a DVD you get from a library; it may differ from the original manifestation in that the library often removes a lot of the booklets that come with a DVD, including original cover slips, etc., or it's a single copy amongst a series (e.g., 20 copies of the same manifestation).

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The entities of Hamlet

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Group 2 Entities: Person, Corporate Body

• A work may be created by one or more than one person and/or one or more than one corporate body, and vice versa.

• An expression may be realized by one or more than one person and/or corporate body, and vice versa

• A manifestation may be produced by one or more than one person or corporate body, and vice versa.

• An item may be owned by one or more than one person and/or

corporate body, and vice versa. 15

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Group 3 Entities: Concept, Object, Event, PlaceConcept (an abstract notion or idea), object (a material thing), event (an action or occurrence), and place (a location).

• A work may have as its subject one or more than one concept, object, event, and/or place. Conversely, a concept, object, event, and/or place may be the subject of one or more than one work.

• A work may have as its subject one or more than one work, expression, manifestation, item, person, and/or corporate body.

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Applications of FRBR

• Library catalogues using FRBR principles could more easily group search results and provide disambiguation steps to give users more control over their search.

A list of all Works by a creator could be presented, then Expressions of a given Work could appear grouped by format, language (for textual works), performer (for musical works), director (for films), or any number of other attributes relevant to a given search.

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Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD)

• FRAD maps out the relationships between entities. Relationships play an important role in assisting the user to complete the tasks of finding, identifying, selecting, and obtaining.

• Relationships carry information about the nature of the links that exist between entities, enable collocation, and provide pathways to improve resource discovery. 20

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FRAD conceptual model

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FRAD Attributes: Persons or corporate bodies

Name of person/body Dates associated with

person/body Title (person) Gender (person) Place of birth (person) Place of death

(person) Country

Place of residence (person)

Affiliation (person) Address Language Field of activity Profession (person) Biography/history

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RESOURCE DESCRIPTION AND ACCESS 23

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Introduction RDA is a new cataloguing standard that replaces

AACR2. Although it has strong links to AACR2, RDA is quite different because:

It is based on the FRBR theoretical framework Is designed for the digital environment Has a broader scope than AACR2

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Reasons for RDA• AACR represents an unbroken continuum that began in the

early 19th century. The rules were developed for linear presentation, either in printed book catalogues or in alphabetically arranged card catalogues

• Even when we switched to machine-readable catalogue records, we continued to use print-based rules.

• It is becoming increasingly difficult to make AACR meet the needs of rapidly-changing technologies and types of records

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Key RDA principles, 1• RDA is principles-based: the instructions are based on the

Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD) and IFLA’s International Cataloguing Principles.

• RDA has a wider scope and is extensible: new instructions include improve the coverage of visual resources and online resources and provide guidance on the creation of authority records. They also allow for the incorporation of new resource types as they emerge.

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Key RDA principles, 2 RDA is user-focused: RDA data elements have been selected

based on the FRBR/FRAD user tasks. Data produced using RDA can be presented to users in more meaningful ‘clustered’ displays. RDA’s greater emphasis on relationships will provide additional navigational paths for library users.

RDA is designed for the web environment: data produced using RDA will be able to be used more readily web-based catalogues and resource discovery services. The RDA data model, data elements and controlled vocabularies will be made freely available online in a machine readable form consistent with semantic web standards. 27

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RDA and FRBR/FRAD, 1 Section 1: Recording attributes of manifestation & item Section 2: Recording attributes of work & expression Section 3: Recording attributes of person, family, corporate

body Section 4. Recording attributes of concept, object, event, place Section 5: Recording primary relationships Section 6: Recording relationships to persons, families &

corporate bodies associated with a resource

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RDA and FRBR/FRAD, 2 Section 7: Recording the subject of a work Section 8: Recording relationships between works,

expressions, manifestations, and items Section 9: Recording relationships between persons,

families, & corporate bodies Section 10: Recording relationships between

concepts, objects, events, and places.

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Take what you see, 1 In RDA, you transcribe information as it appears in the

resource, e.g., if the item says Third Edition, this is what you transcribe; it is says 3rd ed., this is what you transcribe. This applies to author names, etc.

You are to transcribe inaccuracies (e.g. spelling) as you see them, then make a variant title.

No rule of three in RDA; you can add as many SORs as is warranted by the item.

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Take what you see, 2title page by the Reverend John Clarke

AACR2 by John Clarke

RDA by the Reverend John Clarke

“Take what you see. Accept what you get.” (from LC) based on principle of representation simplifies transcription allows for automated data capture or scanning no longer limited by the small space of the catalogue card 31

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Preferred access points RDA does not employ the principle of main entry; you

still must choose a preferred entry to designate who has primary responsibility for a work. There is no limit to the number of access points (added entries) that you can record.

The main authorized access point is to take the name of the person or body with principal responsibility; in collaborative works, if there is no principal responsibility indicated, take the first named person or body, followed by the title.

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Relationships RDA allows you to specify the exact nature among

works, expressions, manifestations, and items, e.g., in the authorized access points, you can add:

A term indicating content type The date of the expression A term indicating the language of the expression A term indicating another distinguishing

characteristic of the expression, e.g.:

Brunhoff, Jean de, 1889-1937. Babar en famille. English. Spoken word

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Examples of RDA relationships in MARC coding

245 10 $a National Geographic atlas of the world / $c Melville Bell Grosvenor, editor-in-chief; Wellman Chamberlin, chief cartographer.700 1# $a Chamberlin, Wellman , $e cartographer

245 00 $a Alice in Wonderland, or, What's a nice kid like you doing in a place like this? /$cHanna-Barbera Productions. 700 1# $i parody of (work) $a Carroll, Lewis, $d 1832-1898. $t Alice's adventures in Wonderland.

authority record510 3# $a Adams family, $e descendant family 34

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No more Latin Instead of s.l. and s.n., a RDA record would have

“[place of publication not identified]” and “[publisher not identified].”

The square brackets are used in both AACR2 and RDA to indicate information that is supplied by the cataloguer and not found on the resource being catalogued.

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No more rule of three ACR2 uses the “rule of three” when recording and

providing access points for multiple authors of a resource.

RDA does away with the rule of three, recording and providing an access point for every author of a resource

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No more GMD

• Three new MARC fields have been created to describe the medium of the work.

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Content type (MARC 336) Expression-level attribute. It is a categorization of the

fundamental form of communication in which the content is expressed, e.g.:

Computer dataset Notated music Tactile text (e.g., braille) Text Sounds (e.g., audio recordings) Still image Two-dimensional moving image (e.g., films)

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Media type (MARC 337) Media type reflects the type of device required to

view, play, run, etc., the content of the resource. It is an attribute of manifestations, e.g.:

Audio Computer Microform Microscopic Projected Stereographic Unmediated (e.g., text) Video

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Carrier type (MARC 338) Carrier type is a manifestation-level attribute and

reflects the format of the storage device, e.g., Video Carriers

Video cartridge Videocassette Videodisc Videotape reel

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AACR vs. RDA records

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Implementation plans• Library of Congress has announced that it will start implementation of

RDA on March 31, 2012.

• LC’s partner national libraries (U.S.: National Agricultural Library and National Library of Medicine; and non-U.S.: British Library, Library & Archives Canada, Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (DNB), and National Library of Australia) also intend to target the first quarter of 2013 as their RDA implementation date, i.e., between January 2 and March 31, 2013.

• LC’s training plan.

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LC’s training plan• Phase One: Training will start June 2012 for a core group of

approximately 30-40 trainees, identified by chiefs. Each chief shall identify at least five persons (one per section if they so desire). At least one from each division should be able to serve as a classroom instructor.

• Phase Two: Supervisors and Chiefs will be trained in July 2012. They will receive the same training as their staff.

• Phase Three: The remainder of the staff will begin training in August 2012. Each month, three groups of 20 trainees will attend approximately 40 hours of classroom training, spread over four weeks.

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RDA: Vendor perspectives, 1

• “Regardless of what the official industry stance is on RDA, we believe that libraries will have a mix of RDA and AACR2 records for the forseeable future, as they currently have a mix of AACR, AACR2 and other record formats. It is our role as a library vendor to ensure that our system can handle all of these formats to allow maximum flexibility for every customer’s needs.” ~ Innovative Interfaces (http://www.rdatoolkit.org/blog/178)

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RDA: Vendor perspectives, 2

• “Even with the adoption of RDA, we believe that libraries will continue to use MARC and AACR2 for a long time. RDA has a significant impact on the library industry as a whole. Our customers are importing records from many different sources and all of those sources must update their software in order to comply with the RDA standard. We are committed to supporting the needs of our customers in this regard. Our desire is to continue to allow customers to import and maintain their catalogs with the least amount of disruption in their workflows.” ~ SirsiDynix (http://www.rdatoolkit.org/blog/223)

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RDA: Vendor perspectives, 3• MARC 21 and its predecessors have served the library

community well for nearly 50 years but taking full advantage of what RDA offers requires more flexible and robust data structures. OCLC welcomes the Library of Congress’s recent announcement of the Bibliographic Framework Transformation Initiative and looks forward to working with LC colleagues on this initiative. ~ OCLC (http://www.rdatoolkit.org/blog/215)

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Conclusions, 1• RDA is not radically different from AACR; in fact, it could be argued

that it hasn’t changed sufficiently. Students in my advanced cataloguing class have noted that RDA still looks and feels very much like AACR, and that it does not yet have sufficient flexibility for non-print resources.

• Since LC and LAC are going to implement RDA, you need to consider seriously transitioning to the new standard. A key question is the degree to which vendors will adopt RDA, but given LC’s decision, it’s likely that they will.

• You’ll need to think about training plans and workshops: SIM could help

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Conclusions, 2• New MARC21 RDA fields will need to be incorporated into the

cataloguing input/verification modules of local library systems to enable the import and/or export of new catalogue records from national libraries and vendors.

• Conversion of existing records will generally not be necessary as records created using RDA are intended to integrate with AACR2 records in existing databases.

• Eventually library systems and OPACs will evolve to take full advantage of the data created using RDA, with its underlying FRBR structure of work, expression, manifestation and item. These changes will improve the ease and effectiveness with which users are able to find, identify and obtain the resources they require.

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