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Production in Aquatic Peri-UrbanSystems in Southeast Asia (PAPUSSA)
State-of-the-System Report: Cambodia
Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, U.K.Department of Geography, University of Durham, U.K.Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark
Faculty of Fisheries, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, CambodiaAquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
Preface
Producing food in water bodies in and aroundthe cities of Southeast Asia is commonplace.People in these cities, often located on riverdeltas, continue to rely on rice and fish as staplefoods.
The dynamic cities of the region haveexperienced rapid growth in recent decades.More people in these expanding urban areashave led to increasing opportunities forproduction and trading offood.
Changing access to, anduse of, land and water inand around cities alsoaffect the communitiesproducing aquatic food.Aquatic vegetables are aparticular feature of urbanaquaculture in SoutheastAsia, but have often beenignored by scientists andpolicy makers.
Here we present apreliminary overview ofurban aquatic productionfor one of four cities in theregion. We attempt topresent the ‘whole picture’,including an understandingof the communitiesinvolved, markets and trading, and the institutionsinvolved.
The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
Study Sites
The major sites of production of fish and aquaticvegetables in and around Phnom Penh are well-known. The main products include morning gloryand water mimosa produced in a waste-waterfed lake (Boeung Cheung Ek) by producerslocated around its periphery. Snakehead, walkingand river catfish are raised in pens in a lake inthe centre of the city(Boueng Kok), and inponds and cages in acommunity situated tothe north of the city(Prek Phnauv ) closeto the suppliers oftrash fish from theGreat Lake.
Four communitieswere identified todescribe typicalurban aquaticsystems in PhnomPenh. Two of thesecommunities arelocated on thenorthern side ofBoeung Cheung Ek:Tnot Chrum and KbaTomnub. Three andfour groups ofhouseholds, ‘krom’, ineach village,respectively, are themain producers ofmorning glory. Theyare located near themain source ofwastewater from thecity and on the lakeside of the main road. Tnot Chrum is situatedcloser to the emerging industrial zone, in whichtextile and paper factories are found.
Two communities with concentrations of fishfarms were identified: Doung village and Muoyvillage. Located on the northern side of PhnomPenh, Phum Doung is close to supplies of trash
Location of communities studied: 1 - Tnot Chrumvillage; 2 - Doung village ; 3 - Kba Tomnub village;
The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
fish from the Great Lake that support pond andcage culture of river (Pangasius) and walking(Clarias) catfish. In contrast, pen culture inBoeung Kok is the main system in Muoy village.
We investigated wholesale markets close tothese communities as well as medium, smalland street markets throughout the city.
Sites around Boeung Cheung Ek. (Scale: 1:50,000 Source: Geoinformatics Education Center, Phnom Penh)
The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
Communities
The culture of fish is most common amongmedium to better-off households, whereasaquatic vegetables are mainly produced and soldby households that are medium to less well-off.
Commercial production of aquatic vegetableswas established before the Lon Nol era but itsexpansion was hampered by poor marketaccess. It became re-established on a morecommercial-scale after the Pol Pot era, on thereturn of people to both Phnom Penh and thesurrounding areas. Aquatic vegetables, especiallymorning glory, began to replace rice in BoeungCheung Ek as supplies of sewage, and markets,became re-established.
The poor also tend to be involved in fishing, fishtrading and the collection of wild aquaticvegetables. Khmers dominate in threecommunities, whereas in Doung village (PrekPhnauv), there are as many Chams, andVietnamese people are also an importantminority.
In the communities in which aquatic vegetablesand fish are important, livelihoods are verydiversified. Overall, employment in local factorieswas rated more important and taxi driving andrearing livestock also made important
Role of aquaculture in livelihoods in Doung village (Prek Phnauv) tYnaTIvarIvb,kmµkñúgCIvPaBRKYsarenAkñúgPUmiDYg ¬tMbn;ERBkeBñA ¦
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The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
contributions. Employment in factories was alsomore important than fish culture in Doung andMuoy villages with fishing and taxi driving beingimportant secondary activities.
For people around Boeung Cheung Ek, morningglory is the most important vegetable produced.Although water mimosa and lotus are grown inmuch smaller volumes, they are more valuableand require different resources. Other vegetablesand fruit are produced in home plots and raisedareas within the lake for both sale andconsumption.
River catfish is the main type of fish cultured inponds and pens. Walking catfish are less popularand only raised in ponds.
The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
Resources
A decline in reliance on un-managed resourcesis evident for people living around the BoeungCheung Ek over the last five decades. Formerlyboth flooded forest and the availability of wild foodhad declined; however a wide variety of snails,turtles, snakes and certain fish species remainand are utilised. Aquatic vegetables are nowintensively cropped throughout the year,especially morning glory. Waste-water providesmost of the nutrients, but additional fertilisersand pesticides are heavily applied.
Fish farmers in Prek Pnauv obtain trash fish fromseveral sources to use for feeding their fish inponds. This supply of fish is seasonal with smallfreshwater trash fish being available from thenearby Tonle Sap River from December toFebruary, whilst for the remainder of the year theyuse marine trash fish supplied by middlemen.Rice bran is used as fish feed throughout theyear. Some poorer households still rely heavilyon fishing and collecting wild aquatic plants fromnearby Somroung Lake and the Tonle Sap Riverfor sale and consumption.
In Boeung Kok, farmers feed waste restaurantfood, rice by-products and vegetables frommarkets and growers to fish in pens. Pig pensand household latrines are also often locatedover pens stocked with fish. Farmers mixmedicines in feed when fish contract disease.
The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
Seed of all types is obtained from traders outsidethe village. Lotus seeds are obtained from otherprovinces. River catfish seed originating fromnatural sources and increasingly hatcheries inVietnam are obtained through traders. Althoughattempts have been made to establishhatcheries locally, hybrid Clarias catfish seedalso mainly comes from Vietnam throughout theyear.
The end of the hot, dry season and start of therainy season (April to June) is the most difficultperiod of the year for people in the communities,especially the poor. Illnesses, especiallydiarrhoea and skin infections, and declining valueof aquatic vegetables are major problems. Thesefactors are probably linked to a decline in thequality and quantity of water that starts in Januaryand becomes acute by March. Seasonality alsoaffects the production and price of morning gloryin Boeung Cheung Ek. During the rainy season,the production and supply of morning glory arehigher resulting in lower selling price, whereas,supply decreases in the dry season resulting inhigher prices.
Resources in Boeung Cheung Ek
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EpnTIFnFanFmµCatiEdl)anKUredayburs enAkñúgPUmimYy
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The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
*dizzy CMgWvilmuxstomach ache CMgWRkeBH
Seasonal calendar drawn up by women in Kba Thomnub village RbtiTinRbcaMrdUvEdl)anKUredayRsþI enAkñúgPUmik,alTMnb;
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DECmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kmkra kumÖ³ mina emsa ]sPa mifuna kkáda sIha kBaØa tula vicäika FñÚkáda sIha kBaØa tula vicäika FñÚkáda sIha kBaØa tula vicäika FñÚkáda sIha kBaØa tula vicäika FñÚkáda sIha kBaØa tula vicäika FñÚ
************ * * ** * * *
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The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
Fishing and fish trading by low-income peopledecline to a low at this time and such people aremore likely to seek off-farm employment inconstruction, transportation and the loggingindustries. In contrast, fish farmers tend to selltheir fish at this time. For this group, the criticalseason is at the onset of the cooler months(October to November) when fish disease ismost likely. In recent years (1993 and 2000),flooding particularly affected the poor when theirhouses were destroyed by the floods. This alsoled to destruction of morning glory plots resultingin reduced yields. Many activities, however, arenot affected by the season, includingemployment in factories, some service industriesand other non-agricultural activities. Livestockproduction is also relatively unaffected byseasonality. Some trading opportunities are veryseasonal and occur at the time of social andreligious occasions; for example, fruit selling bywomen peaks during Chinese and Khmer newyear celebrations.
Uses of morning glory produced in peri-urban PhnomPenh kareRbIR)as;pllitRtkYnEdl)anplitenACMuvijTIRkugPñMeBj
Types of food consumed by households in the communities RbePTéncMNIGaharEdl)aneRbIR)as;;;edayRKYsarenAkñúgshKmn_
Food consumption
People normally purchase their rice and mostother basic food items. Fish is retained byfarmers for home consumption and somefarmers eat their own poultry. In contrast, even ifpigs are raised by the household, pork ispurchased. Farmers producing aquaticvegetables for the market tend to eat a proportion,and additionally purchase other types ofvegetables. Fish farming households purchasemost of their vegetables. Fishing is common inall villages to meet subsistence needs.
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The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
Markets
Flows of production to consumers
Aquatic plant and fish production from thesecommunities is mostly sold fresh in marketplaces both inside and outside Phnom Penh.Initially, collectors are the people who transportthese products to the market place where avariety of traders are involved in the buying andselling. Often they can play more than one role.For example, the producers themselves areoften involved in the transport of aquaticproducts.
There are three types of buyers: wholesaler,retailer and finally, consumer. Sometimes themarket chain can be shortened when theretailers or even consumers buy directly fromthe producers.
As there is a great demand for fresh products,market traders especially wholesalers employextra labour in addition to regular family labour.
The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
Aquatic plants
Aquatic plants account for nearlyhalf of the total sales ofvegetables in Phnom Penh.Morning glory is by far the mostimportant aquatic plant productsold, the majority of which growin wastewater.
The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
Fish
Fish is a common and popular dish of the peopleof Phnom Penh. Although both marine andfreshwater wild fish are more popular, they areexpensive and some urban people cannot affordthem. As result, they rely on the relatively lowerpriced cultured fish raised around the city. Themajor species are river catfish, walking catfishand snakehead. Consumers in Phnom Penhhave a preference for snakehead and walkingcatfish, although the price of pangasius is lower.Almost all of the river catfish grown around thecity is transported and sold to other provinces.In general in Phnom Penh, there is little demandamong higher income consumers for rivercatfish because of a widespread perception thatit is raised in latrine ponds and pens.
Products of urban aquatic systems in PhnomPenh do not only feed Phnom Penh people;significant amounts are transported and soldoutside. In terms of river catfish, urban peopleknow where they are raised. However, the extentto which consumers outside are aware of thisinformation is unsure.
There are many people living in the municipalityof Phnom Penh who are still relying on aquaticfood production systems. Although these areasare directly administrated by Phnom PenhMunicipality, there are a number of otherinstitutions who have roles and responsibilities.
There is a lack of clarity about the role ofinstitutions related to urban aquatic systems inPhnom Penh especially on aquatic vegetableproduction. Although there is somecommunication and co-ordination among theseinstitutions (government and non-government),working together in the field had not been easy.These institutions usually work independentlyand separately from the communities, withoutany participation from the local people. The localpeople themselves are uninterested in someprojects in their communities because ofprevious experiences with projects that did notinclude them in any way.
Institutions involved in aquatic production in peri-urban Phnom PenhlMhUrsßab½nEdlmanTMnak;TMngCamYyplitkmµmðÚbGaharClpl enACMuvijTIRkugPñMeBj
Ministry ofEnvironment
RksYgbrisßan
Ministry of PublicHealth
RksYgsuxaPi)al
Phnom PenhMunicipality
salaRkugPñMeBj
Ministry of AgricultureForestry and Fisheries
RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT
Ministry of Land ManagementUrbanization Planning and
Construction (LMUC)
RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;
Department ofEnvironment
naykdæanbrisßan
Department ofHealth
naykdæansuxaPi)al
Fisheries Office
kariyal½yClplAgronomy Office
kariyal½yksikmµ
Department of LMUC
naykdæanerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµnigsMNg;
Others ¬epSg²¦JICA : GgÁkar JICA
NGOs : GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al
Local Authority: GCJaFrmUldæanCommune: XuM
Village: PUmiCommunity: shKmn_
Level
fñak ;f ñ ak ;f ñ ak ;f ñ ak ;f ñ ak ;
NationalLevel
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sßab ½nEdlman\T i §BlsMxan ;²s ß ab ½nEdlman\T i §BlsMxan ;²s ß ab ½nEdlman\T i §BlsMxan ;²s ß ab ½nEdlman\T i §BlsMxan ;²s ß ab ½nEdlman\T i §BlsMxan ;²
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The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
Land use is a major issue faced by people inurban areas. Some people rent land or surfaceof water from other, richer people. Somechanges and development may lead to positiveor negative impacts on people’s livelihood suchas land filling and removal. There seems to beno action to control such activities even thoughthere are laws and regulations that exist.
The Government has a policy to promote aquaticproduction through recycling of wastewater byusing natural water bodies such as BoeungCheung Ek. However, with the increasingnumber of factories and the industrial sectoraround the lake, the future livelihood of the peoplewho live around, and depend on, the lake isuncertain.
The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
List of Participants to the State-of-the-System WorkshopbBa¢IraynamsibBa¢IraynamsibBa¢IraynamsibBa¢IraynamsibBa¢Iraynamsikçkçkçkçkç akamcUlrYmsikçasalaRbB½n§énsaßnPaBakamcUlrYmsikçasalaRbB½n§énsaßnPaBakamcUlrYmsikçasalaRbB½n§énsaßnPaBakamcUlrYmsikçasalaRbB½n§énsaßnPaBakamcUlrYmsikçasalaRbB½n§énsaßnPaB
GñkTIpSarGñkTIpSarGñkTIpSarGñkTIpSarGñkTIpSar (Market actors): Kg; RsITUc 1 eb:g suxexg2 Luúg saer:t3 lI sn4 lI tug5 em:g Em:GUn6 Em: GUn7 Gwum ém8
The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
This report is based on participatory communityappraisals (PCA), marketing and institutional surveysconducted in 4 communities, 13 markets and 7institutions, respectively, in and around Phnom Penh,Cambodia. The surveys are part of the project onProduction in Aquatic Peri-Urban Aquatic Systems inSoutheast Asia (PAPUSSA), funded by the EuropeanCommission. These surveys were conducted by theRoyal University of Agriculture (RUA)1, facilitated bythe Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)2, and incoordination with project partners from the Universityof Stirling-UK3, University of Durham-UK4, and theRoyal Veterinary and Agricultural University (KVL)-Denmark5. The marketing survey was conducted fromJuly to September 2003, the institutional survey fromAugust to September 2003, and the PCA from Octoberto November 2003. Survey respondents consisted of91 persons for the PCA, 233 persons for the marketsurvey (10% wholesalers/collectors, 16% producers/wholesalers, 38% retailers and 36% consumers) and6 government and non-government organizations forthe institutional survey. Stakeholder-specific and semi-structured questionnaires were used. Data from thesurveys were processed, analysed and presented in aState-of-the-System (SOS) Workshop organized byRUA, in December 2003, at RUA, Cambodia withassistance from PAPUSSA institutional partners2,3,4.The SOS Workshop was attended by 8 farmers/producers, 8 sellers, 8 officers and 6 policy-makers,together with 5 partners. Facilitation was provided byRUA6 and PAPUSSA Khmer project staff.
This report was drafted simultaneously in bothlanguages immediately after the workshop to reflectmajor outcomes. David Little, William Leschen, AlbertSalamanca, Chhouk Borin, Thak Kuntheang, SiriluckSirisup and Khan Sophirom edited the report.Assistance of staff8 from partner institutions during theworkshop and report preparation is greatly appreciated.
Any comments or discussion relating to the issues inthis report should be sent to any of the following con-tact persons:
Dr. David LittleInstitute of Aquaculture, University of StirlingScotland, FK9 4LA, [email protected]
Mr. Chhouk BorinFaculty of Fisheries, Royal University of Agriculture2696, Chamcar Daung, Dangkor District,Phnom Penh, [email protected]
The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the EuropeanCommission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.
Dr. Jonathan RiggDepartment of GeographyUniversity of DurhamScience Site, South Road DH1 3LE Durham, [email protected]
Dr. Anders DalsgaardDepartment of Veterinary MicrobiologyRoyal Veterinary and Agricultural UniversityBulowsvej 17, Frederiksberg 1870 [email protected]
1Chhouk Borin, Thak Kuntheang, Sok Daream, ChhimRumuny; 2Dr. Siriluck Sirisup, Wanwisa Saelee; 3Dr. DavidLittle, William Leschen; 4Dr. Jonathan Rigg, AlbertSalamanca; 5Dr. Anders Dalsgaard, Helle Marcussen;6Srey Saman, Oul Notty, Tuy Savry , Sam Chinho; 7Reporter,Rasmei Kampuchea Newspaper; 8Dr. Phung Dac Camand Dr. Phuong-National Institute of Hygiene andEpidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Dr. Nigel Willby Universityof Stirling; Khov Kuong, Arlene Nietes-Satapornvanit-AARM/AIT.