Rasasindhura rs-bel

“A COMPARATIVE

PHARMACEUTICO - ANALYTICAL

STUDY OF SAMAGUNA AND

TRIGUNA BALIJEERNA

RASASINDOORA”

Dissertation submitted to the

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE)

In

RASASHASTRA

2009

DR.REVATI.G.HUDDAR DR. SHANKAR GOWDA, MD (AYU) TARANATH GOVT. AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE, BELLARY – 583 101,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express My deep sense of gratitude with profound respect to my venerated and

benevolent guide Dr.Shankar Gowda MD (Ayu),, Assistant Professor, Department of P.G.

Studies in Rasa Shastra, T.G.A.M.C., Bellary, for indefatigable and indefeasible guidance,

his constant inspiration, Co-operation throughout my study.

It is great pleasure for me to express my gratitude to

Dr.M.S.Doddamani,MD(Ayu),,professor, Head of the Department, Department of P.G. studies in

Rasashastra for valuable suggestions and co-operation throughout my study, that gave me

considerable impetus and making this work success.

I am extremely grateful to my respected and honourable principal Dr.K.Viswambhara

MD (Ayu), T.G.A.M.C., Bellary for all the facilities made available for my present study.

I express my profound gratitude to Dr. Shobha.G.Hiremath MD (Ayu),

Dr.Surekha.S.Medikeri MD (Ayu), Dr.Ravi.C MD (Ayu), Department of Post Graduate Studies in

Rasashastra T.G.A.M.C., Bellary for their moral encouragement and inspiration in my work.

I am highly grateful to my beloved and respectable preceptors Dr.G.R.Vastrad, Dr.

S.K.Hugar, Dr. V.L. Yadahalli Dr.H.Saraswathi, Dr.L.N.kundaragi, Dr. Shashikala

C.Biradar, Dr. Madhav Diggavi, Dr. Hankeppa Rathod, Dr.Rajashekar Ganiger, Dr.

Sreevatsa,, and Dr.Mohammed Hussain, Dr.Ramacharya Joshi, Dr Laxminarasimha for their

guidelines and valuable suggestions and kind co-operation during the study.

I am very much thankful to my senior friends, Dr.Veerendra, Dr. Anuroopa, Dr.

Nischita, Dr.Manjula, Dr.Shubhadha, Dr.Nagarekha, Dr.R.V.Gudi Dr.Guruprasad.K.V,

Dr.Usharani, Dr.Mamatha.B, Dr. Vasanthi, Dr. Ajit Narayana, Dr. Eshwar Koulgi,

Dr.Srimukunda. S.A., Dr.Abdul.H.Kareem, Dr.C.M.Joshi, Dr.Lajana.N, and Dr.Sunita.S for

their kind co-operation and valuable suggestions during the study period.

I express my sincere thanks to my friends Dr.Sanjeevgowda.Patil, Dr.Naveen.K,

Dr.Sandeep.Sarode, Dr.Manjula.C.V, Dr.Pallavi.K, Dr.SarithaRani.M.R. for proper co-

operation and timely help.

It gives me pleasure to thank personally my juniors Dr.Shreekant, Dr.Rohit,

Dr.Brahmanand, Dr.Poornima, Dr.Prajnami, , Dr.Shriraj, Dr.Manjunath.Yadav, Dr.Kishore,

Dr.Shweta, Dr.Ajay, Dr.Sunita.M.L, Dr.Manjunath.Pujari, Dr.Sunitha.G.S and Dr.Shrinidhi.

I express my gratitude to Prof. Subramanian, Prof. Subhod, Prof.Deshapande and

Mr. Krishnamurthy, Dept of materials Engineering, IISc Banglore, for XRD analysis and

particle size analysis.

I express my sincere thanks to Ganesh consultancy and analytical services, Mysore

for conducting chemical analysis.

My heartly thanks to D. Vaman rao, chemistry professor, Bellary, for valuable

information that enabled the success in my performance.

I wish to express my Sincere thanks to, Mr. Linganna, Mr. Umapathy, for their help in

the practical work.

I am very much thankful to Mr. Girish, for neat and timely printing of this thesis.

I am sincerely thankful to all Teaching staff, Physicians, Staff Nurses and Non-teaching

staff of T.G.A.M.C. Hospital, Bellary, for their generous and kind help for making this work

success.

I express reverences with all my heart and soul to all my family members for their whole

hearted support and enthusiasm they fed in me during my work.

I am ever grateful to those who have helped me directly and indirectly in making this

work a success.

Dr. Revati. G. Huddar.

ABBREVIATIONS

1. Ananda Kanda AK

2. Ayurveda Prakasha AP

3. Ananda Kanda AK

4. Bhasma Vijnana BV

5. Bhava Prakasha BP

6. Koopipakwa Rasa Nirmana Vidhi KPR NV

7. Namburi Phase Spot Test NPST

8. Potassium Iodide KI

9. Indian Institute of Sciences IISc

10. Rasamritam RA

11. Rasarnava Ras

12. Rasa Pradeepa RP

13. Rasa Ratna Samuchaya RRS

14. Rasa Tarangini RT

15. Rasa Paddati R.Pd

16. Rasa Kamadhenu R.K

17. Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara R.P.S.

18. Rasendra Chudamani R. Chu

19. Rasa Chintamani R.Chi.

20. Samaguna baliyukta kajjali SK

21. Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora SBJR

22. Triguna baliyukta kajjali TK

23. Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora TBJR

24. X-Ray Diffraction XRD

25. Yoga Ratnakara YR

ABSTRACT

Title: A comparative pharmaceutico-analytical study of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Background: Rasasindoora is prepared by Kupi paka method, with different proportion of

Gandhaka, where in the preparation time and efficiency of drug changes according to the

quantum of Gandhaka.

Objectives: Upto date review; Preparation and Physico-chemical analysis of SBJR and

TBJR.

Materials and Methods:

Pharmaceutical study: Shodhana of Gandhaka was carried out with koormaputa method,

Parada was extracted from Hingula by urdhwapatana procedure in damaru yantra. SBJR was

prepared by kupi paka method in 15 hours, using Samaguna baliyukta kajjali; yield was

52.67%. TBJR was prepared by kupi paka method in 39 hours, using Triguna baliyukta

kajjali; yield was 24.67%.

Analytical Study: Physical and chemical tests were carried out by gravimetric, volumetric,

XRD method and NPST method; particle size analysis by Laser diffraction method.

Results: Total mercury in SBJR and TBJR was 82.40% and 84.82% respectively. Free

mercury was nil in SBJR and TBJR. Total sulfur SBJR and TBJR was 16.16% and 14.43%

respectively. Free sulfur in case of SBJR and TBJR was in traces. XRD pattern of both SBJR

and TBJR were compared with the XPDF No-06-0256; compound identified as Cinnabar

(HgS), with Hexagonal crystal structure, having primitive Lattice. In SBJR and TBJR, 50%

of the sample was having particle size, < 4.96 µm and <5.34 µm respectively.

Discussion and conclusion:

In case of SBJR, duration of paka was less but the yield was more. In case of TBJR,

duration of paka was more but yield was less. From the Analytical point of view, no

significant difference was observed among SBJR and TBJR, as quantitative analysis, XRD

analysis and particle size analysis of both showed slight variations.

Key words: Rasasindoora, Parada, Gandhaka, Samaguna, Triguna, XRD

CONTENTS

Sl. No. Contents Page

No.

I. Introduction 1

II. Aims & Objectives 3

III. Review of Literature

• Drug Review 4-33

• Pharmaceutical Review 33-53

• Analytical Review 54-65

IV Materials and Methods

• Pharmaceutical Study 66-91

• Analytical Study 92-107

V. Results 125-130

VI. Photos 131-136

VII. Discussion 137-152

VIII. Conclusion 153

IX. Summary 154-156

X. Limitations 157

XI. Scope for further study 158

XII. Bibliographic References 159-170

SL.NO LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO

1. Development of Rasasindoora in various Rasa texts. 5

2. Classification of Rasasindoora with different proportions of Parada & Gandhaka.

6

3. Preparation of Rasasindoora in different texts. 7

4. Different Anupanas for Rasasindoora according to various diseases. 11

5. Dosage of Rasasindoora according to different authors 12

6. Dosage of Rasasindoora according to age. 13

7. Different proportion of Gandhaka jarana and their specific indication according to different authors.

13

8. Classification of Hingula according to various texts. 14

9. Synonyms of Parada 20

10. Varieties of Parada. 20

11. Yougika doshas and their effects according to different authors. 21

12. Showing Kanchuka Doshas and their effects according to different Rasa classics.

22

13. Types of Gandhaka according to Rasa Classics 26

14. Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses 26

15. Comparative study of allotropes of Sulphur 29

16. Weight changes during extraction of parada from hingula 69

17. Weight changes during Samanya Shodhana of Parada 70

18. Observations during Gandhaka Shodhana(I batch) 71

19. Observations during Gandhaka Shodhana(II batch) 71

20. Physical changes during Gandhaka Shodhana 72

21. Weight changes during Gandhaka Shodhana 72

22. Different phases of Samaguna Kajjali during preparation. 74

23. Physical properties of Samaguna Kajjali 75

24. Different phases of Triguna Kajjali during preparation. 78

25. Physical properties of Triguna Kajjali 78

26. Observations during the preparation of Samaguna balijeerna Rasa Sindoora.

84

27. Showing observations during the preparation of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

89

28. Showing classical Parameters for analysing SK and TK 93

29. Classical parameters for Analysis of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

93

30. Results of Mercurous and Mercuric Mercury 98

31. Results of free sulphur and sulphide form of sulphur 100

32. XRD of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali. 101

33. XRD of Triguna baliyukta Kajjali. 102

34. XRD of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora 103

35. XRD of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora. 103

36. Comparative pharmaceutical study of Samaguna Kajjali and Triguna Kajjali.

125

37. Comparative observations during preparation of Samaguna kajjali and Triguna kajjali.

125

38. Comparative pharmaceutical study of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

126

39. Comparative observations during preparation of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

126,127

40. Comparative Results of physical and chemical tests 128

41. Percentage of probable mercurial compounds in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR.

128

42. Comparative XRD results of SK & TK 129

43. Comparative XRD results of SBJR & TBJR 129

44. Comparative NPST STUDY 130

45. Comparative particle size analysis 130

SL.NO LIST OF GRAPH PAGE NO

1. Hours v/s Temp of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora 87

2 Hours v/s Temp of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora 91

3 Comparative pharmaceutical results of Samguna & Triguna kajjali.

126

4 Comparative pharmaceutical study of SBJR & TBJR 127

SL.NO LIST OF FIGURES PAGE

NO

1. Ashodhitha Gandhaka 131

2. Shodhana of Gandhaka 131

3. Koormaputa 131

4. Shoditha Gandhaka 131

5. Ashoditha Hingula 131

6. Hingula bhavana with Nimbu Swarasa 131

7. Damaru Yantra for Extraction of Parada 131

8. Samanya Shodhana of Parada with Haridra 131

9. Shodhita Parada 131

10. Initial stage of kajjali 132

11. Intermediate stage of kajjali 132

12. Final stage of kajjali 132

13. Vatankuras 132

14. Vatankura swarasa 132

15. Vatankura swarasa bhavana to kajjali 132

16. Weighing of Kajjali 132

17. Filling of Kupi 132

18. Placing of Kupi in Valukayantra 132

19. Filling of valuka in valuka yantra 132

20. Completed valuka yantra 132

21. Bhatti 132

22. Hot shalakha insertion 133

23. Sulphur fumes 133

24. Copper coin test 133

25. Sindoora test 133

26. Suryodaya laxana 133

27. Corking of kupi 133

28. Corked Kupi 133

29. Kupi after swangsheeta 133

30. Kupi after scraping 133

31. Breaking of kachakupi 133

32. Collection at the neck of kupi 133

33. Residue at the bottom 133

34. Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora 134

35. After powdering of SBJR & TBJR 134

36. Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora 134

37. NPST of SK 1st phase 134

38. NPST of SK 2nd phase 134

39. NPST of SK 3rd phase 134

40. NPST of TK 1st phase 134

41. NPST of TK 2nd phase 134

42. NPST of TK 3rd phase 134

43. NPST of SBJR 1st phase 135

44. NPST of SBJR 2nd phase 135

45. NPST of SBJR 3rd phase 135

46. NPST of TBJR 1st phase 135

47 NPST of TBJR 2nd phase 135

48 NPST of TBJR 3rd phase 135

49 X-ray diffractometer 136

50 pH meter 136

51 Turbidometer 136

52 Laser Diffraction Instrument 136

Introduction

1 A Comparative Pharmaceutico-Analytical Study of Samaguna and Triguna Bali Jeerna

Rasa Sindoora -By- Dr Revati.G.Huddar

INTRODUCTION

Rasa Shastra is a mysterious science with many facets to see and understand. This

science developed by the application of the discoveries of Alchemy to the relief of human

sufferings. Solution to stubborn and challenging illness lies in age old alchemic

Rasaoushadhis. Rasa Shastra means the “science of mercury”. It refers to the science of

making minerals usable for the body so that they can be used as medicines.

Kupipakwa Rasayanas are unique pharmaceutical procedures in the field of

Rasashastra, where in mercury along with other minerals, metals, is sublimed by subjecting to

gradual increase in temperature for specified time. Kupipakwa Rasayanas are more potent

and quick acting even in smaller doses.

Rasasindoora is one such imperative Kupipakwa Rasayana, referred to be Elixir of

life. It is formulated by two fundamental substances of Rasashastra i.e. mercury and sulfur. It

is said to be prepared by same process but with different proportion of Gandhaka, and

accordingly various forms of Rasasindoora are named viz Ardhaguna, Samaguna, Dviguna,

Triguna…..Shadguna balijeerna Rasasindoora, where in, the preparation time changes

according to the quantum of Gandhaka.

Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora is said to be prepared with equal quantities of

Parada and Gandhaka in twelve hours. And Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora is prepared by

using one part of parada and three parts of Gandhaka, but exact duration of kupipaka is not

mentioned but referred to prepare till complete Gandhaka jarana takes place. Hence with a

positive hypothesis to evaluate gradation of temperature and total duration of paka,

comparative pharmaceutical study of both Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora is

under taken.

With the hypothesis of whether the variation in the proportion of Gandhaka in the

preparation of Rasasindoora has any significance or not is an area of research work. Hence in

the present study Comparative Physico-Chemical Analysis of Samaguna and Triguna

balijeerna Rasasindoora has been undertaken.

Introduction



Thus the present study entitled with “A Comparative Pharmaceutico- analytical

study of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora” has been undertaken and

categorized as under:

1. Introduction -Deals with general introduction of Rasa Shastra and the need of the present

study.

2. Aims and Objectivess

3. Review of Literature- upto date review of drugs, pharmaceutical study and analytical

methods.

4. Methodology:

a. Pharmaceutical Study- Purificatory method of Gandhaka, extraction of Parada form

Hingula, Preparation of Samaguna baliyukta kajjali, Triguna baliyukta kajjali and Samaguna

balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

b. Analytical study - It was carried out by Ayurvedic (organoleptic), N.P.S.T and modern

protocols

5. Results - Comparative Pharmaceutical and Analytical results of Samaguna baliyukta

kajjali, Triguna baliyukta kajjali and Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora, Triguna

balijeerna Rasasindoora was presented.

6. Discussion- Discussion of the entire study was presented.

7. Conclusion

8. Summary

Aims And Objectives of the Study



AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

• Upto date review of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna

Rasasindoora.

• Preparation of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

as per classical reference.

• Physico-chemical analysis of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali, Triguna baliyukta kajjali and

Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora, Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

• To compare pharmaceutico-analytical results of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and

Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

Review of the literature



REVIEW OF LITERATURE Classical literary review and collection of relevant data lays the foundation for new

research work.Hence in this section all necessary literature regarding Samaguna and Triguna

balijeerna Rasasindoora is reviewed in following headings.

• Drug Review,

• Pharmaceutical review,

• Analytical review

Drug review is done under 3 headings i.e. compound drug review, each ingredient and

co-drug review.

DRUG REVIEW

RASASINDOORA

Rasasindoora is one of the important preparations among Kupi Pakwa Rasayanas. It

has its own significance in the field of Rasashastra as it is reputed to be panacea for variety of

ills.

Etymology of the word Rasasindoora:

Rasasindoora is a compound word having 2 components – Rasa and Sindoora.

Rasa1: The word Rasa has been found derived from the root words.

Rasati Rasayati Rasyati Rasasyati

These all words have wide range of meanings like to taste, to radish, to feel, to high,

to perceive, to be sensible, to get, to desire, to cry, to sound etc. But here the word Rasa

indicates Parada on which the entire Rasa Shastra is based upon.

Sindoora2: The word Sindoora is derived from the root “Syande samprasarananch” which

gives the meaning of movement. And “Raktavarna choorna vishesh” it means vermilion

colour i.e., Aruna Varna. As the finished product has Sindoora Varna, the product is known

by the name “Sindoora”.

Thus the word Rasasindoora means it is the red coloured product obtained by the

action of Parada.




Historical backgrounds:

There is no reference of Rasa Sindoora in prevedic, vedic and Samhita periods.Use of

Valuka Yantra for the preparation of Rasa Sindoora was developed only after 9th Century

A.D. The use of kachakupi started since 10th century A.D. Before this Rasa Acharyas have

made such preparation in‘Andha Musha’ made of clay with the help of Tushagni3.

Rasasindoora in various texts:

Table No 1: showing development of Rasasindoora in various Rasa texts.

Rasa Texts

Century Context

R.H.T4 10th Century

Jarana procedure which closely resembles the preparation of Rasa Sindoora is mentioned using loha Samputa .

Ras5 12th Century

No reference of Rasa Sindoora, but different types of Gandhaka jarana and Parada Marana process have been described.

A.K6 13th Century

Totally 31 types of Parada Marana methods. Two types are prepared using kachkupi and valuka yantra In three types, Sindoora or Rakta Varna Bhasma obtained by using different yantras.

R.Chu7 13th century

Rasasindoora preparation is not mentioned. But the Pisti of Gandhaka and Parada and Kajjali Valuka Yantra are mentioned.

R.R.S8 13th century

Valuka Yantra and Kachakupi are explained, but not specified anything about Rasasindoora.

R.P.S9 13th century

Udya Bhaskara Rasa, which resembles the preparation of Rasasindoora, is mentioned.

R.S.S10 16th century

Three preparations of Rasa Sindoora has been mentioned with different ingredients other than Parada and Gandhaka by using same apparatus and Yantras for all

R.Chi11 16th century

Much importance is given to Gandhaka Jarana and two types of Sindhura Pakas are mentioned in connection with Rasa Sindoora preparation.

R.P12 16th century

One type of Rasa Sindoora is mentioned.

R.K 16th century

No description regarding of Rasasindoora.

A.P13 17th century

Four types of Rasa Sindhura preparations with different ingredients.

B.P14 15th century

Single Rasa Sindoora preparation with the use of Amlasara Gandhaka14

R.Y.S15 19th century

Ten preparations of Rasasindoora have been mentioned15.




KR NV16

19th century

Five types of Rasasindoora preparations, which are collected from different texts; Nighantu Ratnakar, Ratnakara Ausudhayoga and Rasendra Sara Sangraha.

Y.R17 18th century

Many preparations of Rasasindoora are mentioned

B. V18 19th century

Several preparations of Kupi pakwa Rasayanas are mentioned, out of these seventeen are either of Rasasindoora or resembling with Rasasindoora

R.T19 20th century

Seven types of Rasasindoora have been mentioned. i.e. from Ardha balijeerna to Shadguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Other names of Rasasindoora mentioned in different texts:

1. Chandrodaya Rasa20. 6. sindoora Rasa23.

2. Hara Gouri Rasa21. 7. Sindura Nama Rasa24.

3. Madana Kamadeva Rasa21. 8. Udaya Bhaskara Rasa9.

4. Raja vallabha Rasa21. 9. Viravikrama Rasa21.

5. Rasa parpatika Rasa22.

Table No.2 Showing Classification of Rasasindoora with different proportions of

Parada & Gandhaka25,26.

Sl. No. Ratio of Hg : S Name of Rasa Sindoora References

1 1 : 1/6 Shadamsha 01 2 1 : ¼ Chaturthamsha 02 3 1 : 1/3 Tritiyamsha 02 4 1 : ½ Ardhaguna 04 5 1 : 1 Samaguna 31 6 1 : 1 ¼ Sapada Samaguna 01 7 1 : 1 ½ Sardha Samaguna 02 8 1 : 2 Dviguna 10 9 1 : 3 Triguna 05 10 1 : 4 Chaturguna 03 11 1 : 5 Panchaguna 01 12 1 : 6 Shadguna 01




Table No. 3 Showing preparation of Rasasindoora in different texts.

Sl. No

Preparation with reference

Ingredients and their quantity

Method of preparation Color of preparation

1. Udaya Bhaskra Rasa 9

• Parada – 1 part • Gandhaka –1

part • Jambira – Q.S.

Swarasa

Prepare Kajjali triturating with Nimbu juice. Fill the Kachakupi with kajjali and tikshna agni (3 days) is given through Sikata yantra.

Kamala Varna

2. Rasa bhasma 9

(Talastha)

• Purified Parada – 1 part.

• Purified Gandhaka – 1 part.

Kajjali is prepared Kajjali heated with kupi paka method in Valuka yantra by applying tushagni for 36 hrs.

Rakta Varna

3. Rasasindoora10 • Parada – 1 part • Gandhaka – 3

part • Naga - 1 part

Kajjali of Parada, Gandhaka and Naga. Fill this in Kachakupi and seal the mouth. Then apply Kramagni for 3 days through valuka yantra.

Bandhuka pushpa varna.

4. Rasasindoora10 • Parada – 1 part • Gandhaka – 1

part • Vatankura

Swarasa – Q.S.

Prepare Kajjali and apply Bhavana with Vatankura Swarasa for 3 times. Then fill theKajjali in Kachakupi and apply Mandagni for 4 praharas through valuka yantra.

Tarunaditya varna.

6. Sindoora Paka11

• Parada – 1 part • Gandhaka – 1

part

Prepare Kajjali and fill it in Kupi. Then kupi is heated in Valuka yantra.

7 Rasa Bhasma27 • Parada-1 part

• Gandhaka-1part Navasadara-1 part

• Nagarjuni-Q.S.

• Kakmachi-Q.S.

• Triturate Parada with Nagarjuni and Kakmachi each for 1 day. Then add Gandhaka and Navasadara and fill it in kachakupi and cork it well. Apply heat for 8 Prahara.

Balarka Sannibham.

8 Rasa Sindoora13 • Parada – 20 prt • Gandhaka – 20

prt • Navasadara–

1/40th • Sphatika –

1/20th

Prepare Kajjali out of the 4 ingredients and fill in a Kachakupi paka is performed for 3 days following Kramagni

Arunabha (red colour)

9 Sindoora Rasa14 • Parada – 1 part • Gandhaka – ½ - ¼

part

Prepare Kajjali and fill it in Kacha Kupi, Paka is performed for 8 praharas following Kramagni

Darada Samam

10. Rasa Sindoora17

• Parada – 2 part • Gandhaka – 2 part • Navasadara – ¼

Prepare Kajjali and apply Bhavana with Nimbu swarasa. Then fill it in Kachakupi and apply kramagni for

Sindhoora Sadrisha




part • Nimbu Swarasa –

Q.S

8 prahara through Valuka Yantra.

11. Rasa Sindoora28 • Parada – 3 tola • Gandhaka – 3 tola • Narasara– 1masha

Prepare Kajjali out of the 3 ingredients and fill it in Kachakupi. Paka is performed for 3 days following Kramagni.

12. Sindoora Rasa29 • Parada – 1 part • Gandhaka–½- ¼

part

Prepare Kajjali and fill it in Kachakupi, paka is performed for 4 prahara Krmagni tapa.

Sindhoora Sadrusha.

13. Talastha Rasa30 • Parada – 1 part • Gandhaka – 1 part

Prepare Kajjali. Then fill it in Kachakupi and core it well. Apply Kramagni through Adhah Saikata Yantra.

14. Ardha Gandhaka Jeerna Rasa Sindoora31

• Parada – 8 part • Gandhaka – 4 part • Navasadara – 2

part • Bijora swarasa –

Q.S.

Prepare Kajjali and apply Bhavanas with Bijora Swarasa. Then fill it in Kachakupi and apply Kramagni through Valuka Yantra.

Hingulabham

15. Samana Gandhaka Jeerna Rasa Sindoora32

• Parada – 8 part • Gandhaka – 8 part • Navaradara – 2

part • Nibmu swarasa –

Q.S.

Prepare Kajjali and apply Bhavana with Nimbu Swarasa. Fill it in Kachakupi and apply Kramagni through Valuka Yantra.

Rakta Kamlavat.

16 Dviguna Gandhaka Jeerna Rasa Sindoora33


part • Rakta karpasa.

Pushpa swarasa – Q.S.

Prepare Kajjali and apply Bhavana with Rakta Karpasa pushpa swarasa. Then fill it in Kachakupi and apply Kramagni for 1 day through Valuka Yantra.

Rakta Kamlavt.

17. Triguna Gandhaka Jarita Rasa Sindoora34


part

Prepare Kajjali and fill it in Kachakupi and apply Kramagni for 1 day through Valuka Yantra

Rakta Kamlvat

18. Shadguna Gandhaka Jarita Rasa Sindoora35


part • Kumari Swarasa-

Q.S.

Prepare Kajjali and apply Bhavana with Kumari Swarasa for 3 hours. Then fill in Kachakupi and apply Kramagni for 7 days through Valuka Yantra.

Sindhura Samam

Various processes adopted for Rasasindoora preparation:

1. Antardhooma – In this method Kupi is sealed from the beginning and smoke is not

allowed to escape.

2. Bahirdhooma – in this sulphur fumes are allowed to escape completely and then kupi is

sealed.

3. Kantastha – In this process, Rasasindoora gets accumulated at the neck of the bottle.




4. Talastha – Rasasindoora is collected from the bottom of the bottle.

Among all these, Antardhooma and Talastha procedures are comparatively difficult.

In the present work Bahirdhooma, Kantastha method is adopted for the preparation of

Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

Varna of Rasasindoora –Depending on the proportion of sulphur, method and duration of

preparation, the colour varies.

Similies for colour of Rasasindoora:

1. Manikya nibham9 – Like ruby

2. Raktavarna9 – Red like blood.

3. Aruna Bhasma13 – Vermilion colour ash and luster like.

4. Indragopanibham21 – Like rainy insect of red colour.

5. Padmaraga Maniprabha21 – Like ruby

6. Sindoora Sadrusham21 – Like the powder of red lead.

7. Kumkuma pinjaram24 – Saffron like reddish yellow

8. Hingulabham31 – Carrying cinnabar type luster

9. Rajivopam32 – Similar to lotus.

10. Bandhuka pushpavarna36 – Flower of Hibiscus Rosa

11. Balaruna Surya Sannibham37 – Morning Sun

12. Sonavarnam38 – Blood colour.

13. Tarunaditya sannibham – Equivalent to color of rising sun

Pharmacological action of Rasasindoora39,40.

Properties of Rasasindoora :

Rasa - Shadrasa

Guna - Guru, Snigdha

Virya - Ushna

Vipaka - Madhura

Prabhava - Vajikara, Sarva Rogahara

1. Relation with Dosha – Rasa Sindoora acts against all three Doshas with different

adjuvents due to its Yogavahitva, guru snigdha properties.




2. Action on Nervous System – Being stimulating and Vigorating agent for the brain and

nervous System it may be used in Mastishka Dourbalya, Nadi Dourbhalya and Vata

vyadhi.

3. Action on Circulatory system – It has been stated to be Rakta vardhaka and Rakta

shodhaka; thus used in Pandu, Amavata etc. Being stimulating and energetic agent for

heart it can be used in various heart diseases and Hriddourbalya.

4. Action on Respiratory system – It is Kapha Vata Hara and hence used in all upper and

lower respiratory tract diseases. Ex. Swasa, Kasa, Hikka, kshaya etc.

5. Action on Reproductory system – It is rejuvinative and Aphrodisiac and thus effective

in sexual debilities and all other sexual disorders.

6. Action on Digestive system – Being Deepana, Pachana, Anulomana, Yakrit, Uttejaka

and Pitta Saraka it can be used in Agnimandya and liver diseases along with different

Anupanas.

7. Action on Urinary system – It has got diuretic action, so used in Muthraghata,

Mutrakrucchra but it is contraindicated in Kidney disorders due to its stimulating

effect.

Anupans for Rasasindoora41:

According to various classical texts different Anupanas are mentioned for Rasa

sindoora according to various diseases. The main ideal Anupanas used are :

• Madhu.

• Milk

• Ghrita.

Table No. 4 Showing Different Anupanas for Rasasindoora according to various diseases. SI. No Diseases Anupanas

1 Ajirna Madhu +Musta Kwatha, Dhanyaka + Nagara Kwatha .

2 Apasmara Vacha + Sankapushpi churna or Bharngi swarasa or Kalyana Ghrita.

3 Arsha Hrswa Haritaki kashaya.

4 Aruchi Matulanga swarasa.

5 Atisara Lavanga + Ahiphena + Bhanga.

6 Bhagandara Triphala + Vidanga kwatha.

7 Danta Roga Dantadhavana Sara.

8 Dhatukshaya Abhraka bhasma, Ardraka Swarasa.




9 Dhatu Vriddhi Vidarikanda Churna.

10 Garbhashaya roga

Kakoli churna + Narikela taila.

11 Grahani Charngeri Swarasa + Shunti Kwatha, Bhrista Haritaki or Shunti.

12 Gulma Ajamoda churna and Vida lavanga.

13 Hidma Kulatha kwatha.

14 Hridaya dourbalya

Honey.

15 Hridraga Arjuna + Vishanika + seeds + Madhu.

16 Jirna Jwara Guduchi kwatha + Parpata.

17 Jwara Jiraka, Pippali + Dhanyaka kwatha or Kiratha tikta + Haritaki + Jiraka.

18 Kamala Trikatu Triphala + Vasa Swarasa or Daruharidra kwatha.

19 Kasa (Vasa Swarasa) + Pippali + Madhu. Trikatu +Bharngi + Bibitaki + honey or Vidanga.

20 Krimi Palasha phala Churna 2 Ratti + Guda.

21 Kshaya Ardraka Swarasa.

22 Kushta Bakuchi or Chakrabeeja +Khadira.

23 Madatyaya Nimbu Swarasa + Sugar.

24 Murcha Narikela Jala or Kalyanaka Ghrta.

25 Mukhapaka Chandana kalka.

26 Mutra Krucchra Mishri or Shilajatu + Ela .

27 Mutraghata Dhanyamla + Saindhava.

28 Nava Jwara Tulasi Patra Swarasa or Ardraka Swarasa or Nagavalli Swarasa.

29 Pandu Loha Bhasma, Trikatu, Triphala, Vasa Swarasa.

30 Parvabheda Changeri Swarasa.

31 Peenasa Maricha Churna.

32 Pittaja Prameha Triphala + Mishri.

33 Prameha Guduchi swarasa or Haridra swarasa.

34 Pradara Ashoka + Lodra or Daru Haridra + Ashokadi kwatha.

35 Rajayakshma Ghrita.

36 Rakta Pitta Draksha + Sarkara.

37 Rakta Vikara Honey or Haridra + Mishri.

38 Sannipatika Jwara

Nirgundi Swarasa or Chandana + Agaru + Kasturi + Kesara.

39 Shotha Punarnava Kashaya.

40 Shukra Vriddhi (Kadali +

Karpura 1.5 Ratti + Lavanga + Kesari + Jatipatra + Akara Karabha + Bhanga all 2 Ratti + Mishri 1 Masha or with banana.




Ikshurasa)

41 Swasa Vasa swarasa or Pippali swarasa + Madhu or Trikatu + Bharngi + Bibitaki + honey.

42 Soola Trikatu + Bharngi + Bibitaki + honey.

43 Trisna Sheeta Jala.

44 Udara Roga Triphala kwatha or Krishna Lavana + Haridra + Bhanga + Ajamoda churna.

45 Unmada Kushmanda swarasa

46 Vajikarana Musali choorna + Milk or Suvarna bhasma.

47 Vataja Prameha Honey + Pippali.

48 Vatarakta Kokilaksha.

49 Vibandha Chitrakamula + Haritaki + Krishna Lavana or Ela.

50 Visoochika Shunti + Jeera or Jati

51 Vrana Sugandhi + Bata + Guduchi + Shunti Kashaya.

52 Visphota Chaturjata.

Dose of Rasasindoora42:

Despite of different methods adopted for Rasasindoora preparations and the various

proportions of ingredients used, dose of Rasasindoora may be estimated between 1/16-5 Ratti

according to various pharmacopia.

Table No. 5 Showing dosage of Rasasindoora according to different authors

Ayurveda Prakasha Upto 5 Ratti

Rasa yoga sagara Upto 3 Ratti

Yoga Ratnakara, Rasatantrasara, Ratnakara Aushadha Yoga

1-2 Ratti

Rasa Tarangini 1/16 –1 Ratti

Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara 1-3 Ratti Table No. 6 Showing dosage of Rasasindoora according to age.

1 Year 1/16 Ratti 2 Years 1/7 Ratti

6 Years 1/3 Ratti

12 Years ½ Ratti

13 – 18 Years 1 Ratti

> 18 Years 1-3 Ratti




Role of different proportions of Gandhaka in Rasasindoora :

In the preparation of Rasa Sindoora 1/6-6 times proportion of sulphur to mercury has

been mentioned in various classics. The properties also changes according to the variation of

Sulphur quantity.

Table No.7.Showing different proportion of Gandhaka jarana and their specific

indication according to different authors.

Sl. No.

Proportion of sulphur

Rasendra Chintamani

Ayu Prakasha and Yoga Ratnakara Rasa Tarangini

1 Samaguna Suddhat shata guna Rasah

Rogaghna Samnya Gadanashana

2 Dviguna Sarva Kushta Hara Rajayakshmahara Maharogahara

3 Triguna Sarva Jadhya Vinashaka

Kaminidarapa Nashaka Pumstva Prakashaka

4 Chaturguna Valipalita Nashana Tejasvi, Sarva Shastranam Siddidhah

Mahotsaha Medha, Smrithi Vivardhana

5 Panchaguna Kshya nashak Sidha Bajith Ashesha gada Santhapa nasaka

6 Shadguna Sarva rogahara Mrityujit Adbhuta Karyakrit Similarly the more the heating time, more the efficiency of Rasa Sindoora.

Pharmacology of Rasasindoora in modern view43

Chemically Rasasindoora is considered as red sulphide of mercury. And in case of

sulphides, a great deal of doubt exist as to whether they are absorbed at all. But sulphides of

mercury in a fine state of division under go solution in 5.c.c. of 0.2% of solution of HCL at

1000F in an hour. This is also true when these sulphides are digested with filtered gastric

juice obtained artificially from a healthy individual. If the sulphide of mercury is broken up in

this manner by the acid of gastric juice, it is likely that absorption will take place. Very

minute quantities are absorbed and excreted but the ordinary chemical tests are not so

sensitive enough to detect its presence. Sulphide of mercury is not used in any of the

pharmacopoeias of western countries as it is considered to be devoid of therapeutic activity.




Side effect of Rasasindoora44,45

Rasasindoora is an example of Sagandha Murchhana, so even after prolonged use it

should never cause toxic symptoms of mercury. But if Rasasindura is prepared out of impure

mercury, it gives rise to all the evil effects of mercury. These side effects can be relieved by

using clarified butter with powdered Maricha (Piper nigrum) for 7 days . In modern medicine

also sulphide of mercury has been stated as non-poisonous because of its poor absorption.

DRUG REVIEW OF EACH INGREDIENT

HINGULA

History :

The reference of Hingula is found in Kautilya Arthashastra in testing of Gold and

spoilage of Gold46.

Classification of Hingula:

Hingula has been included in Maharasa varga, Uparasavarga as well as in

Sadharanarasavarga by different acharyas.

Table No: 8. showing classification according to various texts.

Class Texts

Maharasa Rasarnava, Rasakamadhenu.

Uparasa Anandkanda, Rasa Prakash Sudhakar,

Bhavaprakash, Rasendra Sara Sangrha,

Rasendra Chintamani, Ayurveda prakash,

Brihat Rasaraja Sundar.

Sadharanarasa Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Rasa Jala Nidhi,

Rasachandamsu,

Rasavarga Rasa Hridaya Tantra.

Synonyms Of Hingula 47,48 :

Synonyms can be categorized under four headings:

Appearance:

Kapishirshaka, Chitranga, Chinapishta, Churna Parada, Makshi Vanga,

Daitya Raktaka, Manohara, Markata, Shirsa, Rakta, Raktakaya, Rakta Parada,




Shukatundaka, Supittaka, Suranaga, Hansapada, Hansandhri, Hansaka,

Hingulu, Hinguli, Hingula, Kuruvinda.

Guna & Karma:

Charmanuranjana, Maraka, Maniraga, Ranjaka,Ranjana, Lohaghna, Ratna Ragakari,

Raga Dravya, Vishesa, Barbara, Sagara, Charmara, Charmaragandhika,

Charmarabandhanam,Charmaravardhana, Uru charmaka.

Constituents:

Rasagandha Sambhuta, Rasa Garbha, Rasasthana,Siddhi Parada, Rakta Parada,

Rasodbhava, Rasa.

Habitat:

Mleccha, Darada, Chinapista.

Vernacular names: 49

Persia – Sinjraph

English – Cinnabar

Hindi – Sinjraph

Gujarath – Hingalo

Assami – Janjaphar

Marati – Hingula

Telugu – Ingalikamu

Kannada – Ingalika

Grahya Lakshana or Criteria for Selection:50

Japakusuma Varnabha – It resembles the color of petals of red hibiscus flower.

Peshane Sumanoharaha – When grinded its color becomes beautiful.

Mahojwala – Reflects in sunlight.

Bharapurna – Heavy in weight

Shweta Rekha – Having white or silvery streaks.

Pravalabha – Resembles like that of pravala.

Types:51

On the basis of occurrence, two varieties of Hingula are available.




1. Khanija 2. Kritrima.

Khanija is again of 3 varieties, on the basis of appearance.

• Charmara – Krishna or Raktha Varna.

• Shukatunda – Peeta Varna

• Hamsapada – Japa Kusuma Varna

Hingula is of 2 types:52

1. Shukatunda 2. Hamsapada.

Shukatunda is less potent whereas Hamsapada is said to be best quality.

Ashuddha Hingula sevanajanya Lakshana:53

Consumption of Ashodhita Hingula causes Klama, Andhata, Bhrama, Moha, and

Prameha. So shodhana is necessary for Hingula where it is to be used internally.

Hingula Shodhana54 55,56 : Rasa acharyas have mentioned different procedures like Bhavana,

swedana using different herbal juices.

Pharmacological Properties:

It has Ushna guna Tiktha, Katu Kashaya rasa, Ushna Veerya, Deepana, Rasayana,

Vrishya, Balya, Vajikara, Medhakantivardhaka, Agnivardhaka, Sarvadoshaghna, Netrya etc.

Cinnabar helps to harmonise and strengthen the relationship between breathing and

circulation. It is an effective remedy against chronic recurrent inflammatory diseases. It is a

great blood healer, stimulates the formation of blood corpuscles and detoxifies the body, aids

the immune system, helps to avoid infections and effective in case of depression.

Therapeutic Indications:57

Prameha, Kushta, Jwara, Mandagni, Hridroga, Aruchi, Amlapittha, Hrillasa, Kamala,

Pleeharoga, Amavata, Garavisha, Sarvaroga.

Matra – ½ - 1 Ratti

Anupana – Maricha, Guda, Pippali, Guduchi swarasa, Madhu

Hingula Satwapatana:58

By Patanayantravidhi, Satwa can be extracted.




Important Yogas of Hingula:59

Hinguleshwara Rasa, Ananda Bhairava Rasa, Kanaka Sundara Rasa, Jwara Murari

Rasa, Vasanta Malati Rasa, Tribhuvana Keerthi Rasa, Hinguliya Manikya Rasa, Shothari

Rasa etc.

HINGULA MODERN VIEW

CINNABAR

Cinnabar is the chief ore of Mercury contains 86.2% of Mercury and 13.8% of sulfur.

When ground it becomes deep red coloured. When used as pigment it is called vermilion.

Occurrence60: It occurs both in crystalline and massive forms. It occurs naturally in Spain,

Italy, France, Germany, China, Japan, Russia and Iran. Artificial cinnabar is prepared in Surat

and Kolkata but there is no natural source available in India.

General Description of Cinnabar60:

Category : Mineral

Chemical formula : Hgs, mercury(II) sulfide

Colour : Brownish red

Streak : Scarlet

Hardness : 2-2.5

Specific gravity : 8-8.2 g/cm3

Cleavage : Prismatic perfect

Fracture : Subconchoidal to uneven

Crystal habit : Rhombohedral to tabular. Granular to

massive

Crystal system : Hexagonal

Luster : Adamantine to dull

Refractive Index : Transparent to opaque

Solubility : 3×10-26 g per 100 ml water.




Preparation of Artificial cinnabar 61 :

Parada and Gandhaka are taken in 6:1 ratio, triturated well, kept in Iron vessel and

heated on tivragni. Then red coloured compound is formed on the upper part is collected and

is called cinnabar.

Extraction of mercury from cinnabar.

Consists of 2 steps

Ore concentration Roasting and distillation

Isolation of Mercury occurs as :

2HgS + 3O2 → 2HgO + 2SO2

2 HgO → 2Hg + O2

Pharmacological aspect of Cinnabar62.

The solubility and bioavailability of cinnabar are quite low.

Absorption:

Absorption of cinnabar from the gastrointestinal tract is 0.2%.

Distribution:

Once absorbed into the blood, the mercury disposition from cinnabar follows the

pattern for inorganic mercury salts and preferentially distributed to the kidneys, with a small

portion to the brain.

Excretion:

Inorganic mercury salts are excreted in urine and feces, with a half-life of about 2

months.

Toxicology:

Little is known about toxicology profiles or toxicokinetics of cinnabar and cinnabar-

containing traditional medicines. A study by Kew et al, reported symptoms of mercury

poisoning in a patient after daily exposure to 180-252 mg Cinnabar for four weeks.




PARADA Parada is considered as the nucleus of Rasashastra. Mythologically it is having divine

origin as shiva veerya.

History:

• Initially it was used for Alchemical purposes (loha vada) to convert lower metals like

Lead, Tin, Copper, etc. into noble metals like Gold, silver etc. Later on its therapeutic

use in curing the diseases has been recognized.

• In Koutilya Arthashastra (325 cent B.C), it is mentioned that swarna can be prepared

by parada63.

• In Charaka Samhita there is usage of Parada with Makshika and Gandhaka in Kushta

Roga and it is used externally64.

• In Sushruta Samhita its external use has been mentioned65

Vernacular names66:

English - Mercury, Quick silver,

Kannada – Paraja,

Hindi – Para,

Marati – Paara,

Bangala – Paara,

Telagu – Padarasam.

Latin – Hydrarzirum (Hg).

Etymological significance of Synonyms67,68 :

• Rasa – As it digests all drugs.

- Nourishes all Dhatu’s of the body.

- Being ingested by human for Rasayanartha

• Rasendra - King of all medicines or Rasa’s

• Suta - Since used for Deha and Loha Siddhi

• Parada - Gives an end to sufferings.

• Mishraka - Properties of all metals are found in it.




Table No.9 Showing synonyms of Parada based on the following

Swaru- paatma

Dhrmika Devatmaka

Gaty- atmaka

Dehavada tmaka

Dhatuvad- atmaka

Vishista guna

Darsha- hika

Adyat- mika

Galadroupani

bham

Mahavanhi

Mahateja

Suvarna

Trinetra

Trilochana

Deva

Dehaja

Prabhu

Rudraja

Rajasmala

Shanta

Shiva

Shiva veerya

Skandha

Harateja

Harabeeja

Harareta

Shivabeeja

Kechara

Chapala

Chala

Dhurtaka

Amrita

Dehada

Paramamrtia

Parata

Parada

Mrityunashana

Rasayana

Rasayana

sreshta.

Divyarasa

Maharasa

Rasa

Rasendra

Rasesha

Rasottama

Rasadhatu

Rasaraja

Rasaleha

Siddadhatu

Soota

Sootaka

Sootarath

Mishraka

Ananta

Kalikantaka

Sukshma

Soubhagya.

Jeeva

Jaiva

Divya

Achintya

Varieties69:

The Varieties of Parada described in various texts based on following factors:

• Depending on the colour.

• Depending on the impurities

• Depending on uses of Parada.

Table No. 10. Showing varieties of Parada.

Variety Colour Impurities Uses

Rasa

Rakta

Which is free from all

types of impurities

Rasayana

Rasendra Peeta Free from impurities Rasayana

Suta Ishat Peeta With impurities Deharogahara

Parada Shweta With impurities Sarvarogahara

Mishraka Mayura With impurities Sarvasiddhidayaka.




Chandrika varna

Doshas of Mercury70:

According to different rasa classics Doshas of Parada are explained as follows:

1. Naisargika doshas (Natural impurities).

2. Yougika doshas (Physical impurities)

3. Oupadika doshas (Chemical impurities in the form of coating).

1. Naisargika Doshas70:

Mercury, which is occurring in native compound form generally, attributes some

impurities due to its natural power of amalgamation. As these impurities occur due to nature,

these doshas are known as “Naisargika doshas”.

Naisargika dosha Effects.

Visha - Mrutyukara

Vahni - Santapakara

Mala - Murchakara

2. Yougika doshas70:

The impurities mixed by the traders from the commercial point of view to increase the

weight of Parada by adding some Ariloha’s.

Ex: Naga, Vanga etc.

Table No.11. Showing Yougika doshas and their effects according to different

authors.

Sl. No. Textual Reference Doshas Effects

1. RRS Naga, Vanga Jadatva Adhmana

2. AK Naga, Vanga, Visha

Jadhya Pootigandhatva Mrutyu.

3. A P Naga, Vanga Jadhya, Adhmana Kushta.

Kanchuka Doshas70,

Literally Kanchuka means thin layer. Kanchuka doshas are the impurities of mercury

which are seen as thin layer covering it. This is due to tarnishing of mercury.




There is some difference of opinion amongst ancient scholars regarding their name

and source but all of them considered as seven in number.

Table No. 12. Showing Kanchuka Doshas and their effects according to different

Rasa classics.

Sl. No. Text Doshas Effects

1. Parpati Mrunmaya (Prithvi) Kushta,

2. Patini Pashanaja (Girija) Jadhya, Admana

3. Bhedi Jalaja (Varija) Vali, Palita, khalitya, Vaksangatha,

Mala Bhedana.

4. Dravi Nagaja (Shyama) Mahakusta, Sweta Kusta, Udara,

Kamala, Pandu, Prameha.

5. Malakari Nagaja (Kapalika) Dadru, Gaja Karna, Doshavardhaka.

6. Dhwankshi Vangaja (Kapali) Swara Parushyakara.

7. Andhakari Vangaj (Kalika) Marmacheda, Vastishoola, Andhatva.

Grahya Lakshanas of Parada71,72:

Parada is liquid in form, shines as bright as mid – day sun, white glaze exteriorly and

bluish tinge interiorly mercury with these qualities is known as Grahya variety. Parada which

is devoid of saptakanchakas should be collected.

Agrahya Lakshanas of Parada73:

Mercury looking smoky, grayish and slightly yellowish or having various shades of

colours is agrahya variety, incorporated with various metallic and elemental impurities

bonded physico – chemically.

Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Parada74: Rasa : Shadrasa

Guna : Snigdha, Sara and Guru

Veerya : Ushna

Vipaka : Madhura

Karma : Yoga vahi, Rsayana, Vrishya, Balya, Vayastambhana,

Pustikaraka, Deepana, Agnivardhaka, Deha sidhikara, Loha

sidhikara, Shodhana, Ropana, Krimighna.




Dosha Prabhava: Tridoshagna

Vyadhi Prabhava: Vata roga, Valipalitha, Jara roga, Sarva Akshi roga, Krimi,

Kusta, Sarva roga.

Pathya75:

Ahara – Ghrita Saindhava, Madhu, Sharkara, Ksheera, Yava, Godhooma, Tandula,

Dhanyaka, Patola, Jeerna Shali, Ikshu Rasa, Hamsodaka, Shunti, Musta, Punarnava,

Meghanada, Mamsarasa, Jeeraka, Haridra.

Vihara – Pooja Shiva Aradhana, Japa, Sugandha Pushpadharana, Kastoori Dharana, Guru

Seva, Satya Vadana.

Apathya76:

Kakarastakas like – Kooshmanda, Karkati, Kalinga, Karavellaka, Karkota, Kadali, Kusumba,

Kakamachi are avoided.Others are Kulatha, Atasi Taila, Tila, Masha, Masoora, Badara,

Chirabilva, Nagara, Kanchanara, Shigru, Kanji, Takra, Atikatu, Amla, Teekshna, Lavana

Picchila are considered as Varjya.

PARADA MODERN REVIEW

MERCURY

Mercury is a silvery white metal, liquid at room temperature with high (13.6) density.

It is divisible into spherical globules, mobile, without having any odour / taste, cold to touch,

slowly volatizing at ordinary temperature. . Low melting and boiling point is due to large

atomic size. The metallic shine of mercury is due to the presence of free electrons with a high

plasma frequency. It is soluble in nitric acid and in boiling sulfuric acid.

General Description77:

Atomic Number : 80

Atomic Weight : 200.61

Atomic Volume : 14.8CC

Ionic Radius (+2) : 1.10

Relative Atomic Mass : 200.50 gm/mole

Specific Gravity : 13.55

Melting point : 39.80C

Boiling point : 3570C




Occurrence and distribution:

Small quantities of mercury occur in native form but chiefly it occurs as sulphide

(cinnabar). It is found chiefly in Spain and Italy. It is also found as calomel (Hg2cl2),

Metacinnabar (HgS), Tiemannite (HgS), Montroydite (HgO) and also as amalgums of Gold

and Tellurium in small quantities.

Pharmacology78,79:

The use of Hg and its compounds in therapeutics has been diminished from middle of

the century due to toxicological effects rather than the therapeutic effects.

Absorption:

As the chemical form of the metal varies, its absorption, distribution and Excretion of

mercury also varies. The inorganic form i.e. mercurous and mercuric chlorides are freely

absorbed from all surfaces like alimentary tract, skin, sebaceous glands and mercury vapours

by lungs. When taken into the system it continues with acids and fluids of the body. It is then

easily absorbed by the skin, the mucous membrane, lungs and stomach and passes into blood

as oxy albuminate, in the stomach it is converted into double chloride of sodium of mercury.

It unites with the albuminous juices and is easily absorbed. The sulphide ion is very inert and

it is clear that unless and until the salts are dissociated into its constituents ions, mercury will

not be able to exert its influence on the body tissues. Hence absorption of sulphides is

doubted.

Storage :

It is deposited in different organs like, kidneys, intestinal walls, in liver in the form of

albuminates. Small amounts are stored in blood, bone narrow, brain, buccal mucosa &

salivary glands.

Organic mercurial compounds can pass or cross placental barrier.

Excretion :

Excretion of mercury immediately after absorption is mainly through the kidney and

colon and to a lesser extent via bile and saliva. Small amounts are also excreted in volatile

elemental form through both lungs and skin. Most of Hg is excreted within 6 days after

administration but traces may be detected for months, even years urinary excretion is slow at

first but accelerates later. Fecal excretion is 8%, which is due to mucosal sloughing mainly as

methyl mercury, but bacterial flora convert about 50% to inorganic mercury.




Toleration78:

Age, sex and idiosyncrasy greatly modify the action of mercurials, children as a rule

bear mercury better than adults and males better than females.

Therapeutic uses78:

• Used as antiseptics, preservatives, parasiticides, fungicides, diuretics inorganic salts.

• Externally as antiseptics, mercury salts are used.

• Its solution is used for disinfecting surgical and obstetric practice.

• Blue ointment and calomel ointment are used to reduce itching in prurigo, pruritis,

psoriasis, lichen pityriasis of scalp and eczema.

• As a stimulant and promoter of absorption liniment and various ointments such as oleate,

red precipitate, scoltts and red iodide are used for promoting the absorption of

inflammatory products as in chronic joint disease and periostitis.

• Mercury is used in certain eye diseases like conjunctivitis, blepharitis and keratitis.

Diagnosis of Mercury Poisoning : 80

Toxic Symptoms develops when

Blood Hg above 20 mg / dl

Urine Hg above 60 mg /dl.

Fatal dose : 1-4 gms

Fatal period : 3-5 days

GANDHAKA

Gandhaka is grouped under Uparasa varga by authors of different Rasa classics. In

Rasashasthra Gandhaka has got pivotal place next to Parada. In sagandha yogas the

Gandhaka is believed to impart many desirable properties to Parada by reducing its toxic

effects. Hence the sagandha yogas are considered safer than nirgandha yogas. It also plays a

prime role in marana of dhatus.

Origin: 81




• Mythological Gandhaka is said to be the result of churning of ksheerasagara and is

originated along with Amruta.

Gandhaka is considered to be the Raja of Parvathi.

Vernacular names82:

Sanskrit- Gandhaka Hindi - Gandhaka

English – Sulphur Bengali – Gandhaka

Gujarthi-Gadhaka Punjabi- Gandhak, Kibrit

Kannada – Gandhaka Telugu – Gandhakamu Tamil –

Gandhakam Malayalam-Balirang

Synonyms:83

Gandhaka Pamari Balivasa

Durgandha Gandhapashana Rasagandhika

Shulbari Pootigandha Gandha

Sougandhika Atigandha Gandhika

Sugandhika Sarabhoomija Navaneetha

Kusthari Keetanashana Daityendra

Types of Gandhaka:

Rasarnava explained three types of Gandhaka and remaining others explained four types.

Table No 13. Types of Gandhaka according to Rasa Classics.84,85,86,87,88,89.

Sl. No. Types RRS RA AP YR RPS R.Chu

1. Shukapichchanibha (Pita) + + + + + +

2. Sukla (Shweta) + + + + + +

3. Shuka Chunchanibha Shukatunda (Rakta)

+ + + + + +

4. Krishna (Black) + - + + + +

Table No 14. Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses90:

Sl. No. Types Quality Uses

1. Shukachunchanibham Sreshta Dhatuvada

2. Shukapichchanibham Madhyama Rasayana Karma

3. Shukla Adhama Loha Marana




4. Krishna Jara Mrutyu Nashana

Grahya Gandhaka91

The Gandhaka resembling the colour of Rajani, clean, bright, smooth like that of

butter and unctuous is acceptable for all purposes and is called as Amalasara Gandhaka or

Shukapiccha Gandhaka.

Doshas of Gandhaka92:

According to Rasa classics, Gandhaka consists two types of Doshas:

Shila Churna Visha

(Physical impurities like clay, sand etc.) (Chemical impurities like Arsenical, lead etc.)

Gandhaka should be purified before internal administration, other wise it will produce

the disease like Kushta, Bhrama, Klama, Paithika Roga, Balakshaya, Shukrakshaya,

Veeryahani and Kandu.

Pharmaco-therapeutic properties : 93

Rasa : Katu, Tikta, Kashaya.

Guna : Sara.

Veerya : Ushna.

Vipaka : Katu, Madhura.94

Karma :Deepana, Pachana, Shoshana, Krimihara, Rasayana,

Vishaghna, Bala- veerya vardhaka, Sootendra veerya prada.

Doshaghnata : Kaphavatahara.

Rogaghnata : Kandu, Kushta, Twakdosha, Aamadosha, Krimidosha,

Pleeharoga, Kshaya, Jwara, Netraroga etc.

Bahya lepana of shodhita Gandhaka at the site of pain caused due to

Aamavata and Gridhrasi will give relief.95 This indication hints about

the analgesic property of Gandhaka.

Matra:

It can be given from 1 Ratti to 8 Ratti (125mg-1gm). In Ayurveda Prakasha and

Rasakamadhenu its Matra is mentioned as 1 Pala.




Pathya:

Jangala Mamsa Sevana, Godugda, Goghrita, Godhooma, Rice, Saindhava, Mishri,

Sheetala Jala are considered as Pathya.

Apathya:

Atilavana, Amla, Katu, Vidhahi, Patrashaka, Dwidala Dahnya, Kshara, and Kanji etc.

aharas are considered as Apathya. Also Viharas like Teevra Yana, Stree sambhanda are

contraindicated.

GANDHAKA MODERN REVIEW

SULPHUR

The name sulphur is derived from the Sanskrit word “Sulvari” through the Latin

sulphurium.

History96 :

The ancients probably, due to its frequent occurrence in free state know sulphur.

Aryans, Greeks, Romans and Indians used it for fumigation and as medicine. The Bible refers

to be as “Brimstone” meaning “Burning Stone” Antony lavoiser placed it among the elements

in 1777, which was regarded as “principle of fire”. It is estimated as the Ninth most abundant

element in the universe.

Occurrence :

Sulphur is distributed in nature both in free and combined form. The sulphur is found

in volcanic regions in Sicily. Approximately 0.06% of earth‘s crust contains sulphur. Pure

sulphur contains traces of selenium, Tellurium and Arsenic some times mixed with bitumen

and clay.

Important sulphur containing minerals are:

Sulphides : Zinc Blend (ZNS)

Galena (Pbs) S

Copper pyrites (Mfes2 )

Cinnabar (HgS) S

Iron Pyrites (FeS) S

Sulphate : Gypsum (CaSo4 2H2o)

Barites (BaSo4)




Epsom Salt (Mg So4 7H2o)

Ferrous Sulphate (FeSo4 7H2o)

Traces of sulphur occur as H2S in volcanic gases, organic substance as eggs, proteins,

garlic, mustard, onion, hair and wool. It is an essential non-metal and is a minor constituent

of fats, body fluids and skeletal muscles.

Basic information of sulphur96

Name : Sulphur

Symbol : S

Atomic Number : 16

Atomic Mass : 32.06 Am

Melting point : 112.80C

Boiling point : 444.60C

Number of protons / Electrons: 16

Number of neutrons : 16

Classification : Non Metal

Crystal structure : Orthorhombic

Colour : Yellow

British Spelling : Sulphur

IUPAC spelling : Sulfur

Table No.15 : Shows comparative study of allotropes of Sulphur:

Property Rhombic Monoclinic Plastic

Colour Shape

Specific gravity Melting point Boiling Point

Yellow crystals Octahedral

2.06 112.8 0 C 444 0 C

Yellow crystals Needle shaped

1.96 119 0C 444 0 C

Dark yellow amber No definite shape

1.92 No sharp melting point

444 0 C

Therapeutic use97 : • Sulphur has bitter astringent taste with a peculiar strong smell.

• It increases bile secretion, acts as laxative, alternative and diuretic.

• It stimulates secreting organs like skin, bronchial mucus membrane.

• In larger doses it acts as purgative.




• Sulphur is useful in cough, Asthma, General debility, Enlargement of spleen, chronic

fevers etc.,

Biological importance of sulphur98:

• Sulphur makes up 0.25% of our body weight, meaning that an average adult human body

contains around 170 gms of sulphur, of which most occurs in the amino acids, cysteine,

cystine, and methionine.

• Sulphur is involved in the formation of bile acids, which are essential for fat digestion and

absorption. It also helps to keep skin, hair and nails healthy.

• Deficiency of sulphur is linked to the skin disorder eczema and also imperfect

development of hairs and nails.

Sulphur containing foods are vegetables (Radishes, Carrots, Cabbage, Milk Products

(Cheese), seafood and meat protein. Inorganic forms of mineral-sulphide, sulphates and

sulphites are not needed in the diet.

NIMBU 99,100

It is an important Dravya of Amla Varga. In Rasa Classics, it is explained for

Shodhana and Marana of various Metals and Minerals.

Latin name : Citrus medica

Family : Rutaceae

Synonyms:-

Amlajambira, Amlarasa, Jantumari

Nimbuka Dantaghna Shodhana

Rochana Jambeera

Description:

Leaflets are elliptic, oblong, racemes short, flowers small, petals usually four. Fruits

usually small, globose or ovoid, rind thick or thin. Pulp pale, very acidic.

Useful parts:

Phala, Twak and Patra

Major Chemical Constituents:

Fruit juice of Nimbu contains citric acid 10%, Phosphoric acid 4%, Sugar 10.9%,

Cellulose, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Citrine 76%, Citrol 7.8% and Sulphuric acid.




Distribution

It is available throughout India.

Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties

Rasa : Amla

Guna : Guru, Tikshna

Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Madhura

Karma : Deepana, Rochaka, Anulomana, Pachaka, Krimighna

Dosha : Kapha Vata shamaka, Pittavardhaka

Vyadhi Prabhava : Agni Mandya, Trishna, Udarashoola, Chardi,

Aruchi, Vibandha, Kasa, Shwasa and Krimi roga.

In the present study Nimbuka swaras is used for Bhavana of Hingula.

GODUGDHA

Acharya charaka explained Godugdha under Gorasa varga101. It is much appreciated

for the therapeutic purpose.

Synonyms :

Ksheera, Gavya, Gavyadugdha, Dugdha, and Payasa, Dhenudbhava

Physical properties: Cow’s milk is an opaque, white or yellowish white emulsive, faintly

alkaline fluid, a little more viscous than water with specific gravity in between 1.027 to

1.037102.

Properties:

Rasa : Madhura

Guna : Guru, Mridu, Snigdha, Bahala, Picchila, Shlakshna, Manda,Prasanna.

Veerya : Sheeta,

Karma : Jeevaneeya, Brumhaneeya, Rasayana, Ojo vriddhikara,Vrushya, Balya,

Medya,

Doshagnata: Vata, Pitta

Rogagnata: Rakthapitta, Trishna, Kshata, Ksheena, Shwasa, Kasa, Panduroga,

Gulma, Udara, Athisara, Jwara, Daha, Shotha, Yonirogas, Bhrama, useful in

Gadavikaras.




Contents of fresh milk :

Water : 87% Phosphorus : 0.1%

Total Solids : 13% Sodium : 0.15%

Fat : 3.68% Iron : 1-2 ppm

Total proteins : 3.39 Citric acid : 0.2%

Sugar : 4.94 Calcium : 0.72%

In the present work, godugdha was used for gandhaka shodhana, through Bhoodhara

puta method.

HARIDRA 103

In the present study haridra was used for shodhana of Hingulottha parada. It is

considered under shirovirechana gana by Charaka and shleshma samshamana by Sushruta.

Botanical Name : Curcuma longa

Family : Zingiberacae

Synonyms:

Nisha Varavarnini Gouri Krimighna

Kanchani Yoshitpriya Hattavilasini

Vernacular Names

Hindi : Haldi

English : Turmeric

Bengali : Halud

Gujarati : Haldar

Kannada : Arashina

Malayalam : Manjal

Chemical constituents:

Volatile oil 5-8%, Curcumin, Vitamin A, Protein-6.3%, minerals-3.5%, carbohydrate-69.4 %.

Pharmaco therapeutic properties :

Rasa : Tikta, katu

Guna : Ruksha,lakhu

Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Katu

Karma : Varnya, lekhana, ruchya, raktaprasadana, vedana

sthapana




Doshakarma : Kapha vata shamaka

Rogaghnata : Kushta, Prameha, vrana, arsha, raktavikara, sheetapitta

VATA 104

It is one among Pancha valkala dravyas. In Samhitas it is catogorised under

Nyagrodhadi and Mutrasangrahaneeya gana.

Botanical Name: Ficus Bengalensis Linn.

Family: Moraceae

Synonyms: Nyagrodha, Raktaphala, Skandhaja, Vaisravana, Sringi, Bahupada, Dhrva, Ksiri.

Description : It is a very big tree possessing supporting roots and therefore may spread upto

miles sometimes. It is commonly found all over India. Vata Srnga (leaf buds) are famous for

their utility in pumsavana kriya.

Chemical constituants of Bark – leucoanthocyanin, tiglic acid, β - sitsterol – a D –

glucoside.

Useful parts: Bark, Latex, leaf, leaf – bud, hanging root, fruit.

Properties :

Rasa – Kashaya ;

Guna – Guru, Ruksha;

Virya – Shita ;

Vipaka – Katu

Karma – Kapha pitta hara, Mutra sangrahaneeya, Varnya, Sthambhana.

In the present study, Vatankura is used for Bhavana of Kajjali i.e. a pre – material of Rasa

Sindhura.

PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW

In present study Pharmaceutical process mainly includes three steps:

1. Processing of raw drugs i.e. shodhana of Hingula and Gandhaka

2. Intermediate procedures

3. Final procedure i.e. preparation of Kupipakwa rasayana.

Hence in this section, review on concept of Shodhana, Satvapatana, Murchana and Jarana is

carried out. Also classical literary data of pharmaceutical procedures and Yantras related to

present study are reviewed.




SHODHANA:

Definition:

♦ The process which eliminates the blemishes is called Shodhana 105.

♦ Shodhana is a process intended for the removal of impurities in a substance by

implementing prescribed methods like Bhavana, Swedana, Dhalana etc with prescribed

drugs 106.

Advantages of Shodhana:

♦ Eradicates visible and invisible impurities.

♦ Reduces toxic effects.

♦ Removes adulterants present in drug.

♦ Makes hard matter brittle which helps in easy incineration.

♦ Enhances therapeutical properties

♦ Suitable for further processing.

Shodhana of Gandhaka:

Shodhana is carried out by adopting various methods like:

▪ Swedana

▪ Nirvapana

▪ Bhavana.

▪ Koormaputa.

▪ Damaru yantra.

Methods:

1. Pour the liquefied Gandhaka into the Bringaraja swarasa and do the swedana in the

same swarasa. Repeat the procedure for 7 times.107

2. A cloth is tied over the mouth of the pot containing milk. Pour the melted Gandhaka

and Ghrita over the cloth. Gandhaka falls into the pot. Heat this pot over mandagni for

one ghati. Then wash it with water.108

3. Gandhaka is melted along with Tila Taila or Sarshapa taila or Tusumbha taila in an

iron pan. Now the molten Gandhaka is poured into a pot containing milk covered by

cloth109.




4. A cloth covered pot is taken which is containing milk. Gandhaka churna is spread

over the cloth. Now this apparatus is kept in a pit up to its neck. Close it with sharava

and to this agni was given by Koormaputa110

5. Finely powdered Gandhaka is placed in Damaru Yantra and subjected to heat for four

prahara.

In the present work koormaputa method was implicated for Gandhaka shodhana.

Shodhana of Hingula:

• Seven Bhavanas of Lakucha Swarasa.54,55

• Seven Bhavanas of Ardraka Swarasa.55

• Seven Bhavanas of Nimbu Swarasa.55

• Seven Bhavanas of Meshi Ksheera followed by seven bhavana of Amla Varga

Dravya55.

• Seven Bhavana of Amla Varga Dravya followed by seven bhavana of Mahishi

Ksheera.56

Shodhana of Parada:

Mercury is naturally consisting of earthy impurities, toxic chemical compounds along

with it. So it should be purified by means of Mardhana, Swedana, Kshalana, patina etc.,

specific techniques with the help of specific herbal extractions. Purification has been carried

out into two methods

1) Samanya shodhana – Vyadhi nashanartha

2) Vishesha shodhana – Rasayanartha

Samanya shodhana:

• Parada is triturated with Grihadhooma, Haridra Choorna, Wool Fibres and Istikachoorna

for 1 day and then washed with Kanji and filtered through a four folded cloth. It is said to

be devoid of Naga Doshas.111

• Parada is triturated with Nagavalli swarasa, Ardraka swarasa and Kshara traya for 3 days

and then wash with Kanji. The Parada gets devoid of sapta doshas.112

• Parada is triturated with Sudha-raja for three days and filtered. Then add Lashuna equal to

Parada & Saindhava Lavana ½ part of Parada when lashuna turns black wash in kanji.113

• Parada is triturated with Kumari, Chitraka, Rakta Sarshapa, Brihati and Triphala kwatha

for three days.114




• Parada is triturated with Sudha-raja for 7 days and filter it. Then triturate with Griha

dhuma, Haridra choorna & Ishtika choorna for 3 days & wash with kanji.115

• Parada is triturated with Guda, Trikatu, Ajamoda, Pancha Lavana, Chitrakamoola,

Triphala, Trikshara, Dhattura and Sarshapa for 7 days. 116

• Parada is triturated with Lashuna and Saindhava Lavana on tapta khalva for 7 days.117

Vishesha Shodhana:

Vishesha shodhana are indicated to remove the specific and toxic impurities by

specific methods. These are called as “Samskaras”. There are 18 number of samskaras

mentioned in Rasa classics for removing specific impurities and also for enhancing qualities

of Parada.

Ashtadasha Samskaras118:

Swedana Niyamana Jarana

Mardana Deepana Ranjana

Murchana Gagana Bhakshana Saarana

Utthapana Charana Sankramana

Patana Garbhadhruti Vedha

Rodhana Bahyadruti Bhakshana

SATVAPATANA:

It is the process of extraction of metal or satva from the mineral. Nagarjuna was the

first to mention the process of satvapatana in Rasendra mangala.

Etymology of the word Satvapatana:

The word satvapatana comprises two words ‘satva’ and ‘patana’.

Satva: Means the existence of Supreme being, the true essence.119

Patana: Means the act of causing to fall, laying low.120

Thus the word Satvapatana means extraction of essence or active principle.

The process of Satvapatana is carried out for dravyas like Abhraka, Makshika,

Haratala, Manashila, Gairika, Hingula etc. Different procedures are explained for different

dravyas.




Hingula Satvapatana:121,122

Aims:

• To obtain the mercury which is free from all the seven Kanchuki doshas, so that it can

be used for all purposes.

• Properties of such Parada resembles with Astasanskarita or gandhakajeerna Parada.

Dravyas Used For Mardana Of Hingula Before Procedure:

1. Nimbu swarasa

2. Nimba patra swarasa

3. Paribhadra swarasa

4. Changeri swarasa.

Yantras:

1. Urdhwa and Adhapatana yantra

2. Vidyadhara yantra

3. Damaru yantra.

Method:

Fine powder of hingula is triturated with any above said mardana dravyas for three

hours and chakrikas are made. The chakrikas are kept in Damaru yantra or Paatana yantra.

Proper Sandhibandhana is done. This is subjected to Kramagni upper pot is kept cool by

placing the wet cloth. After 6 hours of Kramagni its allowed to cool. After complete cooling

Sandhibandhana removed, collect the Parada particles mixed with soot. In case of

Adhapatana yantra paste of Hingula is applied inside the upper pot.

MURCHANA AND JARANA:

While scrutinizing the innumerable Rasa Shastra texts, some Rasacharyas narrate that

the manufacturing process of Rasasindoora comes under the Murchana process and others

claim that it is a process of Jarana. According to Ayurveda Prakash Jarana and Murchana are

synonyms123.

“Kim cha Murchana Jarana Iti Anarthantaram prayaha ||”

Murchana123,124, 125

Murchana is a process in which mercury with or without Sulphur is converted into

such a form which is suitable for internal usage. It is claimed that through this process




mercury compounds develop a definite disease curing capacity, without producing any

untoward effect. Murchana facilitates palliability of Mercury.

Murcchana is a procedure of preparing an esculent chemical compound of Mercury

which is distinct from Bhasma. Murchana is a process to transfer the Mercury into a Murchita

state by means of sulphur etc and after doing this process the end product can not be

converted into preceding state easily. Murchita Yogas are efficacious by all means and the

end product can be used as it is for medicinal purpose.126

Appearance of Murchita state of Rasa:

When its firmness, unstability and liquid form are transformed into the softness,

stability and solid form; appears like Kajjali then it should be claimed that this is the stage of

Murchita. Some times Murchita Parada may be obtained in various colours127.

Murchana Vidhi and Lakshana128, 129:

When Shuddha Gandhaka triturated with Suddha Parada it looses its gurutva and

chapalatva and transforms into fine blackish (Kajjalabha) powder. Apart from black colour,

of murchita parada may vary according to the ingredients used. Murchana done with Haratala

gives yellowish colour, manashila gives orange colour.

Without shadguna Gandhaka jarana, parada is not potent to cure the diseases. He

explained murchana should be done by performing jarana in different Yantras. He mentioned

2 types of Valuka Yantra for this purpose. He also mentioned Antardhooma, Bahirdhoma

shadguna Gandhaka jarana processes.

Benefits of Murchana123, 124:

1. Murchita Parada with different Anupanas according to diseases it cures all the

diseases.

2. Murchita Parada is beneficial for deha siddhi.

3. Murchita Parada is useful as Dehartha and for Amaratva.

Types of Murchana123, 130, 131:

According to different Rasa classics Murchana may be broadly divided into 2 types –

1. Sagandha – with Sulphur

2. Nirgandha – without Sulphur

Both sulphurous and non sulphurous murchana is subdivided into 2 groups.




1. Sagni – With the help of fire.

2. Niragni – Without the help of fire.

It is again subdivided into 3 groups. On the basis of smoke –

1. Bahirdhooma

2. Anthardhooma

3. Nirdhooma

Sagandha Murchana is again subdivided into 5 types:

1. Gandha Pisti – Ex. Kajjali

2. Gandha Baddha – Ex. Rasa parpati.

3. Gandha Jeerna – Ex. Rasa Sindoora.

4. Rasa Gandha Kajjali –

5. Dhatu Pisti – Ex. Rajata pisti, Kanaka pisti, Tamra pisti, Abhraka pisti, Loha pisti.

First and Foremost Kalpana of Sagandha Murchana is Kajjali, base of other

preparations like – parpati, Pottali, Kupipakwa, and Karaliya Rasayanas.

Examples of Parada Murchita Rasaoushadis132:

1. Khalveeya Rasayana – Ex. Kajjali, Tribhuvana keerthi Rasa etc.

2. Parpati Kalpana – Ex. Rasa parpati, Swarna parpati etc.

3. Kupi pakwa Rasayana – Ex. Rasasindoora, Rasa Karpoora etc.

4. Pottali Rasayana – ex. Hema garbha pottali, Hamsa Garbha pottali etc.

Jarana:

Jarana is the 13th mercurial operation. When mercury is turned into such a state

through Bida Yantradi as to absorb any other substance swiftly it is called Jarana131.

When Gandhaka etc are mixed with mercury get assimilated or absorbed into the

mercury. This process is called Jarana134.

By various process of consuming Gandhaka etc in mercury through the Valuka

yantra, Dola yantra, Kacchapa yantra etc is called jarana Karma135.

Signs of Samyak Jarita Parada:




“Jarana hi naama Galana Patana Vyatirekena Grasta Ghana Hemadi Rasasya Hemadi

Rasasya poorvavasta pratipannatvam ||”

The process in which Mercury is made to absorb and assimilate the substances like

Gold, Mica etc as Grasa added into it (Hg). There will not be increase in weight of Mercury.

It means that after distillation and straining the swallowed substances like Abhraka, Suvarna

etc do not remain distinct and Mercury remains in its preceding state and its weight does not

alter. Thus state has been termed as Jarana136.

Many types of procedures for Gandhaka Jarana are described in Ayurveda Prakasha,

with the ratio between Parada and Gandhaka starting from 1:6 or even 1:100 or 1:1000 ratios

respectively.

During Gandhaka Jarana through Valuka and Ishtika Yantra if Agni is increased Rasa

Sindoora is formed. Here Parada has to be separated to continue the process of Jarana.

Types of Jarana137, 138:

a) Bhuchari Jarana (Abraka Jarana)

b) Khechari Jarana (Ratna Jarana)

Gandhaka Jarana

Gandhaka Jarana is of 2 types

i. Antardhooma

ii. Bahirdhooma

Antardhooma – Gandhaka Jarana through Kacchapa yantra or Bhoodhara yantra

through closed Kupi or moosha or vessel is done. In this procedure Gandhaka Jarana is slow.

Bahirdhooma – This process is done through Valuka yantra in a open vessel. This

procedure is very fast.

First Gandhaka Jarana should be done on moderate fire. Then Abhraka, Swarna

makshika, swarna, Vanga, Naga and Ratna etc should be processed through Jarana. Without

Gandhaka Jarana, Parada does not posses the property of digestion. So dhatus can not be

digested139.

There is a difference between Murchana and Jarana. Few Rasacharya’s claimed that

actually these are two stages of Mercury.

Considering all these references it can be said that the process of Kajjali is Sagandha

Niragni Murchana and Rasasindoora is Sagandha Sagni Murchana




KAJJALI

Kajjali is a Sagandha, Niragni Parada yoga. The purified Parada and Gandhaka are

intimately mixed and triturated without adding any liquid to convert it into a smooth, blackish

powder, free from any shining particle is called Kajjali.

Definition:

“Dhatubirgandhakadyascha Nirdravaihi Mardita rasaha||

Sushlakshna Kajjalabhaso Kajjali Ityabhidheeyate||”

♦ Shuddha Parada and Shuddha Gandhaka alone or in combination, with other uparasa

and different dhatus is mixed and triturated without adding any liquid. This is called

Kajjali. It should be free from any shining particles140.

♦ Any powdered pre-product that which is filled into Kupi, which is having Slakshnatva

and sukshmatva like Kajjala is considered as Kajjali141.

Synonyms : 142 Kajjali, Kajjalika, Kajjala

Proportion of Dravyas in Kajjali: 143

It is mentioned that Gandhaka can be taken in the proportion of ¼ th, ½, equal, double,

triple etc., to that of Parada.

Method of Adding Dhatus To Parada:

Kajjali is to be prepared by adding any other dhatu to parada, for ex. Swarna, Rajata,

etc should be in the form of thin leaves.

Naga, Vanga etc should be in the druta form.

Kajjali Siddha Lakshans: 144, 145

Krishna Varnata : Blackish colour

Slakshnatva : Smooth to touch

Sukshmatva : Subtleness like anjana

Rekha purnatva : Settles in between fine lines of finger

Nischandratva : Lusterless a pinch of Kajjali is taken and rubbed

with water. This mixture when exposed to sun,

should show absence of any shining particles.




Uses146:

▪ Kajjali can be used as a single medicament along with anupana or sahapana. Ex.

kajjali with varunadi gana kashaya in Antra vidradhi.

▪ It can be used as a base material for kupipakwa, pottali, parpati and khalvi rasayana

preparations.

BHAVANA:

The word bhavana literally means causing to be, effecting, promoting, steeping and

act of producing147.

Definition: The process, by which drugs have to undergo Bhavana, is powdered and triturated with

suitable liquids like Swarasa, Kashaya, Godugdha till the liquid portion dries up. It is known

as Bhavana 148

Procedure:

Bhavana process is clearly explained in Bhaishajya Ratnavali as the drug in the

suitable dravya is kept for one night and triturated and dried under shade on the next day.

This process should be repeated for 3 to 7 days. Here the Drug is termed as Bhavita Dravya

and Drava as Bhavana dravya.149

Quantity of dravya for Bhavana:

According to Rasataranginikara, to a drug, liquids should be added in such quantities

by which the drug gets fully mixed up with the liquid and become wet. This is quantity of

liquid used for Bhavana150.

In case of preparation of Kwatha for Bhavana, 1 part of the drug in the form of coarse

powder is taken, boiled with 8 parts of water and reduced to 1/4th and it can be used for

Bhavana karma.151

Uses:

With the help of Bhavana, we can achieve

1. Makes the particles finer by Sanghata bhedana.

2. Purification of metals & minerals.

3. It induces new properties to the drug and at the same time enhances the properties present

in the drug.




4. It acts as poorva karma for Marana of metals and minerals by changing their chemical

action.

5. Makes the metal and minerals free from blemishes.

In the present work Vatankura swaras Bhavana is given to kajjali.

KUPIPAKWA RASAYANA

Kupi pakwa kalpas are unique pharmacetical procedures followed in Rasashastra.

Where in sublimated products of mercury is obtained by ladder step heating procedures for

long hours.

Definition of Kupipakwa Rasayana152:

“Kupi Iti Kacha Kupi, Pakwam Iti Agnina Pakwam Rasasya Paradasya Ayanam stanam

Arthath

Kupyam Agninam Pakwam Yadrasayanam Tat Kupi Pakwa Rasayanam ||”

The process were Parada and other Dravyas are processed by heating in a specialized

bottle to prepare medicine is called Kupi Pakwa Rasayana.

History of Kupipakwa Rasayana:

• Use of Kachakupi started after the 10th cent. A.D. Before this there is no reference

available regarding the same. Invention of glass occurred in Misra, Arab,

Mesopotamia countries and use of glass bottles, glass vessels also first time started

there and there after it came to India Before the invention of glass, preparation of such

type of medicine was done by using Kupis made up of iron, silver etc3.

• Similarly references of Valukayantra are found from the 9th century. Because of non-

availability of Kachakupis, Sharavas or Mushas were used for Gandhaka Jarana

process.

• Rasasindoora Kalpana was first time quoted by the name of Udaybhaska

Rasa prepared by using Kachaghati (Kupi) and Siktayantra9

Classification of Kupi Pakwa Rasayana153:

I. On the basis of Ingredients:

Sagandha – with Gandhaka:

a. Parada + Gandhaka

Ex. Rasa Sindoora,




b. Parada + Gandhaka + Anyadhatu –

Ex. Tamra Sindoora, Rajata Sindoora etc.

c. Parada + Gandhaka + Adhatu

Ex. Malla Sindoora, Tala Sindoora etc.

d. Parada + Gandhaka + Adhatu +Swarna

Ex. Poorna Chandrodaya Rasa etc.

Nirgandha – without Gandhaka: Ex.Rasa Pushpa, Rasa Karpoora etc.

II. On the basis of location of finished product:

a. Kantastha or Kantastha – Rasa Sindoora, Rasa Karpoora etc.

b. Talastha or Adhastha – Sameera Pannaga Rasa etc.

c. Ubhayastha – Poorna Chandrodaya, Manikya Rasa etc.

III. On the basis of manufacturing method:

a. Antardhooma – Talastha – Rasasindoora

b. Bahirdhooma – Kantastha – Shilasindoora

Procedure of Kupi Pakwa Rasayana:

The whole procedure of Kupi Pakwa Rasayana can be divided under 3 headings as follows.

1. Purva Karma

2. Pradhana Karma

3. Paschat Karma

1. Purva Karma: During Purva Karma following points are to be considered

i. Collection of instruments.

ii. Purification of ingredients.

iii. Preparation of Kajjali.

iv. Preparation of Kupi.

v. Filling of Kupi with Kajjali.

Collection of instruments:

Collection of equipments for the preparation includes Kacha Kupi, Vastra, Mrittika,

Valuka Yantra, Loha Shalakas, Copper coin, Agni bhatti, Pyrometer, Torch etc.




Selection and purification of ingredients154

All the ingredients should be identified according to Rasa classics for their Grahya /

Agrahya Lakshanas and it is subjected for Shodhana.

Preparation of Kajjali 155

The preparation of the ingredients should be taken as per the reference and trituration

should be done without using any liquid till the mixture becomes lusterless. The term Kajjali

can be used for pre-material or for the mixture, which is used for making Kupi Pakwa

Rasayana.

Generally, the Kajjali has appearance of black colour but still the colour of this pre

material depends on the ingredients used.

Ex: Hinguliya Manikya Rasa– Deep Orange, Rasa Pushpa – Ash colour

If Bhavana is mentioned, it should be given after the completion of Kajjali and it is

dried and powdered finely.

Preparation of Kupi:

Preparation of kapadamitti (mud cloth):

A cotton cloth is cut as circularly for the base and rectangularly for the rest of the

body of bottle. The white clay ‘Gopichandana’ is added with water, made it into paste form

and then applied over the cloth.

Application of Kapadamitti (mud cloth):

First at the base, then on the circumference lastly on the neck & mouth region cloth

should be applied, again one layer of semisolid clay should be given and keep it for drying.

Such 7 layers of Kapadamitti should be given.

Filling of Kajjali into Kupi 156

The Kupi should be filled up to the one third part by Kajjali so that there should be

enough space inside the Kupi for melting and boiling of Kajjali and also for the sublimation

of compound which is going to be condensed and deposited in the neck of the Kupi.

2. Pradhana Karma

Before going to start the pradhana karma some precautions should be taken, they are

♦ Kupi should be covered temporarily with the cork while pouring the sand into Valuka

Yantra.




♦ Kupi should be placed at the centre and at height of two fingers from the bottom of

Valuka Yantra.

Pradhana Karma Mainly includes:

1) Temperature measurement

2) Heating pattern

3) Shalaka Sanchalana

4) Observations of Fumes &Flame

5) Mukhamudrana

6) Swangasitikarana (1) Temperature measurement :

Ancient Parameters -

(a) Cotton, dried grass test - When cotton piece, or dried grass is kept on the Valuka and

if it catches fire & burns then it is considered to be Tivragni.

(b) Rice test - When rice put on Valuka it blows up.

Modern parameters –

Nowadays pyrometer, thermocouples, thermometers are used for measuring the

temperature

2 ) Heating Pattern:157

Heating pattern should always follow Kramavriddagni i.e. gradual increase in

temperature. It comprises of two aspects

Heating in terms of Duration- indicates the time limit for maintainance of Mridu,

Madyama and Teevra Agni. The duration of heating pattern differs for individual Kupi

Pakwa Rasayanas.

Mridu Agni kala - includes melting of Kajjali

Madyama Agni kala - includes boiling of kajjali and shalaka sanchalana

Teevragni kala - includes sublimation of the product.

Heating in terms of Temperature158- indicates the temperature limit for maintainance of

Mridu, Madyama and Teevra Agni. It can be taken approximately as,

Mridu Agni - Room Temp. to 2500C.




Madhyama Angi - 2500C to 4500C.

Tivra Agni - 4500C to 6500C.




I stage- Mrudu Agni (125 - 250°°°°c):

Stage of Liquification of Kajjali.

1. In this stage of heating Sulphur fumes starts to come out of Kupi mouth.

2. Material in the Kupi completely gets melted which may be ascertained by inserting cold

shalaka in to the Kupi.

3. This heat is maintained for the prescribed time as to allow chemical reactions to begin.

II stage – Madhyamagni (250 - 450°°°°c):

Stage of profuse fuming and boiling of Kajjali.

1. This stage commences from the complete melting of Kajjali and lasts till the starting

of formation of Sindura compound.

2. In this stage profuse fumes of Sulphur from the Kupi mouth is obvious.

3. Liquified Kajjali starts boiling.

4. Deposition of fumes at the neck of the Kupi may cause chocking, which may

frequently be removed by inserting Tapta shalaka in to the Kupi mouth.

5. Boiling of melted material at the Kupi is ascertained by inserting cold iron rod in the

Kupi or by visualizing through torch light.

6. It is necessary to prevent the material coming out of the Kupis mouth by maintaining

and controlling heat temperature to desired level.

7. Maintain moderate heat for the prescribed period to ensure burning of extra Sulphur

in the product.

8. Same degree of heating is maintained till boiling of Kajjali ceases.

III Stage – Tivragni (450 - 650°°°°c):

Stage of appearance of flame and corking of Kupi mouth.

1.This stage commences from the formation of Sindura compound and lasts up to the

completion of Jarana of Gandhaka. As heating persists, this newly formed compound

sublimates and gets condensed at the neck and mouth of the Kupi.

2.At the end of middle stage Sulphur fumes catches fire and it takes a form of flame. In

this end stage flame appears.

3.Slowly the height of the flame starts to raise.

4.When extra Sulphur burns out completely flame disappears and this indicates the

completion of Gandhaka Jarana.




5.Redness starts appearing at the bottom of the Kupi, which gets more brightened

(Sooryodaya laxana).Sindura test becomes positive.

6.Almost disappearance of fumes / flame at the Kupi mouth could be observed which is

ascertained by performing Sheeta shalaka test.

Application of Shalaka159

During the preparation of Kupi Pakwa Rasayana Sheeta Shalaka (cold rods) and Tapta

Shalaka (hot rods) are being in use. Sheeta Shalaka is used especially for noting the state of

Kajjali, whether it is in powder form, melted form or in boiling state or in sublimating

compound state.

Tapta Shalaka is used for burning the sulphur deposited at the neck region of Kupi,

otherwise sulfur may block and ultimately breaks the Kupi.

Observation of fumes and flames160:

♦ Fumes: All the characteristics of fumes like Colour, Odour etc. must be noted. It differs

according to the ingredients. Colour may be Yellowish, Orange, Bluish or White.

Quantity may be Mild, Moderate or profuse; Odour like sulphur / arsenical Odour may be

some of the observations.

♦ Flame: It is also an important factor while preparing kupi Pakwa Rasayanas. Timing of

appearance of flame, its colour and its duration are the important features. These features

also depend on the ingredients used.

Corking of Kupi and self cooling160,161

Deciding the proper time for corking is very important because it indicates the

completion of Kupi Paka. So before Corking few tests must have to be done to confirm

complete Gandhaka Jarana and those are:

♦ Absence of flame

♦ Absence of fumes

♦ Appearance of Redness in the bottom of Kupi

♦ If a copper coin is kept on Kupi mouth, it is covered by a white layer. But if the

presence of mercury is found on it, then corking of Kupi should be done quickly

otherwise complete loss of mercury may occur.




♦ If a Sita Shalaka (Cold iron rod) is inserted there should not be adherence of white

fumes and product sticking to the rod should be red in colour.

But there is no appearance of flame in case of Nirgandha Kupi Pakwa Rasayanas.

Before corking 2-3 inches of sand layer should be removed aside from neck of the

Kupi, then corking of mouth of Kupi should be done with gopi chandana smeared cloth,

while doing corking the temperature is reduced for some time. After that temperature is

raised for specific time and left for self cooling. It is supposed that during this period,

forming Sindura compound starts to condense in the neck portion of Kupi and whatever the

temperature obtaining in this period is necessary for enhancement of quantity and quality of

Kupi Pakwa compound by its complete Paka process.

3) Paschat karma:

It is considered as Paschat Karma or it can also be called as final step. It includes the

following.

♦ Removal of Kupi – First sand should be removed from Valuka Yantra after that Kupi is

taken out with care (some times it may be possible that Kupi is broken inside but remain

intact due to the layers of cloth).

♦ Scraping of outer coverings – layers of cloth smeared with mud is removed and Kupi

should be cleaned with wet cloth, then mark the level of Rasayana inside the neck/ bottom.

♦ Breaking of Kupi 162 – A kerosene dipped string is tied around the middle of Kupi and set the

string to fire and after the fire extinguishes, remove the burns of string with a Spatula, and

wrap it with a wet piece of cloth, it then breaks into two pieces.

♦ Collection of product – Kupi Pakwa Rasayana product which may be Kantastha or Talastha

type, should be collected carefully from the particular portion. Then the product is analyzed

to classical and modern techniques.

Importance of Kupi Pakwa Rasayana:

Kupi Pakwa Rasayana is having importance among other Kalpanas because of

following properties:

1. It is the best Rasayana.

2. Potency of these drugs remains longer period.

3. It requires minimal Dosage

4. More potent as compared to other pure herbal preparations.




5. When mixed with other drugs, it reduces the dose of other drugs.

6. Due to its augmenting effect – Yogavahitva.

7. Due to quicker action – Ashukaritva.

8. It can cure even Asadhya Rogas.

9. Chemical bond becomes stronger in the following order – Kajjali, Parpati, Pottali and

Kupi Pakwa Rasayana.

10. Significance is to introduce properties of Gandhaka into Parada and to create a

special medicinal compound.

YANTRAS

The yantras used in the present study like Khalva yantra, Valuka yantra and Koorma

puta, etc are reviewed in brief here under.

Khalva yantra: 163

It is a hollow, round or boat shaped apparatus made of iron, stone, glass or porcelain

as per need. For mercurial operations, khalvas made out of iron are preferred while for

preparing pistis, bhasmas and formulations, khalvas made out of stone are preferred.

Generally khalvas are of two types i.e. vartula and Dronyakriti Vartula khalva is made

of porcelain or stone. It should be 12 angula in radius, 4 angula in depth and 8 angula in

length.

Dronyakriti or boat shaped khalvas are generally used for mercury processing and

made of iron or stone. Their height varies from 9 to 16 angula, length 16 to 24 angula,

breadth 9 to 10 angula, depth 6 to 7 angula and thickness of their edges is 2angula.

Uses:

It is used for grinding, rubbing, triturating or mixing of drugs and liquids.

In the present study, khalva yantra is used mainly for bhavana of Hingula with Nimbu

rasa; to powder the shuddha Gandhaka, to prepare kajjali, to give bhavana for kajjali with

vatankur swarasa and to powder the final products.

Koorma puta 164: It is explained for Gandhaka shodana, where Gandhaka is kept on cloth covering the

mouth of pot containing milk. It should be covered by sharava and vanopalas kept on it and

ignited. Shodhita Gandhaka is collected from milk in the pot.




Urdhwa patana yantra:165

Yantra is made with two earthen pots, where the upper pot is bigger than the lower pot.

The upper pot’s pristatala should be broad enough (i.e. 16 angulas) to construct toyadhara.

The mouth of the upper pot should be inserted into the mouth of lower pot in such a way, that

the same should reach up to the neck of the lower pot. The joint of the apparatus should be

sealed air tight with the help of multanimitti smeared cloth or other sealing material. The

lower pot contains the drug which is subjected to sublimation and the outer part of the upper

part has toyadhara which facilitates the sublimation.

In the present work, urdhwa patana yantra was used to extract Parada from Hingula.

Kupi 166:

Synonyms -Kupika, Siddha, Girindika etc.

Thinner glass bottles are better considered to thicker variety. Nowadays beer bottles

of green colour or amber colour are used in practice. If bottle is covered with mrittika which

is prepared in classical way then any type of glass bottle can be used for this type of

preparations.

Mrittika 166:

♦ Mud which is pandura varna, obtained in mass, sharkara yukta or reddish yellow which

sustain heat can be used. Valmika mrittika or potters mud can also be used.

♦ Preparation of Mrittika –

husk-2 parts, cotton/cloth pieces-1 part, mud – 3 parts, all are kept immersed in water

and titurated well. Again little quantity of human hair is added, trituration is continued

till uniform mixture forms. It should not be allowed for drying hence kept immersed in

water for seven days with frequent trituration. Such type of mrittika should be used for

covering the Kupi. But now a days cloth smeared with gopichandana or multani mitti is

used.

Advantages of Kachakupi :

The outer surface of drug becomes soft, the vapours do not escape out, it does not

break suddenly during preparation of drug, drug can be separated easily and completely etc.

Nowadays beer bottles of green colour or amber colour are used in practice.

Valuka yantra167




• A loha bhanda having narrow base and wide mouth depending on the size of the Kupi

(1” taller than Kupi) should be prepared with 2 handles.

• The circumference of Valuka Yantra should fit exactly over the hole of the

Agnibhatti.

• It should fill 5 Adhaka sand and have a central hole of 2 to 2.5 cm at the bottom,

which should be closed with Abhraka Patra before keeping the Kupi during heating.

• The dept of the vessel should be 1 vitasti pramana.

• Clean sand of uniform granules is taken.

Bhatti 168

Presently the different varieties of Bhatti are in use:

♦ Bhatti using the fire wood

♦ Bhatti using the charcoal

♦ Bhatti using as diesel

♦ Electric muffel furnace

♦ Gas furnace.

According to Acharyas Bhatti may be of any type but it should fulfill the following criteria.

1. The height of bhatti should be maintained so that the heat produced from the fuel

should properly reach the kupi and the medicine inside the kupi.

2. Air should freely enter into the bhatti for proper blowing of fire (in case of fire wood,

Charcoal is used as a fuel).

3. Smoke should not be formed inside the bhatti. It should be freely and properly

eliminated through the chimney attached to bhatti.

4. Heat should be radiated in upward direction and should not be leaking out and

sustained well. For this purpose recently fire clay is used.

5. The mouth of the bhatti over the top should hold the rim of valuka yantra exactly.

When the fire wood is used as a fuel for the bhatti the points to be considered are:

1. An iron mesh is fixed to the bhatti i.e. about a foot height from the ground level. The

advantage of this is, fire wood is kept on this mesh, so due to free entry of air, wood

properly burns out & ash gets collected at the bottom over the ground.

2. An outlet for smoke should be made at the side of the bhatti.




3. Over the top at the centre a circular iron rim was placed which is of the circumference

equal to the circumference of valuka yantra. The advantage of this is fire will not

escape from top and kupi is protected from the chances of fire catch.

Cork169:

• In Kupi Pakwa Rasayana procedure after complete evaporation of fumes and cessation

of flame Kupi mouth is closed with cork and is called Mudrana or Corking.

• For this purpose any sticky substance which gets hardened with further heating and

which can properly fit the mouth of the Kupi are used. Cork can be made out of stone,

wood and mud.

Nowadays cork is plugged into the mouth of the bottle which is wrapped with the

cloth dipped in plaster of paris or Gopichandana.

PYROMETER: 170

In the present study, pyrometer is used for recording the temperature of kupi during

kupi pakwa rasayana. Pyrometer is a contact type thermocouple which is being used for

recording higher degrees of temperature.

Pyrometer consists of K-type inconel thermocouple or sensor K-type with inconel S/S

sheath; compensating cable or extension wire and digital temperature indicator. Thermo

couples are most commonly used thermometers in practical situations. It is made up of

different combinations of metals and alloys. It consists of a pair of dissimilar electrical

conductors joined at two junctions. One junction is maintained at a reference temperature,

while the other is maintained at the unknown temperature (t). The temperature difference

produces a thermal emf (Electro motive force) which is measured by a potentiometer, precise

digital voltmeter or indicator digital / analog which converts emf to temperature. Extension

wires are made from material having nearly the same thermal emf properties as the original

thermocouple. Digital temperature Indicator is basically an electric device used to display the

temperature by getting emf signal from a thermocouple.

ANALYTICAL REVIEW

Though Ayurveda is having its unique analytical approach towards drugs, in present

era there is a necessity of modern analytical techniques.




For analysis and standardization of Rasaoushadhis, knowledge of Analytical chemistry is

very much essential. So the Analytical methods adopted in the present Study and their

applications are reviewed.

Analysis means a detailed examination of substance in order to interpret or explain it.

Chemistry is concerned with the properties and interactions of the substances of which matter is

composed. 54

Analytical chemistry is a tool to gain information about the qualitative and

quantitative composition of substances and chemical species, i.e. to find out what a substance

is composed of and exactly how much”.171

Qualitative Analysis: Information regarding the presence or absence of one or more

components of the sample.

Quantitative Analysis: Information which is finally obtained by measuring same physical

property that is characteristically related to the component.

Methods of Analysis: 1) Conventional Chemical analysis by volumetric & Gravimetric method analysis

2) Instrumental methods of analysis by using analytical instrumentation.

Advantages of

Chemical Methods

♦ Procedure is accurate and simple.

♦ The equipment needed is cheap.

♦ Specialized training is usually not required.

Instrumental Methods

♦ High sensitivity is obtained.

♦ The determination is very fast.

♦ Even complex samples can be handled easily.

Limitations of




Chemical Methods

♦ Accuracy decreases with decreasing amounts.

♦ Procedure is time consuming

♦ There is lack of specificity

Instrumental Methods

♦ The cost of equipment is large.

♦ Specialized training is needed.

♦ The sensitivity and accuracy depends on the instrument.

Importance of analytical chemistry: 172

♦ Analytical chemistry has its impact on pharmaceutical research, quality control and in

clinical analysis.

♦ Sensitive chemical and instrumental tests were employed to detect abnormal and normal

components of body fluids, chemical changes occurring in the metabolic fluids.

♦ In pharmaceutical studies, it is important to establish the properties and therapeutic value

of a drug before the drug is available to public.

The analytical study of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora is carried out

in two steps i.e. physical test and chemical test.

Physical test:

1) Determination of pH value :173

The pH value of a liquid is determined by means of a glass electrode and a pH meter.

Suitable glass electrode and pH meter of both potentiometer and deflection type are available.

The pH meter is an electronic digital voltmeter, scaled to read pH directly, and may

range from a comparatively simple hand held instrument, suitable for use is the filed, to more

elaborate bench models, often provided with a scale expansion facility, with a resolution of

0.001 pH unit and an accuracy of + 0.001 unit.

Mode of operation:

The general procedure adopted for operating pH meter is

• Switch on and allow the instrument to warm up.

• If the instrument is equipped with a manual temperature control, take the temperature

of the solutions & set the control to this value. Insert the electrode assembly into the

same beaker, and if available, set the selector switch of the instrument and read pH.




• Adjust the “Set buffer” control until the meter reading agrees with the known pH of

the buffer solution.

• Remove the electrode assembly, rinse in distilled water and place into a small beaker

containing a little of the second buffer solution. If the meter reading doesn’t agree

exactly with the known pH, adjust the slope control with the required reading is

obtained.

• Remove the electrode assembly rinse in distilled water, place in the first buffer

solution and confirm that the correct pH reading is shown on the meter.

Application:

♦ Determination of total quantity of acid or base in same substances.

♦ pH measurement of blood.

♦ pH measurement of in-aqueous solvents.

2) Determination of Ash value174,175:.

Definition of Ash:

The residue remaining of incineration is the ash content of the drug. It Measures the

amount of carbon-free ash present in a prepared sample which represents the inorganic salts

naturally occurring in drug or adhering to it or deliberately added to it as a form of

adulteration.

Method:

Total ash is designed to measure the total amount of material produced after complete

incineration of the ground drug at as low temperature as possible (about 4500C) to remove all

the carbons. 2 to 3gms of the air dried crude drug has to be accurately weighed in the tared

platinum or Silica dish and incinerate at a temperature not exceeding 4500 C until free from

carbon, cool and weigh. If a carbon free ash cannot be obtained exhaust the charged mass

with hot water, residue to be collected on ash less fitter paper, incinerate the residue and filter

paper until the ash is white or nearly so percentage of ash to be calculated with reference to

the air-dried drug.

Applied aspect: Controlled incineration of crude results in an ash residue consisting of

inorganic material. The total ash usually consists of carbonates, phosphates, silicates and




silica. This test can give an indication of the quality and purity of a product, as all organic

material will burn off leaving dirt, silica, etc.

3) Determination of Acid insoluble ash174,175:

Definition:

Acid insoluble ash is a part of total ash insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.

Method: The ash has to be boiled with 25 ml of dil. hydrochloric acid for 5minutes, the

insoluble matter to be collected in a Gooch crucible or an ash less filter paper, wash with hot

water and ignite to constant weight. Calculate the percentage of acid insoluble ash with

reference to the air dried drug.

Applied aspect:

A high value of acid insoluble ash suggests the presence of sand, dust, dirt, stones, etc. that

get mixed during processing or are present in the parent material as contamination. The

higher value indicates inferior quality and low hygiene standards in the production process.

4) Determination of Water soluble ash:175 Method: Boil the ash for 5 minutes with 25ml of water; collect the insoluble matter in a

Gooch crucible or on ashless filter paper; wash with hot water, and ignite for 15 minutes at a

temperature not exceeding 4500C. Substract the weight of the insoluble matter from the

weight of the ash; the difference in the weight represents the water soluble ash. Calculate the

percentage of water soluble ash with reference to the air dried drug.

Applied aspect:

This acid insoluble ash particularly indicates absorbable percentage of any drug,

5) Determination of loss on drying at 1100C: 176

Method:

Weigh accurately about 2gm of drug in a nickel or silica crucible and dry in an air

over at 1100 till a constant weight is obtained. The difference is the two weighing gives loss

on drying calculate the % of loss on drying.

Applied aspect:




This method is used to measure the amount of water content and other volatile

material in a sample upon drying or heat treatment.

Chemical tests:

It has been carried out to estimate the concentration of elements present in it.

Chemical tests are carried out basically by Volumetric, Gravimetric analysis and analytical

instruments.

A. VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS 177:

Definition: Volumetric method is an analysis which consists of determination of volume of

solution of accurately known concentration required to react completely with the solution of

substance to be determined.

Steps in quantitative analysis by volumetric method:

In volumetric method the steps involved in quantitative analysis are selection of

method of analysis, sampling, preparation of Sample solution, eliminating Interferences,

calibration, measurement calculation of results, evaluation of results and their reliability.

Classification of Volumetric Methods:

Volumetric methods involve the chemical reaction depending upon the type of

reaction involved. Volumetric methods have been classified as follows:

1. Neutralisation (Aqueous acid base) titration,

2. Non- aqueous titration

3. Precipitation titration

4. Complexometric titration

5. Redox titration

Applied aspect: Volumetric methods of Analysis are very Susceptible to high accuracy and

found to be a convenient means of qualitative and quantitative estimation of the elements.

In the present study Volumetric method was adopted for mercury% and sulfur%

estimation.

GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS 178

Definition:




Gravimetric analysis by precipitation is the chemical analysis in which the

constituents of the substances in solution are determined by the measurement of weight of the

corresponding precipitate.

It is one among the branches of qualitative analysis and involves the separation of a

substance from the solution of the weighed sample composition. This analysis may be carried

out by precipitation electrode position and volatilization.

Principle:

• Gravimetric analysis is concerned ultimately with the weighing of a substance that has

been either precipitated from the solution or volatilized and absorbed.

• Traditional gravimetric determinations have been concerned with the transformation of

the element, ion or radical to be determined into a pure another chemical form that can be

readily qualified.

• The mass of the element, ion or radical in the original substance can then be readily

calculated from aknowledge of the formula of the compound and the relative atomic

masses of the constituent elements.

Steps involved in Gravimetric analysis:

• Precipitation of the desired constituent

• Filtration

• Drying

• Weight of the precipitate

Applications:

• Analysis of the standards which has to be used for the testing or calibration of

instrumental techniques.

• Analysis requiring high occurrence, although the time – consuming nature of gravimetry

limits this application to small numbers of determinations.

In the present study Gravimetric method is adopted for Sulphide estimation.




ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE METHOD 179

In the presenent study Ion selective electrode method is adopted for free mercury

analysis.

Principle:

Ion selective electrodes measure ion activities, the thermodynamically effective free

ion concentration. No oxidation reduction reactions are involved but involve ion exchange

process.

Instrumentation:

The construction of these electrodes is exactly similar to the pH responsive glass

electrode. They must of course be used in conjuction with reference electrode, and a silver

chloride electrode is usually preferred. Inner compartment of this electrode contains an

aqueous solution of known concentration of chloride of the metal ion to be determined; this

solution is also saturated with silver chloride and carries a silver electrode, which thus forms

a reference electrode.

Application:

• Determination concentration of free metal ions in the sample.

• Determination of metal ion concentration in the blood

TURBIDIMETRY180

In the present study this method was used to detect sulphate in Kajjali and Rasa

Sindoora.

Definition : Turbidimetry is based on the scattering of light by non-transparent particles

suspended in a solution.

Principle: Measurement of the intensity of the transmitted light as a function of the

concentration of the suspended particles forms the basis of turbidimetric analysis.

Instrumentation :

1. Sources: It is necessary to use sources providing high intensity monochromatic radiation

of wherever possible short wavelengths are used to increased the efficiency of rayleigh

scattering.




2. Detectors : In turbidimeters, ordinary detectors such as photo tubes may be used.

3. Cells: Although we can use cylindrical cells, they must have flat faces where the entering

and exiting beams are to be passed.

4. Turbidimeters : Turbidimeter used is due pont model 430 which is more sensitive to low

concentrations of suspended particles than an ordinary turbidimeter.

Technique: The beam of light obtained from the lamp is allowed to pass through the

primary polarizer. This causes the incident beam to be plane polarized. Thus the plane

polarized light is passed through the sample. After passing through sample the beam gets

splitted up into two parts and the half silvered mirror and then detected with two separate

photocells. "A" shows maximum response, where as photocell be shows minimum or zero

response for the sample solutions having suspended particles. The ratio of signal "θ" to

signal "A" is considered to be a measure of the concentration of suspended particles with

the increase in the concentration of suspended particles in the sample. The response of

photocell "B" increases, while that of "A" decreases. Thus the ration of two signals is a

sensitive measures of turbidity.

Du pont model 430 turbidimeter is advantageous to use because it involves the double

beam arrangement which minimises the problem of absorption by the particles of the

solution.

Applications of turbidimetry:

1. In Inorganic analysis.

2. Bio-chemical analysis.

3. Turbidimetirc titrations

4. Phase titrations

X-RAY DIFFRACTION METHOD 181

Definition : X-ray diffraction is a technique through which the special arrangement of

structural units of a substance in the crystalline state is known.

Principle:

The distance between each set of atomic planes (i.e inter atomic space‘d’) is

determined with the help of wave length (λ) of x-ray beam and angle of diffraction (θ).by

applying Bragg’s Law (n λ= 2d sin θ).




No two substances have absolutely identical diffraction patterns. The‘d’ spacings of

the ten most intense reflecting planes of atoms are calculated and results are compared with

the data of x-ray powder data file and identification of the sample is done.

Method:

Different methods available for x-ray diffraction are Lane photographic method,

Bragg x- ray spectrometer method, Rotating crystal method, and powder method. In the

present study, powder method of diffraction has been adopted.

Sample preparation:

The samples are ground to a fine, homogenous powder then placed in sample holder

or the specimen maybe mixed with a suitable non-crystalline binder and moulded into a

suitable shape.

As a result large number of small crystallites are oriented in all possible directions and

when x-ray beam traverses the material a significant number of particles are expected to be

oriented in such a manner that Bragg’s a equation for reflection from every possible inter

planar spacing becomes satisfied.

Advantages:

♦ Rapid and accurate method for identifying the crystal structure.

♦ Ease of sample preparation

♦ Large library of known crystalline structure.

♦ It is a non destructive method.

Limitations :

♦ XRD cannot help in the case of amorphous solids.

♦ Trace element detection is often difficult.

Application –

♦ Characterizing the crystallographic structure and characterizing heterogenous

solid mixtures (such as our Kupi pakwa rasayanas and Bhasmas).

♦ Determining relative abundance and actual state of chemical combination.

♦ Only method available for determining polymorphs of a substance. The effect of

polymorphism on solubility is particularly important from pharmaceutical point of

view.




♦ Differentiation among various oxides. For e.g. difference between FeO, Fe2O3 &

Fe3O4 can be identified.

♦ Identifying the various hydrates.

NAMBURI PHASED SPOT TEST (N.P.S.T.)182

In the year 1970 Namburi Hamumantha Rao from Andhra Pradesh perfected a new

technique called Namburi Phased Spot test for the analysis of coded Bhasma and Sindoora.

Principle: The basic idea of the spot test analysis seems similar to spot test or

chromatography described in modern pharmaceutical chemistry, but Namburi Phased Spot

test differs in measuring changes of colour and pattern at different time intervals.

Procedure: Whatman paper No.1 was impregnated with a suitable reagent and dried

carefully on a clean glass sheet. About 0.25 gm of the sample (to be tested) was taken in a

test tube and suitable reagent was added. The solution was slightly heated for a minute and

allowed to settle down for 24 hours shaking vigorously at frequent intervals. A drop of this

suppressant solution was carefully put with the help of dropper on the above impregnated

whatman paper. As the drop comes in contact with the paper on instantaneous characteristic

spot begins to develop and changes with the time. The change of colours and the pattern of

the spot at 3 different phases at 3 different time intervals i.e., 0 minutes, 5 minutes 20 minutes

are to be recorded.

Application :

• In Namburi Phased Spot test sensitivity of reactions at different time intervals is

measured unlike the chromatography of chemistry.

• The continual chemical reactions taking place gradually between 2 chemical substances

on static media at fraction of second are easily detected by their distinct colour changes

the pattern of spot which is specific to each Rasa formulation, as the standard.




PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

(By Laser Diffraction Method)183

Introduction:

Many different techniques have been devised for determining particle size

distribution, but for a wide range of industries laser diffraction has become the preferred

choice. Laser diffraction, can be used for the non-destructive analysis of wet or dry samples,

with particles in the size range 0.02 to 2000 micron.

Principle:

Laser diffraction based particle size analysis relies on the fact that particles passing

through a laser beam will scatter light at an angle that is directly related to their size. As

particle size decreases, the observed scattering angle increases logarithmically. Large

particles therefore scatter light at narrow angles with high intensity whereas small particles

scatter at wider angles but with low intensity.

Instrumentation:

A typical system consists of a laser, to provide a source of coherent, intense light of

fixed wavelength; a series of detectors to measure the light pattern produced over a wide

range of angles; and some kind of sample presentation system to ensure that material under

test passes through the laser beam as a homogeneous stream of particles in a known,

reproducible state of dispersion. The smaller wavelength of light (e.g. blue light sources)

provides improved sensitivity to sub-micron particles.

Particle Size Calculations:

In laser diffraction, particle size distributions are calculated by comparing a sample’s

scattering pattern with an appropriate optical model. Traditionally two different models are

used: the Fraunhofer Approximation and Mie Theory. Mie Theory is considered to be

superior.

Advantages of Laser diffraction technique:

� It is a non-destructive, non-intrusive method.

� It measure particles in the range from 0.02 micron to a few millimetres

� The technique is equally applicable to dry or wet samples, sprays, dry powders,

suspensions and emulsions,

Rapid data acquisition – a single measurement across the entire dynamic range can be

made in 0.4 milliseconds.

Pharmaceutical Study



PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY

This section deals with preparation of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali, Triguna

baliyukta Kajjali, Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna balijeerna

Rasasindoora.

Aims and Objectives:

The main aim of the present study is to prepare SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR

postgraduate Pharmacy section of Taranath Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College, Bellary.

The objective includes:

i. Selection of Raw Materials.

ii. Shodhana of Raw Materials

iii. Extraction of Parada from Hingula.

iv. Preparation of SK and TK,

v. Preparation of SBJR and TBJR.


The materials and methods used were based on Rasa Shastra literature and depending

on the practical experience.

Materials:

This includes

i. Major raw drugs.

ii. Associated Raw drugs

iii. Major equipments and associated equipments

Major Drugs:

The major Raw materials Hingula and Gandhaka were collected based on the Grahya

Agrahya Lakshnas mentioned in Rasa Classics.

i. Hingula : 1000 gms Hingula was collected from Amrit Kesari depot, Bangalore,

Which was dark red in colour, heavy with silvery white shining lines on the surface.

ii. Gandhaka : 1000 gms of Gandhaka which was yellow, crystalline, with smooth

surface and strong sulphur odour, was collected from Amrit Kesari shop Bangalore.

Associated Drugs:




i. Nimbu: Collected from local market, Bellary.

ii. Milk: Fresh cow milk was collected daily for Gandhaka Shodhana.

iii. Vatankura: Fresh vatankura was collected from Bellary and juice was extracted.

Equipments:

The yantras required were Khalva Yantra, Valuka Yantra, Kacha Kupi, Bhatti etc.

Associated equipments:

These include earthen pot, gas stove, knife, juice extractor, utensils, spatula, beakers,

multani mitti, wood, loha shalakas, match stick, mud cork, funnel etc.,

Method:

The whole method of preparation includes:

i. Shodhana of Raw materials.

ii. Extraction of Parada from Hingula.

iii. Preparation of SK and TK,

iv. Preparation of SBJR and TBJR,

PRACTICAL NO: 1 Name of The Experiment : Hingulottha parada184

[Extraction of parada from hingula]

Date of Commencement : 18/09/07

Date of Completion : 15/10/07

Materials : Hingula, 800gms.

Nimbu Rasa 150ml.

Equipments : Damaruyantra, khalvayantra, juicer, knife,

spatula, cloth, multanimitti, gas stove,cold

water, cotton cloth.




Procedure:

♦ Hingula weighing 800gms was taken in a khalva yantra, powdered finely.

♦ To this 100ml of nimbu swarasa was added, mixed well and trituration was started.

♦ Further 50ml of nimbu swarasa was added as and when needed and trituration was done

continuously for 12 hrs.

♦ After getting the proper consistency, chakrikas were made, about the size of 3-4cm in

diameter, 2-3 mm in thickness.

♦ The chakrikas were then allowed for drying under shade.

♦ Then only 150gms of chakrikas were kept in an earthen pot and another pot of same size

and shape was placed over it invertedly.

♦ Sandhi bandhana was done with a cloth smeared with multanimitti and dried.

♦ Totally seven layers of sandhibandhana done after drying of earlier one.

♦ Thus made damaru yantra was kept over the gas stove and mridu agni was given for 3hrs

of madhyamagni and next 3hrs of teevragni. Mean while the upper part of the pot was

kept cool by frequent changing of cotton cloth dipped in cold water.

♦ Heat was given continuously for 6hrs.

♦ Then it was allowed for self cooling.

♦ After self cooling the sandhibandhana was carefully removed.

♦ The two pots were separated and in the inner surface of the upper pot parada was

sublimated along with black soot which was scrapped and collected. And filtered through

the double folded cloth until parada appeared silvery shining.

♦ The same procedure was repeated for three times.

Observations:

♦ After 15mins trituration with nimbuswarasa, the red colour Hingula became brick red and

during trituration white streaks were appeared.

♦ Chakrikas of Hingula after drying appeared dark reddish of Sindoora colour with smooth

surface

♦ After complete cooling of damaru yantra the two pots were separated, the mercury

globules with the black soot were seen in the inner surface of upper pot.




♦ In the lower pot 30gms of half burnt Hingula was recovered. At the centre of the lower

pot Hingula was burnt completely, but at the sides little quantities of red coloured

material was still present.

Precautions:

♦ Hingula was finely powdered before adding nimbuswarasa.

♦ During mardana with nimbuswarasa spilling of material was avoided.

♦ The chakrikas of hingula were kept in damaruyantra only after complete drying.

♦ During the whole procedure the upper pot was kept cool by placing wet cotton

cloth frequently.

Table No16: Showing weight changes during extraction of Parada from Hingula

Date Weight of Hingula before procedure

Unburnt Hingula

Parada extracted

18.09.2007 200gms 32.5gms 123gms

08.10.2007 200gms 34gms 113gms

15.10.2007 200gms 37.5gms 109gms

25.10.2007 200gms 33gms 120gms

Results:

♦ Weight of hingula before procedure :800gms

♦ Weight of half burnt hingula :137gms

♦ Weight of extracted parada :465gms

PRACTICAL NO: 2

Name of the practical : Samanya Shodhana of Parada185

Date of Commencement : 28.12.2007.

Date of Completion : 30.12.2007.

Materials : Hingulatkrusta Parada-465gms

Haridra Churna–30 gms

Equipments : Khalva Yantra,

Procedure: 465 gms of Hingulakrusta parada was taken into a porcelain mortar and 30 gms

of Haridra churna was added & triturated for 2 days and allowed for drying. After complete




drying, powder was collected and filtered through the double folded cloth for 4 times and

washed with Kanji.

Observations:

♦ Yellow haridra churna turned to brilliant green Asian paints at (208-4) on trituration.

♦ Slowly parada turned into small droplets and mixed with haridra powder completely.

♦ Powder was glittering on exposing to sunlight.

♦ Little quantity of parada along with haridra choorna got adhered to the mortar and pestle.

♦ Finally the collected mercury was white and silvery.

Precautions:

♦ Throughout the procedure spillage of the material from khalva yantra is avoided.

♦ Filtration should be carried out after the complete mixture of parada and haridra.

♦ Small quantity of mixture (20-30 gms) each time should be filtered through double folded

cloth.

Table No 17: Showing weight changes during Samanya Shodhana of Parada

Parada Shodhana

Hingulakrusta

Parada

Haridra Choorna

Shuddha Parada

Loss during

Shodhana

1 465 gms 30 gms 458 gms 7 gms

PRACTICAL NO: 3

Name of the practical : Gandhaka shodhana110.

Date of commencement : 25-10-2007

Date of completion : 28-10-2007

Materials : Gandhaka – 1000gms

: Godugdha – 12 liters

: Hot water for washing.

Equipments: Khalva yantra, Mrit patra, Cloth, Thread, Loha sharava, Camphor, Match

box, Cow dung cakes – 98 in total.

Method:




♦ 500gms of Gandhaka was coarsely powdered in a khalwa yantra.

♦ 2 liters of fresh cow’s milk was taken in earthen vessel, mouth of which was covered with

a single layer of clean cotton cloth and tied properly with a thread.

♦ Powdered Gandhaka was then spread over this cloth and pot was kept in a pit having the

sufficient depth to fit the pot up to its neck.

♦ A Loha sharava was kept covered over the mouth of this pot, without touching the mouth

of the pot.

♦ 18 cow dung cakes were spread over this sharava and fire was set with help of camphor.

♦ After swanga sheetha the pot was removed out from the pit, cloth tied over the mouth was

removed, granules of shodhita Gandhaka which were immersed in the milk were

separated, washed with hot water thoroughly and dried under shade.

♦ This procedure was repeated for 2 times by using fresh cow’s milk.

♦ For remaining 500 gm of raw Gandhaka, same procedure was followed.

Table No. 18. Showing observations during Gandhaka Shodhana(I batch)

Date Quantity of milk taken

No. of Vanopalas

used

Wt. of Gandhaka

taken

Wt. of Shuddha Gandhaka obtained

Time taken for Swanga

Sheeta

25.10.2007 2 ltrs. 18 500 gm 480 gm 4 1/2hrs

26.10.2007 2 ltrs. 16 480 gm 466 gm 4hrs

27.10.2007 2 ltrs. 15 466 gm 457 gm 4 hrs

Table No. 19. Showing observations during Gandhaka Shodhana(II batch)

Date Quantity of milk taken

No. of Vanopalas

used

Wt. of Gandhaka

taken

Wt. of Shuddha

Gandhaka obtained

Time taken for Swanga

Sheeta

29.10.2007 2 ltrs 18 500 gms 480 gms 5 Hours

30.10.2007 2 ltrs 16 480 gms 465 gms 4 hours

31.10.2007 2 ltrs 15 465 gms 450 gms 4 hours




Table No. 20. Showing physical changes during Gandhaka Shodhana

Particulars Before Shodhana After Shodhana

Colour of Sulphur Yellow Pale yellow

Form of Sulphur Crystalline Granular

Smell of milk No Smell Smell of Sulphur

Colour of milk White Yellowish white Observations:

♦ All the mud particles and dust which was present in Gandhaka was separated out over the

cloth during the first procedure.

♦ Shodhita Gandhaka was in granular form and few were streak like, fully immersed in the

milk. Few granules were seen floating on the milk.

♦ Shodhita Gandhaka was of bright yellow coloured and shiny.

♦ The number of cow dung cakes used were decreased from 1st to 3rd procedure, the heat of

which was sufficient to melt the Gandhaka.

Precautions:

♦ Fresh cows milk was used for each procedure, Quantity of milk was sufficient so that

Gandhaka granules were completely immersed in it.

♦ Pit was dug sufficiently big so that the pot can be kept till its neck inside the pit.

♦ Loha sharava was kept over the pot so that it was not touching the mouth of the pot/cloth.

♦ After each procedure Gandhaka was washed with hot water till the remnants of milk was

removed completely and after each procedure it was dried well.

Table No. 21. Showing weight changes during Gandhaka Shodhana

Weight of Gandhaka

I Batch II Batch Total

Raw 500 gms 500 gms 1000 gms

Shodhit 457 gms 450 gms 907 gms

Loss after shodhana 43 gms 50 gms 93 gms




PRACTICAL NO: 4

Name of the practical :Preparation of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali37

Date of commencement : 20.11.2008.

Date of completion : 25.01.2008.

Materials : Hingulotha parada – 300 gms

Shuddha Gandhaka – 300 gms

Apparatus : Khalwa Yantra, Spatula.

Procedure:

♦ 300 gms of Hingulotha parada was put in Khalva, to this finely powdered Shodhita

Gandhaka was added and triturated.

♦ Trituration was done slowly with uniform speed till all the Kajjali lakshanas were

observed i.e. the whole mixture converts into a fine, black, smooth, lusterless powder.

Observations:

♦ As soon as trituration started, at the centre of the Khalwa, sulfur in contact with the

mercury attained yellowish grey colour.

♦ After 5 minutes of trituration, smaller mercury globules got separated from central

bigger globule.

♦ After 10 minutes yellow colour of Gandhaka changed to yellowish green.

♦ After 15 minutes of trituration mixture appeared grey coloured and tailing of mercury

was seen.

♦ After 25 minutes mixture appeared super grey coloured with small shiny globules.

♦ After 40 minutes mixture appeared cement coloured between which yellow streaks

were seen while triturating.

♦ No mercury globules were seen after 1 hour of mardana. Shining was present, mixture

was Cairo dust colour (Asian paints premium Emulsion).

♦ After 2 hours mixture appeared blackish Grey coloured.

♦ After 6 hours of trituration, mixture appeared blackish coloured. Shiny particles were

observed.

♦ After 18 hours mixture appeared black coloured. Tests of Kajjali i.e., Rekhapurnatva,

Varitaratva and Slakshnatva were absent.

♦ Mixture turned completely into soft, smooth black compound after 40 hours.




♦ After 55 hours Rekhapurnatva and Slakshnatva were observed in the compound.

♦ Varitaratwa and Unama were observed in mixture after 72 hours of Mardana

♦ Little quantiity of Kajjali as put on fire and observed, it burns with fumes.

♦ After 80 hours, Kajjali was taken between thumb and index finger made wet then

rubbed and was exposed to sunlight, shining particles were observed.

♦ Shiny Kajjali flakes were seen adhered at the bottom of Khalwa Yantra.

♦ After 100 hours, shining particles were reduced in number.

♦ After 120 hours, about 8 to10 shining particles were counted.

♦ For better fineness and smoothness of Kajjali, Mardana was continued upto 130

hours.

♦ Average to & fro movements of peshani were 14-15 times/ minute.

Table No.22: Showing different phases of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali during

preparation.

Hours Observations

At 0 minute Parada + Gandhaka

After 10 minutes Gandhaka changed to yellowish green

After 15 minutes Tailing of Parada observed

After 25 minutes Grey colour with mercury globules

After 40 minutes Dark grey colour with yellow streaks

After 1 Hour Absence of Parada globules

After 2 Hours It turned to blackish Grey

After 6 Hours Blackish colour with shiny particles

After 18 Hours Test for Kajjali was absent

After 40 Hours It turned to black fine powder

After 55 Hours Attained Rakhapurnatva and Shlakshnatva

After 72 Hours Varitara and unama tests were positive

After 100 Hours Shining particles were still present

After 120 Hours 8-10 shining particles were counted.

After 130 Hours Showed completion of Kajjali lakshanas.

Table No. 23:Showing Physical properties of Kajjali




Color Black

Form Fine powder

Taste Tasteless

Odour Sulphur

Touch Soft and smooth

Appearance Anjana sadrush Precautions:

• Khalva Yantra should be clean and dry before starting the process.

• Shodhita Gandhaka was finely powdered, before adding to Shodita Parada.

• Mardana was done carefully and in uniform speed to avoid spillage.

• The pestle was moved entire length of Khalva Yantra in clockwise /Anti Clockwise

direction.

• Khalwa should be kept covered when the work is not in progress.

Results:

Quantity of Shuddha Parada - 300 gms

Quantity of Shuddha Gandhaka - 300 gms

Weight of Kajjali - 580 gms

Loss of weight - 20 gms

PRACTICAL NO: 5

Name of the practical :Bhavana of vatankura swarasa to Samaguna baliyukta kajjali37

Date of commencement : 27.01.2008

Date of completion : 30.01.2008

Drugs used : Kajjali-580 gm,

Vatankura swarasa-150ml.

Apparatus : Khalwa yantra, Mixer grinder, Spatula and filter.

Procedure:

• Kajjali was taken, to this 150 ml vatankura swarasa was added, mixed well and left over

night for soaking in khalva yantra.

• The next day mardana was carried out till it gets completely dried, finely powdered and

stored in a glass container.




Observations:

• Vatankura was greenish red in colour.

• Vatankura was grounded in mixer grinder and swarasa was extracted by squeezing

through cloth.

• The Colour of Vatankura Swarasa was dull red or poppy (Asian paints premium

Emulsion) and Kashaya rasa predominantly, non sticky in consistency, facilitated the easy

trituration.

• For complete wetting of Kajjali vatankura Swarasa required was 70 ml.

• Trituration was carried out until the subhavita Lakshanas were observed.

• After complete drying, it attained typical smell of vatankura swarasa.

Precautions:

• Khalva Yantra should be clean and dry before the process started.

• Adding Vatankura swarasa in according to the need i.e., Swarasa must be sufficient to

soak the Kajjali.

• The pestle should move entire length of Khalva Yantra in clockwise / Anti clockwise

direction.

• Trituration should be carried out until the kajjali is completely devoid of liquidity.

Result:

Initial weight of Kajjali – 580 gms

Weight of Vatankura swarasa Bhavita Kajjali – 588 gms

Weight gained – 08 gms

PRACTICAL NO: 6

Name of the practical : Preparation of Triguna baliyukta Kajjali 34

Date of commencement : 01.02.2008.

Date of completion : 13.03.2008.

Drugs used : Hingulotha parada – 150 gms

Shuddha Gandhaka – 450 gms

Apparatus : Khalwa Yantra, Spatula.




Procedure:

• 150 gms of Hingulotha parada was put in Khalva, to this finely powdered Shodhita

Gandhaka was added and triturated.

• Trituration was done slowly with uniform speed till all the Kajjali lakshanas were

observed i.e. the whole mixture converts into a fine, black, smooth, lusterless powder.

Observations:

• As soon as trituration started, sulfur in contact with the mercury attained yellowish grey

colour and mercury globules were started appearing.

• After 5 minutes of trituration mercury globules were mixed with sulfur, leaving major

quantity of mercury at the centre.

• After 10 minutes yellow colour Gandhaka was started changing to yellowish green. After

15 minutes of trituration mixture appeared blackish yellow colored and tailing of mercury

was seen.

• After 25 minutes mixture appeared super grey coloured with small shiny globules.

• After 40 minutes mixture appeared cement coloured between which yellow streaks were

seen while triturating.

• No mercury was seen at the centre of mortar after 45 minutes of mardana. Shining was

present, mixture was Cairo dust colour (Asian paints premium Emulsion). After 2 hours,

mixture appeared blackish grey coloured.

• After 6 hours of trituration, mixture appeared blackish coloured. Shiny particles were

observed.

• After 18 hours mixture appeared black coloured. Tests of Kajjali i.e., Rekhapurnatva,

varitaratva and Slakshnatva were absent.

• Mixture turned completely into soft, smooth black compound after 32 hours.

• After 45 hours, complete Rekhapurnatva and Slakshnatva were observed in the

compound.

• Varitaratwa and Unama were observed in mixture after 60 hours of Mardana

• Little quantiity of Kajjali as put on fire and observed, it burns with fumes.

• After 80 hours, Kajjali was taken between thumb and index finger made wet then rubbed

and was exposed to sunlight, shining particles were observed.




• Shiny Kajjali flakes were seen adhered at the bottom of Khalwa Yantra.

• After 100 hours, 5 to 8 shining particles were counted.

• For better fineness and smoothness of Kajjali, Mardana was continued upto 110 hours and

no shining particles were seen.

Average to & fro movements of peshani were 20-22 times/ minute

Table No 24: Showing different phases of Triguna baliyukta Kajjali during preparation.

Hours Observations

At 0 minute Parada + Gandhaka

After 10 minutes Gandhaka changed to yellowish green

After 15 minutes Tailing of Parada observed

After 25 minutes Grey colour with shiny globules

After 40 minutes Cement colour with yellow streaks

After 45 minutes Absence of mercury at the centre of the morter

After 2 Hours It turned to blackish Grey

After 6 Hours Blackish colour with shiny particles

After 18 Hours Test for Kajjali was absent

After 32 Hours It turned to black fine powder

After 45 Hours Attained Rekhapurnatva and Shlakshnatva

After 60 Hours Varitara and unama tests were positive

After 80 Hours Shining particles were present.

After 100 hours 5 -8 shining particles were counted

After 110 Hours Showed completion of Kajjali lakshanas.

Table No. 25: Showing Physical properties of Triguna baliyukta Kajjali

Color Black

Form Fine powder

Taste Tasteless

Odour Sulphur

Touch Soft and smooth

Appearance Anjana sadrush




Precautions:

• Khalva Yantra should be clean and dry before starting the process.

• Shodhita Gandhaka was finely powdered, before adding to Shodita Parada.

• Mardana was done carefully and in uniform speed to avoid spillage.

• The pestle was moved entire length of Khalva Yantra in clockwise /Anti Clockwise

direction.

• Khalwa should be kept covered when the work is not in progress.

Results:

Quantity of Shuddha Parada - 150 gms

Quantity of Shuddha Gandhaka - 450 gms

Weight of Kajjali - 555 gms

Loss of weight - 45 gms

PRACTICAL NO: 7

Name of the practical :Bhavana of vatankura swarasa to Triguna baliyukta

Kajjali

Date of commencement : 14.03.2008

Date of completion : 17.03.2008

Drugs used : Kajjali-555 gms

vatanura Swarasa- 200ml.

Apparatus : Khalwa yantra, Mixer grinder, Spatula and filter.

Procedure:

• Kajjali was taken; to this 200 ml vatankura swarasa was added, mixed well and left over

night for soaking in khalva yantra.

• The next day mardana was carried out till it gets completely dried; it was then finely

powdered and stored in a glass container.

Observations:

• Vatankura was greenish red in colour.

• Vatankura was grounded in mixer grinder and swarasa was extracted by squeezing

through cloth.




• The Colour of vatanura Swarasa was dull red or poppy (Asian paints premium Emulsion)

and Kashaya rasa predominantly, non sticky in consistency, facilitated the easy

trituration.

• For complete wetting of Kajjali vatankura Swarasa required was 100 ml.

• Trituration was carried out until the subhavita Lakshanas were observed.

• After complete drying, it attained typical smell of vatankura swarasa.

Precautions:

• Khalva Yantra should be clean and dry before the process started.

• Adding Vatankura swarasa in according to the need i.e., Swarasa must be sufficient to

soak the Kajjali.

• The pestle should move entire length of Khalva Yantra in clockwise / Anti clockwise

direction.

• Trituration was carried out until the kajjali is completely devoid of liquidity.

Result :

Initial weight of Kajjali – 555 gms

Weight of Vatankura swarasa Bhavita Kajjali – 565 gms

Weight gained – 10 gms

PREPARATION OF

SAMAGUNA AND TRIGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA

The whole procedure of Rasasindoora was categorized under 3 headings :

1. Purva Karma (Pre-procedural)

2. Pradhana Karma (Procedural)

3. Paschat Karma (post procedural)

1. Purva Krama :

a. Preparation of Kacha Kupi

b. Filling of Kajjali into Kachakupi

c. Placing of Kacha Kupi in Valuka Yantra

2. Pradhana Krama :

a. Heating Schedule (Kramagni tapa)

b. Observation and recording of temperature




c. Corking of Kacha Kupi and self cooling of the apparatus.

3. Pashchat Karma ;

a. Removal of Kacha Kupi from Valuka Yantra.

b. Breaking of Kach Kupi.

c. Collection of Final Product.

PRACTICAL NO: 8 Preparation of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Practical No- 8A

Name of the Experiment : Preparation of Kacha Kupi

Date of commencement : 07/02/08

Date of completion : 15/02/08

Materials : A green colored beer bottle, Cloth,

Gopichandana, Water, Scissors

Procedure:

• A green colored glassy beer bottle of 750 ml capacity was selected. It was washed and

dried properly.

• A cloth piece of 6 cm length and breadth; smeared with gopichandana was applied

over the bottom of the bottle and dried.

• Next the body of the bottle was wrapped with the cloth, measuring 116 cm × 4 cm

length and breadth respectively which was smeared with paste of gopichandana. It

was covered in circular fashion starting from bottom upto the mouth of the bottle.

Allowed to dry well.

• Next day, after complete drying, another cloth strip smeared with gopichandana was

applied over the former layer.

• The body of the bottle was wrapped totally with 7 layers and the bottom with 8 layers.

Observations:

• Kupi went on becoming thicker and thicker.

• It took 24 hrs for each layer to dry.

Precautions:

• Glass bottle was selected in which there was no air bubble.

• Each layer was put after complete drying of previous one.

• Tight packing was done especially over bottom.




PRACTICAL NO: 8B

Name of the Experiment :Kupi purana with samguna baliyukta kajjali156



Materials : prepared kupi, funnel, weighing

Machine, samaguna baliyukta kajjali.

Procedure:

• A glass funnel was kept over the mouth of the bottle.

• Kupi was filled slowly with prepared 150 gms of kajjali.

Precautions:

• Kajjali was again triturated for half an hour before filling the kupi.

• Inner aspect of the kupi was cleaned and dried properly with a clean cloth tied over a

stick.

• Care was taken to spread the kajjali uniformly inside the kupi.

PRACTICAL NO: 8C

Name of the Experiment : Placing of Kupi in Valuka yantra



Materials : Valuka yantra, sand, sieve, Abhraka patra, bottle

filled with Samaguna baliyukta kajjali

Procedure:

• A conical shaped Valuka yantra with the following measurement was taken:

Height - 24 cm and Circumference - 93 cm at top, 80 cm at bottom

• At the centre of the base it was having a hole of 2cm in diameter. It was having two

strong handles fixed on both sides of its mouth which had a circular rim, which fits

exactly on the iron ring of bhatti.

• This valuka yantra was properly placed in the Bhatti.

• The hole at the centre of base of vessel was closed with two abhraka patras of 4 cm

width and 1.5 cm thickness.




• Now, Valuka which was cleaned, dried, filtered through mesh No.20 was poured in

Valuka Yantra over the Abraka patra, for a height of two angula.

• Kupi with kajjali was kept over it and tip of the thermocouple was placed at the level

of base of the kupi.

• Then whole of the Valuka yantra was filled with valuka up to kanta bhaga of kupi.

The valuka yantra required 18 kg of valuka.

Precautions:

• Care was taken to avoid fall of sand into kupi, while filling sand in the valuka

yantra.

• Kupi and thermocouple were kept straight.

• Valuka used was free from mud particles.

PRACTICAL NO-8D

Name Of the Experiment : Preparation of Samaguna balijeerna

Rasasindoora37.



Materials: Bhatti, valuka yantra, Karpoora, match box, wood, pyrometer, shalaka, cloth,

torch, copper coin etc.

Procedure:

• After keeping the entire apparatus ready, Pooja was done, by chanting "Aghora

mantra".

• With help of karpoora fire was set by 10.30 am.

• Temperature was recorded for every 5 minutes with the help of Pyrometre.

• Gradual increase in temperature was maintained throughout the procedure.

• For the first two hours mrudvagni was given. The temperature was maintained

between 2000C - 2500C.

• Next for 4 hours the temperature was gradually raised to madyamagni i.e, between

2500 C- 4500C.




• Next for 6 hours teevragni is maintained, temperature varying between 4500C -

6500C. During this period neck of the bottle frequently cleared by red hot shalaka.

• Flames ceased after 10 hours. Sooryodaya laxana was observed after 11 hours, then

sand around the neck was removed and burning coal was also taken out to reduce the

temperature.

• Mukhamudrana was done after 12 hours by placing the cork and then it was tightly

wrapped with the mud smeared cloth.

• Again teevragni is maintained for next three hours.

• Then the apparatus was allowed to cool on its own.

Table No26: Showing observations during the preparation of Samaguna balijeerna Rasa Sindoora.

Date Time Duration Temp Observations 25/06/08 10.30am 0 hour 290C Agni started. 11.40 am 1 hour 1850C Light fumes started. Kajjali can be

seen through the torch light. 12.30 pm 2hours 2440C Dense white fumes appeared.

Unable to see the kajjali through the torch light

1.05 pm 2.30 hours 2680C Sheeta shalaka was inserted and to its tip dull blackish material got adhered, suggesting the initiation of melting.

2.10 pm 3.30 hours 3280C Slight yellow fumes were seen. 3.00 pm 4.30 hours 3530C Dense yellow fumes were

persisting. 3.55 pm 5 hours 3990C Partially melted material was seen

as the thick fumes were reduced. 4.20 pm 5.30 hours 5030C Liquification of the material started,

material was in semisolid state. 5.00 pm 6.30 hours 5690C Material completely melted 5.50 pm 7 hours 5810C Material started boiling, hot shalaka

inserted, flame raised to 3.5 inch height above the kupi, dancing of the mercury is observed, and blue flame persisted after taking out the shalaka.

6.10 pm 7.30 hours 6190C While inserting the hot shalaka flame raised up to the height of one foot.

6.30 pm 8 hours 5920C Blue flame still exists. 7.30 pm 9 hours 5790C Hot shalaka insertion continued to

remove the choking of sulfur, blue




flame still persists. 8.35 pm 10 hours 5570C Blue flame was ceased. Small

amount of product was taken out rubbed over a porcelain mortar and it yielded red color.

9.50 pm 11 hours 6080C Light fumes were observed. Sooryodaya laxana was present. Greyish discoloration was observed over the copper coin.

10.30 pm 12 hours 5600C Mukhamudrana was done. Teevragni was started.

27/06/08 1.30am 15 hours 6680C Teevragni was stopped. Precautions:

• Valuka Yantra should be placed firmly over the rim of the Bhatti.

• The thermocouple of pyrometer should be inserted properly in Valuka Yantra.

• The maintenance of temperature was done carefully with the help of pyrometer.

• Steady rise in temperature was maintained.

• Care was taken while inserting hot shalaka.

• Corking should be done after cessation of fumes, flame and appearance of Suryodaya

lakshanas.

• Copper coin test, Sindhura test should also be done before corking to confirm Aushadhi

sidda laxanas.

• Mud cork was scraped properly in such a way that it should fit exactly to the inner surface

of the mouth of the Kupi.

• The sand was removed upto Kanta Bhaga before corking.

• The Kacha Kupi should be taken out from Valuka Yantra only after it was cooled on its

own.

PRACTICAL NO: 8E

Name of Practical : Breaking of kupi162



Materials : Knife, Thread, Kerosene, Matchbox, Kupi

containing SBJR, clean container.

Procedure:




The bottle was carefully removed from the valuka yantra. The outer layer of the bottle

was scrapped carefully with the help of a knife to remove the gopi chandana coating. The

kerosene dipped thread was tied around the bottle, 2-3 inches below the circular rim of the

product and was set to fire. When the thread burned, it was wrapped with the wet cloth then

the bottle broke into two halves. Rasasindhoora was obtained as a whole block just by

tapping the bottle

Observations:

• After taking out the Kupi from Valuka Yantra, the upper portion was black in colour.

• After complete removal of layers the bottle was cleared then shiny and dark colour

sublimated product was observed.

• There was a thick collection of medicine in the neck region, where as the lower portion

contained grey coloured residue.

• Block of Samaguna balijeerna Rasa Sindoora was shiny greyish red coloured.

Precautions:

• The bottle was separated into two halves only after the breaking noise and no force was

applied to separate the bottle.

• The upper part of bottle should tap carefully so that bottle should not crack.

• The Samaguna balijeerna Rasa Sindoora was weighed and procured in airtight container.

Results:

Total hours of preparation -15 hours

The amount of Kajjali taken -150 gm

The amount of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora obtained - 79 gm

The amount of residue at the bottom - 1 gm

Loss of weight - 70 gm.




Graph 1: showing Hours v/s Temp of Samaguna balijeerna

Rasasindoora

Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

29

176

244

311347

421

550575 592 593 608 590

510 517

615650 668 650

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Hours

Tem

p in

0C

Descriptive Statistics:

Mean : 464.824

Std Dev :184.868

Std. Error : 44.837

Median : 540.000

PRACTICAL NO: 9 Preparation of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

PRACTICAL NO: 9A

Name of the Experiment : Preparation of Kacha Kupi



Materials : A green colored beer bottle, Cloth,

Gopichandana, Water, Scissors

Procedure: Same as practical no: 8A

Observations: Same as practical no: 8A

Precautions: Same as practical no: 8A




PRACTICAL NO: 9B

Name Of the Experiment :Kupi purana with Triguna baliyukta kajjali 156



Materials : 150 gm of Triguna baliyukta kajjali

Prepared kupi, funnel, weighing machine.

Procedure: Same as practical no: 8B

Observations: Same as practical no: 8B

Precautions: Same as practical no: 8B

PRACTICAL NO: 9C

Name of the Experiment : Placing of Kupi in Valuka yantra



Materials : An iron vessel, sand, sieve, Abhraka patra, bottle

filled with Triguna baliyukta kajjali.

Procedure: Same as practical no: 8C

Observations: Same as practical no: 8C

Precautions: Same as practical no: 8C

PRACTICAL NO: 9D

Name of the Experiment : Preparation of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora34.



Materials: Bhatti, valuka yantra, Karpoora, match box, wood, pyrometer, shalaka, cloth,

torch, copper coin etc.

Procedure:

• Preparation was started with pooja and chanting "Aghora mantra".

• With help of camphor fire was set by 8.00 pm.

• Temperature was recorded for every 15 minutes with the help of Pyrometer.

• Heat was given by gradual increase in temperature.




• For the first six hours mridvagni was given. The temperature was maintained

between 2000C - 2500C.

• Next for seventeen hours the temperature was gradually rais ed to madyamagni i.e,

between 2500 C- 4500C.

• Next for ten hours teevragni is maintained, temperature varying between 4500C -

6500C. During this period neck of the bottle frequently cleared by red hot shalaka.

• Flame was ceased after 26 hours. Sooryodaya laxana was observed after 28 hours 30

minutes.

• Copper coin test, sindoora test and sheeta shalaka test were positive, indicating

aushadhi siddha laxanas.

• Sand around the neck was removed and burning coal was also taken out to reduce the

temperature.

• Mukhamudrana was done after 33 hours by placing the cork and then it was tightly

wrapped with the mud smeared cloth.

• Again teevragni is maintained for next six hours.

Then the apparatus was allowed to cool on its own.

Precautions: Same as practical No 8D

Table No 27: Showing observations during the preparation of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

Date Time Duration Temp Observation 18/03/08 8.00pm 0 hour 300C Agni started 9.30pm 1.30 hours 2180C Very light white fumes were

observed inside the kupi. 11.00pm 3hours 1910C White fumes coming out of kupi 19/03/08 3.30am 7.30hours 2970C Yellow fumes are started 4.30am 8.30hours 2820C Dense yellow fumes were observed

6.00am 10 hours 3080C Material can be seen through torch,

liquification started. 12.30pm 16.30 hours 3510C Bubbles appeared one after other on

the surface of liquefying material 1.30pm 17.30 hours 3570C Thick semisolid product adhered to

sheeta shalaka 4.00pm 20 hours 4100C Bubbling still present along with

slight sulfur fumes 4.35pm 20.30 hours 4450C Kajjali completely melted.




5.00pm 21 hours 4480C Movement of the molten kajjali was

appreciated through torch. 6.10pm 22 hours 4600C Dark reddish shining boiling

material seen through torch light. 6.30pm 22.30 hours 4670C Thick yellow fumes inside the kupi. 7.00pm 23 hours 4690C Inserted hot shalaka. 5 inch height

flame appeared. 8.00pm 24 hours 5150C Dense yellow fumes persisting. 8.45pm 24.30 hours 5100C Insertion of hot shalaka continued.

Blue flame appeared at the mouth of the kupi & dancing of mercury is observed after taking out the shalaka.

9.00pm 25 hours 5090C After inserting hot shalaka 10 inch height flame emerged.

9.50pm 25.30 hours 4870C Little product rubbed in porcelain mortar which yielded red colour. Blue flame still persists.

10.15pm 26 hours 5000C Extinction of blue flame. Dense sulphur fumes still persist.

20/03/08

12.45am 28.30 hours 5900C Sooryodaya laxana appeared. Fumes still persist.

4.50am 32.30 hours 6300C Grayish discoloration of copper coin. Sheeta shalaka inserted, light fumes emerged out of it. Product adhered to it was non sticky.

5.00am 33 hours 6200C Corking was done. 11.00am 39 hours 6310C Temperature recording carried out

for 6 hours. PRACTICAL NO: 9E

Name of Practical : Breaking of kupi 162



Materials : Knife, Thread, Kerosene, Matchbox, Bottle

containing TBJR, clean container.

Procedure: Same as practical No 8E

Observations:

• After taking out the Kupi from Valuka Yantra, upper portion of kupi was black in colour.

• After complete removal of layers, the bottle was cleared; shiny and dark colour sublimate

was observed at the neck region of kupi.




• There was a collection of medicine in the upper portion of the neck region, where as the

bottom of the kupi contained grey coloured residue.

• Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora was shiny greyish red coloured.

Precautions: Same as practical No 8E

Results:

The amount of Kajjali taken -150 gm

The amount of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindhoora obtained - 37 gm

The amount of residue at the bottom - 1.5 gm

Loss of weight - 111.5 gm.

Graph 2: showing Hours v/s Temp of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Descriptive Statistics:

Mean : 429.643

Std Dev : 168.133

Std. Error : 31.774

Median : 416.000

Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

30

198 215 226

297 308340 353

374 380410

445

515 510545

579607

543

592629 631

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39

Hours

Tem

pera

ture

Analytical Study


Rasa Sindoora By- Dr Revati.G.Huddar

ANALYTICAL STUDY

Present study has been undertaken for physical and chemical analysis of Samaguna

baliyukta Kajjali, Triguna baliyukta Kajjali, Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora and Triguna

balijeerna Rasasindoora by Ayurvedic and modern parameters.

In the present study analysis is done for four samples.

• SK-Sample No-1

• TK- Sample No-2

• SBJR-Sample No-3

• SBJR-Sample No-4

Aims and objectives:

• To study physico-chemical properties of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR

• To study qualitative and quantitative properties of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR by Volhard

method, Gravimetric method, Turbidimetric method, and X-ray diffraction method.

• To study the colour spots of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR by Namburi phased spot test

(N.P.S.T).


Physico-chemical analysis was carried out with Classical and Modern parameters.

Physical tests: • The study of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was done at P.G Department of Rasa Shastra,

T.G.A.MC, Bellary

• Ganesh Consultancy and Analytical Services, Mysore.

• Particle size analysis of all four samples is carried out at Indian Institute of Sciences,

Bangalore.

Chemical Tests:

• Qualitative and Quantitative chemical tests of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR were done at

Ganesh consultancy and analytical Services, Mysore.

• X-ray diffraction method for crystallographic study of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was done

at Indian Institute of Sciences (IISc), Bangalore.

Analytical Study



• Namburi Phased Spot test of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was done at P.G Department of

Rasa Shastra, T.G.A.MC, Bellary.

CLASSICAL PARAMETERS

The ancient Parameters were carried out for SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR at Rasa Shastra Dept. TGAMC, Bellary.

Table No. 28. Showing classical Parameters for analysing SK and TK.

Test Observation Varna Black colour Sparsha Smooth and soft. Gandha Slight Sulphur Smell. Rekha Purnatva

When fine powder of Kajjali was rubbed between the thumb and index finger it entered the furrows of the fingers.

Varitaratva When finely powdered Kajjali was carefully Sprinkled into a test tube containing water, Kajjali was floating over the water.

Nischandratva Luster less i.e., No shining particles were observed.

Table No. 29 Showing classical parameters for Analysis of Samaguna and Triguna

balijeerna Rasasindoora

Test Observation Varna Sindoora Rasa Not perceivable Sparsha Slakshna and Mrudu Gandha Not perceivable Rekhapurnatva When the Rasa Sindoora was rubbed between the thumb and index

finger it entered the furrows of the fingers. Varitaratva When finely powdered Rasa Sindoora was carefully Sprinkled into

a test tube containing water, Sindoora floats on water. Nischandratvam There were no shining particles in the finely powdered Rasa

Sindoora even when it was rubbed in between thumb and index finger and made wet, observed in the bright Sunlight.

Nirdoomatvam The Rasa Sindoora was sprinkled over the red hot coal. There was no emission of smoke.

Analytical Study



MODERN PARAMETERS Physical Tests:

1. ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERS:

a) Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali

Colour : Black

Odour : Faint.

Touch : Fine powder

Taste : Palatable

b) Triguna baliyukta Kajjali; Colour : Black

Odour : Faint

Touch : Fine powder

Taste : Palatable

c) Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Colour : Reddish brown

Odour : Odourless

Touch : Fine powder

Taste : Palatable

d) Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Colour : Reddish brown

Odour : Odourless

Touch : Fine powder

Taste : Palatable

2. DETERMINATION OF P H VALUE.

Materials:

• Glass electrode

• PH meter

• Buffer tablet

(PH - 4 ) Acid - 0.05H Potassium hydrogenphthalate,

(PH – 8 ) Alkali - 0.05H Sodium tetraborate.

• Beakers

• SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR each- 1gm.

Analytical Study



Method: Operate the PH meter and electrode system according to the manual instructions.

Standardizing the meter and electrodes with 0.05H Sodium borate when measuring an

alkaline Solution.

At the end of a set of measurements, take a reaching of the solution used to

standardizing the meter and electrodes. This reading should not differ by more than 0.02

from the original value at which the apparatus was standardized.

Now in 5ml of water 1gm of sample was put and PH is determined for the solution.

Results: Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali -6.65

Triguna baliyukta Kajjali -7.74

Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora -6.20

Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora - 7.85

3. DETERMINATION OF ASH VALUE

Materials:

1. Silica crucible.

2. Electronic weighing machine.

3. Electric furnace.

4. SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR – 2 gm

Procedure:

Two grams of accurately weighed sample was taken and transferred to the cleaned,

dried and weighed Silica crucible and was subjected to ignition using electric furnace at

4500C for an hour. Silica crucible was taken out from the furnace and was allowed to cool,

and was weighed. After cooling from the weight of the ash obtained, the ash value of sample

was calculated.

Result: Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali -0.13%

Triguna baliyukta Kajjali -0.12%

Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora -0.01%

Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora - 0.15%

Analytical Study



4. DETERMINATION OF ACID INSOLUBLE ASH Material:

• Silica crucible.

• Burner

• Whatman’s filter Paper

• Electronic weighing machine.

• Dil HCl - 25ml.

• Conical flask.

• Ash of SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR

Method:

2gm of sample is digested with 25 ml dil hydrochloric acid for 5 min, then filtered

through whatman’s paper and was washed with water.

The residue was taken in a crucible dried and ignited, allowed to cool and weighed.



Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora -Nil

Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora -0.13%

5. DETERMINATION OF WATER SOLUBLE ASH

Material:

• Burner

• Whatman’s filter Paper


• Water

• Ash of SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR

Method:

Boil the ash for 5 minutes with 25ml of water; collect the insoluble matter in a ashless

filter paper; wash with hot water, and ignite for 15 minutes at a temperature not exceeding

4500C, substract the weight of the insoluble matter from the weight of the ash; the difference

in the weight represents the water soluble ash. Calculate the percentage of water soluble ash

with reference to the air dried drug.

Analytical Study



Results: Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali -0.01%

Triguna baliyukta Kajjali - 0.02%

Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora -Nil


6. DETERMINATION OF LOSS ON DRYING AT 110 0C

Materials:

• Silica crucible

• Electronic weighing machine

• Electronic air oven

• SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR each 1 gm.

Method:

One gram of sample was taken in a Silica crucible and accurately weighed, heated on

electric air oven upto 1100C for 3 hrs. Again weighed the difference and weight was

calculated.





Chemical tests:

1) ESTIMATION OF TOTAL MERCURY BY VOLHARD METHOD:

Reagents:

1. Conc Sulfuric acid

2. Potassium permanganate

3. Oxalic acid

4. Ferrous Sulphate Solution

5. Ferric ammonium Sulphate Indicator

6. Potassium thiocyanate Solution

Sample preparation:

Analytical Study



Transfer known quantity of samples to Kjeldal flask fitted with short stemmed funnel

add 5ml of conc Sulfuric acid and mix. Add 0.5 to 1 gm of potassium permanganate in small

portions with vigorous shaking. Rince down with 5ml of conc Sulfuric acid. Shake the flask

for 30 minutes. Then heat gradually to boiling. Remove from heat without cooling, add small

portion of oxalic acid until the manganous dioxide has been reduced and dissolved. Cool and

dilute to 100ml.

Method:

A known quantity of solution is taken in a conical flask. Oxidise any Mercurous

mercury or Nitrogen oxides by adding 0.1 M potassium permanganate solution dropwise with

stirring until the pink colour persists for 5 minutes. Remove excess of permanganate by

adding just enough 0.1 M Ferrous Sulfate Solution. Add 1.5 ml of ferric ammonium sulfate

indicator, cool to 150C and titrate with potassium thio cyanate solution.

Hg % = (V) (A) 100

W(1000)

V= Volume of the thiocynate solution

A= Mercury equivalent of thiocynate

W= Sample weight contained in aliquote.





2) ESTIMATION OF MERCUROUS MERCURY AND MERCURIC MERCURY:

To find Mercurous Mercury and Mercuric Mercury, further calculations are done on the basis

of percentage of total mercury.

Table No 30 : showing results of Mercurous and Mercuric Mercury

Sample Mercurous Mercury Mercuric Mercury

Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali 14.17% 26.25% Triguna baliyukta Kajjali 12.32% 18.24% Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

14.36% 68.04%


14.06% 70.76%

Analytical Study



3) ESTIMATION OF FREE MERCURY BY ION SELECTIVE ELETRODE

METHOD

Materials:

• Ion selective electrode

• Beaker


Method:

Take a known quantity of sample in a beaker. Add 100ml of water and filter. Collect

the filtrate. Aliquote of the sample is taken and analysed the free mercury by ion selective

electrode method.

Results: Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali -Traces

Triguna baliyukta Kajjali - Traces

Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora - Nil

Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora - Nil

4) ESTIMATION OF SULPHUR BY ESCHKA METHOD (Gravimetrically)

Materials:

• Eschka mixture and other reagants.


• Crucible

• Whatman filter paper.


Method: 1 gm of sample is ground to pass 80 mesh sieve and 3 gm of Eschka mixture (2

part of calcined magnesium oxide and 1 part of anhydrous sodium carbonate) is added.

Intimately mix in a crucible and cover with another 2 grams of Eschka mixture. Ignite the

content till all the carbon is burnt. Cool the crucible.

Add 10% barium chloride solution with constant stirring, to precipitate all the

sulphates and a small excess. Filter the Solution with whatman filter paper and collect the

precipitate and weigh it as Barium Sulphate.

Calculation: Wt. of BaSO4 x 0.1373x100 = % of Sulphur. Amt. of sample

Analytical Study







5) ESTIMATION OF FREE SULPHUR, SULPHIDE FORM OF SULPHUR

To find free Sulphur, Sulphide form of Sulphur, further calculations done on the basis of

percentage of total Sulphur.

Table No.31: showing results of Free Sulfur and Sulphide form of Sulfur

Samples Free sulfur Sulphide form of sulfur Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali 22.34% 20.06% Triguna baliyukta Kajjali 40.80% 18.91% Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

Traces 15.19%


Traces 13.51%

6).DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE BY TURBIDIMETRIC METHOD.

Materials:

• Due pont-model 430-turbidity meter.

• SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR each 1 gm. Method:

1gm of sample is added with 9 ml of hydrochloric acid i.e., 1:9 proportion and 1ml of

conditioning Reagent is added, to this add a spoonful of Barium chloride crystals.

The turbidity is measured with the intensity of the transmitted light as a function of

concentration of the suspended particles by means of turbidity meter.





Analytical Study



7) X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY

Materials:

• Brukar's D-8 Advance X-ray diffractometer and is equipped with Cu K-alpha

(Lambda-1.5 406) radiation and graphite monochromator operated at 40KV/30mA.


Method:

Sample was well grounded to 200mesh and air dried. The X-ray diffractometer scans

were made on randomly oriented Samples form 3-650 2-theta (d=29.42 to 1.43angstorm)

with a step size of 0.020 and one second time per step.

The 2-theta value and intensity of the peak (counts) are represented on X and Y-axis

respectively. Higher the value of counts represents higher the crystallanity of the phase.

For identification of each phase, minimum 3 strong peaks were chosen and compared

with standard X-ray Powder Diffraction file (XPDF).

Table No.32: Showing XRD of Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali.

Identified Standard Peak No

Angle 2 θ d space Intensity d space Intensity

5 26.249 3.395 100 3.390 99.9 8 30.4 2.94 23 2.9358 28.9 18 43.606 2.076 33 2.0759 36.1 22 51.7 1.768 26 1.7703 25.8 23 54.26 1.691 10 1.695 4.4 25 63.32 1.469 6 1.4679 3.5

XPDF No:73-1593 Name of standard : Metacinnabarite (HgS) Crystal structure: Cubic Lattice : Face centered

Note:

� Totally 29 peaks were identified in SK sample at different angels (2θ) ranging from 15.26 to

86.28.

� 6 strong peaks were chosen as strong with their relative Intensity and compared to standard X

– ray powder diffraction file (XPDF).

Analytical Study



� 5th peak with relative intensity of 100% was considered as significant at 26.2490, having

3.395 d space value.

� The d values of standard Metacinnabar (3.390, 2.9358, 2.079) were almost similar to

identified SK values (3.395, 2.94, 2.076).

� The intensity % of Metacinnabar (99.9, 28.9, 36.1) was approximately matching with the

intensity % of (100, 23, 33) respectively.

Table No.33: Showing XRD of Triguna baliyukta Kajjali.



8 26.273 3.392 100 3.390 99.9 11 30.4 2.94 22 2.9358 28.9 22 43.647 2.074 31 2.0759 36.1 26 51.66 1.769 25 1.7703 25.8 29 56.7 1.623 7 1.695 4.4 32 70 1.344 8 1.4679 3.5

XPDF No:73-1593 Name of standard : Metacinnabarite (HgS) Crystal structure: Cubic Lattice : Face centered

Note:

� Totally 33 peaks were identified in TK sample at different angels (2θ) ranging from 11.36 to

86.22.

� 6 peaks were chosen with their relative Intensity and compared to standard X – ray powder

diffraction file (XPDF).

� 8th peak with relative intensity of 100% was considered as significant at 26.2730, having

3.392 d space value.

� The d values of standard Metacinnabar (3.390, 2.9358, 2.0759) are almost similar to

identified TK values (3.392, 2.94, 2.074).

� The intensity % of standard Metacinnabar (99.9, 28.9, 36.1) is approximately matching with

the intensity % of (100, 22, 31) respectively.

Analytical Study



Table No.34: Showing XRD of Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.



2 26.422 3.373 100 3.359 100 3 28.094 3.176 30 3.165 30 4 31.121 2.874 98 2.863 95 6 43.526 2.079 25 2.074 25 8 45.71 1.985 21 1.980 20 12 54.54 1.683 18 1.679 25

XPDF No:6-0256 Name of standard : Cinnabar (HgS) Crystal structure : Hexagonal Lattice : Primitive.

Note: � Totally 24 peaks were identified in SBJR sample at different angels (2 θ) from 24.64 to 88.5.



� 2nd peak with relative intensity of 100%. was considered as significant at 26.4220, having

3.373 d space value

� The d values of standard cinnabar (3.359, 3.165, 2.863) were almost similar to identified

SBJR values (3.373, 3,176, 2.874).

� The intensity % of Cinnabar (100, 30, 95) was aproximately matching with the intensity % of

(100, 30, 98) respectively.

Table No.35: Showing XRD of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.



2 26.348 3.383 92 3.359 100 3 28.021 3.184 32 3.165 30 4 31.048 2.88 100 2.863 95 6 43.449 2.083 21 2.074 25 8 45.6 1.989 20 1.980 20 12 54.477 1.684 19 1.679 25

XPDF No:6-0256 Name of standard : Cinnabar (HgS) Crystal structure : Hexagonal Lattice: Primitive.

Analytical Study



Note:

� Totally 23 peaks were identified in TBJR sample at different angels (2 θ) from 24.62 to 88.36



� 4th peak with relative intensity of 100%. was considered as significant at 31.0480, having

2.88 d space value

� The d values of standard cinnabar (3.359, 3.165, 2.863) were approximately matching to

identified TBJR values (3.383, 3,184, 2.88).

� The intensity % of standard Cinnabar (100, 30, 95) was slightly varying as compared with

intensity % of TBJR (92, 32, 100).

8) NAMBURI PHASED SPOT TEST.

Date of commencement: 20/09/2008

Date of completion: 24/09/2008

Materials:

♦ 10% potassium iodide papers,

♦ Centrifuge test tubes

♦ Aquaragia

♦ Dropper

♦ SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR each 1gm.

Method:

1 gm of sample was taken in centrifuge test tube and 2ml of aquaragia was added drop

by drop. The mixture was allowed to react for 30 minutes. It was then heated gently for 1

minute. The reactants were allowed to react for 48 hrs, by shaking the test tube now and

then. A drop from this prepared solution was dropped on 10% potassium iodide paper and

the colour changes on the papers were observed in 3 phases.

1st phase - 0-5 min.

2nd Phase - 5 min-20 min

3rd Phase - 20 min-1 day.

This procedure was adopted for 1gm of SK, TK, SBJR, TBJR.

Analytical Study



Observation and Result:

1. Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali:

1st phase (0-5min):

Immediate drop was of brick red colour. It developed dull grey coloured spot at the

centre which was gradually turning to white colour. This centre spot was covered by brick red

coloured circle which was darker near the centre spot, lighter at the periphery. Further it was

encircled by dark brown periphery.

2nd phase (5-20min):

At the centre of the white spot very dull brown ring was developed. Intermediate

brick red colour faded and encircled by red ring. Outer brown periphery slightly faded.

3rd phase (20 min- 48 hours):

Centre white spot remained as it is. Red ring became very dark and prominent

forming the outer margin of the spot. Brown periphery completely disappeared leaving white

colour in its place.

2. Triguna baliyukta kajjali:

1st phase:

Immediate drop was of brick red colour, within no time brown circle started

appearing. Central spot was of brick red coloured. It was having white margin encircled by

brick red coloured intermediate circle. This brick red colour not reached upto periphery.

Outer brown circle was very prominent.

2nd phase:

No significant changes were observed during this phase. Colour spot was same as in

1st phase.

3rd phase:

There was complete disappearance of outer brown circle in place forming a white

circle.

And remaining colour spot appeared same as before.

Analytical Study



3. Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

1st phase:

Immediate drop was of brick red colour. Drop was slowly spreading; developed brick

red coloured centre spot having white coloured margin; surrounded by brick red coloured

intermediate circle. Dull brown peripheral circle was forming around the red ring.

2nd phase:

Central spot, intermediate brick red circle remained unchanged; peripheral red ring

was much prominent, while outer brown periphery was diminished.

3rd phase:

Central spot remained the same; intermediate brick red circle was bright near the

centre and dull at its periphery; encircled by prominent bright red ring. Outer brown circle

was completely disappeared.

4. Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

1st phase:

Immediate drop was of brick red coloured. Suddenly it developed central grey

coloured spot having white margin, encircled by thick brick red rays which were not

extended upto periphery and surrounded by dark brown peripheral circle.

2nd phase:

Central spot was replaced by white color; very dull brown coloured ring was seen in

the centre spot on keen observation. Intermediate brick red circle reached upto peripheral

brown circle.

3rd phase:

Central white spot and intermediate brick red circle remained same which was

encircled by bright red ring and outer brown periphery was completely disappeared leaving

white circle in its place.

Note-In all above tests brick red colour was identified as ‘Sianna’ colour by ‘what color’

mobile software. Brown colour was identified as ‘brown’ by ‘what color’ mobile software.

Analytical Study



9) PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS (By Laser Diffraction Method):

Material: Malvern Mastersizer instrument.

SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR each 1gm.

Method: Laser diffraction method

Sample passes through the laser beam as homogeneous stream of particles and it leads

to scattering of light over a wide range of angles. Based on this scattering pattern of sample,

particle size distributions were calculated comparing with appropriate optical model.

Result:

1. Samaguna baliyukta Kajjali:

10% of the sample was having Particle size less than 2.74 µm (micrometer).

50% of the sample was having Particle size <7.15 µm

90% of the sample was having Particle size < 16.41 µm

2. Triguna baliyukta kajjali:

10% of the sample was having Particle size < 3.89 µm (micrometer).



3. Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora:

10% of the sample was having Particle size < 0.22µm (micrometer).

50% of the sample was having Particle size <4.96µm


4. Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora:

10% of the sample was having Particle size <0.22 µm (micrometer).



Analytical Study



SAMAGUNA BALIYUKTA KAJJALI

Analytical Study



TRIGUNA BALIYUKTA KAJJALI

Analytical Study



SAMAGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA

Analytical Study



TRIGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA

Analytical Study



�

Analytical Study



Analytical Study



Analytical Study



Analytical Study



Analytical Study



Analytical Study



Analytical Study



Analytical Study



Analytical Study



SAMAGUNA BALIYUKTA KAJJALI

Analytical Study



TRIGUNA BALIYUKTA KAJJALI

Analytical Study



SAMAGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA

Analytical Study



TRIGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA

Results



RESULTS

A) COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY:

Table No 36: Showing Comparative pharmaceutical results of SK and TK

Table

No.37: Showing comparative observations during preparation of SK and TK

Observations

Time duration SK TK

Whole of Gandhaka changed to yellowish green After 10 min After 15 min

Disappearance of large mercury globule from the centre of the mortar

After 30 min After 25 min

Absence of mercury globules After 11/2 hrs After 1 Hour

Completely turned to black colour After 21/2hrs After 3 hours

Very fine powder After 45 hrs After 32 hours

Attained complete Rakhapurnatva After 55 hrs After 45 hours

Varitara and unama tests were positive After 70 hrs After 62 hours

Complete nischandratva After 130hrs After110hours

Contents SK TK

Weight of shuddha Parada 300 gms 150 gms

Weight of shuddha Gandhaka 300 gms 450 gms

Total hours of preparation 130hours 110hours

Weight of Kajjali 580 gms 555 gms

Loss of weight 20 gms 45 gms

Colour Dark black Dull black

Smell Altered sulfur smell Altered sulfur smell

Taste Tasteless Tasteless

Appearance Anjana sadrush Anjana sadrush

Form Fine powder Fine powder

Touch Soft Very soft

Quantity of vatankur swarasa 150ml 200ml

Results



Graph 3: showing comparative pharmaceutical results of SK and TK

Table No 38: Showing Comparative pharmaceutical results of SBJR and TBJR

Contents SBJR TBJRS

Weight of kajjali taken 150 gms 150gms

Product obtained 79 gms 37 gms

Residue at bottom 1 gms 1.5 gms

Loss of weight 70 gms 111.5 gms

Length of the conical block of Rasasindoora 7 cm 3 cms

Thickness of the Rasasindoora block 2.5 cms 2.5 cms

Total duration of preparation 15 hours 39 hours

Table No 39: Showing comparative observations during preparation of SBJR and TBJR

Observations SBJR TBJR

White fumes coming out of kupi

2440C ( After 2 hours) 1910C ( After 3 hours)

Appearance of yellow fumes

3280C ( After 3.30 hours) 2970C ( After 7.30 hours)

Complete melting of kajjali

5690C ( After 6.30 hours ) 4450C ( After 20.30 hours)

Insertion of hot shalaka 5810C ( After 7 hours)

Totally 12 times inserted

4690C ( After 23 hours)

Totally 20 times inserted.

300

150

300

450

580555

2045

130110

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Qty of Parada Qty of Gandhaka yield loss of wt total hrs of prpn

SK

TK

Results



Maximum height of the flame after insertion of hot

shalaka

One foot One foot

Duration of blue flame persisted at the mouth of

kupi

Three hours One and half hour.

Cessation of flame 5570C ( After 10 hours) 5000C ( After 26 hours)

Sooryodaya laxana 6080C ( After 11 hours) 5900C (After 28.30 hours)

Mukhamudrana 5600C ( After 12 hours) 6200C (After 33 hours)

Duration of teevragni after corking

Three hours Six hours

Graph 4: showing comparative pharmaceutical study of SBJR & TBJR

150150

15

39

79

37

1 1.5

70

111.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

kajjali takenin gms

timeduration in

hrs

yield in gms residue ingms

loss in gms

SBJR

TBJR

Results



B) COMPARATIVE ANALYTICAL STUDY:

1) Comparative Results Of Physical and Chemical Tests

Table No. 40: Showing comparative Results of physical and chemical tests

Contents SK TK SBJR TBJR

Physical Test :

Colour Black Black Reddish brown

Reddish brown

Odour Faint Faint Odourless Odourless

Touch Fine Fine Fine Fine

Taste Palatable Palatable Palatable Palatable

PH Value 6.65 7.74 6.20 7.85

Ash value 0.13% 0.12% 0.01% 0.15%

Acid insoluble ash 0.08% 0.08% nil 0.13%

Water soluble ash 0.01% 0.02% nil 0.05%

Loss on drying 0.59% 0.70% 0.05% 0.02%

Chemical test:

Free Mercury Traces Traces Nil Nil

Total Mercury 40.42% 30.56% 82.40% 84.82%

Mecurous mercury 14.17% 12.32% 14.36% 14.06%

Mercuric mercury 26.25% 18.24% 68.04% 70.76%

Free sulphur 22.34% 40.80% Traces Traces

Total sulphur 48.49% 66.89% 16.16% 14.43%

Sulphide sulphur 20.06% 18.91% 15.19% 13.51%

Sulphate sulphur 18.27% 15.55% 2.93% 2.76%

Based on above quantitative analysis further calculations were made using atomic

weight of mercury and sulfur to know the % of probable compounds present in the

samples.

Table No. 41. Showing percentage of probable mercurial compounds in SK, TK, SBJR

and TBJR.

Samples Mercuric sulphide (HgS) Mercurous sulphide (Hg2S) SK 45.72% 26.38%

TK 38.70% 24.28% SBJR 80.06% 15.70% TBJR 82.77% 15.26%

Results



2) COMPARATIVE XRD STUDY : Table No. 42: Showing comparative XRD results of SK & TK

Samaguna kajjali Triguna Kajjali

Angle 2 θ d space Intensity Angle 2 θ d space Intensity

22.939 3.877 29 22.967 3.872 82

26.249 3.395 100 26.273 3.392 100

- - - 26.6 3.351 44

30.4 2.94 23 30.4 2.94 22

43.606 2.076 25 43.647 2.074 31

51.7 1.768 26 51.66 1.769 25

Both the kajjalis are compared with XPDF: 73-1593

Metacinnabar (HgS), with Cubic crystal structure, having Face Centered Lattice

CUBIC CRYSTAL (Face centered lattice)

Table No. 43: Showing comparative XRD results of SBJR & TBJR

SBJR TBJR

Angle 2 θ d space Intensity Angle 2 θ d space Intensity

26.422 3.373 100 26.348 3.383 92

28.094 3.176 30 28.021 3.184 32

31.121 2.874 98 31.048 2.88 100

43.526 2.079 25 43.449 2.083 21

45.71 1.985 21 45.6 1.989 20

54.54 1.683 18 54.477 1.684 19

Both SBJR & TBJR are compared with XPDF: 06-0256

Metacinnabar (HgS), with Hexagonal crystal structure, having Primitive Lattice

Results



HEXAGONAL CRYSTAL (Primitive)

3) COMPARATIVE NAMBURI PHASED SPOT ANALYSIS:

Table No. 44: Showing comparative NPST STUDY

Phases SK TK SBJR TBJR 1st phase Dull grey

colored centre spot turned to

white.

saffron colored circle fills

intermediate space

completely,

encircled by dark brown periphery

Saffron colored central spot having white

margin;

Intermediate saffron color circle bright

near the centre dull at the periphery,

encircled by

brown periphery

Saffron colored central spot having white

margin;

Intermediate saffron color circle bright

near the centre dull at the periphery,

encircled by light brown periphery

Dull grey colored centre spot turned to

white.

Intermediate saffron color

circle is striated & bright near the centre dull at the periphery

encircled by dark brown periphery

2nd phase Dull brown circle seen in white centre

spot.

Same as 1st phase

Peripheral red

ring was

prominent.

Dull brown circle seen in white centre

spot.

3rd phase Central white spot

brown

periphery disappeared.

Central saffron circle

brown


Central saffron circle

brown


Central white spot

brown


4) COMPARATIVE PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS: Table No. 45: Showing comparative Particle size value of 50% of the sample.

SK TK SBJR TBJR <7.15 µm <9.38 µm <4.96 µm <5.34 µm

Photos



PHOTOS Fig. 1 Fig.2 Fig.3

Raw Gandhaka Shodhana of Gandhaka Koormaputa Fig.4 Fig.5 Fig.6

Shodhita Gandhaka Raw Hingula Hingula bhavana Fig.7 Fig.8 Fig.9

Extraction of Parada Shodhana of Parada Shodhita Parad With haridra

Photos



Fig.10 Fig.11 Fig.12

Kajjali at various stages


Vatankuras Vatankura Swarasa Vatankura Bhavana


Weighing of Kajjali Filling of Kupi Placing kupi in valuka yantra


Filling of valuka Completed valuka yantra Bhatti

Photos




Insertion of hot shalaka sulphur fumes Copper coin test

Fig 25 Fig.26 Fig.27

Sindoora test Suryodaya laxana corking of kupi


Corked Kupi Kupi after swangsheeta Kupi after scraping


Breaking of the bottle Collection at the neck of kupi Residue at the bottom

Photos



Fig.34 Fig. 35 Fig.36

Samaguna R S After powdering Triguna R S

NAMBURI PHASED SPOT TEST OF KAJJALI & RASA SINDOORA

1) SAMAGUNA KAJJALI Fig.37 Fig.38 Fig.39

First phase Second phase Third phase

2) TRIGUNA KAJJALI



Photos



3) SAMAGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA

Fig.43 Fig 44 Fig45


4) TRIGUNA BALIJEERNA RASASINDOORA

Fig.46 Fig 47 Fig.48


Photos



INSTRUMENTS

Fig 49 Fig 50

X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETER pH METER

Fig 51 Fig 52

TURBIDOMETER LASER DIFFRACTION

INSTRUMENT

Discussion



DISCUSSION “Research is to see what everybody else has seen and to think what nobody else has

thought”.

Discussion is the key area of any research work, as new ideas are generated here. In

this section Results of the study are discussed in the light of both classical and modern

concepts and reasoning is done in every step of the study.

It has been dealt under 3 headings:

• Review of literature

• Pharmaceutical study

• Analytical study

DISCUSSION ON REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Discussion on Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora.

Rasasindoora is a Sagandha, Sagni, Kantastha, Bahirdhooma Kupi Pakwa Rasayana.

In the classics we get more reference regarding Samaguna balijeerna Rasasindoora, where

parada and Gandhaka are added in equal quantity. It may be prepared either by adding only

Parada and Gandhaka or along with other substances like Navasadar, Sphatika. Even though

both parada and Gandhaka are in equal quantity, duration of preparation varies from text to

text depending upon method (Antardooma, Bahirdhooma) and other ingredients used.

Regarding Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora only five references are available. Among

them three are similar Antardhooma methods, but the same shloka is commented in varied

way by different commentators about the proportion of ingredients. Exact duration of paka is

not mentioned for preparation of Bahirdhoom method of TBJR, but referred to prepare until

the complete Gandhaka Jarana takes place. SBJR is widely practiced Kupipakwa Rasayana;

which has standardized, established pharmaceutical procedure and analytical results. Hence

TBJR was compared with SBJR.

Different types of bahirdhooma Rasasindoora preparations are mentioned only in

Rasatarangini with different proportions of Sulfur, starting with 1:1/2 upto 1:6 (Hg:S) and

there is no specific indication for each type of Rasasindoora. But specific indications are told

for Parada which is jarita by various proportion of Gandhaka.

But it is mentioned in the classics that ‘Samaguna balijeerna parada’ is having the

capacity to cure Samanya Vyadhis where as Triguna balijeerna parada is having the capacity

Discussion



to cure Napumsakatva or Shandatva. All the Rasa texts have considered shadguna balijeerna

parada as more potential and effective than ‘Samaguna’, ‘Dwiguna’ or Triguna….. Balijeerna

Parada’. We get this type of explanation in the context of Gandhaka Jarana but not in the

context of moorchana or Rasasindoora. Hence to know whether this holds good even for

Rasasindoora or not comparative analytical and clinical studies are essential.

The clinical study on Dwiguna balijeerna Rasasindoora, by Savita. K, 2004, et al186,

showed significant result in curing Kitibha Kusta. Apart from this, no clinical or

experimental studies are carried out based upon these specific indications of Gandhaka Jarana

for Triguna, Chaturguna, Panchaguna Rasasindoora.

Discussion on Pharmaceutical Study:

Discussion on Hingulotta parada:

• Hingulotta parada was taken for the study as it is considered to be devoid of sapta

kanchuka doshas and this parada is considered to be equal to Samaguna

Gandhakajeerna parada.

• Hingula was given bhavana with nimbu swarasa, which contains 5% of organic acid.

Citric acid disaggregates mineral grains and it can help in separating undesired

elements like Pb, Sn from mercury. Mechanical pressure applied by trituration and

acidic nature of nimbu swarasa disintegrates the mineral to finer state, thus facilitating

sublimation of more quantity of Parada.

• Paribhadra and Changeri patra swarasa bhavana is also mentioned apart from nimbu

swaras. As nimbu swarasa is easily available and acidic, it was taken for the present

study.

• Damaru Yantra was used for extraction of parada as it is easy to construct. Two equal

sized new pots were used. New pots facilitate escape of sulfur through its pores,

which makes condensation and collection of parada easier.

When heat is applied to cinnabar, the sulfur is oxidized and mercury is liberated.

Further action of fire volatilizes the mercury; mercury condenses at the upper cool part of the

pot.

Discussion



Isolation of Mercury occurs as:

HgS+ O2 → Hg +SO2

• By this sublimation procedure mercury will be free from physical impurities like

sand, mud and dissolved impurities like lead, tin and zinc.

• Totally 465 gms of Parada was extracted from 800 gms of Hingula by repeating the

Urdva patana procedure for four times. Thus we extracted mercury by taking 150gm

to 250gm of Hingula each time, by this more yield can be obtained. If large quantity

of Hingula is taken at a time then more unburnt Hingula remains at the bottom of the

pot.

• This Hingulakrusta Parada was subjected to samanya shodhana by triturating with

Haridra churna. Haridra contains alcoholic constituent tumerol (C5H12O6) and

hydrocarbon Zingiberene. These may serve the role of Kanji and Grahadhum during

trituration. These along with other constituents of Haridra may fulfill all the

requirements of Parada samanya shodhana, thus it helps in removing remaining

blemishes from Parada and makes it brighter than before.

• For 465 gm of Hingulakrusta Parada 30 gms of Haridra was added. 7gms loss was

observed. This loss might have occurred during the washing of Parada.

Discussion on Gandhaka Shodhana:

• Gandhaka Shodhana was carried out by koorma puta method using milk as shodhana

media. Other medias like bringaraja, nimbu, ardraka swarasa, palandu swarasa and

Karanja taila, are also mentioned. These can be used depending upon the disease

conditions. But Godugdha is said to be best media because its sheeta guna, Madhura

rasa, Sheeta veerya combat with the Ushna guna, Katu rasa, Ushna veerya of

Gandhaka, making it bio-compatible.

• In Koorma puta temperature reach upto 1600C, but the Gandhaka melts at 115.260C.

When Gandhaka melts it passes through the pores of cloth and falls in milk. In this

process rhombic form of sulfur might have converted to monoclinic sulfur, because

monoclinic sulfur is formed when rhombic sulfur solidifies at the melting point.

• In this procedure physical impurities like sand, mud are removed by filtration and

chemical impurities like Arsenic are removed by adsorbing over to colloidal fatty

globules of milk.

Discussion



• Sulfahydryl (SH) groups are present in lactoglobulin of milk. Release of sulfur from

these groups takes place when milk is heated. In koormaputa milk gets heat by upper

burning cow dung cakes and also by melted sulfur mixed with it. Thus released

organic sulfur from milk might have a role in detoxification of inorganic sulfur.

Discussion on preparation of Kajjali:

• SK was prepared in 130 hrs where as TK was prepared in 110 hrs. TK took less time

because of more quantity of sulfur, as sufficient number of sulfur atoms are available

for each of mercury atom to react with.

• There was more loss (45 gm) in TK compared to SK (20 gm), because volume of TK

was more compared to SK, even though weight of both the kajjali was same. Hence

more spillage occurred during trituration of TK.

• The color of SK was dark black while the color of TK was dull black. This indicates

more amount of sulfur was in free state in TK compared to SK and quantity of

mercury sulphide (β-HgS) was more in SK compared to TK.

Discussion on Vatankur Swarasa bhavana:

The purpose of bhavana to inorganic substances (like kajjali) using organic juices:

• More uniform mixture of the contents will be attained in wet trituration than in dry

trituration.

• For particle size reduction

• Make inorganic substances suitable for body by reducing the Gunas like Shuskata,

Rukshata and teekshnata.

• During kupi paka it has a definite role in proper sublimation of mercury. Carbon

along with sulfur is having the capacity to adsorb the mercury. Hence it prevents

escape of even minute quantities of mercury before complete Gandhaka jarana takes

place. Thus more yield can be obtained.

Vatankura swarasa bhavana is told for SK, where as specific bhavana is not

mentioned for TK. As we are doing comparative study, the same Vatankura swarasa bhavana

was given for TK also. Quantity of swarasa required for TK was more, this was because more

volume of the TK. After bhavana there was weight gain of 8 gm and 10 gm in SK and TK

respectively. This was because addition of solid contents of swarasa to kajjali.

Discussion



DISCUSSION ON KUPIPAKWA RASA NIRMANA:

Preparation of Kupi:

• Green coloured bottle was selected as it has reduced heat and ultraviolet radiation

transmittance which prevents inside material from untoward effects.

• Seven coating of mud smeared cloth was done as it prevents breakage of bottle. If

proper coating is done then product does not leak out even though bottle melts at high

temperature.

• Only ¼ th part of kupi is to be filled with kajjali as by large quantities there may be

overflow of boiling kajjali from the kupi.

Preparation of Valuka yantra:

• Two Abhraka Pathras of the size of 4-5 cm with thickness of 0.5cm were placed over

the central hole of Valuka Yantra which acts as heat resistant and helps steady rise of

temperature, over this sand was spread upto 2 finger thickness. Pyrometer was placed

in such a way that its tip should be at the level of bottom of the bottle. Remainig

portion of valuka yantra was filled with the sand.

• Maintaining continuous steady rise in temperature is bit difficult in classical bhatti,

where in woods are used as fuel. In such cases valuka plays important role in

maintaining steady rise of temperature around the kupi, so that kupi remains

unaffected by the fluctuation of temperature.

Theories behind kupi pakwa Rasayanas :

Trituration of elemental mercury and elemental sulfur forms black mercuric sulphide.

Where as reaction between mercury vapor (which is mono atomic in nature) and sulfur vapor

at higher temperature yields red mercuric sulphide

Viscosity of sulfur and even thermal expansion of mercury plays the key role in

preparation of kupi pakwa rasayanas. In kupi pakwa rasayanas mercury does not vaporize

even at temperatures more than its boiling point. This is due to high viscosity of the sulfur, as

highly viscous sulfur contains long entangled polymeric chains with more than 500,000-

800,000 sulfur atoms per chain.

Transition state theory or activated complex theory:

Discussion



Reactant molecules acquire extra energy to form activated complex upon collision.

This activated complex has high energy and hence extremely unstable and converted into

product.

Hg + S (kajjli) [Hg++….S--] HgS (Raasindoora)

reactants activated complex product

A chemical reaction takes place only when reacting molecules collide. Products are

formed only when the colliding molecules posses a definite amount of energy. In case of kupi

paka, steady rise in temperature results in increase of number of activated molecules which

have sufficient energy to form product. Thus at higher temperature reaction will be very fast.

Suppose Rasasindoora has to be prepared in lesser time, then mridu agni is maintained for

lesser time and madhyamagni , teevragni stages are attained at earlier.

Theory of lattice energy:

The theory of lattice energy is one novel scientific method of explanation.

Lattice energy: The amount of energy released when cations and anions are brought from

infinity to their respective lattice site in a crystal, and is expressed as “U”.

A+ B - (solid) +U A+(gaseous) + B- (gaseous)

In order to occupy minimum space the ions arrange themselves systematically in an

alternating cation and anion pattern. Lattice energy depends on electrostatic forces of

attraction, which arises due to the opposite charges on the ions. Mercury is electropositive

where as sulfur is electronegative. Hence both will react to form an ionic crystal. It is a

known fact that the stability of the compound is directly proportional to lattice energy. So it is

obvious fact that our kupipakwa rasayanas are very stable formulations.

Law of conservation of mass:

An element carries with its weight entirely unchanged through the most complicated

chemical transformation. This theory can also be applied in the preparation of Rasasindoora

as there will be no reduction in the weight of mercury.

Law of definite proportions:

Discussion



The proportion by weight of the constituents is always the same. It is evident by the

fact that, in the preparation of different type of Rasasindoora with varying proportion of

sulfur, the end product in all types will be having the same proportion of mercury and sulfur.

Mercuric sulfide (232.66) mercury (200.6) + sulfur (32.06)

The compound (HgS) formation takes place with the fixed ratio of 6:1 of mercury and

sulfur respectively. Stichiometrically HgS contains 86.68% of ‘Hg’ and 13.78% of ‘S’.

Discussion on comparative pharmaceutical study of SBJR & TBJR

Time duration mentioned for the preparation of SBJR is twelve hours, but exact

duration is not mentioned for TBJR but told to continue till complete Gandhaka jarana takes

place. It is also mentioned that 6 hrs, 12 hrs, 24 hrs are required for preparation of

Ardhaguna, Samaguna, Dwiguna balijeerna Rasasindoora respectively. On this background

we planned to prepare TBJR in 36 hrs. Even though it was a comparative study, these two

preparations were carried out for different time durations, so that impact of long period

temperature on end product can be ruled out.

Temperature pattern for SBJR:

Type of Agni Temperature range Duration

Mrudu Agni Room temp. – 250oC 2 hours

Madhyama Agni 250 – 450oC 4 hours

Tivra Agni 450 – 650oC 9 hours

Temperature pattern for TBJR:

Type of Agni Temperature range Duration

Mrudu Agni Room temp. – 250oC 6 hours

Madhyama Agni 250 – 450oC 17 hours

Tivra Agni 450 – 650oC 16 hours

Inference made during the process of SBJR & TBJR: • White fumes (2500C in SBJR &1900C in TBJR) were seen with sulfur smell which

indicated evaporation of SO2 which gets slowly increased, along with rise of temperature,

this temperature is more than the melting of sulfur (Melting point of sulfur is 1150C) but

at this stage kajjali was in the state of dry powder.

Discussion



• Dense yellow fumes (3280C& 2970C) were observed with the perception of irritant sulfur

smell, may be due to more quantity of sulfur coming in contact with the O2. at this stage

melting of kajjali can be easily appreciated.

• Choking of sulfur was seen when kajjali starts boiling (5810C & 4690C), at this stage

liquid sulfur converts to vapor state rapidly, increasing the pressure inside the kupi, hence

to prevent choking, sulfur was made to burn off by insertion of hot shalaka. By this sulfur

catches fire and starts burning by its own, thus forms burning blue flame at the mouth of

kupi.

• Bottom of the kupi appeared red ( 6080C & 5900C) may be due to the reflection of red hot

bottle as the product in the Kupi already glided towards the periphery leaving control

clearance. Sindoora test was positive indicating that the compound Rasa Sindoora was

formed in the Kupi. Copper coin test was positive suggesting escape of mercury vapors;

sign for immediate corking. Cold Shalaka was introduced; no flame or fumes were seen,

indicating the complete burning of extra sulfur and condensation of sublimated product.

In SBJR all the Laxanas like emission of fumes, melting of kajjali, sooryodaya laxana

appeared at higher temperatures compared to TBJR. This is because in TBJR heat was given

for longer period, there was enough time for reaction to occur even at lesser temperature.

Hot shalaka was inserted for more number of times in TBJR as compared to SBJR.

This is due to more quantity of sulfur in TK. Blue flame persisted at the mouth of kupi for

three hours in SBJR and one and half hours in TBJR. This is because in TBJR sulfur vapors

were allowed to escape out off kupi by steady rise of temperature for long periods. And much

of the sulfur was made to burn off by frequent insertion of hot shalaka.

By taking expert’s opinion, after corking teevragni was given only for three hours in

SBJR. In case of TBJR, after corking teevragni was maintained for complete six hours.

Because total duration of paka is not mentioned in classics. Hence planned to maintain

teevragni for six hours after corking.

Yield was 79 gms and 37 gms in the preparation of SBJR and TBJR respectively. This

is because mercury percentage was more in SK compared to TK. All extra sulfur burned off,

sulfur required for the formation compound remained.

Discussion



Residue was 1gm and 1.5 gm in SBJR and TBJR respectively. Increase in 0.5 gm of

residue in TBJR, might be due to quantity of bhavana dravya was more for TK compared to

SK and frequent hot shalaka insertion might have lead to addition of ashes adhered to it.

DISCUSSION ON ANALYTICAL STUDY:

Physical appearance of both the kajjali and both the Rasasindoora were same, as

ingredients and method of preparation were same.

Kajjali : The obtained Kajjalis were black fine powder and possessed Slakshnatva and

sukshmatva which indicates the fineness of Kajjali attained by doing pressurized, uniform

and continuous mardana. Rekhapurnatva denote the fineness in particle size i.e., size has been

reduce so as to enhance bio-availability. Nishchandratva denote the absence of free mercury

state in Kajjali

Rasa Sindoora: SBJR & TBJR were obtained as greyish red shiny conical blocks. The color

of finely powdered Sindoora was reddish brown. Nishchandratva indicate absence of mercury

in elemental form. Varitaratva confirmed the fineness of the product.

Physical Parameters :

Discussion on PH:

pH of SK and SBJR was 6.65 and 6.20 respectively, indicating mild acidic nature of

the sample.

pH of TK and TBJR was 7.74 and 7.85 respectively, indicating mild alkaline nature

of the sample.

According to pH- partition concept, weak acids are better absorbed from the stomach

and weak bases from the intestine. Hence Absorption of SBJR may be early compared to

TBJR.

Difference in the pH of SK and TK is might be due to more amount of free sulfur in

TK. Even though there was no much difference in the qualitative and quantitative estimation

of SBJR and TBJR, pH of both was varying; action of sulfur vapor and temperature for

longer period might have brought this difference.

Ash value:

Discussion



Ash value of SK and TK were 0.13% and 0.12% respectively. This much of ash might

be due to bhavana to kajjali with vatankur swarasa, other wise there is less chance for ash to

remain in the sample.

Ash value of SBJR and TBJR were 0.01% and 0.15% respectively. These are in

negligible quantities and within the permissible limits. Purity of SBJR is 99.99%. Ash value

of TBJR was slightly more compared to SBJR, this might be due to frequent insertion of hot

and cold shalaka, which might have added sand particles and ash adhered to it.

Acid insoluble ash:

Acid insoluble ash value of both SK and TK is 0.08%. Acid insoluble ash value of

SBJR is nil and acid insoluble ash of TBJR was 0.13%. There was proportionately decrease

in the acid insoluble ash values from ash values of both SBJR and TBJR samples. As these

products possess negligible amount of acid insoluble ash which signifies the genuinity of the

products. To know the drug availability this test is helpful.

Loss on drying at 1100C:

Loss on drying value of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR were 0.59%, 0.70%, 0.05% and

0.02% respectively. This test is to detect the moisture and volatile content in the sample. This

value was comparatively more in both the kajjali; might be due to Vatankura swarasa

bhavana and free sulfur; where as this value is very negligible in both the Rasasindoora

indicating stability and more shelf life of Rasasindoora. Among both the Rasasindoora it is

least in TBJR as it was prepared applying heat for 39 hours, making it more heat resistant.

Chemical tests:

Salts of mercury exist in two states of oxidation- as monovalent mercurous salt (i.e.

Hg+) or as divalent mercuric salts (i.e. Hg++). The mercuric salts are more stable and

important but the mercurous salts can easily be converted into mercuric form.

Sulphides can be divided into smaller structural groups. They have ionic bonding and

some have metallic bonding. Sulphates are tightly bound groups and are not capable of

sharing oxygens. These have covalent bond.

The probable mercurial compounds in the finished products are mercuric sulphate,

mercuric sulphide, mercurous sulphate and mercurous sulphide. These can be calculated on

the basis of standard molecular weight and atomic weight of the same compound and the

Discussion



values of quantitative analysis of samples. Sulphides of mercury are easily formed where as

sulphates of mercury are not so easily formed by procedures like mere trituration. Hence only

% of mercury sulphides was calculated.

Free mercury:

In SK and TK, free mercury was in trace levels, where as in SBJR and TBJR free

mercury was nil, which proves the nischandratva of kajjali and Rasasindoora and indicates

that all procedures were properly carried out.

Total mercury:

% of total mercury in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 40.42%, 30.56%, 82.40% and

84.82%. During the preparation of Rasasindoora extra sulfur will be burned off, hence Hg%

is more in both the Rasasindoora; more mercury concentration in Rasasindoora indicates that

corking was done at proper time. More quantity of sulfur in TK might have prevented

mercury evaporation, hence Hg% was more in TBJR compared to SBJR.

Mercurous mercury:

% of mercurous mercury in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 14.17%, 12.32%, 14.36%

and 14.06% respectively, which indicates complete mercury has not converted into mercuric

form. If % of mercurous mercury is more, then compound will be metastable.

Mercuric mercury:

% of mercuric mercury in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 26.25%, 18.24%, 68.04%

and 70.76% respectively, which indicates mercuric sulphide is more in Rasasindoora than

kajjali. Among both the Rasasindoora in TBJR % of Hg++ is more which signifies formation

of the stable product.

Free sulfur:

% of free sulfur in SK and TK was 22.34% and 40.80% respectively. As mercury

forms a stichiometric compound with the sulfur, it is obvious that free sulfur will be more in

TK.

Discussion



Free sulfur was in traces in SBJR and TBJR, which implies proper paka has lead to

proper compound formation and also indicates that corking was done after complete jarana of

Gandhaka.

Sulphide form of sulfur:

% of sulphide sulfur in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 20.06%, 18.91%, 15.19% and

13.51% respectively, which indicates most of the mercury is in sulphide form.

Sulphate form of sulfur:

% of sulphate sulfur in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 18.27%, 15.55%, 2.93% and

2.76% respectively. Lesser the % of sulphate, more will be the safety, stability and efficacy

of the drug. Hence internal administration of Rasasindoora is safer than kajjali.

Calculation based on these analytical results and atomic weight of mercury and sulfur

showed:

Percentage of mercurous sulphide:

% of Hg2S in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 26.38%, 24.28%, 15.70% and 15.26%.

Percentage of mercuric sulphide:

% of HgS in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 45.72%, 38.70%, 80.06% and 82.77%.

Though ingredients and method of preparation were same in SBJR and TBJR, % of HgS

varies; application of temperature and action of sulfur vapors for long duration might have

resulted in increase in % of mercuric sulphide in TBJR compared to SBJR, more the % of

HgS then more the stability of the compound.

DISCUSSION ON XRD ANALYSIS:

X-Ray powder diffraction Data file (XPDF) contains thousands of standard

compounds, but they lack in unique compounds like our Rasa aushadhis, which are mixture

of many metals, minerals and metalloids. Hence we can just compare our sample with

standard one, but precise identification cannot be made. Thus XRD will be fraught with some

limitations in exact identification of Rasa aushadhis.

Discussion



XRD of SK and TK:

• It was believed that Kajjali is amorphous but XRD shows it is crystalline having cubic

structure.

• Both the kajjalis were identified as Metacinnabarite with cubic crystal having face

centered lattice.

• Volume [CD] of metacinnabarite was 202.44.

• In standard metacinnabar graph, only ten peaks were identified, but in SK and TK

graph 29 and 33 peaks were identified respectively. These peaks might have appeared

due to free sulfur.

• Highest peak count in SK was 929 (RI-100), where as in TK it was 903 (RI-100),

which indicates more crystallinity in SK.

XRD of SBJR and TBJR:

• Both the Rasasindoora were identified as Cinnabar with Hexagonal crystal system

having primitive lattice.

• Volume [CD] of cinnabar was 141.55. Thus it can be inferred that there is reduction

in the cell volume from kajjali to Rasasindoora.

• Highest peak count in SBJR was 1441 (RI-100), where as it was 1400 (RI-100) in

TBJR, which indicates more crystallinity in SBJR.

• D space of SBJR and Std Cinnabar at 100 Relative Intensity were 3.373 and 3.359

respectively, where as D space of TBJR at RI-100 was 2.88. This indicates that SBJR

XRD graph was more matching with the Standard Cinnabar pattern than TBJR graph.

• Even though both SBJR and TBJR were identified as Cinnabar, there is difference in

D space and Intensity. Thus it can be inferred that there is definite difference in

crystallinity and cell volume of both SBJR and TBJR crystals.

• Std Cinnabar which was compared with our samples contains < 0.1% Al, Ca, Mg, Na;

< 0.01% Fe, Mn, Si and < 0.001% Ag, Cu, Pb. These trace elements might not be

present in our samples.

• Thus it can be considered that there was a difference in all the three i.e. Std Cinnabar,

SBJR and TBJR XRD pattern.

Discussion



DISCUSSION ON N.P.S.T:

Namburi phased spot test was carried out to find out chromatographic standards for

SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR. The present chromatogram obtained from spot test gives

comparative results.

A comparison was made between the spottings of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR.

impregnated with 10% potassium iodide paper.

Colour spots were developed due to reaction between our sample solution and KI paper.

3HgS + 2HNO3 + 6HCl 3HgCl2 + 4H2O + 2NO + 3S ppt

HgCl2 + 2KI HgI2 + 2KCl.

Red ppt

Hence in the colour spot, brick red color might have occurred due to HgI2.

N.P.S.T of SK and TK:

• In color spot of SK, brick red colored area was more in all the three phases compared

to spot of TK. This might be due to more % of mercury in SK, because when NPST

was conducted for plane sulfur, it didn’t yield brick red colour, instead formed brown

colored spot, where as brick red colored circle was present in the NPST of plane

mercury.

• In all the three phases, central spot was white in case of SK where as brick red in TK,

again this might be due to more % of Hg in SK.

N.P.S.T of SBJR and TBJR:

• Distinctive features among these two spots were central spot and periphery. In all the

three phases of SBJR, central spot was brick red colored; where as in TBJR it was

white colored with dull brown circle in between.

• In first two phases, periphery was light brown in SBJR, where as in TBJR it was dark

brown. These variations are might be due to more % of mercury in TBJR than in

SBJR.

A comparison was made with the chromatogram of Dwiguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

(DBJR) and Shadguna Balijeerna Rasasindoora.187. In case of DBJR white intermediate circle

inner to brown periphery was developed And it was more similar to the NPST of SBJR.

Discussion



Where as in case of Shadguna Bali Jaritha Rasa Sindoora a brown coloured spot turned

grayish immediately with encircling chocolate brown periphery, emerging brown rays.

Gradually the central gray spot completely faded to white area with a thin brown circle in

between. And it was more similar to the NPST of TBJR.

Chromatograms of all the Rasasindoora were differing with each other. It indicates

that difference is there in their chemical configuration, which cannot be detected even by

modern analytical techniques.

For exact interpretation of these color spots, much experience and in-depth knowledge

of chromatographic techniques is needed.

DISCUSSION ON PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS:

All our Rasa aushadhis can be covered under Micromeritics, the science of small

particles.

Knowledge of particle size is needed for assessment of drug absorption and

bioavailability. In the present study particle size analysis was carried out with Laser

diffraction instrument, which gives information about volume under %, at different particle

size.

• In SK, 50% of the sample was having Particle size less than 7.15 µm; in TK less than

9.38 µm.

• In SBJR, 50% of the sample was having particle size less than 4.96 µm; in TBJR less

than 5.34 µm.

• Particles smaller than 0.5µm are likely to be absorbed through passive diffusion in

intestine.

• In both the samples of Kajjali (SK and TK), particles measuring < 0.5 µm were

absent.

• In SBJR, 28.59% of particles were smaller than 0.5 µm; in TBJR, 27.80% of particles

were smaller 0.5 µm, indicating considerable reduction in the particle size during the

kupi paka.

• In SK and TK particle size distribution begins approximately from 1.0 µm. i.e. all the

particles measures more than 1.0 µm.

• 30.88% of SBJR sample and 29.89% of TBJR sample were having particle size less

than 1 µm.

Discussion



• In TBJR, though the duration of paka was three times more than that of SBJR, there is

no reduction in the particle size. Which implies application of temperature for more

period, has no effect on particle size.

• As particle size of SK is lesser than TK; this might have lead to proportionate

reduction in the particle size of SBJR and TBJR; hence particle size of SBJR may be

lesser than the TBJR.

• As the particle size of TBJR is more compared to SBJR, this may contribute to slow,

uniform absorption and prolonged action of the drug, which may be desired in some

clinical conditions.

TBJR was alkaline in nature, having more % of mercuric sulphide and bigger particle

size than SBJR. These attributes may help in releasing the active substances at a controlled

rate, such that the amount available in the body to treat the condition is maintained at

relatively constant level over an extended period of time.

Conclusion



CONCLUSION

♦ Rasasindoora is a Sagandha, Sagni and Bahirdhooma Kupi pakwa Rasayana.

♦ SBJR was prepared with equal quantities of Parada and Gandhaka by kupi paka

method in 15 hours.

♦ TBJR was prepared using one part of Parada and three parts of Gandhaka by kupi

paka method in 39 hours.

♦ Out of 150 gm of each, SK and TK, 79 gm of SBJR and 37 gm of TBJR were

obtained.

♦ Preparation of SBJR was easier and yield was also more compared to TBJR

♦ Ash values in SBJR and TBJR were 0.01% and 0.15% respectively.

♦ Free mercury was nil in both SBJR and TBJR, where as it was in traces in both the

kajjalis.

♦ Free sulfur was in traces in both SBJR and TBJR.

♦ Total mercury % was more in SK (40.42%) than TK (30.56%).

♦ Total mercury % was more in TBJR (84.82%) than SBJR (82.40%). And mercuric

mercury % was also more in TBJR than SBJR.

♦ Total sulfur % is less in TBJR (14.43%) than SBJR (16.16%).

♦ By XRD method, both the Kajjalis were identified as Metacinnabar, having cubic

crystal structure with face centered lattice.

♦ By XRD analysis, both SBJR and TBJR were identified as Cinnabar having

Hexagonal crystal structure with primitive lattice.

♦ N.P.S.T of both SBJR and TBJR showed differences in their chromatogram.

♦ Particle size analysis reveals that, 50% of SBJR sample was having particle size <

4.96 µm; 50% of TBJR sample was having particle size < 5.34 µm.

Summary



SUMMARY

The present study entitled with “A Comparative Pharmaceutico- analytical study

of Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora” can be summarised briefly under

following headings.

1. Literary Study.

2. Pharmaceutical Study.

3. Analytical Study.

4. Results

5. Discussion and Conclusion

1. LITERARY STUDY:

It comprises the current updated literature regarding Rasasindoora, Hingula, Parada,

Gandhaka, Dugdha and Haridra; concepts of pharmaceutical procedures like Shodhana,

Bhavana, Murchana, Jarana and detail description of Kupipakwa Rasayana; yantras used for

present study and analytical procedures.

2. PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY:

The raw drugs Hingula and gandhaka were collected from the Amrit Kesari depot,

Bangalore, identified for Grahya Lakshnas. Then all the pharmaceutical procedures were

conducted at Post Graduate Department of Rasashastra, Taranath Govt. Medical College,

Bellary.

Shodhana of Gandhaka was carried out with koormaputa method, Parada was

extracted from Hingula by urdhwapatana procedure in damaru yantra. Parada samanya

shodhana was done by triturating it with Haridra choorna.

Samaguna baliyukta kajjali was prepared by triturating equal parts of Parada and

Gandhaka for 130 hours and then Vatankura swarasa bhavana was given. Triguna baliyukta

kajjali was prepared by triturating one part of Parada and three part of Gandhaka for 110

hours and then Vatankura swarasa bhavana was given

SBJR was prepared by kupi paka method in 15 hours, using Samaguna baliyukta

kajjali. TBJR was prepared by kupi paka method in 39 hours, using Triguna baliyukta kajjali

Summary



3. ANALYTICAL STUDY:

Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of all the four samples viz SK, TK, SBJR and

TBJR was carried out in PG Dept of Rasashastra TGAMC Bellary, Ganesh Consultancy and

analytical services, Mysore. X-ray diffraction study and particle size analysis were carried out

at IISc Bangalore.

4. RESULTS:

Pharmaceutical results:

9.3% of loss was observed during Gandhaka shodhana, 3.33% and 7.5% of loss was

observed in the preparation of SK and TK respectively. 58% of Parada was extracted from

Hingula. In the samanya shodhana of Parada 1.5% of loss was observed. There was 52.67%

of yield in the preparation of SBJR where as 24.67% of yield was obtained in the preparation

of TBJR.

Analytical study results:

� Total mercury in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 40.42%, 30.56%, 82.40% and 84.82%

respectively.

� Free mercury was in traces in both SK and TK, where as it was nil in SBJR and

TBJR.

� Total sulfur in SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR was 48.49%, 66.89%, 16.16% and 14.43%

respectively.

� Free sulfur in SK and TK was 22.34%, 40.80% respectively. And in case of SBJR and

TBJR it was in traces.

XRD patterns of SK and TK were compared with the XPDF No- 73-1593; compound

identified as Metacinnabar (HgS), with Cubic crystal structure, having Face Centered Lattice.

XRD pattern of SBJR and TBJR were compared with the XPDF No-06-0256;

compound identified as Cinnabar (HgS), with Hexagonal crystal structure, having primitive

Lattice.

In SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR, 50% of the sample was having particle size, <7.15 µm,

<9.38 µm, < 4.96 µm and <5.34 µm respectively.

Summary



N.P.S.T. was carried out to compare the chromatogram of SK, TK, SBJR and TBJR.

It was found difference in their chromatogram which cannot be analyzed by modern

analytical techniques.

4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

From the pharmaceutical point of view, there was much difference between

Samaguna and Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora. Difference was there in the ratio of

ingredients, total duration of heat and quantity of yield. In case of SBJR, duration of paka

was less but the yield was more. In case of TBJR duration of heat was more but yield was

less. From analytical point of view, slight variations were observed in quantitative analysis,

XRD analysis and particle size analysis of both SBJR and TBJR

Limitations Of The Study



LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

♦ It was a time bound research work.

♦ Instrumental and investigatory facilities were minimum.

♦ Specific instrumentation and technological accreditation was taken form outside

laboratories.

♦ There was lack of advanced and sophisticated instruments for pharmaceutical study.

Though bound with these limitations scholar has made her honest effort for bringing

out this scientific study successful. But for the lacunae and errors may be excused by the

learned adjudicators.

Scope For Further Study



SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY

• Comparative Toxicological, Experimental and Clinical studies can be tried for SBJR

& TBJR.

• Experimental and Clinical study of TBJR on shukravaha srotogata vikara w.s.t

Impotency can be carried out.

• Comparative Pharmaceutico–Analytical study of Triguna balijeerna Rasasindoora

prepared by Antardooma and bahirdooma method.

• Experimental study on bioaccumulation of different types of Rasasindoora can be

carried out using Thermolysis Coupled with Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.

• Further study can be conducted to know the systemic action of different types of

Rasasindoora at cellular level.

• Further chemical analysis can be studied by using advanced instrumental techniques

like EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyser), NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance),

NAA (Neutron Activation Anaalysis).

• To get more accurate temperature reading, temperature inside the kupi can be

recorded with optical pyrometer during the process.

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98. Dr.A.C.Deb, Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 4th edition, Calcutta, New Central Book

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101. Agnivesh, Charaka Samhita, edited by Pt Rajeswara Sastri & Y Upadhyaya, 2nd edition,

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102. http://books.google.co.in

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105. J.L.N Shastry, Dravyaguna Vignana, Vol-I, Choukhambha Publications, Varanasi, ed 1st, 2006, 320pp.


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108. Ibid, Verse 21 -23, 28pp.


Delhi, Motilala Banarasidas publication, 1979, 8th Taranga, Verse 18-20, 178pp.


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112. Ibid, Chapter 5, Verse 34 – 35, 81pp.




113. Ibid, Chapter 5, Verse 27 – 30, 79 - 80pp.

114. Ibid, Chapter 5, Verse 31, 80pp.

115. Ibid, Chapter 5, Verse 36 - 37, 81pp.

116. Ibid, Chapter 5, Verse 32 - 33, 80-81pp.

117. Acharya Sri Madhava, Ayurveda Prakasha, edited by Gulraj Sharma Mishra, 2nd edition,

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118. Sri Vagbhatacharya, Rasa Ratna Samuchchya, edited by Indradev Tripathi, 3rd edition,

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119. Sir. Monier Moneir-williams, Sanskrit English dictionary, 1st edition, Varanasi, Indica

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120. Ibid, 616pp.

121. Sharangdhara Samhita, Edited by Dayashankara Pandeya, 6th edition, Varanasi,

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122. Sri Sadananda Sharma, Rasa Tarangini, edited by Kashinatha Shastri, New Delhi, Motilala

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123. Acharya Sri Madhava, Ayurveda Prakasha, Edited by Gulraj Sharma Mishra, 2nd edition,


124. Sri Sadananda Sharma, Rasa Tarangini, Edited by Kashinath Shastri, 11th edition, New

Delhi, Motilala Banarasidas publication, 1979, 6th Chapter, Verse 1.

125. Acharya Dundukanatha, Rasendra Chintamani, translated by Siddinandan Mishra, 1st Edn,

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126. Vaidya Vasudeva Mulashankara Dvivedi, Parada Vijnaneeyam, 3rd edition, Datia, Sri

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127. Acharya Sri Madhava, Ayurveda Prakasha, Edited by Gulraj Sharma Mishra, 2nd edition,


128. Sri Gopala Krishna, Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Rasa Vidyodini Hindi commentary by Indra

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edition, Varanasi, Chaukamba Orientalia, 2000, 2nd Chapter, Verse 7-8, 12pp.


Delhi, Motilala Banarasidas publication, 1979, 6th Chapter, Verse 2, 4. 103,104pp.




131. Acharya Anantha Deva Suri, Rasa Chintamani edited by Siddhinandan Mishra Ist Edn,

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132. Sri Siddinandana Mishra, Ayurvedeeya Rasashastra, 11th edition, Varanasi, Chaukamba

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133. Acharya Somadeva, Rasendra Choodamani, Translated by Siddinandan Mishra, 1st edition,

Delhi, Chaukamba Orientalia, 1984, 4th Chapter, Verse 102.


Delhi, Motilala Banarasidas publication, 1979, 5th Chapter, Verse 100. 96pp.

135. Govinda Bhagavtpada, Rasa Hridaya Tantram, Mugdavabodhini Sanskrit commentary of

Chaturbhuja Mishra edited by Acharya Doulatram Rasa Shastri 2nd edition, Varanasi,

Choukamba Publishers, 2001, 6th chapter, Verse1-7 102-103pp.

136. Acharya Yashodara, Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara, with Siddiprada Hindi commentary by

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Orientalia, 2001, 148 - 149pp.

138. Acharya Bindu, Rasa Paddati, Siddhiprada commentary by Dr. Siddhinandana Mishra,

Varanasi, Choukamba Orientalia, Ist edition, 1987, 34 – 35pp.

139. Acharya Anantha Deva Suri, Rasa Chintamani edited by Siddhinandan Mishra Ist edition,

Varanasi, Chokamba Orientalia 1990, 5th Chapter, Verse 70 - 73.

140. Sri Vagbhatacharya, Rasa Ratna Samuchchya, edited by Indradev Tripathi, 3rd edition,

Varanasi, Caukamba Sanskrit bhavan, 2006, 8th Chapter,Verse 5, 88pp.

141. Gujaraj Ayurveda University, Souvenir and Abstract, 2004, 40pp.

142. Sri Sadananda Sharma, Rasa Tarangini, edited by Kashinatha Shastri, New Delhi, Motilala

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143. Ibid, 6th Taranga, Version 107, 124 - 125pp.

144. Ibid, 2nd Taranga, Version 28, 16pp.

145. Vd. Yadav Trikamji, Rasamritam, edited by Damodar Joshi, Varanasi, 2nd edition

Choukhamba Sanskrit Bhavan, , 2003, Chapter I, Verse 18, 14pp.



147. Sir. Monier Moneir-Williams, Sanskrit English dictionary, 1st edition, Varanasi, Indica

books, 1996.755pp.




148. Sri Sadananda Sharma, Rasa Tarangini, Kashinath Shastry, 11th edition, New Delhi, Motilal

Banarasidas publication, 1979 ,2nd chapter, 49 verse, 21pp

149. Shri Govin Dasa, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, edited by Shri Brahmashankar Mishra, Vidyotini

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150. Sadananda Sharma, Rasa Tarangini, Kashinath Shastry 11th edition, New Delhi, Motilal

Banarasidas publication, 2000, 2nd chapter, verse 50, 21pp.

151. Ibid, 2nd chapter, verse 51, 21pp.

152. Sri Siddinandan Mishra, Ayurvedeeya Rasashastra, 11th edition, Varanasi, Chaukamba

Orientalia, 2001, 173-174pp.

153. Chandra Bhushana Jha, Ayurvedeeya Rasa Shastra, 2nd edition, Varanasi, Chaukamba

Surabharati Prakashan, 2000. 173pp.

154. Sri Harisharnanda Sharma, Kupipakwa Rasa Nirmana Vijnana, Ist edition, Amritsar,

Ayurveda Vijnana Grautha Karyalaya, 1941, 63, 115pp.

155. Vaidya Vasudeva Mulashankara Dvivedi, Parada Vijnaneeyam, 2nd edition, Datia, Sri

Sharma Ayurveda Mandira, 1997, 244 -245pp

156. Sri Sadananda Sharma, Rasa Tarangini, Kashinath Shastry, 11th edition, New Delhi, Motilal

Banarasidas publication, 1979 ,4th chapter, 53pp.

157. Sri Siddinandana Mishra, Ayurvedeeya Rasashastra, 11th edition ,Varanasi, Chaukamba

Orientalia,2001, 176pp.

158. Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, Rasamritam, Translated by Sri Damodhar Joshi, 1st edition,

Varanasi, Chaukamba Samskrit Prakashan, 1998, 20-21 pp.

159. Acharya Sri Madhava, Ayurveda Prakasha, Edited by Guljar Sharma Mishra, 2nd Edn,

Varanasi, Chaukamba Brihat Academy, 1999, 1st Chapter, 399-400pp.

160. Vaidya Vasudeva Mulashankara Dvivedi, Parada Vijnaneeyam, Edi 3rd, Datia, Sri Sharma

Ayurveda Mandira, 1997, 245pp

161. Ibid. 246 pp.


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163. Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Rasamrutham, 1st edition Varanasi, Chaukhambha

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164. Acharya Sri Madhava, Ayurveda Prakasha edited by Gulraj Sharma mishra, varanasi,

Chaukhambha Brihat Academy, 1962, 2nd chapter, 19th version 260 pp.




165. Acharya Sharangadhara, Sharangadhara Samhita Madhyama Khanda edited by Dr.

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166. Sri Harisharnanda Sharma, Kupipakwa Rasa Nirmana Vijnana, 1st edition, Amritsar,

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173. Chatwal- Anand, Instrumental methods of chemical analysis, 13th edition, Delhi, Himalaya

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174. S.B. Gokhale, Dr. C.K. Kokkate, A.P Purohit, A text book of Pharmacognosy, 14h edn,

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175. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, part-1, vol-4, 1st edition, New Delhi, Govt of India,

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176. S.B. Gokhale, Dr. C.K. Kokkate, A.P Purohit, A text book of Pharmacognosy, 14h edition,

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177. Dr. A.V. Kasture, Pharmaceutical Analysis Vol–1, 6th edition, Nirali Prakashan, 2002, 23-

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178. Vogel, Text book of quantitative chemical analysis, 6th edition, Delhi, Pearson Education

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179. H.Willard, L Merritt, F Settle, Instrumental methods of analysis, 1st edition, New Delhi, CBS

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180. Chatwal- Anand, Instrumental methods of chemical analysis, 13th edition, Delhi, Himalaya

Publishing house, 1997, 15th Chapter, 381-390pp.




181. B.K. Sharma, Instrumental methods of chemical analysis, edited by Manjula Sharma, 21st

edition, Meerut, Goel Publishing house, 2002, 8th Chapter, 252/356pp.

182. Dr. Namburi Hanumanth Rao, Manual of Namburi phased Spot test, May 1997. 34pp.

183. www.Chemie.DE, www.malvern.com

184. Sri Gopala Krishna, Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Satyarthaprakashika Hindi Commentary by

Vaidya Satyartha Prakash, 1st edition, Varanasi, Krishnadasa Academy, 1994, 1st Chapter,

Verse 47,48, 50pp.

185. Sri Sadananda Sharma, Rasa Tarangini, edited by Kashinatha Shastri, 11th Edition New


186. Dr. Savita.K, Preparation and analytical study of dviguna bali jarita rasa sindura and its

therapeutic efficacy in kitibha kushta (Psoriasis), (unpublished doctoral dissertation),

RGUHS Bangalore. 2004, 141 pp.

187. Ibid. 136pp.

Rasasindhura rs-bel

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