Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 17 Êîíòàêò: Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð Á. Îäõóó Á. Ìóíõçàÿà Ìîíãîëüñêîå îðíèòî- ëîãè÷åñêîå îáùåñòâî Ìîíãîëèÿ Óëààíáààòàð 210646À à/ÿ 537 òåë.: 976 11 323 970 976 99 180 148 ôàêñ: 976 11 320 159 [email protected][email protected]http://num.edu.mn/ ornithology Ä. Ñóìúÿà Ìîíãîëüñêèé Íàöèî- íàëüíûé Óíèâåðñèòåò Ìîíãîëèÿ Óëààíáààòàð 210646À à/ÿ 537 òåë.: 976 11 323 970 [email protected]Ââåäåíèå  Ìîíãîëèè îáèòàåò àçèàòñêèé áàëîáàí Falco cherrug milvipes Jerdon, 1871. Îí øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â ñòåïíîé, ëåñî- ñòåïíîé, ïóñòûííî-ñòåïíîé çîíàõ è ìàëî- ÷èñëåí â ïóñòûíè (Shagdarsuren 1983). Ïèòàåòñÿ áàëîáàí øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í- íûìè â ìåñòàõ åãî îáèòàíèÿ, àêòèâíûìè, â òîì ÷èñëå è â çèìíèé ïåðèîä, è ëåãêî äîáûâàåìûìè âèäàìè æèâîòíûõ, òàêèìè êàê ïîë¸âêà Áðàíäòà (Lasiopodomys brandtii), ìîíãîëüñêàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà (Meriones unguiculatus), ðîãàòûé (Eremophila alpes- tris) è ìîíãîëüñêèé æàâîðîíêè (Melanoco- rypha mongolica) (Shagdarsuren, 1983, Bold, Boldbaatar, 2001, Gombobaatar et al., 1999a,b, 2000, 2001a,b, 2002, 2006). Ê äâóì ãîäàì áàëîáàí äîñòèãàåò ïîëîâîé çðåëîñ- òè. Ãíåçäèòñÿ íà åñòåñòâåííûõ èëè èñêóññò- âåííûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ â ãí¸çäàõ âîðîíà (Corvus corax), ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius), áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysa- etos) è ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) (Ellis et al., 1995, 1997, Potapov et al., 2000, 2002, Gombobaatar, 2006). Îòêëàäûâàåò äî 6 ÿèö è âûðàùèâàåò ïðèìåðíî ñòîëüêî æå ïòåíöîâ. Îáû÷íî ñàìêà çàáîòèòñÿ î ïòåí- öàõ, à ñàìåö äîáûâàåò äëÿ íèõ ïèùó (Potapov et al., 2002b, Gombobaatar, 2006). Çèìóåò â Êèòàå è Âíóòðåííåé Ìîíãîëèè.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò òîëùèíû ñíåæíîãî ïîêðî- âà è íàëè÷èÿ êîðìîâîé áàçû íåêîòîðûå âçðîñëûå áàëîáàíû çèìóþò â ïðåäåëàõ Ìîíãîëèè, ñîâåðøàÿ íåáîëüøèå êî÷¸âêè (Potapov, 2003, Gombobaatar, 2006). Introduction Subspecies Falco cherrug milvipes Jerdon, 1871 of Saker falcon widely distributes in steppe, forest steppe, desert steppe and occurs rarely in Gobi desert in the Mongo- lia. Saker preys Brandt’s Vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii), Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones un- guiculatus), Horned Lark (Eremophila alpes- tris), Mongolian Lark (Melanocorypha mon- golica) which are abundant species in number, occur all year around in Mongolia (Shagdarsuren, 1983, Bold, Boldbaatar, 2001, Shagdarsuren et al., 2001, Gombobaatar et al., 1999a,b, 2000, 2001a,b, 2002, 2006). This species of falcon prefer to nest in old and newly built nests by Raven (Corvus corax), Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius), Steppe (Aquila nipalensis) and Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) located on natural and artificial substrates (Ellis et al.1995, 1997, Potapov et al., 2000, 2002, Gombobaatar, 2006). Clutch size is max. 6, average in 3.7±1.02 (1 – 6, n=330). Female broods and males spend much time in hunting during breeding sea- son (Potapov et al., 2002b, Gombobaatar, 2006). Sakers of Mongolia winter in China and Inner Mongolia and also in the country depending on snow coverage and food sup- ply. All fledglings are migratory and seasonal movement is recorded for few adult individu- als (Potapov, 2003, Gombobaatar, 2006). Sci- entific collaboration is urgent in order to con- serve and sustainable use of the species in regional and International levels (Fox, 2001, 2002, Gombobaatar, 2006). BreedingBiologyoftheSakerFalconinMongolia БИОЛОГИЯРАЗМНОЖЕНИЯСОКОЛАБАЛОБАНАBМОНГОЛИИ GombobaatarS.(MongolianOrnithologicalSociety) SumiyaD.(NationalUniversityofMongolia) PotapovE.(NaturalResearch,UK) MunkhzayaB.,OdkhuuB.(MongolianOrnithologicalSociety) ГомбобаатарС.(Монольсоеорнитолоичесоеобщество) СмъяаД.(Монольсийнациональныйниверситет) ПотаповЕ.(Исследованиеприроды,Велиобритания) МнхзаяаБ.,ОдхБ.(Монольсоеорнитолоичесоеобщество) Raptors Research ИЗУЧЕНИЕПЕРНАТЫХХИЩНИКОВ
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 Ìîíãîëèè îáèòàåò àçèàòñêèé áàëîáàíFalco cherrug milvipes Jerdon, 1871. Îíøèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â ñòåïíîé, ëåñî-ñòåïíîé, ïóñòûííî-ñòåïíîé çîíàõ è ìàëî-÷èñëåí â ïóñòûíè (Shagdarsuren 1983).Ïèòàåòñÿ áàëîáàí øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í-íûìè â ìåñòàõ åãî îáèòàíèÿ, àêòèâíûìè,â òîì ÷èñëå è â çèìíèé ïåðèîä, è ëåãêîäîáûâàåìûìè âèäàìè æèâîòíûõ, òàêèìèêàê ïîë¸âêà Áðàíäòà (Lasiopodomysbrandtii), ìîíãîëüñêàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà (Merionesunguiculatus), ðîãàòûé (Eremophila alpes-tris) è ìîíãîëüñêèé æàâîðîíêè (Melanoco-rypha mongolica) (Shagdarsuren, 1983,Bold, Boldbaatar, 2001, Gombobaatar et al.,1999a,b, 2000, 2001a,b, 2002, 2006). Ê äâóìãîäàì áàëîáàí äîñòèãàåò ïîëîâîé çðåëîñ-òè. Ãíåçäèòñÿ íà åñòåñòâåííûõ èëè èñêóññò-âåííûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ â ãí¸çäàõ âîðîíà(Corvus corax), ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà(Buteo hemilasius), áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysa-etos) è ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis)(Ellis et al., 1995, 1997, Potapov et al., 2000,2002, Gombobaatar, 2006). Îòêëàäûâàåò äî6 ÿèö è âûðàùèâàåò ïðèìåðíî ñòîëüêî æåïòåíöîâ. Îáû÷íî ñàìêà çàáîòèòñÿ î ïòåí-öàõ, à ñàìåö äîáûâàåò äëÿ íèõ ïèùó(Potapov et al., 2002b, Gombobaatar, 2006).Çèìóåò â Êèòàå è Âíóòðåííåé Ìîíãîëèè. Âçàâèñèìîñòè îò òîëùèíû ñíåæíîãî ïîêðî-âà è íàëè÷èÿ êîðìîâîé áàçû íåêîòîðûåâçðîñëûå áàëîáàíû çèìóþò â ïðåäåëàõÌîíãîëèè, ñîâåðøàÿ íåáîëüøèå êî÷¸âêè(Potapov, 2003, Gombobaatar, 2006).
Introduction
Subspecies Falco cherrug milvipes Jerdon,1871 of Saker falcon widely distributes insteppe, forest steppe, desert steppe andoccurs rarely in Gobi desert in the Mongo-lia. Saker preys Brandt’s Vole (Lasiopodomysbrandtii), Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones un-guiculatus), Horned Lark (Eremophila alpes-tris), Mongolian Lark (Melanocorypha mon-golica) which are abundant species innumber, occur all year around in Mongolia(Shagdarsuren, 1983, Bold, Boldbaatar, 2001,Shagdarsuren et al., 2001, Gombobaatar etal., 1999a,b, 2000, 2001a,b, 2002, 2006). Thisspecies of falcon prefer to nest in old and newlybuilt nests by Raven (Corvus corax), UplandBuzzard (Buteo hemilasius), Steppe (Aquilanipalensis) and Golden Eagles (Aquilachrysaetos) located on natural and artificialsubstrates (Ellis et al.1995, 1997, Potapov etal., 2000, 2002, Gombobaatar, 2006). Clutchsize is max. 6, average in 3.7±1.02 (1 – 6,n=330). Female broods and males spendmuch time in hunting during breeding sea-son (Potapov et al., 2002b, Gombobaatar,2006). Sakers of Mongolia winter in Chinaand Inner Mongolia and also in the countrydepending on snow coverage and food sup-ply. All fledglings are migratory and seasonalmovement is recorded for few adult individu-als (Potapov, 2003, Gombobaatar, 2006). Sci-entific collaboration is urgent in order to con-serve and sustainable use of the species inregional and International levels (Fox, 2001,2002, Gombobaatar, 2006).
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Location of Study Areas
We marked all study areas by letters in or-der to understand easy and simply (fig. 1).Sakers are rarely registered in taiga, highmountains, elevated in 3000–4000 m abovesea level, and desert. But there is no recordof breeding in these areas. Suitable breed-ing territories of the species are steppe, for-est steppe, desert steppe, mountain steppeand mountains elevated less than 3000–4000 m above sea level. Size of suitablebreeding and distribution territories for Sak-ers in Mongolia is 1085400 sq. km. The sizeof our study areas represents 1.1% of wholeMongolian territory and 1.4% of suitablebreeding territories of Sakers.
Ìaterials and Methods
We analyzed all data in the Zoology De-partment of the National University of Mon-golia, Institute of Zoology, Halle-WittenbergUniversity, Germany in 2000–2002, Nau-mann Museum in Kothen, Germany in2000–2001, and Yamashina Institute for Or-nithology, Japan in 2000 and 2001). In theresult of field works, we recorded and re-checked in total of 498 breeding pairs inorder to study the taxonomy, nest site se-lection, age group of nestlings, estimatenumber and density, clutch and brood sizeof breeding pairs, and calculate the breed-ing success of Sakers depending on foodsupply. Long term monitoring studies ofbreeding Sakers in study areas were con-ducted by following the International stand-ard methods of Fox et al. (1997). Anova-Single factor, Anova-two tail, Kruskal-WallisTest Statistic, correlation and discritive ana-lyzes of the Ms. Excel, Systat 10.0 software’swere used for statistic analyze. We usedArcView 3.2, OZI-Explorer 4.0. software formapping and estimation of breeding pairs.
Results and Discussions
Role of female and male to select nestsites and nesting period
Most successful breeding pairs of Sakers,Ravens, and Upland Buzzards prefer to neston cliffs, rocks, trees and artificial substrateswhere are located in outside of blocks ofhigh cliffs and rocks middle of flat steppe inour study areas. The reason for selection ofnest site for those breeding pairs was to saveenergy during hunting (close by food re-sources) and to reduce of predator threats(Eagle Owl Bubo bubo). Nest site selection
D. SumiyaNational University ofMongoliaP.O. Box 537, 210646AUlaanbaatarMongoliatel.: 976 11 323 [email protected]
Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 19
was directly and highly depended on seriesfactors such as number and density of Ea-gle Owl, food supply, location of nest sub-strates, and human disturbance. Accordingto data of 1998–2005, nest selection ofbreeding pairs started from second half ofthe March (n=13) and was very intensive ina first week of the April. Breeding pairs ac-tively defended nest sites (n=21) and cop-ulated (n=3) at this time. Rising of air tem-perature and thinning of snow coveragewere the main factors to early nesting andcopulating in 1998–2005. 66.7% of ob-served old or newly built nests (n=21) wereselected by males.
Types of nest substrates
All nest substrates of successful breedingpairs were categorized as natural (cliff, rockcolumn, ground, tree, sandy precipice) andartificial (rest of substrates). A total of 21types of natural and artificial nest substrateswere selected by 303 breeding pairs of Sak-ers in 1998–2005. High percentages of nestsite selected by Sakers were clif fs 78(25.7%), rock columns 48 (15.8%) from nat-ural and pylons 56 (18.5%), wooden poles36 (11.9%) of high power electric line fromartificial substrates (table 1). 43.2% (n=131)
 ðåçóëüòàòå ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ ìàðøðóòîâó÷òåíî 498 ïàð áàëîáàíîâ è ïðîâåäåíûèññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ñèñòåìàòèêå, îêðàñêå,÷èñëåííîñòè è ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð,
A pair of the Saker Falcon(Falco cherrug) in the nestin Central Mongolia.March 2004. Photo by S.Gombobaatar
Ïàðà áàëîáàíîâ â ãíåçäå íà äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ(ââåðõó) è ñàìêà â ãíåçäå íà çåìëå (âíèçó). 2004 ã.Ôîòî Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð
A pair of the Saker Falcon in the nest on the woodenelectric pole (upper) and female in the nest on theground (bottom). 2004. Photos by S. Gombobaatar
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of 303 breeding pairs successfully nestedon natural substrates and 56.8% on artificialsubstrates (fig. 2).
Nest site selection of Saker was heavilydepended on number of suitable nest sub-strates and nests of other raptors. Averageheight of nest substrates was 15.8±0.7 m(min. 0, max. 120, n=303) and height of nestlocation – 10.2±0.4 m (min. 0, max. 60,n=303). “0” means ground nesting sakers.
Nest and nest site selection
Sometimes female lays eggs into shallowscrapes of the sandy and gravel ground, anddusty remains of pellets in concrete banksof abandoned well without nest materials.There was significant difference betweennests of raptor species selected by Sakers(ANOVA
0.05:F10,55
=2.0; p=0.0001). UplandBuzzard, a dominant species in numbers, wasa pioneering nest builder for Saker. Size, nestmaterials, and location of the Buzzard nestsare suitable for laying eggs, brooding andfeeding chicks, and easily occupying for Sak-ers in the steppe zone. Northern Raven was asecond important nest provider species. Adultfalcons attack to host of the nest, kill themand occupy freshly built theirs nests. Sakersare always keeping a distance from powerfulraptors comparing own body size such asBlack Vulture, Steppe and Golden Eagles.
ëåå ðàííèå ñðîêè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è ñïàðè-âàíèÿ íåêîòîðûõ ïàð ñâÿçàíû ñ óâåëè÷å-íèåì òåìïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà è óìåíüøå-íèåì ñíåæíîãî ïîêðîâà â ÿíâàðå-ìàðòå.
Table 1. Number ofbreeding pairs and nestsubstrates occupied bySakers (Falco cherrug)
Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 21
Repeating and shifting of nest sites
Sakers are a very conservative for nesting.Few breeding pairs nested from 2 to 7 timesat the same nests. Sakers prefer to nestmostly in Upland Buzzard nets. There wassignificant difference between nests of rap-tors selected by Sakers (ANOVA
0.05: F
4,50=2.5,
p=0.00001). The reason for this was causedby size, location, and nest materials of theBuzzard nests were more suitable for Sakersand also prey species of Sakers and UplandBuzzards were almost same in Mongolia.Eggs of Sakers nested on nests of Black Vul-ture, Black Stork (Ciconia nigra), Steppe andGolden Eagles easily overcooled because ofsize of these nests was big, nest materialswere unsuitable for egg laying. After 2–3 timesrepeat nesting, most nests were unsuitablefor laying eggs and brooding chicks in thesenests. 42 (52.5%) of repeated nesting pairswas on natural and 38 (47.5%) on artificial sub-strates. 52 (10.4%) breeding pairs from a to-tal of 498, was shifted to neighboring nestsdue to destroyed nests caused by wind, fail-ure of first attempt of nesting, disturbance ofEagle Owls and possibly ectoparasites in thenests. Distance between shifted nests was1.02±0.3 km in average, the furthest was 5km and the nearest was 10 sm.
Copulation
Each breeding pair has individual breed-ing behavior. While female was eating foodpassed by male, theirs copulation startedon the nest, poles, cliffs and ground. Dura-tion of copulation was 4.1±0.9 såc. (min. 1,max. 12, n=11). Pose of female in eatingfood was similar to pre-copulation pose offemale for males. Therefore, it might be oneof the simulative factors to males for suc-cessful copulating.
Number and Density of breeding pairs
According to our studies of 1998–2005,there was no significant decline of numbersof breeding pairs in Central Mongolian studyareas. Positive and medium correlation wasoccurred between number of breeding pairsand density of Brandt’s Vole, average airtemperature. Our data show that influencefrom wind speed and snow depth to numberof breeding pairs was not significant.Number of breeding pairs changed and fluc-tuated across years due to complex variousfactors including number of Brandt’s Vole,snow depth, air temperature in February-March, and human activities and distur-bance. High density of breeding pairs inaverage was recorded in BGC and EK study
Ðèñ. 2. ×èñëî è ïðîöåí-òíîå ñîîòíîøåíèå ïàð,ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà åñòå-ñòâåííûõ è èñêóññòâåí-íûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ íà êîíò-ðîëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ
Fig. 2. Number and per-centage of breeding pairsnested on natural and ar-tificial or man made sub-strates in control territo-ries of study
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areas (fig. 1), which consisted of only natu-ral substrates. No sharp difference of densi-ty of breeding pairs per 100 km2 across yearsand study areas was occurred.
We estimated density of breeding pairsin average using observed breeding pairs,non-breeding birds and successful fledgedchicks in study areas per 100 km2 each year(table 2).
Egg laying and incubation
Period of egg laying of Sakers in the coun-try varied across years depending on aver-age air temperature, food supply and snowcoverage. Interval of egg laying was 1–2days. In 2000, egg laying started early dueto thin snow cover and rising of air temper-ature. In 1998–2005, intensive mass egglaying was observed at the end of the March.Full or 4–5 clutches were recorded at theend of the April.
Color, size and influencing factorsto number of egg
Color. Eggshell is from red brown to yel-lowish brown with informal dark brown andpinkish brown spots and dots with 0.05–10mm diameter. Under the influence of sun-rays and wind, spots and dots of eggs be-coming dull (depigmentation) and color ofeggs changed from red brown to yellowishbrown and complete white.
Size. Egg length was 56.5±2.0 (M±SD)mm (min 50.86, max 66.2, n=220), width46.69±1.6 mm (min 32.5, max 47.24,n=90), and weight 50.64±5.9 gr. (min 36,max 65, n=90) in average. Egg size was big-ger than other subspecies of Sakers in Eu-ropean countries and similar to Chinesepopulation.
Number. Average clutch size was3.7±1.02 (min 1, max 6, N=330). Clutch sizesignificantly varied with years and controlterritories (ANOVA
0.05: F
7,322=2.03,
p=0.0001). Old breeding pairs naturally layeggs less than 2–5 years (Ilichiev et al.1982). For Mongolian Sakers, clutch size was4 (3–5) shows that age of breeding popula-tion of Mongolia is consisted of compara-tively younger females. G.P. Dementiev(1951), D.W. Snow et al. (1989) mentionedabout 6 eggs for Saker, but there was notany proffer documentation before our sur-veys (Potapov et al. 2002a). Laying of sixeggs depends on individual behavioral he-reditary of breeding female, air temperature,snow coverage, and sufficient of food sup-ply. No negative affects of height of nestsubstrates and height of nest location onsubstrates, type of nest substrates, nest di-
Ïîâòîðíîå ãíåçäîâàíèåè ñìåíà ãí¸çä
Áàëîáàíû ãíåçäÿòñÿ â îäíîì ãíåçäå â òå-÷åíèå 2–7 ëåò. Îíè ïðåäïî÷èòàþò ïîâòîð-íî ãíåçäèòüñÿ â ïîñòðîéêàõ êóðãàííèêà(ANOVA
Sakers copulating. CentralMongolia. March 2004.Photo by S. Gombobaatar
Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 23
ameter, depth, wind speed, snow coverage,and air temperature to clutch size was re-corded in study areas. High and positivecorrelation was appeared between clutchsize and density of Brandt’s Vole.
Incubation and hatching
Females and males do not incubate firstand second eggs but shelter eggs from coldwind. Intensive incubation started from thirdeggs in the nest. According to our observa-tion of incubation of females and males,73.9% (51) out of 69 occasions was femaleand 26.1% male. After 26.5 – 33.5 days (28days in average) of first incubation, chicks pipinside of eggshell. This result was confirmedby L. Brown, D. Amadon (1968). Late hatch-ing of eggs was caused by nest location closeby busy car route, disturbance of lifestock,dropping of air temperature, lack of nestmaterials for stick nests on artificial sub-strates, and less sheltered nests from windand rain. After 31.5 – 38.5 days of first incu-bation or after 2 – 3 days of first piping, eggshatch asynchrony. Therefore, age differenceof chicks was 1 – 4 days for the same nest.
Number of chicks and influencingfactors to them
Eggs 3.79 and 3.31 (min 1, max 6, n=401)hatchlings, and 2.8±0,7 (min 1, max 6,n=401) fledglings in average from 401breeding records were for successful breed-ing pairs. There was no difference betweennumber of chicks across years and studyareas. 3.34 chicks hatched from 3.79 eggs,so hatching success was 88.1% in average.Breeding success was 73.8% based on cal-culation of 2.8 hatchlings from 3.79 eggs.Number of successful fledged chicks de-pends on nest selection of raptors (North-
Table 2. Average density of the Saker Falcon in study areas by 100 km2
* ðàññ÷èòàíî ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè îäèíî÷íûõ âçðîñëûõ îñîáåé ñ ïëîùàäîê* number calculated on adult birds from study areas
Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 924
ern Raven, Upland Buzzard, Black Vulture,Black Kite, Steppe and Golden Eagles). Mostchicks of Sakers in control territories suc-cessfully fledged in nests of Upland Buz-zards. Negative and positive, low correla-tion was appeared between number offledglings and height of nest substrates(r=–0.01), nest diameter (r=0.1), nest depth(r=0.08), height of nest location on sub-strates (r=–0.1), and number of perches sur-rounded nest sites. The main limiting fac-tors to number of fledgling were density ofBrandt’s Vole and weather conditions (airtemperature, wind speed, snow coverage)(correlation between number of fledglingsand the factors: r=0.5 – 0.7).
Age group of chicks and colorvariation
Due to limited data of chicks, we couldnot describe all features and plumageswhich identify age and sex of chicks. Butwe have written group of ages in generalas follows:
Nestlings with first down (15 –17 daysold).
Nestlings with first vascular of primaries(wing length 187 mm for male, 204.5 ììfor females, ~17 – 30 days old).
Nestlings with second vasculars of prima-ries (wing length more than 187 mm formale, more than 204.5 mm for females,more than 30 days old).
Fledglings (Dispersed but depends onparent birds).
Young birds (left breeding sites and inde-pendent from parents, more than 75 days).
Upper part of fledglings is a dark or choc-olate brown with yellowish brown or buff-ish edges. There are distinct 3 color morphs(brown (normal), dark brown, reddishbrown) and also transit colors in plumage.
Portion 1% from recorded 498 breedingpairs was symmetrically developed the nar-row and whitish gray stripe of feathers alongthird and fourth toes. This might be appear-ance of atavism. According to biogeneticprinciples, this is facts of that ancestor ofSakers was feathered tarsus and lived in coldhabitats and zones. 0.6% (3 nearly fledgedchicks) from total recorded pairs was asym-metrically grown 13 tail feathers.
Literature
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ãîäíûõ óñëîâèé, ìîãóò áûòü ñäâèíóòû ê ïåð-âîé íåäåëå àïðåëÿ.
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Gombobaatar S., Sumya D., Shagdarsuren O.,Uuganbayar Ch., Erdembileg D., Potapov E., Fox N.On diet studies of Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) inMongolia. Scientific Journal of the National Uni-versity of Mongolia. 1999a. 9 (146). P. 156–173.(In Mongolian).
Gombobaatar S., Sumiya S., Shagdarsuren O.,Potapov E.R., Fox N.C. On Saker Falcon diet stud-ies in Mongolia. – Proceedings of 3rd Interna-tional Conference of Raptor research Foundation.Milkulov, Czech Republic 21–26 September1999. Buteo 1999. 1999b. 51.
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Ñëó÷àéíûå ïðèçíàêè. Ó 1% ñàìîê(n=498) íà 3, 4 ïàëüöàõ è âíóòðåííåé ñòî-ðîíå 1 ïàëüöà, îáðàçóÿ óçêèå ïîëîñû, âû-ðîñëè ñèììåòðè÷íî ðàñïîëîæåííûå ïó÷-êè áëåäíî-ñåðûõ ïåðüåâ. Òàêîå îïåðåíèåïàëüöåâ è öåâêè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîÿâëåíèåì "àòà-âèçìà". Ïî áèîãåíåòè÷åñêîìó çàêîíó ýòîñëóæèò äîêàçàòåëüñòâîì òîìó, ÷òî ïðåäêà-ìè áàëîáàíîâ áûëè ïòèöû õîëîäíûõ ïîÿñîâñ îïåðåííîé öåâêîé.  íîðìå ó áàëîáàíà12 ñèììåòðè÷íî ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ðóëåâûõïåðüåâ. Ó 0,6% ïòèö íàáëþäàåòñÿ óâåëè-÷åíèå ÷èñëà ðóëåâûõ ïåðüåâ, â ÷àñòíîñòè,ó 3-õ ñàìîê îòìå÷åíî 13 ðóëåâûõ ïåðüåâ.
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Shagdarsuren O., Sumiya D., Gombobaatar S.,Potapov E., Fox N. The Saker in Mongolia: num-bers and distribution. – Proceedings of the II in-ternational Con. on the Saker Falcon and Hou-bara bustard, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 2001. P.25–33.
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Ðàçëè÷íûå àòàâèçìû ó áàëîáàíîâ: 13 ðóëåâûõ (ââåð-õó) è ÷àñòè÷íîå îïåðåíèå ïàëüöåâ (âíèçó). Âîñòî÷íàÿÌîíãîëèÿ. 2004 ã. Ôîòî Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð
Different atavisms beside from Saker Falcon: 13 tailfeathers (upper) and feathered fingers (bottom). East-ern Mongolia. 2004. Photos by S. Gombobaatar