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-What were the frequency, intensity, and duration of grazing?
-Was this a wet or dry year?
-What was the impact of wildlife?
How might this year’s events affect our progress toward our objectives?
How might the system respond to these events?
Examples:
-Annual Use Levels
-Pasture rotations
-Weather
-Landscape appearance
-Stubble height
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Where To MonitorWhere To MonitorWhere To MonitorWhere To MonitorWhere To MonitorWhere To MonitorWhere To MonitorWhere To Monitor
• Key Areas that represent
larger management areas.
• Special Areas (critical areas)
• Key Areas that represent
larger management areas.
• Special Areas (critical areas)
“Key areas are sampling units that characterize general range conditions over large areas
such as pastures or grazing allotments.” (Schalau 2001)
“Critical Areas are those containing special or unique values such as endangered species,
riparian habitats and fragile watersheds.”
(Schalau 2001)
Key areas are chosen based on how well they represent the larger area/pasture/allotment.
Key areas need to be consistent in vegetation type, slope, soils or ecological site description
area, etc.
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Where To MonitorWhere To MonitorWhere To MonitorWhere To MonitorWhere To MonitorWhere To MonitorWhere To MonitorWhere To Monitor
•Not practical to monitor every acre
•It is essential to select monitoring sites
that represent larger management areas.
•One or more key areas should be
established in each pasture or unit.
• Avoid areas such as fences, salt locations,
stock trails, ridges, or unused areas.
•Not practical to monitor every acre
•It is essential to select monitoring sites
that represent larger management areas.
•One or more key areas should be
established in each pasture or unit.
• Avoid areas such as fences, salt locations,
stock trails, ridges, or unused areas.
If each unit or pasture is predominately one veg type then one site will work. If the unit is a
mix of upland and riparian then one in each will work. Or the site may be made up of two
different upland types so one in each may be warrented.
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When To MonitorWhen To MonitorWhen To MonitorWhen To MonitorWhen To MonitorWhen To MonitorWhen To MonitorWhen To Monitor
• Before or pre-season use
• During the use period
• After or post-season use
• Consider time of grazing and browsing impacts to schedule monitoring activities
• The different types of info/data will need to be collected at different times throughout the season, this is not implying that everything needs done three times each season.
• Before or pre-season use
• During the use period
• After or post-season use
• Consider time of grazing and browsing impacts to schedule monitoring activities
• The different types of info/data will need to be collected at different times throughout the season, this is not implying that everything needs done three times each season.
take pictures during same stage of plant growth each year,
include skyline,
carefully relocate photo points each time
Should try to maintain consistency in camera type and documentation
Landscape photos should be taken from same designated point at approximately the same time of year
Photos that include a distinctive landmark in the background or on the horizon are easier to relocate
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Example of full set of 5 photos. Form is completed using electronic version.
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Special Area Photo PointsSpecial Area Photo PointsSpecial Area Photo PointsSpecial Area Photo PointsSpecial Area Photo PointsSpecial Area Photo PointsSpecial Area Photo PointsSpecial Area Photo Points
WhatWhatWhatWhat::::
�Photos taken at an impacted
site or other special area.WhyWhyWhyWhy::::
�Demonstrate resource recovery
or need to modify current
management.
WhatWhatWhatWhat::::
�Photos taken at an impacted
site or other special area.WhyWhyWhyWhy::::
�Demonstrate resource recovery
or need to modify current
management.
A single photo from a permanently marked site of a impacted area can be very
effective in demonstrating resource recovery or the need to modify current
management.
Finding the location of an old photograph and retaking it can provide good
information on past use and trend of the site.
The next slide shows the recovery of a headcut or dugout area. In both sets of
photos note the increase/fill-in of vegetation depicting recovery occurring at each
site.
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‘99‘99
’06’06
‘99‘99
‘06‘06
SPECIAL AREA PHOTOSSPECIAL AREA PHOTOS
Bear Creek Allotment, Wind River Ranger District, Shoshone National Forest
Allotment changed permittees. Some mistakes that were made, like salting in this riparian
meadow, are now being tracked to see how the new management is effecting the recovery
of the salting area or this head cut area. The pictures tell the story.
This allotment uses a deferred rotation system and has active monitoring program.
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Things to Remember with Photo PointsThings to Remember with Photo Points
• Permanent Mark on the Ground.
• 1/3 photo sky,with a recognizable landmark in background.
• Repeat photos at same time of year.
• Pre-grazing and post-grazing.
• General view and close-up.
• Digital/35mm/Kodachrome/Kodacolor
• Permanent Mark on the Ground.
• 1/3 photo sky,with a recognizable landmark in background.
• Repeat photos at same time of year.
• Pre-grazing and post-grazing.
• General view and close-up.
• Digital/35mm/Kodachrome/Kodacolor
Repeated photographs taken at permanent locations are an effective and efficient method for monitoring
can provide basic documentation of range trend
Important to be: consistent, ID date and location, take pictures during same stage of plant growth each year, include skyline, and carefully relocate photo points each time
Should try to maintain consistency in camera type and documentation
Landscape photos should be taken from same designated point at approximately the same time of year
Photos that include a distinctive landmark in the background or on the horizon are easier to relocate
It is especially helpful when grazing or browsing use must be estimated for large areas.
For this method, an ocular estimate of forage utilization is based on the general appearance of the rangeland.
Utilization levels are determined by comparing observations with the written utilization class descriptions.
Utilization estimates are evaluated against the standards, goals, or objectives for the area.
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GRAZING USE MAPSGRAZING USE MAPSGRAZING USE MAPSGRAZING USE MAPSGRAZING USE MAPSGRAZING USE MAPSGRAZING USE MAPSGRAZING USE MAPSGRAZING USE MAPSGRAZING USE MAPSGRAZING USE MAPSGRAZING USE MAPS
WhatWhatWhatWhat::::
�A map of livestock utilization often
developed from landscape
appearance or stubble height
observations.
WhyWhyWhyWhy::::
� Identify key areas, distribution
problems, or management
opportunities.
WhatWhatWhatWhat::::
�A map of livestock utilization often
developed from landscape
appearance or stubble height
observations.
WhyWhyWhyWhy::::
� Identify key areas, distribution
problems, or management
opportunities.
Very useful management tools.
Help to identify key areas, distribution problems, or management opportunities.
May also be used to modify the grazing management plan.
To map utilization, examine the grazing unit and sketch utilization patterns on the map.
Landscape appearance observations are often used to develop grazing use maps, Stubble Height can also be used.
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COVER BY LIFE FORMCOVER BY LIFE FORMCOVER BY LIFE FORMCOVER BY LIFE FORMCOVER BY LIFE FORMCOVER BY LIFE FORMCOVER BY LIFE FORMCOVER BY LIFE FORMCOVER BY LIFE FORMCOVER BY LIFE FORMCOVER BY LIFE FORMCOVER BY LIFE FORM
� A method of rating the expected future response to grazing as positive, neutral, or negative based on the frequency and intensity of grazing and the opportunity for regrowth in the current grazing season.
WhyWhyWhyWhy::::
� Describe annual grazing use, interpret annual grazing effects, and plan the grazing pattern for the following year.
WhatWhatWhatWhat::::
� A method of rating the expected future response to grazing as positive, neutral, or negative based on the frequency and intensity of grazing and the opportunity for regrowth in the current grazing season.
WhyWhyWhyWhy::::
� Describe annual grazing use, interpret annual grazing effects, and plan the grazing pattern for the following year.
Developed to describe annual grazing use, interpret annual grazing
effects, and to aid in planning the grazing pattern for the following year.
Understanding plant physiology and plant response to grazing is essential in the
development of unit management plans; with this there is a need for a monitoring tool that
adequately estimates rangeland use due to grazing
Must not only access how much of the plant was grazed but also when the plant was
grazed and how many times it was defoliated during the growing season
GRI is an effective tool to access grazing systems or complications associated with
situations such as early season big game use followed by livestock use
Consequently, GRI is based on general determinations of annual grazing use, and is not
intended to be the only method for resolving major conflicts.
GRI considers three key concepts related to plant health: frequency,
intensity, and opportunity
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GRAZING RESPONSE INDEX
GRAZING RESPONSE INDEX
• Frequency - the number of times plants are defoliated during grazing period
• Intensity – of defoliation is the amount of leaf material removed during grazing period (Utilization)
• Opportunity – is the amount of time plants have to grow prior to grazing or regrow after grazing.
• Frequency - the number of times plants are defoliated during grazing period
• Intensity – of defoliation is the amount of leaf material removed during grazing period (Utilization)
• Opportunity – is the amount of time plants have to grow prior to grazing or regrow after grazing.
Dependent on the length of time plants are exposed to grazing animals;Approx. 7-10 days required for a plant to re-grow enough to be grazed again during late spring or early summer when plants experiencing rapid growth
Utilization; the primary concern is the amount of photosynthetically active leaf material remaining for the plant to recover from grazing
Opportunity is the one factor most highly related to long term health and vigor of the vegetation
Vegetation provides streambank protection, traps sediments, contributes to rebuilding degraded stream channels, and ensures residual forage and habitat.
Retaining an adequate amount of standing herbaceous vegetation (stubble) along the streambanks and within the primary floodplain slows overland water flow velocity from winter and spring runoff, traps and retains sediments necessary to build and maintain streambanks.
Occurs on predetermined key species in key areas.
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STUBBLE HEIGHTSTUBBLE HEIGHTTrigger Monitoring
• An action is triggered when stubble height reaches a predetermined point
• 1 or more key species in key area
• Livestock are moved when reaches allowable stubble height
Trigger Monitoring
• An action is triggered when stubble height reaches a predetermined point
• 1 or more key species in key area
• Livestock are moved when reaches allowable stubble height
Residual Monitoring
• Conducted on sedge-rush communities along the greenlinefollowing grazing or growing season
• Actual remaining residual stubble height is compared to a defined allowable standard
Residual Monitoring
• Conducted on sedge-rush communities along the greenlinefollowing grazing or growing season
• Actual remaining residual stubble height is compared to a defined allowable standard