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Delft

HYDR ULIR MSonsumers guide de ong

centre r international cooperationand appropriate technologyelft University o Technology

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consutners guide

HYDR ULIR S

p dejongdelft university of technologycentre for intern tion l cooper tion nd ppropri te technology

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page Introduction 22 Appropriate water supply 23 Hydraulic rams 34 Description of hydraulic rams 35 Basic Requirements 46 Site selection 57 Installation and maintenance 78 Prices and costs 8Appendices:a Operat ion of hydraulic rams and characteristics 9b Results of the comparative laboratory and field tests c Calculation example 6d Bibliography 7e Adresses of hydraulic ram manufacturers 9

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1. nirodu tlonThis report is the result of a project , called comparative tests oncommercial and newly designed waterrams , carried out by the DelftUniversity of Technology and the Foundation of Dutch Volunteers inRwanda.The aim of this project was twofold:- to test new, and cheap (i.e. locally constructable and maintainable)types of hydraulic rams,- to compa re several commercial types, in order to make aconsumersguide for developing countries.At the Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics of the Delft University ofTechnology the most essential aspects of the behaviour ofcommercially available rams were compared. Vaive behaviour, deliveryhead, delivered quantity and efficiency were accentuated.Samples of the rams, tested in the laboratory were checked in Rwandaon reliability, durability and possibilities for locai maintenance.

2. Appropriais aisr supplyA rel iable water supply is one of the basic needs of people. is arather disappointing experience to find a dried-up well after severalmiles of walking, or to get just a few drips of brown water out of anexpensive pump. Many people are dealing with this sort of problems,especially in the arid areas of the Third World.A lot of pumping systems were developed to fulilil this need: hand-driven pumps, using human energy to get water out of theearth or river into a bucket or to lift water to a certain level (into astorage tank) from which it can be distributed. an improvement is found in using animai traction instead of humanenergy. Transmission is necessary, but outputs are five to ten timesgreater than that of man. the next step is to use fossil fuels or renewable energy for pumping.Animals can be used for other activities, inlea of pumping formany hours , the pump can be used 24 hours per day and delivery'oflarger quantities of water are possible.The pump itself, of course, has to be appropriated to its use and to itsenergy system. A donkey will pull harder than a man, the beats of adiesel pump will effect the pump in a totally diffe rent way than theconstant rounds of the cattle. The hand pump is a simple design,means less maintenance and is easy to repair. Diesel and electricpumps are more sophisticated, but they require technical know-howand installation, maintenance and repair facilities.Another disadvantage of diesel and electric pumps, is the dependenceon fuel. Disruptions in the fuel supply will stop the pump and the totalwater instailation.For this reason 'appropriate technologists' have been looking forrenewable energy sources: solar, wind and biomass energy andhydropower. Depending on the env ironmental and economicalsituation and, again, the available facilities, a choice can be made: solar energy (photovoltaic cells, control device and a electric pump)requires a high level of technical skills and investment. The systems

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ca n only be imported from industrialized countries. wind energy (rotor, power transmission mechanism and a pump ora wind-driven electro-generator and an electric pump requires alsoan Investment hIgher than for dIesel pumps, but has lower runnIngcosts and It can have a longer service life. A suItable wind regIme isnecessary; the average wind speed has to be hIgher than 3.5 m/so bIomass can be processed to combustible gasses or llquids, whichcan be used as fuel for small engines to drive w at er p um ps . Specialenergy crop production will be necessary most of the time; a trainedoperator is essential. Du e to t he m in im um size of a biomass plant,such systems will not b e a de qu ate under quantities of 150 m 3 ofdellvered water daily. hydro-powered pumping sy stem s, which could be devided intothree main types:- t ur bi ne p um ps , a w ater turbine with a centrifugal pump (flow ofriver, stream or channel 15 m/s, drive head of at least 0. 5 m),- rIver current pumps, a vert ical shaft rotor with transmlssion to asmall centrifugal pump on a floating pontoon (e.g. flow of river 1.0 1.5 m/s, dellvered quantity 100 - 300 l/mln to a delivery head of 5mhydraulic rams, a good solution i f th e conditions are favourable.

A more complete overview of the possibilities is given in RenewableEnergy Sources for Rural Water Supply utt 9).

3.Hydraulic ramsThe decision to choose rams could be made after surveying thesituation, measuring th e available source supply, th e obtainable supplyhead and th e required delivery head as well as some addItional data.If the basic requirements could be fulfilled and th e possible site meetsits criteria 5 and 6), ram s c an be considered.A final aspect of such a decision Is the price of th e system 8).In appendix A the o perati on o f the ram Is described Including somespecIfications of the normally used characterIstics. Furthermore, acomparison of rams In the laboratory and In tlle field, as well as acalculation example and adresses of manufacturers a re gIven In tl eappendIces.

o4 Description of hydraUlic ramsThe varIous components from whIch a typIcal hydraullc ramInstallation Is constructed are supply reservoIr, drIve pipe, hydraulicram, delivery pipe and a storage tank.The hydraulic ram Itself is structurally sImple, consisting of a pumpchamber fitted wIth only two movIng parts: an impulse valve throughwhIch the driving water is wasted (waste valve) and a delivery valve(check valve) through which the pumped w ater is delivered.

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Fig Nomenclature o a hydrau lic ramIn empty conditlon the waste valve normally falls open by gravity.Some designs of hydraul ic ram use spring activated waste valves. Thedelivery valve usually Is a simple rubber disc covering a ring of holes.Surmounting the delivery valve is the air chamber or surge tank Whenthe ram operates this tank is partly filled with water and partly withair. Connected to the air chamber Is the delivery pipe so the pressurein the air chamber is the delivery pressure An inclined conduit theso called drive pipe connects the ram body with the water supplyThis drive pipe Is the essential part of the Installation in which thepotential energy of the supply water is f irst converted into kineticenergy and subsequently into the potential energy of water delivered.

5 Basic RequirementsThe use of a hydraulic ram reqUires the availability of suitable andreliable supply of water with a sufficient fall to operate the ram Thesupply can be any source of fl ing or stagnant water...such as a springstream river lake dam or even a pond fed by an artesian well. Smallsize rams reqUire a supply flow of at least 5 to 25 litres per minutewhereas very large rarns may need as much as 750 to 1500 l/min Formost hydraulic rams the fall in driving water from the source to theram must be at least I m.Of course not every spring river etc. Is suitable The quality of thewater is very important and has to be checked first. Most countriesand communities have their own quality s tandards and methods ofcontrol. the quality is not sufficient. complementary measurementshave to be taken

6 Site selectionWhen selecting a potential site for the hydraulic ram installation t isessential that provisions can be made both for water input to the ramand for proper drainage of the waste water away from the ram Thewaste valve should under no circumstances flood conditions included

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be submerged, since this will seriously affect it s operation.

Before any possible lay-out of the installation can beinformation must be gathered on the following items: Amount of water available to power the ram source flowMinimum quantity of water to be pumped delivery flow3 Working fall supply head which can be obtained4 Distance in which the working fall can be obtained5 Vertical lift from ram site to delivery site6 Length of delivery pipe from ram to delivery site

designed,[l/rnln][l/day]m]m]m]m]

suppl ysource

L ... .. _a: static head Ivertical1ift above ram Ib: friction heed loss +

mi nor losses iII

Fig. 2 Site of a hydraulic ram, hd = a + b cross-section and top viewUniess the supply water is obviously more than adequate, the sourceflow must be measured with reasonable accuracy. The possible change offlow at different times of the year should be established in order todetermine the minimum guaranteed flow available.The total daily volume of water required to be pumped can be calculatedaccording to the purpose of use . For example, the water is to be usedfor domestic consumption, the daily demand may be approximated by:

Water Demand = Users Per Capita ConsumptionA typical per capita consumption could be 40 to 50 litres/person/day. If

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llve- stock is present. its water use should be included also.Given the fact that the hydraulic ram is capable of operatingcontinuously twenty-four hours per day, the required pumping rate qis obtained by dividing the daily water demand by 24 60 = 1440minutes; in formula:

Pu i Rat l/mi 1= Water Demand /l/daymp ng e q n 1440 [min/dayThe working fall supply head Hs is measured vertically from the supplysource level to the output level at the waste valve of the ram. Thepumping capacity varies directly with the supply head.The supply head can be increased by increasing the input level e.g. byselecting the water input further upstream and/or by lowering theposit ion of the ram itself as long as it can be placed on a spot fromwhich the waste water can be easily drained away, e.g. to a suitabledischarge point further downstream .The next question to be answered is what pressure head the hydraulicram will need in order to lift the water to the storage tank and toovercome all energy losses. In general this will be equal to:

Delivery Head hd =Vertical Lift above Ram + [ f + ~wherefLdd

vg

= pipe friction factor= length of delivery pipe= internal diameter of delivery pipe=sum of minor loss factors= average velocity in delivery pipe=acceleration due to gravity

[-I[mml[-Ims-I[ms-21

0.02 - 0.0450 - 20000.02 - 0.05- 100.2 - 0.59.8

Vertical lift must be measured from the location of the ram to thehighest possible water surface level overflow level in the storage tank.Minor losses may usually be neglec ted or roughly est imated ascompared with vertical lift and friction head loss.Knowing the available source supply Qsource , the required pumpingrate q , the supply head Hs and the delivery head hd the size of thehydraulic ram can be selected with the aid of the appropr ia teperformance tables or, when available, with use of empirically obtainedq/Q vs hd/Hs- curves:The sum of the waste flow Q used by the ram and the pumping rate qmust be less than the minimum source flow, i.e. Q + q < QsourceSince supply head Hs and delivery head hd are more or less fixed bythe terrain conditions topography , the size of the hydraul ic ram ismainly determined by the desired pumping rate, or limited by theavailable source supply to drive the ram.In cases where the installation has not enough capacity to meet thedaily water demand, a battery of several rams may be used. Of course,this requires a source which can supply water at a sufficient rate. Eachram must have it s own individual drive pipe, but they may use the samedelivery pipe unless they are meant to supply different places. .

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A battery of hydraulic rams is also very useful in situations where theminimum flow during pe ri od s of drought only can power on e or twor am s a nd t he m a xi m um flow can drive more rams.

Fig Battery of a hydraulic ramsIn a case where t he supply water can power only on e hydraulic ram.but the delivery flow does not quite meet t he w ate r demand. the wastewater from th e initial ram could be used to drive another ram.

7 nst ll tion and maintenanceSince the hydraulic ram undergoes savage pounding under operation.it s ho ul d b e firmly bol ted to a concrete base.Th e drive pipe is by far the m os t i mportant part of the installation; itcarries the water from the supply reservoir to the ram and containsthe high pres s ure s urges waterhammer during the pumpi ng sta ge ofthe operating cycle of the ram. The drive pipe should therefore bemade of strong. rigid material, preferably galvanized iron. s ho ul d b ewatertight and rigidly anchored. The length s ho ul d be approximately 4to 7 times th e supply head Hs.The inlet to the drive pipe must always be s ub mer ge d to p rev en t airfrom entering the pipe; air bubbl es in the drive pipe will dramaticallyaffect the operation of the ram or even lead to complete failure. Fo rthis reason the drive pipe should be laid as straight as possiblethroughout it s entire length without any elevated.sections which couldtrap air. A dip to allow th e drive pipe to follow the contour of theground is permissible.Th e delivery pipe may be made of any material e.g. P.V.C. - polyvinylchloride or HDP - high density polyethylene prOVided it canwi thst and t he delivery pressure.If the delivery head exceeds th e pipe s pressure specification. than thelower portion of th e delivery pipe must be galvanized iron pipe. In factit may be advisable always to use an initial length of galvanized ironpipe to ensure a sturdy connection to the ram.To facilitate operation and maintenance of the hydraulic ram the drivepipe and the delivery pipe should each be connected to th e ram withunion joints and stop-valves. Th e stop-valve in the drive pipe should beincorporated in such a manner as to prevent th e formation of airpockets; a rotary type of valve globe valve is preferable to an ordinarygate valve since the latter may not b e s tr on g e no ug h against the severel oa ds of the waterhammer pressures.

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The maintenance required for a hydraulic ram is, compared to mostother pumping systems very little and infrequent. t includes:- replacement of the valve rubbers when they are worked out- adjustment of the tuning of the waste valve- tightening bolts which have worked loose.Occasionally the hydraulic ram may need dismantling for cleaning. t isessential that as little debris as possible enters the drive pipe. t istherefore necessary to provide a grate at the intake of the supplysource as well as a strainer at the inlet side of the drive pipe to holdup floating leaves and debris. The grate and strainer must be checkedevery now and then and cleaned if necessary to ensure that the watersupply is fl Wing at the maximum rate.It must be stated that the foregoing remarks on the practical use ofthe hydraulic ram only highlights some of the main features of theinstallation. Every situation may vary in detail; specific design andtechniques suited to the par ti cular site may be necessary to create themost appropriate hydraulic ram installation.More detailed information on how to construct operate and maintainthe ram installation is depending on the type of ram and can be foundin the appropriate product information. Some manufacturers (e.g.Blake Jandu Schlumpf and Vulcan do supply comprehensiveinformation.a rices nd costsPrices of hydraulic rams vary from US 1000 to US 3500. Duringthe research in Rwanda t became clear that this price is a small partof the total costs of a complete water supply system. A roughbreakdown of these costs looks as follows

pipes and accessoriesconstruction workstransportation (including transport fromEurope to Africa)hydraulic rams

30 15 10

Allthough rams do not have fuel costs, expenses for spare parts andmaintenance are most common. There has to be someone available forregular check-ups and reparations (weekly to monthly). This personshould be trained first.The percentual breakdown of the total costs leads to the conclusionthat the price of the ram itself is of less importance. A cheap ram witha low output and a bad performance could throw the whole expensivesystem idle.The risk of drop out of the total system is also rather high when otherparts of the system e.g. the drive pipe, were not installed very solidly.Another lesson which could be learned from the total costs overview isthe knowledge on the availability of all materials is essential in orderto make a realistic estimation of the total costs.

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A 1 Operation of hydraulic ramsTh e ram operates on a flow of water falling under a head abbreviatedHs) from the supply res ervo ir d own through the drive pipe into thepump chamber. The water escapes through th e opened waste valve intothe surrounding area. With the acceleration of the water thehydrodynamic drag and pressure on. the waste valve will increase. Whenth e flow of w at er t hr ou gh t he was te valve attains sufficient velocity, theupward force on th e valve will exceed Its weight and th e valve willslam shut. In a good ram design th e valve closure is rapid, almostinstantaneous.)

fig a fig 2b

~Thus th e flow th ro ug h t he was te valve is abruptly stopped, but since th ec ol um n o f water in th e dnve pipe still has a considerable velocity a highpressure develops in th e ram locally retarding the flow of water. th e pressure rise is large enough to overcome the pressure in th e airchamber t he delivery valve will be forced open, which in turn limits th epressure rise in th e ram body t o s lig ht ly above the delivery pressure.The front of t hi s press ure rise expands upstream partly reducing th eflow velocity in successive cross-sections of th e drive pipe as it passes.In th e meantime the remainder of the flow p as se s th rou gh t he openeddelivery valve into th e a ir c ha mber . The a ir cushion p ermi ts w at er tobe stored temporarily in the a ir c ha mb er with only a com parati vely lownse in local pressure thus preventing th e occurrence of waterhammer shock waves) in the delivery pipe.With th e propagation of successive pressure surges up and down th edrive pipe water continues to flow into th e air chamber with step-wisedecreasing velocity until th e m om en tu m of th e water column in thedrive pipe is exhausted.The higher pressure whi ch now exi st s in the air chamber will initiate areversal flow in the direction of th e supply reservoir. This causes thedelivery valve to close, preventing th e pum pe d wat er from flowing backinto th e ram body. Th e recoil of water in the drive pipe produces aslight suction in th e ram body, thus creating an underpressure near th ewaste valve. Th e underpressure makes possible for th e waste valve toreopen, water begins to flow out again, and a new ope ra ti ng cycle isstarted.

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fig. 2c fig 2d

Meanwhile the water forced into the air chamber. is driven into thedelivery pipe to the storage tank at the high level. from which it can bedistributed by gravitation as required.An air valve or snifter valve is mounted into the ram body to allow asmall amount of air to be sucked in dUring the suction part of the ramcycle. This ai r is carried along with the next surge of water into the ai rchamber. The air in this chamber is always compressed and needs to beconstantly replaced as it becomes mixed with the water and lost to thestorage tank. Without a suitable air valve the air chamber would soon befull of water and the hydraulic ram would then cease to function.Depending on supply head. waste valve adjustment and. to a lesserdegree. on drive pipe length and delivery head the cycle is repeatedwith a frequency of about 30 to 150 times a minute.Once the adjustment of the waste valve has been set valve stroke and if present - tension of the return spring . the hydraulic ram needsalmost no attention provided the water flow from the supply source iscontinuous. at an adequate rate and no foreign matters get into thepump blocking the valves.

\.2. Cl aracierisiicsFor users of the ram the pumping rate q output capacity is the firstconsideration, since this should meet their demand.Given an available source supply the pumping rate q of a hydraulic ramis determined by the supply head Hs and the delivery headhd.An increase of supply head Hs increases the pumping frequency morebeats per minute and thereby increases the pumping rate qCommercially made hydraulic rams are available in various sizes.covering a wide range of source suppl ies. The size of the ramtraditionally given in inches usually denotes the nominal diameter ofthe drive pipe. The larger the size of the ram the more water isrequired to operate the ram and the more water can be delivered to ahigher level.Efficiency requires some special attention since different expressionsare obtained in product information as well as in literature.Some give the Rankine equation considering the installation as a wholeand taking the head water level as datum. The useful work done in unittime, l.e the net amount of potential energy of the water delivered, isgiven by pgq hd - Hs The net amount of energy used by the ram, l.e. thechange in potential energy of the driving water is given by pgQHs.

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L Epo t water delivered q hd - H.l rnk = QL Epo t driving water

In product information of hydraulic ram manufacturers, as well as insome other publications. efficiency is often simply defined asq hd

l tr Q HThe Rankine figure is always the lowest. while the 'trade expression'yields somewhat higher values; especially at low delivery heads thedifference is significant.The efficiency curve is most important when the supply source islimited and waste water must be kept at a minimum. In situationswhere there is an . abundance of supply water the efficiency is asecondary matter. However. efficiency figures give a good indication ofthe hydraul ic performance of the ram. High efficiency machines arehydraulically well- designed, 1.e. have fair and smooth waterways andconsequently low energy losses.I t should be standard commercial practice that manufacturers ofhydraulic rams provide comprehensive and reliable information on theperformance characteristics of their rams. Unfortunately this is notalways the case.For example, some ram manufacturers state that the 'output' of theirrams can be calculated using the simple formula

Q H.q = 0.6hdThe formula is based merely on the rule of thumb which means thatthe efficiency of a hydraulic ram is around 60 .Apart from the factwhether the specific ram is capable of attaining. this efficiency, i t isunlikely that the use of the formula is correct for all

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S Results 1 the comparative laboratory and field testsIn the Laboratory at Delft 12 types of hydraulic rams of 6manufacturers were tes ted . An important result of this investigationwas a sound theoretical description of what is happening inside theram litt 1 This was the basis of this guide and will be a valuablepoint of departure for further research.The results are given in the table on the next two pages. Specificremarks and assessments field tests are given at the end of thisappendix. Figures for efficiency and pumping capacity. are placed nextto the prtce per type.In the field tests in Rwanda i t became clear that hydraullc rams aresensitive to damage and obstruction. and depend strongly on thefunctioning of the rest of the system drive and delivery pipe).Maintenance and repair played an important role. has to be kept in mind that the rather negative picture has beencaused by the field testing procedure. While testing, the output shouldbe watched continuously. In Rwanda however. weekly to monthlychecks were carried out and there was not enough time to solveoccur ring problems immediately. A delay of some weeks inmaintenance or repair of a ram is not a charactertstic of that particularram.Another disadvantage of the procedure followed durtng the field testsas well as in the laboratory is the use of just one prototype of everymodel. Yet It is possible that Just a good or worse prototype is used.There seems to be no direct relation between price and effiCiency ascan be seen in the table on the following pages. Keeping In mind theearller statements on the total costs of a water supply system and theImportance of efficlency, hydraulic rams wIth an efficIency less thenabout 55 are disproportionately expensive.The schedule on the testing program prevented the investigation ofthe newly desIgned rams Mbaraga I and These rams were desIgnedafter the unsatisfactory experIences maIntenance the field testafter finIshing the laboratory tests.The locally desIgned and constructed hydraulIc rams baraga I andn as well as the ITDG-ram) are, compared to the commerciallyavailable rams, still in a too expertmental stage to judge the ir value.Justification for the use of this types could be caused by the specIficlocal sItuation availability of other rams and materials. transportproblems, construction capacity etc.).

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Hydraulic ram Supply Heac Waste Flov Period Time Delivery HeadHs Q a) T a) hd m]m} l/min} Is] from to

B1ake Hydram No. 2 1.35 40 1.600 12 1121,5 ) 2.00 39 1.000 11 1303.00 38 0.700 11 140

Blake Hydram No. 3,5 1.35 110 1.600 8 1122,5 ) 2.00 100 1.000 8 1203.00 95 0.700 12 133Alto J 26-80-8 1.00 14 1.300 6 19 2.00 14 0.700 9 333.00 15 0 550 12 42Alto CH 50 110 18 1.00 33 1.000 6 40(2 ) 2.00 36 0.600 7 60

3.00 39 0.450 10 66Vulcan 1 1.00 15 1.550 4 751 ) 2.00 17 0.950 8 1173.00 16 0.650 13 134Vulcan 2 1.00 35 U 6 68(2 ) 2.00 33 0.600 12 80

3 34 0.450 18 88SANG No.1-25 mm 1.00 10 1.100 4 67 2.00 10 0.550 9 81

3.00 10 0.400 11 93SANG No.4-50 mm 1.00 60 1.900 4 102(2 ) 2.00 55 0.900 8 1203.00 60 0.650 12 138Davey No. 3 1.00 13 1.900 2 28 2.00 13 1.000 4 443.00 12 0.750 6 54Rife 20 HDD 1.25 85 2.500 4 112(2 ) 2.00 80 1.300 4 133

3.00 80 0.900 6 154Schlumpf 4A5 1.00 25 1.500 4 32(1,5 ) 2.00 32 1.400 6 293.00 30 1.000 9 27Schlumpf 4A23 1.00 25 1.900 4 401,5 ) 2.00 45 1.600 8 783.00 36 1.100 9 73

a approx average value for the whole range of operation

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Hydraulic ram Pumping Rate Efficiency Prtce Maintenanceq [l/minl purabiUtyReliabilityfrom to b) c) d)Blake Hydram No. 2 2.00 0 44/42/37(1,5 ) 4.75 0 62/64/60 2507.70 0 67/70/67Blake Hydram No. 3 5 9.95 0 51/51/45 -(2,5 ) 17.15 0 65/64/57 450 -20.30 0 70/73/68 +Alto J 26 80 8 1.10 0 - / - 1 ) 1.75 0 45 8 - Frs 3550

2 20 0 38/ - / -Alto CH 50 110 18 1.25 0 37/ - / - -(2 ) 3.05 0 40/36/1 Frs 6950 +4.45 0 38/41/22 ++Vulcan 1 1.00 0 36/34/18 1.00 0 48/52/51 1652.25 0 52/58/57Vulcan 2 4.25 0 70/63/31(2 ) 5.05 0 75/68/54 365

5 40 0 76/71/56SANO No.1-25 mm 1.05 0 45/35/11 l 1 50 0 60/59/44 DM 7002.05 0 61/64/54SANO No.4-50 mm ' 4.70 0 38/32/27 -(2 ) 8.40 0 63/63/62 DM 1350 -10.25 0 65/68/66 -DaveyNo.3 2.67 0 26/ - l 3.77 0 51/16/ - 250

4 80 0 59/47/ -Rife 20 HDU 3.90 0 26/28/27 -(2 ) 8.90 0 42/54/45 800 --12.90 0 45/47/48 -Schlumpf 4A5 3.85 0 - / - / -(1,5 ) 9.30 0 22/ - SFr 200010.30 0 38/ - / -Schlumpf 4A23 3.70 0 37 2 - -(1,5 ) 7.65 0 44/33/8 SFr 3000 -

11 70 0 53/35/16 -) for resp. h = 20 rn, 40 rn and 60 rncl global prices 1980/198 1

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d according 10 field lests

14

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emarks and ssessmentsper ram field testsBlake 31 2During the 11 2 year testing-period of this ram it has been standingstill during most of the time due to external influences (drive anddelivery pipes and a flexible joint). The joint between drive pipe andram body seemed to cause heavy trouble for local maintenance.SANWith the Sano ram also externai influences played an important role.The delivery valve caused trouble time and again.Schlumpf No. 4A23Again external factors were of great influence. After a few days thedelivery valve had to be modified fundamentally.Vulcan 2112After some starting problems this ram worked reasonably although alot of time was lost due to external factors. Repairing was necessarytwice; a new gasket and two rubber delivery valve clacks.Vulcan Misjudgement during the installation (wrong interpretation of thepump behaviour due to a leaking drive pipe) of this Vulcan caused it spremature removal. So classification is not possible.Rife 20 HDUThe Rife could not function under the given conditions althoughaccording to the description of the manufacturer it should have beenpossible.Alto CH No 50 110 18With the Alto the installation problems already appearing by theVulcan 2 , showed up again. After repairing the drive pipe and slowingdown the waste valve by some modifications, there were no internalbreak downs but the drive pipe broke again, combined with a periodwith lack of water. After a working period of 16 months the Alto ramwas extremily worn down, also as a result of agreSi3ive-water.Mbaraga I IIMbaraga I II are designed locally and constructed hydraulic rams.This was done because of the poor results of the commerciallyavailable rams. These rams were not tested in Delft but nevertheless a,not surprising result can be given: reliability and durability were verypoor and access of local maintenance was good

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C CalculaUon exampleGiven: a conullunUy of 60 persons and some calUe 30Water Demand =Population Capita ConsumptionThe capita consumption depends on geographic. social and cu ltu ralaspects. but most af all on the availab1llty of water. The domest icconsumption could be 2 - 5 lIters daily. with a population living 15 kmfrom a water source. Having a watertap, shower and adjusted toilet. tcould be 60 - 80 litres per day per person.For this exaple is calculated with 50 litres daily and 20 litres for thelocal cattle per animal. So.Water Demand = 60 50 30 20 = 3600 l/dayThe pumping rate continuously pumping will be

3600Pumping Rate = 1440 = 2.5 l/minThe next figure needed is the delivery head. Herefore is given:f = 0.04 estimation. depending on the pipes available= 1000 m to be measured In the fieldd = 0.02 m a suitable diameter for this pumping rate? Has tobe checked.

= 10 est imation for a long and difficult trackv = 0.3 ms-1 estimation, has to be checkedg = 9.8 ms 2Vertcial lift = 40 m to be measured in the field

I0.04 1000 1 0.32h d = 40 0.02 10 9 8 = 49 m s shown in the table on page 13 and 14 such a supply could becreated with e.g. a Blake Hydram no. 2 or some others. using a supplyhead of 3.00 m at least and a supply flow around 60 l/m1n. With a givenefficiency of 70 this will result nq = 60 3.00 0.70 = 2.57 l/m1n49

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D Bibliography 1 Hydraulic rams a comparative investigation. 112 pp. 143 pp.

appendices 1987J.H.P.M. Tacke. Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics. DUTCentre for International Cooperation and Appropriate Technology.Delft University of Technology. p Box 2600 G Delft. TheNetherlands 2 A manual on the hydraulic ram for pumping water. 40 pp .. 1978S.B. WattIntermediate Technology Development Group 9 King StreetLondon WC2E 8HW. United Kingdom 3 De waterram - een theoret ische beschouwing n a v een a t

ontwerp. 70 pp Nederlands). 1976K Kempenaar and H Wesseling. DUTCentre for International Cooperation and Appropriate Technology 4 Field tests on hydraulic rams in Rwanda. 1987E. Hamel. SNVFoundation of Dutch Volunteers. Bezuidenhoutseweg 161. 2594

G The Hague. The Netherlands 5 Drawrungs of hydraulic rams 42 pp Duits/Engels). 1979German Appropriate Technology Exchange Postfach 5180D-6236 Eschborn Germany 6 Proceedings of a workshop on hydrau lic ram pump hydram)technology. Arusha Tanzania. 121 pp .. 1984E J SchUler. ITDGIntermediate Technology Development Group 7 The construction of a hydraulic ram pump 36 pp.AR InversinSouth Pacific Appropriate Technology Foundation p Box 6937.Boroko. Papua New Guinea 8 antwerp en bouw van een waterram proefinstallatie. ontwikkelingwaterramimpulsklep simulatiemodel 51 pp bijlagenDutch). 1986H.M. Zilvold. HTS Zwolle. The Netherlands 9 Renewable Energy Sources for Rural Water Supply 133 pp. appendixes 1986International Reference Centre p a Box 93190 2509 AD. TheHague. The Netherlands10 A handbook of gravity-flow water systems 186 pp. appendixes.1980Intermediate Technology Development Group

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Adresses o hydraulic ram manufacturerslta Cabeza Gavlotas Cent ro Las Gaviotas Paseo Bolivar no20 90 Bogota ColumbiaAuto-Uft Pump Godbole Sons New RamdaspethKachipura Nagpur 1 IndiaB6Uer LTO J M Desclaud 57 Rue Bertrand de-Goth 33800 Bordeaux FranceBillabong John Danks Son pty Ltd DoodyStreet Alexandria Sydney New SouthWales Australialake Hydram John Blake Ltd P G Box 43 AccrtngtonLancashire BB5 5LP UBomba HydrauUcas Roohfer Industrias Mecanicas Rochfer LtdaAvenida Jose de Silva 3765 JardinMoria Rosa Caixa Postal 194 Sao PauloCEP 14400 BrazilBrlau Hydram Brlau S A B P 43 37009 Tours FranceZH HydrauUska Ab Bruzaholms Bruk 57034 Bruzaholm

SwedenCeCoCo Hydro m Ult Pump CeCoCo P G Box 8 Ibaraka City Gsaka567 JapanChaDdra Hydram

Flemlng PumpJandu s HydramPompe Pilter

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Singh Metal Casting Works IIO D NiralaNagar Lucknow IndiaC W Pipe Inc P G Box 678 AmherstVirginia 24521 USAJandu Plumbers Ltd P G Box 409huru Road Arusha Tanzania

Pilter 22 Rue Flortan 75020 ParisFrancePremie r Irrigation EqUipment LtdI7 IC Alipore Road Calcutta 700 027IndiaRife Hydraulic Engine Manufacturing Co316 W Popla r S tree t P G Box 790Norrlstown PA 19401 USAPfister Langhanss Sandstra Be 2 8Postfach 3555 8500 Nurnberg 1Federal Republic of Gennany

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S hlumpf u pVulcan ydramWama Pump

Hydraulic rams a consume s guide

Schlumpf AG CH 6312 StelnhausenKanton Zug SwitzerlandGreen Carter Ltd Ashbrittle NearWellington Somerset TA2 Q UKWAMA Maschlnenbau BergstraJ3e 88018 GraCing bel M iinchen FederalRepublic of Germany

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DISCLAIMERThis publication was prepared by the Delft University of Technology - Centre forInternational Cooperation and Appropriate Technology CICAT , as part of aproject financed by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs - DirectorateGeneral for Development Cooperation Bureau for Research and Technology .The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of theNetherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs or of the Delft University Technology.Neither the Ministry nor the University makes any warranty, expressed orimplied, or assumes any legal liability for the completeness of the informationpresented.

The mention of specific companies or certain m a : n u ' f a c t u r ~ timply that these are endorsed or rec OlTlmlmdlednature that are not mentioned.