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jrpfrGef*kdvGdKkufbmompum;ajymqkdolrsm;yg? a&m>yrf;ygvmrnfjzpfygonf(ukd;-2/pm-154)(ukd;-2/pm-154)


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(ukd;-9/(ukd;-9/

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0ifa&mufvmaom tif'kdrGef*kdvGdKufrsm;onf? ½Sd&if;pGJvlwkdYa&m,SufaexkdifvmMu&m ,aeY&ckdifvlrsKd;

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usifhokH;cJhMuaomfvnf;? tm&d,efbmompum;ajymqkdoGm;aom vlrsKd;pkrsm;wGif ryg0ifyg/ rdrdwkdY\&if;

jrpfbmompum;ukdom ajymqkdcJhMuygonf/ xkdpOfuajymqkdcJhaom &ckdifbmompum;onf ,aeYajymqkd

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rdrdwkdYvlrsKd;ryaysmufap&ef/ rdrdwkdYbmompum;ryaysmufap&ef/ rdrdwkdY,kHMunfaom Ak'ömoem

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vGdKufrsm;rS qif;oufvmolrsm;jzpfNyD;? vuf½Sd&ckdifbmompum;rSmvnf;? a½S;OD;&ckdifrsm;jyKpkysKd;axmif

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aMumif;wifjytyfygonf/

armifjyL;(oHwGJ)

ukd;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ukd;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;

ukd;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ukd;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ukd;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;

(1)acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if(1969-&efukef) a'gufwmoef;xGef;

(2)tajcjyjrefrmEkdifiHa&;orkdif; y-wGJ (1983) vrf;pOfygwD

(3)urÇmYorkdif;\rSwfwkdifrsm;-y-wGJ(1964) vrf;pOfygwD

(4)AdóEkd;NrdKUa[mif;ESifhorkdif;tjrif OD;b½Sif

(wuúokdvfynmya'ompmapmif wGJ(1)? ykdif;(3)1966-pufwifbmv)

(5)&ckdifajrmufzsm;a'orSoufwkdif;&if;om;rsm;(1988) xGef;a&Tckdif

(6)The New Stone Age of Burma (Working Peoples' Daily 29/3/64) Prof: Nyi Nyi

(7)The Story of Indo-Pakistan (Karachi-1969) S.F. Mahmud

(8)The OutLine of History H.G.Wells

(9)A History of Chittagong (vol-1)(Chittagong University 1988) S.B.Qanungo

(10)The Making of South East Asia (Landon-1966) G.Coedes

(11)The Living Races of Man (London-1965) G.S Coon

(12)The History and Culture of Indian People (Vol-1)(London-1952) S.K Chatterji

(13)The Culture Heritage of India (London-1954) S.K Chatterji

(14)Ancient Arakan (Ph.D Thcsis) (National University, Australlia-1977) P.Gutman(15)An Introduction to the Study of Theravada N.R. Ray Buddhism in Burma (Calcutta University-1946)

tjrifopf ]]&ckdif}} ed'gef;

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(1) tajcjyjrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orkdif; y-wGJ(1964) vrf;pOfygwD

(2) urÇmYorkdif;\rSwfwkdifrsm; y-wGJ (1964) vrf;pOfygwD

(3) acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0ifpmwrf;(1) (1969) oef;xGef;

(4)&ckdifajrmufzsm;a'orSoufwkdif;&if;om;rsm; (1988) xGef;a&Tckdif

(5)em;a#mif;0wf&ckdif (rkedajrr*¾Zif; (4)(2000) eDrif;oQif(ppfawG)

(6)A History of Chittagong Vol-1 (1988)Chillagong) S.B. Qarungo

(7)The Making of South East Asia (1966-London) G-Coedes

(8)The History and Culture of Indian People Vol-1(1952) S.K. Chatterji

(9)The Story of Indo-Pakistan (1969-Karachi) S.F.Mahmud

(10)Ancient Arakan (1977, Australia) Pamela Gutman

(11)The Cultural Heritage of Ancient India (1984-London) S.K.Chatterji

(12)Introduction to the Study of Thravada Buddhism N.R Ray

in Burma(1946-Calculta)

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au? &ckdiftp ]]&u©dw}}u&mjzpfoifha&vkdYwifjytyfyga&/

armifjyL;(oHwGJ)

(1) &ckdif&mZ0ifopfusrf;(Yy-tkyf)(1997) ½SifpE´

(2) &ckdifñGefYzl; (5)(1999) &ckdifom;BuD;pmay

(3) acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if(1969) a'gufwmoef;xGef;

(4) tajcjyjrefrmEkdifiHa&;orkdif;(y-wGJ)(1983) vrf;pOfygwD

(5) urÇmYorkdif;rSwfwkdifrsm;(y-wGJ)(1964) vrf;pOfygwD

(6) tjrifopf&ckdifed'gef;(&ckdifwefaqmif-19) armifjyL(oHwGJ)

(7) The Story of Indo-Pakistan(Calcutta-1969) S.F Mahnund

(8) B.R.S.F.A.P.(No-2) Rangon-1960

(9) A History of Chiltagong (vol-1) (1988) S.B.Qanungo

tm&d,efavm ysLavm &ckdifavm



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oGm;olOD;a&xuf ykdrsm;onf[kqkdygonf/ aemifESpfrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufvmrIr&SdbJ ArmwkdYonf ykodrf

c½kdifESifh[oFmwc½kdifrsm;okdYjyefvnfajymif;a&TUoGm;Muygonf/ tcsKdU&ckdifrsm;vnf; vkdufygoGm;Muonf

[k oHwGJc½kdif a*ZufwD;,m;wGif awGU&ygonf/ [oFmwc½kdifESifh ykodrfc½kdifwkdYonf oHwGJc½kdifESifh

qufpyfaeygonf/ oHwGJc½kdifawmifykdif;okdY a&S;,cifuyif Armrsm;0ifa&mufaexkdifcJhzl;onfr[kwf/

&ckdifwkdYonfvnf; &ckdifjynfrStaMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh jrpf0uRef;ay:okdYajymif;a&TUoGm;Muonfvnf;

&Sdygonf/ 1992ckESpfpm&if;t& {&m0wDwkdif;wGif &ckdifvlrsKd;(60000)ajcmufaomif;ausmf&Sdygonf/

Armrsm;trsm;qkH;aexkdifcJhonfrSm oHwGJc½kdifawmifbufjcrf;jzpfNyD; Armrsm; ykodrf? [oFmwbufokdYjyef

oGm;onfhtcg oHwGJc½kdifawmifbufjcrf;wpfcGifü Arm,Ofaus;rIvTrf;rkd;ae&pfcJhygonf/

pma&;olonf oHwGJc½kdifawmifykdif;wpfcGif vSnfhvnfoGm;vmzl;ygonf/ &ckdifpum;oD;oefYajym

qkdaom&GmrawGUzl;yg/ okdYaomfArmpum;ajym&mwGif pum;ajym[ef? avoHrwlnDMuyg/ tcsKdU&Gmrsm;um;

ArmyDyDooajymqkdMuygonf/ tcsKdU&Gmrsm;u csif;oH0Jíajymum? tcsKdU&Gmrsm;u &rf;NAJa'od,&ckdif

avoHjzifh Armpum;ajymMuygonf/ awmifukwf? oHwGJ? *GokH;ûrdUe,ftwGif; ta&SUbuf&ckdif½kd;rawmif

pG,f/ awmifapmif;? awmifzsm;rsm;ü awmif,mpkdufysKd;í toufarG;aeMuonfh csif;vlrsKd;rsm;aexkdif

aom&Gmi,frsm;&SdMuygonf/ tcsKdUaom&Gmrsm;okdY pma&;olukd,fwkdifa&mufzl;ygonf/ &ckdifrsm;ESifhpmvQif

vlOD;a&tvGefenf;ygonf/ olwkdYonf&ckdifrsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;t&qufqHMuygonf/ Ak'©bmomESifh

ewfukd;uG,frIrsm;&Sdygonf/ olwkdYukdaqmif;OwkwGif awmifukwf? oHwGJ? *GûrdUrsm;\aps;twGif;aps;0,f

aeMuonfukdawGU&wwfygonf/ &ckdifbmompum;wwfol&SdouJhokdY? rwwfolrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/

olwkdYonf oHwGJc½kdiftwGif;okdYaemufqkH;qif;oufcJhMuonfh csif;tkyfpkrSjzpf[ef&Sdygonf/ Armpum;

ajymolrsm;ukdvnf; awGUzl;ygonf/

tcsKyftm;jzifhqkd&ygrl? &ckdifjynfe,f oHwGJc½kdifawmifbufjcrf;üaeolrsm;onf ysLvlrsKd;wkdY\

tquf tEG,frsm;r[kwfMuyg/ rlvtm;jzifh &ckdifom;rsm;omjzpfMuygonf/ olwkdYonf orkdif;OD;uyif

csif;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh a&maESmqufqHcJhMuNyD;? aemufykdif;umvrsm;wGif ½kd;rwpfzufrSArmrsm;ESifh ESpfaygif;

rsm;pGma&maESmqufqHvmcJhMujcif;aMumifh Arm,Ofaus;rIu wpfpwpfpvTrf;rkd;vmNyD; Armpum;ajymqkd

vmMujcif;jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifhoHwGJc½kdifawmifbufjcrf;wGif,cktcg csif;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifhaoG;aESmcJhNyD;

Arm,Ofaus;rIukdusifhokH;vsuf ]&ckdif}vlrsKd;rsm;[k avhvmcsufrsm;t& awGU&Sd&ygonf/ vlrsKd;wrsKd;ESifh

wrsKd;umv&SnfMumaygif;oif;qufqHvmaomtcg wpfrsKd;\bmompum;? "avhp½kduf? ,Ofaus;rIwkdY

onf tjcm;vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;okdY ysHUESHUul;pufwwfonfrSm vlUorkdif;wGif "r®wmyifjzpfygonf/

pma&;olonf oHwGJûrdUe,f? uif;armf&GmZmwdjzpfygonf/ þaqmif;yg;ukd orkdif;tjrifjzihfa&;om;

jcif;jzpfygonf/

armifjyL;(oHwGJ)

(1) &SifpE´rmvm &ckdif&mZ0ifopfusrf;('k-tkyf)

(2) OD;zkd;0g? OD;oufpk 'Gg&0wDESifha&TqHawmforkdif;opf

(3) a&Trif;? a0omvDESifh {u0PÖ (&ckdifo[m,pmapmif-1/ 1986)

(4) avhvmolwpfOD; ta0;a&muf&ckdifrsm;? (&ckdifo[m,pmapmiftrSwf4)

(5) xGef;a&Tckdif &ckdifa&S;a[mif;ûrdUawmfrsm;

(6) armifjyL; tjrifopf&ckdifed'gef;?&ckdifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;(1996)

(7) oef;xGef; acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if

(8) S.B. Qanungo A History of chita gang (Vol.1)

(9) P.Gutman Ancient Arakan

(10) Forchanmar Arakan.

(11) G.H.Luce The Ancient Pyus

(12) Mr. Smart Burma Gazalteer, Sanda way Distmet

]]&ckdif"n0wD NrdKUawmfa[mif;}}



&ckdifa½S;a[mif;"n0wDûrdUawmfonf pdwful;,Of'@m&DxJu ûrdUr[kwf/ trSefwu,fwnf&SdcJh

aomûrdUawmfwpfckjzpfygonf/ "n0wDûrdUawmfa[mif;ukd ½kduful;aomaumif;uif"gwfykHtultnDjzifh?

&efukefwuúokdvfyx0D0ifXmeygarmu©a'gufwma':oif;Munfonf? "n0wDNrdKUawmfa[mif;ajrykHukda&;

qGJí?Journal of Burma Research Society . L11, 1970, Dec-6 ]]Arakanese Capitals: A Preliminary Survey

of Their Geographical Setting}} wGifwifjycJhygonf/

&ckdifa½S;a[mif;"n0wDûrdUawmfonf '@m&DxJrSûrdUr[kwfaomfvnf;? &ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;wGif az:jy

xm;aom "n0wDûrdUorkdif;um;'@m&Drsm;jzpfMuygonf/ "n0wDrwkdifrDu 'Gg&m0wDacwf[lí&SdcJhyg

ao;onf/

bDpD-5000rwkdifrDu tdEd,EkdifiH Owå&ywwkdif;todwOöeûrdUrS 0goka'0? Ava'0nDaemifwpfusdyf

wkdYonf? ppfa&;ta&;edrfhí xGufajy;wrf;a½SmifvmMu&mrS &ckdifjynf'Gg&m0wDac:oHwGJûrdUokdYa&muf&Sd í

rif;jyKcJhMuaMumif;ukd &ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;Mu\/ tdEd,EkdifiH\orkdif;ukdavhvmMunmhfaom

tcg? bDpD-7&mpktwGif;u 0goka'0? Ava'0 ol&Jaumif;wkdYacgif;aqmifí 0oQedvlrsKd;pkwkdYonf?

tm&d,efrsm;ESifhaoG;aESmrcH? ckcHawmfvSefaomaMumifh? acsrSKef;cH&aMumif;? tdEd,ta½SUykdif; ESifh awmifykdif;

a'orsm;okdY wdrf;a½SmifMuaMumif;ukdom awGU&ygonf/ (Chatterjee, ]]The cultural Heritage of India (The

Religion)}}P-142)/&ckdif&mZ0ifopfusrf;q&muvnf; ]]0goka'0? Ava'0nDaemifwkdYa&muf&SdcJhaom

'Gg&m0wDjynfonf oHwGJûrdUrjzpfEkdif? tdE´d,ajrmufykdif;rSom ½SdoifhaMumif;(pE´rmvm]]&ckdif&mZ0ifopf

usrf; 1997('k-Budrf)&efukef? pm-189)? 0goka'0nDaemifwkdYaecJhMuonfh 'Gg&uûrdUqkdonfrSm? tdEd,

jynf ar½GwfûrdUteD;rS ][&f'Gg&} ûrdUrsm;omjzpfaMumif; (pErmv ]]ZrÁL'DytdEd,e,fykHusrf;}}?1929-rEÅav;?

pm-241)a&;om;cJhygonf/

"n0wDacwf&mZ0ifwGif? bDpD-3000ausmfu cwåd,rsKd;? omuD,EG,f/ uydv0wfjynfh½Sif? tZÆKe

rif;onf? &aohjyKíawmxGufvm&mrS? &ckdifajrmufykdif;ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;okdYa&mufvmNyD;vQif? ½SdESifhNyD;

jzpfaom? oufvlrsKd;pkxJrS? ouftrsKd;orD;wpfOD;ESifh&nfiHrdí? aygif;oif;Mu&mrS? rm&,kac:om;awmf

wpfyg;arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ rm&,konf bDpD-3325ckwGif yxr"n0wDeef;ESifh/ ûrdUukdwnfaxmifí?

rif;(54)yg;wkdYESpfaygif; 1816ESpfpkd;pHMu\/ bDpD-1507wGif uH&mZmBuD;onf 'kwd,"n0wDeef;qufukd

wnfaxmifí? rif;(28)yg;wkdY? 927-ESpfpkd;phcJhonf/ wzef bDpD 580wGif pE´mol&d,rif;onf wwd,

"n0wDrif;qufwnfaxmifí? rif;(25)yg;onf? ESpfaygif;900rQpkd;pHcJhMuonf/ pE´mol&d,rif;BuD;

vufxufwGif? a*gwrAk'önf &ckdifjynf"n0wDokkdY<ua&mufcJhNyD;? r[mrkedqif;wkawmfukdoGef;vkyf&ef

cGifhjyKawmfrlí? r[mrkedqif;wkawmfukdoGef;vkyfcJhonf/ &ckdifwkkdYonf bpD-3000ausmfu rm&,k\

tquftEG,frsm;jzpfí? Ak'ömoemonf Ak'¨vufxufawmfuyifxGef;um;vmcJhonf/ þum;&ckdif

"n0wD&mZ0ifukd tusOf;rQazmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf/

pma&;olonf"n0wDNrdKUawmfa[mif;okdY ukd,fwkdifuGif;qif;avhvmNyD;aemuf? "n0wDûrdUwnf

umvukd? okawoeorkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh ñSdKESKdif;í? "n0wDûrdKUawmf\wHwkdif;ykHtrSefukdwifjyygrnf/

jrefrmEkdifiHykHawmifvlwly½kdif;rdwf½kyf<uif;rsm;t&? vlom;rsKd;EG,frsm;qif;oufvm&m? vlwly½kdif;

rdwfrsm;onf? vGefcJhonfhESpfoef;40cefYu? jrefrmhajray:wGif pwifcJhvdr®nf[k ,lqbG,f&mjzpfygonf

(a'gufwmwifodef;?]]ykHawmify½kdif;rdwfrsm;}}a&TatmifvHr*¾Zif;?2001? pufwifbm? pm-72)/ okdYaomf

tckdiftrmod&Sd&onfrSm? jrefrmhausmufacwfv,fvlom;rsm;onf/ tdEd,ajrmufykdif;? *sAm;? w½kwfEdkifiH

rsm;rS ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;ESifh wpfacwfwnf;jzpfonf/ (vrf;pOfygwD]]tajcjyjrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orkdif;}}

y-wGJ/ 1970/pm-72)/ rkd;BudK;oGm;[kac:aom ausmufacsmacwfvufeufrsm;ukd &ckdifjynfe,fawmif

ykdif;oHwGJe,fwGifawGU&ouJhokdY(Prof. Nyi Nyi, ]]The New Stone Age of Burma }}W.P.D. 24-3-1964)&ckdifjynf

ajrmufykdif;wGifvnf;awGU&ygonf (S.B.Qanungo, ]]History of Chittagong }}1988, P-32)/jrefrmhausmufacwf

v,fumvonf bDpD-16000rS 5000xdjzpfonf/ yvkdifpwkdqif;ac:ESif;cJacwfudkvGefajrmufvQif

ausmufacsmacwfokdY ul;ajymif;ygonf/ (vrf;pOfygwD?]]tajcjy---}}?pm-80)/ jrefrmekdifiHwGif bDpD-

2000cefYu ausmufacsmacwfvlom;rsm;\vuf&mrsm;ukdvnf; awGU&ygonf/(vrf;pOfygwD? ]]tajcjy-

--}}/pm-45)/ &ckdifwGifawGU&aomausmufacsmacwfvufeufrsm;rSmvnf; bDpD-2000rwkdifrDujzpfyg

onf(S.B.Qanungo,]]-----Chittagong }}P-32)/ tcsKdUynm&Sifrsm;u jrefrmEkdifiHtygt0if ta&SUawmif tm&S

wpfckvkH;\ausmufacsmacwfonf bDpD-1000twGif;ujzpfí? c&pfawmfay:csdefü aMu;avm[macwf

okdYul;ajymif;onf[kvnf; (oef;xGef;? ]]acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if}}? 1969? pm-14)? ,lqygonf/

twdtusod&aomtjcm;wpfckrSm jrefrmEkdifiHwGifausmufacsmacwftxd ûrdUjy,Ofaus;rIr&Sdyg(vrf;pOf

ygwD? ]]tajcjy---}}pm-121)/

jrpf0gjrpf0Srf;übDpD-2500cefYu ]vef½Sef}ausmufacsmacwf,Ofaus;rIxGef;um;cJhNyD;? w½kwfjynfwGif

bDpD-1523rS 1050xd ]½Sef}eef;qufonf yxrqkH;eef;qufjzpfygonf(vrf;pOfygwD?]]urÇmYorkdif;\

rSwfwkdif;rsm;}}y-wGJ?1964-pm-109)/

tdEd,EkdifiH\ausmufacwfonf bDpD-4000txdjzpfygonf(S.F. Mahmud,]]The Story of Indo-Paki-

stan }}?Karachi, 1969, P-13)/bDpD-4000cefYwGif ]rkd[if*sKd'g½kd}ESifh ][m&yÜ}ûrdUrsm;ay:xGef;í ,OfausrI

tqifhjrifhrm;cJh\/ (vrf;pOfygwD?]]---rSwfwkdifrsm;}}pm-93) **Fgjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rIonf tD*spf,Ofaus;rI

ESifhacwfNydKifjzpfonf(H.G.Wells, ]]The Outline of History, P-17) tD*spf,Ofaus;rIonf bDpD-2740ESifh

2270Mum;umvwGif tqifhjrifhrm;qkH;jzpfcJh\/ (vrf;pOfygwD?]]-----rSwfwkdifrsm;? pm-75)/ xkdYaMumifh

**Fgjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rIonf bDpD2500cefYutqifhjrifhrm;pGm xGef;um;cJhbG,f&Sdygonf/

&ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;\tqkdukdvkdufí? ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rIonf Ekdif;jrpf0Srf;? ,lza&;wD;jrpf

0Srf;? tdE´Ljrpf0Srf;? **Fgjrpf0Srf;ESifhjrpf0gjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rIwkdYxufykdí a&S;usonf[kqkdEkdif&eftaxmuf

txm;r&Sdyg/ taxmuftxm;rsm;t&rl? ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rIonf **Fgjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rI\

tarGcHomjzpfonfukd awGU&ygonf/

okawoetaxmuftxm;rsm;t& jrefrmEkdifiHwGiftapmqkH;tjzpf,lqxm;aom ADóEkd;ûrdUudk/

at'D-1&mpkwGifwnfaxmifygonf(OD;b&Sif?]]AdóEkd;NrdKUa[mif;ESifhorkdif;tjrif}}?w?y?'wGJ(1)?ykdif;(3)?pm-

152)/ &ckdifjynfe,fa'owGif bDpD-2000ESifh 1000tMum;umvonf ausmufacwfaESmif;,Ofaus;rI

jzpfí? ûrdUjy,Ofaus;rIwnf&SdcJhonfh taxmuftxm;r&Sdyg/

tm&d,efrsm;onf tm½Stv,fykdif;rS tdE´d,taemufajrmufykdkif;twGif;okdY pwif0ifa&mufvmcJh

MuonfrSm bDpD-2000ESifh 1500twGif;ujzpfygonf/ (Rolinson, ]]The Concise History of Indian People}}

London, 1946, P-13) }}/ tm&d,efwkdYtdEd,wpfEkdifvkH;udk vTrf;rkd;rdonfum; bDpD-750cefYwGif jzpfygonf

(vrf;pOfygwD?]]tajcjy---}}?pm-173)/ tm&d,efwkdYwGif rlvuZmwfcGJjcm;rIpepfr&Sdacs/ tdE´d,okdY

0ifa&mufNyD;aomtcg? rdrdwkdYu j'mAD'D,efrsm;xuf trsKd;oefYonf[kcGJjcm;&mrS (jA[®vm? cwåd,?

0ó?ok'¨)Zmwf-4rsKd;cGJjcm;onfhpepfay:aygufvmygonf(vrf;pOfygwD?]]---rSwfwkdifrsm;}}? pm-101)/

,if;tjyif rGef*kdvGdKufrsKd;&if;rS? oufvlrsKd;tpkonf? ZDcRrfe,fwGif? jrefrmvlrsKd;pkESifhcGJxGufí? [l;aumif;

csKdifh0Srf;ukdjzwfausmfum? {&m0wDjrpfzsm;ykdif;okdY pwifa&muf&SdonferSm? at'D-(1)&mpkwGifjzpfygonf

(OD;&nfpdef? ]]jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm;a&TUajymif;0ifa&mufvmrIyPmravhvmcsuf]],Ofaus;rIAdrmef? pm-

13)/xkdYaMumifh bDpD-3000rwkdifrDuyif? cwåd,rsKd;? omuD,bk&ifwpfyg;ESifh ouftrsKd;orD;wpfOD;wkdY?

ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;ü awGUqkHMuonfZmwfvrf;rSm jzpfEkdiftHhrxifay/

&ckdif"n0wDokdYbk&m;&Sifa&muf&SdcJhonf[laom ,kHMunfrIonf? &ckdifrif;orD;{csif;taxmuftxm;

t&? at'D-15&mpkxufykdí? a&S;usygonf/ at'D-2&mpktwGif;u omoemjyKa&muf&SdcJhonfh Ak'omo

emjyKtzGJUtm;tpGJtrSwfjyKí? þt,ltqqif;oufay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfbG,f&Sdí? Ak'önfoufawmf

xif&Sm;&SdpOfu **Fgjrpf0Srf;ukdausmfvGefí omoemjyKc&D;r<ua&mufcJhonfhtjyif rdrd\qif;wkawmfudk

oGef;vkyfukd;uG,f&ef rnfolYukdrQcGifhjyKcJhjcif;r&Sday(S.B Qanungo, ]]----Chittagong P-82)/45-ESpfumvywf

vkH;tdE´d,jynfwGif;üom? omoemjyKcJhygonf(Christmas Humphreys,]]Buddhism}}London, 1964, P-34)?

Ak'¨qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIonf at'D-76xufa&S;rusaomfvnf; (oef;xGef;?]]uRefawmfvJtajzrodyg}}?

½kyf½Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 2000?pufwifbm?pm-46)at'D 1&mpkwGifyiftpjyKcJhygonf/ (wkdufpkd;?]]uydv

0wf½SmykHawmf}}&wemrGefr*¾Zif;? 2000?----v? pm-19)/ OD;pHomatmifurl Ak'¨tm;ewfa'0gbk&m;

wpfqltjzpf,kHMunfukd;uG,frIajymif;vJvmNyD;rSomvQif? qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIpwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k

qkdygonf(San Tha Aung,]]The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan }}1979,Yangon, P-61) / at'D-1&mpkwGif

Ak'¨bwåd0g'txGwftxdyftjzpf? Ak'¨qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIray:aygufcJhyg(okawoD OD;odef;xGef;?]]c&pf

BudK 5&mpkESifh 1&mpktwGif; Ak'¨qif;wkawmfr&Sdjcif;ukdavhvmjcif;}}(bmompmayESifh,Ofaus;rIynm&yf

qkdif&m okawoemaqG;aEG;yGJ)&efukefwuúokdvf? 1970?{NyDv-11&uf? pmwrf;? pm-17/

qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIonf &ckdifppfwaumif;a'ookdY at'D-2&mpkwGif pwifa&muf&SdvmcJhonf

(S.B. Qanungo,]]----Chittagong, }} P-82)/ &ckdifjynfr[mjrwfrkedqif;wkawmfBuD;ukd oGef;vkyfcJhonfrSm at'D-

225-ckESpfujzpfygonf(OD;omxGef;atmif?]]&ckdif&mZ0ifa[mif;rsm;&SmazGpkaqmif;a&;toif;\rSwf

wrf;}}&efukef? 1920?pm-18)/ yk*H&mZ0ifopfESifhr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;wkdYurl? &ckdifjynfrSr[mrkedqif;

wkawmfBuD;rSm t&darwå,sbk&m;avmif;\qif;wkawmfjzpfonf[kqkdcJhygonf(N.R.Ray, ]]Sanskrit Bud-

dhism in Burma}}Calculta, 1936, P-45)/&ckdif"n0wDokdY bk&m;&Sif<ua&mufcJhaMumif;ukd jA[D®tu©&m? ygVd

bmomjzifha&;xkd;xm;cJhonfh? "n0wDawmifaygufBuD;ausmufpm[lí&SdcJhonf[k? ajymqkda&;om;aecJh

Muaomfvnf;? rlvausmufcsyf/ ausmufpm"gwfykH? ausmufpmrif;ul;ykHponfjrifh ? ckdifrmaom? ,kHMunf

tyf? okawoDrsm;ukd;um;tyfaom taxmuftxm;wpkHw&mr&Sdyg/

tmeEpNEausmufpmwGif bDpD-638rS at'D-370xda0omvDacwfrwkdifrD rif;qufukdazmfjyxm;yg

onf(OD;pHomatmif?]]teE´pNE´}}&efukef? 1975? pm-156)/ þrif;qufonf "n0wDacwfrif;qufjzpf

í? ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;jzifh az:jyxm;aom jrefrmEkdifiH\a&S;tusqkH;rif;qufjzpfygonf/

þrif;quftrnfrsm;ukd? tdE´d,rqef? ouúwrqefaomrif;trnfrsm;tjzpfawGU&ygonf

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vlrsKd;rsm;aecJhMu\/(B.G. Gokhule, "Buddhism and Ssoka"P-117)/ ,m*kac:,m'0wkdYonf tm&d,efrsm;

r[kwfMuay(Chalterjee, "The Cultural Heritage of India (The Religion) P-114)/ bDpD-750cefYwgif tm&d

,efrsm;onf tdE´d,ukdvTrf;rkd;NyD;aemuf? a'ocHvlrsKd;rsm;tm;aoG;aESmaomenf;jzifh pnf½kH;cJh\/ uk½k

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Religion)"P-142)/

xkdYaMumifh tmeEpNEausmufpmwGif az:jyxm;onfh bDpD-638wGif &ckdif"n0wDûrdUawmftm; pwif

wnfaxmifolrsm;rSm tm&d,efrsm;r[kwfouJhokdY wdbufjrefrmrsm;vnf; r[kwfMuyg/ bDpD-7&mpktwGif;

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ygonf/

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taxmuftxm;wpkHw&mrawGU&yg/

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rod&ay/

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("n0wDûrdUawmfa[mif; uGif;qif;avhvma&;twGuf? tzufzufrSulnDaxmufyHhay;cJhaom ppfawG

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Avbkef;wefckd;BuD;jcif;? OmPfynmBuD;jcif;wkdYESifhjynfhpkHonf[kqkd\/ a0omvDûrdUawmfonf ewfjynf\

vSyjcif;ukdyif ysuf&,fjyKEkdifavmufatmif vSywifhw,fonfqkd\/

1

ûrdUawmf\trnfukdum; ausmuf

pmwGifa&;xkd;xm;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; ynm&SiftoD;oD;onf ausmufpmrsm;? awGU&Sd&orQ '*Fg;rsm;ESifh

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aMumif;wyftyfaocsmqkH;jzwfEkdifcJhMu\/

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ûrdUawmfrSm a0omvDûrdUawmfyifjzpfonf[k cefYrSef;&jcif;jzpfayonf}

2

[kazmfjycJh\/

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ayonf/

&mZ0ifvm a0omvDpNE´m;rif;qufonf ausmufpmvm a0omvDpNE´m;rif;qufESifh tajctae

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3

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aMumif;qkdMuygonf/

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jzpfwef&monf

5

[kqkd\/

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qkd&rnfjzpfyg onf/

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bmompum;jzpfvmaMumif;? pmayta&;tom;onf ,if;xufaemufusí (11)ESifh(12)&mpkrsm;wGifrS

yk*HrSa&muf&SdvmaMumif;qkdygonf

9

/

&ckdif&mZ0ifwGifjyqkdouJhokdY plvpNE´m;rif;ukd a0omvDaemufqkH;rif;tjzpf vufcH&rnfhtaMumif;

&Sdaeygonf/ tmeEpNEm;ausmufpmwGif tmeEpNEm;rif;onf a0omvDaemufqkH;rif;jzpfNyD; at'D (729)

xd pkd;pHcJhygonf/ &mZ0ifwGif plvpNE´m;rif;ukd at'D(975)xdpkd;pHaMumif; jyqkdygonf/ a0omvDwGif

aemufqkH;wGU&Sd&aom'*Fg;rSm plvpNEm;'*Fg;jzpfygonf/ plvr[m&mZm

10

[lí ,aeYacwfokH;tu&m rsKd;jzifh

a&;xkd;xm;NyD; ausmzufwGif em*&Dtu©&mjzifh pmcwfESdyfxm;ygonf/ ckESpfouú&mZfryg&Sdyg/

plvukda&;&mü(p)tu©&ma&;ykHrSm ajrmufOD;acwfta&;tom;rsKd;r[kwfaMumif;ESifh þ'*Fg;onfajrmufOD;

acwf'*Fg;r[kwfaMumif; OD;pHomatmifu oufaojycJhygonf11/ OD;pHomatmif\&ckdiftu©&majymif;

vJvmykHESifh wkdufqkdifMunhfaomtcgvnf; at'D(8)&mpkrS (10)&mpka&;xkd;xm;aom tu©&mESifh wlnDyg

onf

12

/

,if;tjyif avmif;Muufacwfrif;xD;'*Fg;\&ifbwfü ,ckacwfokH;tu©&mjzifh (660)]e&ywd

OD;&D;awmf r[meEb,}[ka&;xkd;xm;NyD; ausmzufwGif e*&Dtu©&mjzfihf pmcwfESdyfxm;ygonf/ ouú&mZf

a&;xkd;rIr&Sdjcif;? tu©&mta&;tom;a&S;usjcif;wkdYaMumifh plvr[m&mZm '*Fg;onf avmif;Muufacwf

ajrmufOD;acwfwkdYxufykdí a&S;usaMumif;xif&Sm;ygonf/ plvr[m&mZm'*Fg;onf &mZ0iftwGufom

ta&;BuD;onfr[kwfbJ? &ckdiftu©&morkdif;twGufvnf; wefzkd;rjzwfEkdifaomoufaocH'*Fg;jzpfae

ygonf/ xkdYjyifa0omvD'*Fg;rsm;onf pmoufoufa&;xkd;avhr&Sdqkdaom arm&pfaumvpf\t,ltq

rSm;,Gif;aMumif;awGU&Sd&ygonf/

þplvpNE´m;'*Fg;ukdavhvmjcif;jzifh (8)&mpkrS (10)&mpktwGif &ckdifpmaytu©&mta&;tom;onf

a&S;a[mif;jA[®DqifhyGm;tu©&mrS ajrmufOD;acwftu©&mta&;tom;okdYwa&GUa&GUajymif;vJvmaMumif;awGU

Ekdifygonf/ xkdYaMumifh þ'*Fg'onf &ckdiftu©&morkdif;twGuf ta&;BuD;aMumif;qkdEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf/

&mZ0ifwGif plvpNE´m;rif;\ eef;pHESpfaygif;ukd (36)ESpf[k jyqkday&m þrif;onf at'D(921)wGif

eef;pHí '*Fg;rsm;ukdvnf; at'D(957)rwkdifrD oGef;vkyfcJhrnf[kcefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/ þtaxmuftxm;

rsm;t& (10)&mpktv,fykdif;wGif &ckdifjynfü,aeYokH;pGJaeaom tu©&mta&;tom;ay:aygufaeNyDjzpf

onf[k ,lq&ayrnf/ tjcm;taxmuftxm;rSm ,if;'*Fg;wGif]plvr[m&mZm}ukd a&;&mü(v?r?[)

tu©&mwkdYonf ajrmufOD;acwfokH;tu©&mrsm;ESifh qifwlaeaomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh (11)&mpk

(12)&mpkwGifrS pmta&;tom; yk*HrSa&mufvmonfqkdaom arm&pfaumvpf\t,ltqrSm;,Gif;ae

ygonf/ &ckdiforkdif;pOfwGif(8)&mpkrS (10)&mpkxdumvukd tao;pdwfavhvmazmfxkwfEkdifvQif &ckdif

pmaytu©&mta&;tom;onf a&S;ya0oPDacwfuyif qif;oufvmcJhonfhajymif;vJrIuGif;qufukd

awGUjrifekdifygrnf/

txufygtaxmuftxm;rsm;aMumifh plvr[m&mZm'*Fg;onf tmeE´pNE´m;ausmufpmyg rif;rsm;

teuf aemufqkH;awGU&Sd&aom '*Fg;jzpfonfh "r®pNE´m;'*Fg;ESifh ajrmufOD;acwfrif;xD;'*Fg;wkdYMum;umv

wGif oGef;avmif;aom'*Fg;jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;aeygonf/ xkdYaMumifhplvpNE´m;ESifh od*FpNE´m;rif;wkdYonf

tmeEpNEm;ESifh avmif;Muufacwfrif;xD;wkdYMum;umvwGif a0omvDüpkd;cHcJhaom rif;rsm;teuf yg0ifae

aMumif;odomygonf/

(2) r[mwkdif;pNE´m;rif; pkd;pHaomumvrSm (*) &mpkESifh (10)&mpkMum;umvjzpfaejcif;/

(3) plVpNEm;'*Fg;onf pmaytu©&mta&;tom;ü a0omvDacwfta&;tom;rS avmif;Muufacwf

tu©&mta&;tom;bufokdYajymif;vJaeaomacwfwGif a&;xkd;xm;aom '*Fg;jzpfaejcif;/

(4) &mZ0ifvmrif;qufrS ol&d,pNE´m;? od*FpNE´m;rif;wkdY\ '*Fg;rsm;udkawGU&Sd&NyD;jzpfjcif;/

(5) od*FpNE´m;rif;\trnfukd ausmufpmwkdif ajrmufbufrsufESm&Sd (10)&mpkxkd; ausmufpmwGif

awGU&Sd&jcif;/

ponfwkdYaMumifh r[mwkdif;pNEm;rif;onf at'D(788)wGif a0omvDjynfukdjyefvnfxlaxmifaom

rif;wpfyg;NzpfNyD;? ,if;onfausmufpmvm'GifpNE´m;rif;r[kwfaMumif;xif&Sm;aeygonf/ xkdYaMumifh

a'gufwm*Refpwif\&mZ0ifvm pNE´m;rif;qufonf ausmufpmvmpNE´m;rif;qufukd jyefvnfrSef;q

jyKjyifazmfjycsufomjzpfonf[laom wifjycsufrSm tajctjrpfrckdifvkHyg/

trSefrSm þrif;rsm;onf a0omvDaESmif;acwfrif;rsm;jzpfwef&monf/ '*Fg;rsm;u ,if;rif;rsm;

rwkdifrDuyif pNE´m;rif;quf&SdcJhonfukd azmfjyaeonf[laom OD;pHomatmif\a&;om;csufukdtav;

teufxm;í rSwf,lpOf;pm;zG,f&Sdaeygonf/ taMumif;aMumif;ukdaxmufqvkdufvQif ausmufpmvm

'GifpNE´m;rif;BuD;onf&mZ0ifvmr[mwkdif;pNE´m;rif;BuD;r[kwfaMumif;ukd uRefyfwkdYrSwf,l&ayrnf/

1/ tmeE´pNE´(8)&mpk &ckdifa0omvDrif; (OD;pHomatmif) pm-106^7^8/

2/ ---¤if;----- pm 161/

3/ &ckdifnGefYzl; pm 127/

4/ &cdkifacwfOD;orkdif; (ppffawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;) pm-

5/ Some Sanskrit Insceription of Arakam (E.H.Johnston)

6/ &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; (OD;pHomatmif) pm-ykH (13)(18)(19)

7/ tmeE´mpNE´m; (OD;pHomatmif) pm 172/

8/ &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; (OD;pHomatmif) ykH 18/

9/ Arakan's place in the Civilization of the Bay (M. Callice)

10/ &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; (OD;pHomatmif) ykH 19/

11/ &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; (OD;pHomatmif) pm 27/

12/ Arakan's Scripts its origin and Evolution (U Aung Tha Oo)

13/ &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; (OD;pHomatmif) pm 7/

a0omvDacwf tjrifopf

a0omvDacwfukdjyefvkdYMunfhuwfzkdY qkdauawmhcg tmeE´pNEáusmufpmukd owd&uwfygvdar/

,if;ausmufpma& a0omvDacwfeefY ywfoufysm &ckdif&mZ0ifusrf;tm;vkH;xuf ykdvkdYckdifrma&qkdpGmukd

okawoD½kdY vufcHuwf&yga&/ ZmaMumifhvJ;vkdYqkdau vuf[d&mZ0ifwdpGm 15&mpkeefY aemufykdif;usrS

&D;cuwfaw&mZ0ifwdjzpfNyD;au ausmufpmuawmh a0omvDacwfxJrmyif &D;xkd;ca&twGufeefYjzpfyg

a&/ a,'gvJ; ausmufpmrmyga& rif;½kdUoGef;vkyfca& '*Fg;wdukd wGdeDuwf&a&ykdif &mZ0ifvmrif;wcsKdU

oGef;ca&'*Fg;wdukdvJ; wGd&a&twGuf &mZ0ifrmyga& rif;½kdYvJ; a0omvDrmtrSefpkd;pHcuwfaw rif;wd

jzpfawqkdpGmukd uRefawmf½kdUvufcHuwf&yga&/

&mZ0ifrm a0omvDrif;qufukd r[mwkdif;pNErif;BuD;pGm at'D 788ckESpfrSm wnfaxmifa&vkdYqkdyg

a&/ (ukd;-9/pm-5)/ OD;pHomatmifuvJ; a0omvDrif;qufukd &ckdif&mZ0ifrm at'D 8&mpku 10&mpkxd

pkd;pHuwfawvkdY azmfjyyem/ rif; 9yg;[dNyD;au aemufqkH;rif;pGm plvpNE´rif;jzpfawvkdY (ukd;-3?pm-

7)&D;cyga&/ tmeE´pNEáusmufpm*gxm(19)(20)eefY (21)½kdUrma0omvDukd wnfaqmufawrif;pGm

'GifpNE´rif;BuD;jzpfaMumif;? ûrdUawmfpGm ewfjynfxufykdvkdYvSyaMumif;ukd (ukd;-4?pm-108)&D;xkd;cyga&/

ûrdUemrnfukdawmhcg ausmufpmrm rwGd&yg/ a,'gvJ; a'gufwm*Refpwif? a'gufwmqmum;?

OD;pHomatmif tp[da&okawoD½kdUu taxmuftxm;ckdifckdifvkHvkHeefY 'GifpNE´rif;BuD;wnfca&ûrdUpGm?

a0omvDûrdUjzpfawvkdY qkdcuwfygAsm,f/

'GefpNE´rif;BuD; a0omvDûrdUwnfa&ESpfukd a'gufwmqmum;u at'D370vkdY owfrSwfyga&/

tmeEŃEáusmufpm&D;xkdk;a&ESpfukdvJ; at'D 729ckvkdY owfrSwfcyga&/ &ckdiforkdif;okawoD½kdUuawmh

atowfrSwfcsufukd trsm;tjym;vufcHuwfyga&/

tcsKdUokawoD½kkdUu &mZm0ifu r[mwkdif;pNE´rif;BuD; eef;wufawESpfukd at'D 327vkdY jyNyD;au

plvpNE´rif;ewf&GmpHa&ESpfukd at'D 769vkdY &D;uwfyga&/ (ukd;-5? pm-191)/ ,csifhtjyif ol½kdUu

ausmufpmu 'GifpNErif;eefY &mZ0ifu r[mwkdif;pNErif;½kdUukd xyfwljyKNyD;au 'GifpNErif;BuD;eef;wufaw

ESpfukdvJ; at'D 327vkdY&D;yem/ tmeE´pNE´rif; ewf&GmpHa&ESpfukdvJ; at'D 667vkdY&D;ygoD;,ifh(ukd;-5/

pm-195)/ ol½kdU,lqcsufrm r[mwkdif;pNEúeDyem plvpNE´rif;xd &mZ0ifrmyg[da& a0omvDrif;½kdU

eef;pHESpfaygif;pGm 441ESpfjzpfawtwGufeefY? at'D 769txdjzpfNyD;au ausmufpmu a0omvDrif;½kdY

eef;pHESpfaygif;pGm 359ESpfjzpfawtwGuf at'D 686txdjzpfNyD;? a0omvDeef;ysufpDk;vm;ca& ESpfeefYywf

oufyem 83ESpf uGmjcm;eDpGm wGd&yga&/ ,if;okawoD½kdYpGm? ausmufpmvm pNErif;qufukd &mZ0ifvm

pNE´rif;qufeefYxyfwljzpfawvkdY &D;om;,lqeDuwfauvJ;? atykdifa0omvDxD;eef;ysufvm;ca& ckESpf

eefY ywfoufvkdY uGm[eDpGmukdawmh ajz&Sif;csufryD;EkdifuwfygoD;/

,if;okawoD½kdUu 'GifpNE´rif;pGm r[mwkdif;pNE´rif;BuD;jzpfawvkdY qkd½kHru ausmufpmrmyga&

umvpNE? oD&d"r®0dZ,rif;½kdUukd &mZ0ifxJu umvpNE? oD&dpNErif;½kdU jzpfawvkdYvJ; qkduwfygoD;a&/

wcsKdUokawoD½kdUuawmh tmeE´pNE´rif;ukd &mZ0ifu plvpNE´rif;jzpfawvkdYawmif qkdyga&(ukd;-7?pm-

126)/

,if;okawoD½kdU wifjycsufwdrm plvpNE´rif;ewf&Gmvm;a&ESpfukd at'D 769ckvkdY qkdNyD;au ,if;

rif;eef;pHa&ESpfaygif;u 36ESpfvkdYqkda&twGufeefY plvpNE´rif;eef;wufawckESpfpGm at'D 733jzpfvm;yg

a&/ a,au,if;rif; oGef;vkyfca&]]plvr[m&mZm}} '*Fg;ukd at'D733ckrm oGef;vkyfawvkdY qkdpGmeefY

twlwljzpfyga&/ a,'gvJ; ,if;'*Fg;rmyga& tu©&mt&D;tom;t& at'D733rmoGef;vkyfaw '*Fg;

ZmykdifvJ; jzpfEkdifzkdYtaMumif;r[dyg/ at'D 8&mpktwGif;rm &ckdifjynfrm atykdiftu©&mrsKd;okH;pGJeDa&?

ay:aygufeDa&taxmuftxm;r[dyg/ at'D 729rm &D;xkd;ca& tmeE´pNEáusmufpmukdyif emvE´mu

ykHajymif;vma& jA[®DqifhyGm; tu©&mwdeefY&m &D;xkd;eDoD;pGmukd wGd&yga&/ ,if;Zl;eefYplvpNE´rif;eefwuf

awckESpfukd at'D 733vkdY ,lqvkdYrSefEkdifzkdYrjrifrdyg/

aemufwpfcku 'GifpNE´rif;BuD;eef;wufckESpfukd at'D327vkdY tmeE´pNEáusmufpm&D;xkd;a&ESpfukd

,if;okawoD½kdUazmfjyuwfawykdif at'D686vkdY(ukd;-5/pm-195)owfrSwfawvJ tmeE´pNEáusmufpm

ukd emvE´mu,aom"grHausmufpmxuf,if;vkdY &D;xkkd;ca&vkdY qkda&ykdifjzpfeDyga&/ ausmufpmrm yga&

tu©&mt&D;tom;t&vJ ,if;ykdifrjzpfEkdifyg/

a'gufwm*Refpwifu ]]'Gif}}eefY ]]wkdif;}}pGmbmomaA't& eD;pyfaw/ ]]'GifpNE}}pGm]]r[mwkdif;}}pNEjzpf

Ekdifa&qkdpGmukd oHa,mifvkdufyem tcsKdUuvJ; ausmufpmuoD&d"r®0dZ,rif;ukd &mZ0ifrm yg[da&

oD&dpNErif;jzpfawvkdY taxmuftxm;r[dbJ dqkduwfjyefyga&(ukd;-5/pm-192)/ a,auvJ; &mZ0ifrm

rif;9yg;jyqkdyem? ausmufpmrmu rif;22yg;ukdwGd&yga&/

&ckdif&mZ0ifrm a0omvDacwf pNErif;qufeef;pccuwfaw ckESpfeefYywfoufNyD;au t,ifuyif

t*ktxdokawoD½kdUxJrm oabmxm;uGJvGJrIwd wGd&yga&/ OD;pHomatmiftqkdt& qkdauzwfvkdYr&Ekdif

avmufatmif ysufpD;eD;a& tmeE´pNEáusmufpmwkdifajrmufzufrsufESmrm &ckdif&mZ0ifvm rif;qufukd

wGd&a&vkdY&D;cyga&/ zwfvkdY&oavmufodCHpNE´rif;ukd wGd&a&vkdYvJ; qkdyga&/ yifrvm*wårifuawmh

cg zwfvkdY&oavmufrm ]]odCHpNE´}}]]plvpNE´}}bGJUwdukdvJ; wGd&a&vkdYqkdyga&/ OD;pHomatmifu

atausmufpmrm tmeE´pNEáemuf a0omvDrSm pkd;pHcuwfaw rif;wdyg0ifNyD;au aemufqkH;rif;pGm

plvpNE´rif;jzpfawvkdY(ukd;-3/ukd;-4)qkdyga&/

ausmufpmeefY &mZ0ifukdñSdEIdif;a&tcg okawoD½kdUtcsif;csif;xJrm ,if;ykdifoabmxm;uGJeDpGmwd

ukd wGdvm&a&tcgatjyóemukd uRefawmf½kdUtedefeefYypfxm;vkdYr&EkdifygAsm,f/ twwfEkdifqkH;qkda&

ykdif ñSdEIdi;fpdppfzkdYvkdtyfvmyga&/ ,if;ykdifpdppfawtcg ausmufpmeefY&mZ0ifu rif;½kdUemrnfcsif;qifwl

eDa&udpö? &mZ0ifvmrif;wdpGm ausmufpmvm rif;xJu bkef;BuD;a&rif;wdukd&mazmfjyjcif;jzpfawqkda&

udpö? wpfqufxJrm ,if;udpöwdukdaqG;aeG;,yif; '*Fg;wdukd ynmoQif½kdUowfrSwfcuwfaw owfrSwf

csufeefY csdefqysm a0omvDacwftpeefYtqkH;umvukd uRefawmf½kdUowfrSwf&ygzkdY/

&ckdif&mZ0ifrm r[mwkdif;pNE´rif;pGm trSwfpOf(1)jzpfNyD;au umvpNE´rif;pGm trSwfpOf(5)jzpfyg

a&/ ausmufpmrm 'GifpNE´rif;pGm trSwfpOf(1)jzpfNyD;au umvpNE´rif;pGm trSwfpOf(3)rmjzpfeDpGmukd

wGd&yga&/ &mZ0ifq&mpGm ausmufpmrmyga& pNErif;½kdUukdrSef;qazmfjya&qkdau? umvpNErif;ukd trSwf

pOf(5)rmxnfhoGif;yem/ ol&d,pNE´? armvpNEéefY aygvpNE´rif;½kdUukd trSwfpOf(2)(3)eefY(4)½kdUrSm xnfh

oGif;czkdYr[kwfyg/ odCHpNE´rif; '*Fg;eefY (plvr[m&mZm'*Fg;½kdUuvJ;)atrif;qufpGm pdwful;,Of

rif;qufr[kwfqkdpGmukd oufoDjyeDuwfyga&/ a,NyD;au ausmufpma0omvD yxrrif;quftqkH;rm

rif;(16)yg;vkdY&D;xkd;xm;yem &DwGufMunhfa&cg rif;13yg;xJ wGd&a&twGufeefY csefxm;ca&rif;3yg;pGm

atrf;wdjzpfEkdifzkdYvm;vkdY wGufqMunhfyga&/ ,if;ykdifqkdjyefau]]0d&pNE}}]]NyDdwdpNE}}½kdUykdifeef;pHESpfu aumif;eJ

a& rif;wdukd ausmufpm&D;xkd;pGmrSmcsefxm;zkdYqkdpGm rjzpfEkdifvkdYwGufMunhfrdyga&/ a,NyD;au]]umvpNE}}eefY

]]xlvpNE´}} rif;½kdUykdif rif;qkd;rif;npfwdukd &mZ0ifrmwGd&pGmuvJ &mZ0ifrmyga& rif;wdpGm xif&Sm;

ausmfMum;NyD;au bkef;wefckd;BuD;rm;a& rif;wdukdazmfjyxm;pGm jzpfawqkdpGm jzpfEkdifzkdYr[kwfyg/

&mZ0if½kdUrmu toDtcsmavhvmMunhfa&cg umvpNE´rif;eefYywfoufyem]]&wemokH;yg;ukd

rMunfñdk? tvªoDwif;r[d? wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;csrf;omukdvJ; wkd;wufatmifrvkyf? wkdif;jynfvJ; rNidrf;csrf;?

&wemrkd;vJ; r&Gm?(ukd;-1]]a#mf}}csyf]]0rf;}}?ukd;-2?]]p}}csyf]]0rf;}})vkdYqkda&/ ausmufpmrm umvpNE´rif;pGm

(9)ESpfeef;pHa&/ EkdifiHa&;? vlrIa&;rmuRrf;usifa& ,if;rif;pGm ewfjynfukd <ujref;a&}}vkdY(ukd;-4? pm-

110)wGd&yga&/ ,csifhwdukd axmufyem&mZ0ifxJu umvpNErif;pGm? ausmufpmrmyga& umvpNErif;

vkH;0rjzpfekdifqkdpGm wGufqMunhfvkdY&yga&/ &mZ0if½kdUrm ]]xlvpNE´}}rif;eefYywfoufysm taysmftyg;

vkdufpm;NyD;au olawmf aumif;½kdUtqkH;trukdremcH? &wemokH;yg;? oDvpm*rmvJrwnf? rif;usifh w&m;

eefYvJ;rnD? jynfol½kdU pD;yGm;ukdvJ; rapmifha&SmufvkdY (ukd;-1?]]a#mf}}csyf]]aMum}}? ukd;-2?]]p}}0rf;)jyqkd

uwfyga&/ &mZ0iftm;vkH;rm atrif;wdukd rif;aumif;rif;jrwfwd? bkef;BuD;NyD;xif&Sm;a&rif;wdvkdY r&D;om;

uwfyg/ wcsKdUokawoD½kdUu atykdifqkd;&Gm;pGma& rif;ukdyifausmufpm&D;xkd;ca& tmeEpNErif;jzpfawvkdY

qkduwfygoD;a&/ (ukd;-7?pm-126)/ ol½kdUuawmh atrif;pGmtoufi,f&G,foD;a&twGufeefY aemiftcgrm

w&m"r®ukdrsufuG,fjyKyem? taysmftyg;vkdufpm;cpGm jzpfEkdifa&vkdYtaMumif;jyyga&/ a,'gvJ;

wkdawmif;a& eef;pHumvtwGif;rm ,if;ykdifajymif;vJvmzkdYqkdpGm jzpfEkdifzkdYcJ,Of;yga&/ xlvpNE´rif;

eef;pHESpfukd &mZ0ifBuD;rm 25ESpf? irnf&mZ0ifeefY &ckdif&mZ0ifopf½kdUrm 19ESpf? "n0wD&mZ0ifopfrm

9ESpf? tif;apmufrm 16ESpf qkdyemtrsKd;rsKd;jyqkduwfyga&/ ewf&GmpHa&tcg ,if;rif;toufukd

&mZ0ifBuD;rm 54ESpf? irnf&mZ0if eefY &ckdif&mZ0ifopf½kdUrm 41ESpf? tif;apmuf&mZ0ifrm 38ESpfvkdYqkduwf

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rif;qufpGm txufrmazmfjyca& okawoD½kdU,lquwfawykdif ausmufpmrmyga& 'GifpNE´rif;qufvJ;

r[kwfbJtmeEpNEewf&GmpHNyD;aemufrS&m at'D8&mpku 10&mpkxd (ykdvkdYwdwdususqkd&au at'D 788u

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rSefuefeDpGmwGd&yga&/

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½kdUowfrSwfuwfyga&/

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(1) "n0wDacwf ( ? at'D 370 xd)(2) a0omvDacwf (at'D 370 rS at'D 994 xd)

(3) yOömacwf (at'D 1018 rS at'D 1118 xd)

(4) yk&defacwf (at'D 1118rS at'D 1142 xd)

(ukd;-11?pm-109)

,if;ZkeefY &ckdifjynfrm bkef;rD;eDvxGef;awmufca&]]a0omvDacwf}}pGm at'D 370upNyD;au at'D

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teDeefYwifjy&jcif;jzpfyga&/

ukd;um;aom pmtkyfpmwrf;wd

(1) q&mirnf; &ckdif&mZ0if(ppfawGûrdUMum;ausmif;ayrI)

(2) tif;apmuf&mZ0if? (okawoDynmpm&rI)

(3) OD;pHomatmif &ckdif'*Fg;rsm;

(4) OD;pHomatmif tmeE´pNE´

(5) xGef;a&Tckdif &ckdifa&S;a[mif;ûrdUawmfrsm;

(6) xGef;a&Tckdif &ckdifa0omvDacwfAk'¨tEkynm

(7) atmifvSodef; a0omvDacwfpdppfcsuf&ckdifr*¾Zif;(17)

(8) Dr. apmxGef;atmif &Spfaomif;bk&m; ausmufpmwkdifajrmufzufrsufESm

(&ckdifo[m,pmapmif 1986)

(9) U San Shwe Bu A Brief Note on the old Capitals of Arakan

(10) P.Gutman-Ancient Arakan

(11) U San Tha Aung The Budddhist Art of Ancient Arakan

r[m0d&ukdppf½IH;ol

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153)ukdMunfhyg/

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jzpfygonf/ (ukd;-2? pm-80)/ (Pamela Gutman)urI ,if;pum;vkH;ukd ]bmv}[k (ukd;-9? pm-55)

a&;om;ygonf/

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vm ]wkdif;pNE´}rif;qufr[kwfEkdifaMumif;ukd pma&;olkonf 1986ckESpfu xkwfa0cJhaom &ckdifo[m,

toif; aiG&wktxdrf;trSwfpmapmifwGif a&;om;cJhzl;ayonf/

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jzpfp&m&Sdygonf/ &ckdif&mZ0ift& r[mwkdif;pNEónf at'D (788)wGif a0omvDukdwnfaxmifpkd;pHNyD;

at'D(957)wGif rGef*kdwkdY\wkdufckdufrIaMumifh a0omvDysufqD;cJh&onf/(udk;um;-8)

(D.C Sircar)\ tvkdt& ausmufpmvm a0omvDyxrrif;qufonf at'D(370)rS at'D(600)xd

vnf;aumif;? 'kwd,rif;qufonf at'D(600)rS at'D(729)xdvnf;aumif; pkd;pHonf/ (ukd;-7? ukd;-

2? pm-159-171)r[mwkdif;pNErSm at'D(788)wGif pkd;pHaomrif;jzpfonf/ "n0wDESifha0omvDacwfrif;

rsm;\ eef;pHouú&mZfrsm;tcsif;csif; uGJvGJaerIrsm;aMumifh OD;pHomatmifonf rnfonfh&mZ0ifusrf;ukd

yif trSef,l&rnfukd rodEkdifaomtajctaewGif &Sdygonf/(ukd;-2? pm-216)[k a&;om;cJhzl;\/

&mZ0ifvmpNE´rif;qufonf tmeEŃEáemuf a0omvDwGif at'D(788)ü pwifpkd;pHaomrif;quf

[kwfonf? r[kwfonf[laomtcsufonf r[m0d&ukdppf½IH;ol}tm;&SmazG&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom

taxmuftxm;jzpfay&m &mZ0ifvmpNE´rif;qufrS odCHpNE´rif;'*Fg;ukd OD;pGmqef;ppfygrnf/

,if;okdYavhvm&mwGif odCHpNE'*Fg;xufykdí a&S;us[ef&Sdaom ]"r®pNE} '*Fg;ESifhEIdif;,SOfavhvm&ef

vkdtyfygonf/ "r®pNErif;onf at'D(704)wGif a0omvDüeef;pHonf/ &ckdifrif;rsm;onf eef;wufaom

ESpfüyif '*Fg;oGef;vkyfMuay&m "r®pNE´'*Fg;ukd at'D(704)wGifyifoGef;vkyfjcif;jzpfayonf/ odCHpNE´rif;

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bk&m;ausmufpmwkdifajrmufbufrsufESmrS a&SUajy;b*Fvdtu©&mrsKd;jzifh a&;xkd;xm;ygonf/

]oD&dodCH*@}[laomtrnfukd '*Fg;ay:wGif pmaMumif;a&ESpfckjzifha&;xkd;xm;ygonf/ (ukd;-1?

ykH-18)Pamela Gutmanu þ'*Fg;onf tmeE´pNEáusmufpma&;xkd;NyD; umvtwefMumjrifhaom

tcsdefwGifrS oGef;vkyfNyD;&Spfaomif;bk&m;ausmufpmwkdifajrmufbufrsufESmrS at'D(10)&mpkxkd; tu©&m

ta&;tom;ESifhwlnDaMumif; þ'*Fg;rSm ausmufpmwGifyg0ifaom ]oD&dodCHywdol&pNE} [laomrif;\

'*Fg;jzpfEkdifaMumif; (ukd;-9? pm-125)qkdygonf/

OD;pHomatmifuvnf; ausmufpmwkdifajrmufbufrsufESmwGif &mZ0ifvmrif;tcsKdU\trnfukdawGU

&aMumif;? odCHpNErif;\trnfyg0ifaMumif; (ukd;-1?pm-9)qkday&m þ'*Fg;onf &mZ0ifvm odCHpNE

rif;\ '*Fg;jzpfEkdifaMumif;qkH;jzwfekdifygawmhonf/

tcsKdUu&mZ0ifvm r[mwkdif;pNE´rif;\eef;pHouú&mZffukd at'D(327)[kqkdygonf/ (ukd;-4? pm-

191)/ ,if;wkdY\tqkdt&jzpfaom odCHpNE\eef;pHESpf at'D(667)rS at'D(733)(ukd;-4?pm-191)onf

D.C-Sircar wifjyxm;onfh tmeE´pNEáusmufpmvm "r®pNE´rif;\eef;pHESpfESifh wkdufqkdifaeonfhtjyif

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at'D(935)rS at'D(951)xd[k jyqkdaom (ukd;-8)&ckdif&mZ0ifvm rSefuefaMumif; odomEkdifygonf/

odCHpNE´'*Fg;ukd ausmufpmt& at'D(704)rS at'D(720)xd eef;pHoGm;aom "r®pNE´rif;\'*Fg;

(ukd;-1?ykH-19)ESifh EIdif;,SOfMunfhvQifvnf; vufa&;vufom;ynmt&vnf;aumif;? a&;xkd;xm;aom

tu©&mrsm; okH;pGJaomacwft&vnf;aumif;? "r®pNE´'*Fg;onf odCHpNE´'*Fg;xufrsm;pGm a&S;usaeonf

ukdawGU&ayonf/

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ra&mufvmrDuyif &ckdifjynfüokH;pGJaeaom tu©&mta&;tom;jzpfonf/

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wGifa&;xkd;xm;aomtu©&m ta&;tom;vkH;0eD;yg;uGJjym;aeygonf/ ]"}ukda&;&mwGif tenf;i,fwlnD

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0JbufokdY armufcs[efjzifh a&;xkdk;xm;ygonf/]pNE´}ukda&;&müvnf; ]e}ukd a&;&mwGifomwlnDNyD; usef

tm;vkH;uGJjym;ygonf/ '*Fg;ay:wGifa&;om;xm;aom tu©&mta&;tom;onf at'D(6)&mpktwGif;u

a&;om;xm;aomtu©&mta&;tom;rS xif&Sm;odomaomajymif;vJrI r&Sdao;onfukdawGU&ygonf/

"r®pNE´'*Fg;oGef;vkyfcsdefonf tmeE´pNEáusmufpma&;xkd;csdefxuf a&S;usaMumif;odomvSygonf/

pma&;oltaejzifh '*Fg;rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;? '*Fg;ESifhausmufpmukdvnf;aumif;? EIdif;,SOfwifjyae

jcif;rSm "r®pNE´'*Fg;wGifa&;xkd;xm;aom tu©&mta&;tom;onf tmeE´pNEáusmufpmta&;tom;

xufvnf;aumif; odCHpNE´'*Fg;yg tu©&mta&;tom;xufvnf;aumif; a&S;usaMumif;odom&efESifh

odCHpNE´rif;tygt0ifjzpfaom pNE´rif;qufonf at'D(8)&mpkrS (10)&mpkxd pkd;pHcJhaom rif;qufom

vQif jzpfaMumif;&Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfap&efjzpfygonf/

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a0omvDeef;pHcJhaom rif;tcsKdU\'*Fg;ukd avhvm&efvkdtyfayOD;rnf/ ausmufpmt& "GwdpNE´rif;onf

r[m0d&rwkdifrD pNErif;qufwGif aemufqkH;rif;jzpfí at'D(597)rS at'D(610)xd pkd;pHcJhygonf/ (ukd;-

2? pm-159)/

"r®pNE´rif;onf "GwdpNE´rif;xuf (107)ESpf aemufusí xD;eef;pkd;pHcJhjcif;aMumifh "r®pNE´'*Fg;oGef;

vkyfrIonf "GwdpNEóGef;vkyfcsdefxuf ESpfaygif;(107)ESpf aemufusrnfjzpfonf? "r®pNE ´'*Fg;wGif

a&;xkd;xm;aom tu©&mta&;tom;rSm at'D(6)&mpkokH;tu©&mta&;tom;rS ododomomtoGif

ajymif;vJaom ta&;tom;rsKd;r[kwfay? okdYaomf "r®pNE´rif;\eef;pHcsdefonf at'D(8)&mpktpwGif

jzpfonfukd owdûy&ayrnf/

OD;pHomatmifu ]ausmufpmvm 'kwd,rif;qufpm&if;wGif yg&Sdaom rif;(9)quf\'*Fg;rsm;ukd

awGU&Sd&NyD;jzpfayonf/ þwGif ruao;? vufa&;vufom;ynmt& ,if;acwfwGifyifoGef;vkyfonf[k

rSwf,lEkdifaom ]ol&d,pNE} '*Fg;wpfjym;ukd awGU&Sdxm;onf? þol&d,pNE\trnfrSm tmeEpNEausmuf

pmrif;qufpm&if;ryg&Sday/ þawGU&Sdcsufukd &Sif;vif;&efvkdtyfaeayao;onf? (udk;-2? pm-161)/ [k

a&;om;cJh\/

þt"dyÜm,ft&qkdvQif þ'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkyfcJhaom ol&d,pNE´rif;onf at'D(370)rS (600)xd

pkd;pHaom 'GifpNE´rS "GwdpNE´xdrif;rsm;ESifh wpfacwfwnf;jzpfp&m&Sdí? at'D(600)rS (729)xdpkd;pHaom

r[m0d&rS teE´pNE´xdrif;qufwGifvnf;aumif;? at'D(788)rS (957)xdpkd;pHaom r[mwkdif;pNE´rS plv

pNE´xdrif;qufwGifvnf;aumif;? yg0ifaomrif;r[kwfonfrSm aocsmvSayonf? þ'*Fg;onf &mZ0if

vm ol&d,pNE´rif;\ '*Fg;omjzpfvQif at'D(6)&mpktwGif;u okH;pGJcJhaomtu©&mrsm;ESifhwlnDaom

tu©&mrsm;ukdokH;pGJrnfr[kwfbJ tmeEpNEausmufpmokH; tu©&mta&;tom;xuf aemufusaomta&;

tom;jzifhom oGef;vkyfzG,f&m&Sdygonf/

tb,faMumifhqkdaomf tmeE´pNEáusmufpmonf &mZ0ifvm ol&d,pNE´rif;rwkdifrDu a&;xkd;xm;

aom ausmufpmjzpfonfhtjyif &mZ0ifvmol&d,pNE´rif;yg0ifonfh rif;qufrS oHCHpNE´rif;\'*Fg;wGif

a&;xkd;xm;aom a&SUajy;b*Fvdtu©&mvnf; &ckdifjynfokdYra&muf&Sdao;aomaMumifhyif jzpfayonf/

xkdYaMumifh awGU&Sd&aom ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;ukd oGef;vkyfaom ol&d,pNE´rif;onf &mZ0ifvmol&d,pNE´rif;

r[kwfonfrSm aocsmaeayawmhonf/

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pkd;pHonf/ okdYaomf ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;onf vufa&;vufom;ynmt& ausmufpmvm yxra0omvDrif;

rsm;ESifh wpfacwfwnf;wGif oGef;vkyfjcif;jzpfrnf[k OD;pHomatmifcefYrSef;xm;ay&m ,if;'*Fg;oGef;vkyf

aomESpfukd vufa&;vufom;ynmt& at'D600xufaemufusí rnfokdYrQ rowfrSwfEkdifawmhay/

þol&d,pNE´'*Fg;onf vufa&;vufom;ynmt& ausmufpmvma0omvD yxrrif;quftwGif;[k

cefYrSef;&ojzifh 'kwd,rif;quftwGif;rS tapmqkH;awGU&Sdxm;&onfh "r®0dZ,'*Fg;xufvnf; a&S;us

onf[laomtcsufukd owd&rnfjzpfayonf/

ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;ü tu©&mta&;tom;ukdavhvmaomtcg ol\vuf0Jtay:ykdif;wGif ysufpD;aeNyD

jzpfaomfvnf; at'D6&mpktwGif;u a&;om;onfhykHpHtwkdif;yif a&;om;xm;aMumif;cefYrSef;Ekdifonf/

]&d}ukda&;om;&mwGif ]&}ukd 0d&pNE'*Fg;wGif a&;xkd;xm;onfhtwkdif;yif a&;om;xm;umvkH;BuD;wif

ukd a&;&mwGif at'D6&mpktwGif;u ta&;tom;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif 0JbufokdYarmufcs&mwGif atmufokdY

&Snf&SnfrqGJawmhyJ tenf;i,fwkdoGm;onfukdawGU&onf/ (Pemela Gutman)url vkH;BuD;wifukd

0kdif;pufpGm a&;om;xm;onf[k ,lqygonf/ (ukd;-9? pm-124)/ ],}ta&;tom;ukd avhvmaomtcg

OD;pGmtm;jzifh at'D6&mpktwGif;u &ckdifjynfwGif a&;om;aeaom],}tu©&mta&;tom; 4rsKd;&Sdonfukd

awGU&onf/ ,if;4rsKd;rSm (1)a0omvDaMu;eDjym;wGifa&;xkd;xm;aomta&;tom;(2)a0omvDoif;uspf

awmifausmufpmwGifa&;xkd;xm;aomta&;tom;? (3)a0omvDacgif;avmif;pmwGif a&;xkdk;xm;aom

ta&;tom;ESifh (4)oHwGJc½kdif ivGrf;armfausmufpmwGif a&;xkd;xm;aom ta&;tom;[k (4)rsKd;uGJjym;

pGmawGU&onf/ (ukd;-3? Z,m;-22-23)/

þwGif xl;jcm;onfrSm ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;wGif],}tu©&mta&;tom;onf oHwGJc½kdifivGrf;armf

ausmufpmwGif a&;xkd;xm;aom ta&;tom;rS wyg;/ at'D6&mpktwGif; tjcm;rnfonfhausmufpm?

aMu;eDjym;pm? acgif;avmif;pmwGifrS rawGU&jcif;jzpfygonf/(Pemela Gutman)u oHwGJc½kdif ivGrf;armf

ausmufpmukdavhvmí ,if;ausmufpmygta&;tom;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? ,if;ausmufpmyg ],}

tu©&mta&;tom;ESifh at'D 7&mpktpykdif;wGif a&;om;okH;pGJcJhaom ta&;tom;rsKd;jzpfaMumif; qkday

onf/(ukd;-9?pm-94-124)/ þtcsufukdvnf; txlowdjyK&ef vkdtyfayonf/

wzefa0omvD'kwd,rif;qufrS "r®0dZ,'*Fg;ESifhEIdif;,SOfavhavmjyefvQifvnf; tu©&mta&;

tom;tvGefuGm[aejcif;aMumifh "r®0dZ,rif;xufESpftwefMum apmpD;pGmuyif a0omvDüeef;pHcJhaom

rif;jzpfonf[k cefYrSef;Ekdifayonf/ xkdYjyifol&d,pNE´'*Fg;yg ]&}tu©&mta&;tom;onf0d&pNE´'*Fg;yg

ta&;tom;ESifhwlnDrIaMumifhvnf;aumif;? OD;pHomatmif\azmfjycsuft& þ'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkkyfaom

ol&d,pNE´rif;onf ausmufpmvma0omvDyxrrif;qufESifh wacwfwnf;jzpfaeaomaMumifh

vnf;aumif;? (Pemela Gutman)azmfjycsuft& ol&d,pNE'*Fg;ay:rS ],}tu©&mta&;tom;onf at'D

6&mpktqkH;ESifh at'D7&mpktpwGif tokH;jyKaomta&;tom;jzpfaejcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; þ'*Fg;ay:&Sd

tu©&ma&;xkd;xm;ykHrSm "GwdpNEÉSif ,if;rwkdifrDrif;rsm;\ '*Fg;rsm;wGifa&;xkd;cJhaom pmvkH;rsm;avmuf

0kdifpufajyjypfnDvmrI r&Sdjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? þol&d,pNE´'*Fg;ukd oGef;vkyfcJhaomol&d,pNE´rif;

onf "GwfpNEéwf&GmpHcJhaom ESpfxufvnf;rapm? r[m0d&eef;wufaom ESpfxufvnf;aemufrusyJ?

a0omvDwGifeef;pHcJhaomrif;wpfyg;jzpfonf[k ,lq&ayawmhrnf/

(Pemela Gutman)url ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;ukd at'D625ESifh 650tMum;wGif oGef;vkyfonf[k cefYrSef;

ygonf/ (ukd;-9? pm-127)? okdYaomf ,if;umvonf r[m0d&rS tmeE´pNE´rif;qufrSm (D.C-Siacar)

tvkdt& ao0if&ifrif;ESifh "r®ol&rif;wkdY\eef;pHcsdefrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;? (E.H-Johnston)\tvkdt&

"r®ol&ESifh 0ZD&owådrif;wkdY\eef;pHcsdefrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; wkdufqkdifae½kHrQru ausmufpmvma0omvD

'kwd,rif;qufwGif rif;wpfyg;yg;ukdtrnfa&;rxkd;yJ csefxm;cJhonf rnfonfhoJvGefprS rawGU&aom

aMumifhvnf;aumif;/ þumvwGif ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkyfzG,f&m taMumif;r&Sd[k ,lqygonf/

tu©&mta&;tom;t& r[m0d&tp&Sdaomrif;qufxuf a&S;uszG,fom&SdNyD; OD;pHomatmif\

cefYrSef;csuft& yxrrif;quftwGif;rS rif;jzpfEkdifaomaMumifh ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;oGef;vkyfcJhaomrif;onf

ausmufpmvmyxra0omvDrif;qufwGif trnfa&;rxkd;yJ csefxm;cJhaomrif;(3)yg;teufrS wpfyg;

tygt0ifjzpfonf[k rSwf,lEkdifygonf/

okdYaomfvnf; ausmufpm*gxm trSwf33t& "GwfpNE´rif;ewf&GmpHaomESpfüyif yla&yl&rS r[m

0d&onf a0omvDwGif xD;eef;pkd;pHonf/ okawoDrsm;uvnf; ausmufpmukd taxmuftxm;jyKí

r[m0d&onf a0omvDwGif xD;eef;pkd;pHonf rlvpNErif;tquftEG,fr[kwfbJ ppfyGJqifETJí atmifjrif

ojzifh a0omvDwGif eef;pHoljzpfaMumif;qkdMuygonf/

okdYaomfr[m0d&\rlvûrdUawmfjzpfaom yla&yl&ESifhywfoufí t,ltquGJvGJvsuf&SdMuygonf/

E.H.Johnston uppfawGûrdUESifh ukw'D,Mum;&Sd yifv,furf;½kd;wef;rS ûrdUwpfûrdUjzpfNyD; ewfjrpfta&SUbuf

&ckdifykdifeuftwGif;&Sd b*Fvm;ESifh &ckdife,fpyfteD;rS]y½kr}a'ojzpfEkdifonfqkd\/ (Pemela Gutman)u

tqkdyg y½krrSm a&S;acwfu *päye'Dta&SUbufurf; 99ûrdUrS wpfûrdUjzpf[efwlaMumif;? &ckdiforkdif;rSwf

wrf;ukd ukd;um;íqkdygonf/(ukd;-9? pm-44)/

oluqufíyla&yl&onf b*Fvm;a'h&Sfe,fajrbufrSewfjrpf0teD;&Sdqdyfurf;ûrdUwpfûrdY[k cef;rSef;yg

onf/(ukd;-9?pm-171)/ OD;pHomatmifurl ausmufjzLc½kdif **Fg&GmrteD;wGif a0omvDESifh acwfNydKif

ûrdUwpfûrdU&SdcJhonf/ þûrdUonfyif yla&yl&ûrdUavm okdYr[kwff ½kd;rwpfzufu ysLvlrsKd;wkdY\ûrdYawmf qkd

onfukdrodEkdifay/(ukd;-2/ pm-212)[kqkdygonf/

þokdYqkdvQif yla&yl&rS r[m0d&ukdppf½IH;olonf rnfolayenf;/

tmeE´pNEáusmufpmt&qkdvQif "GwfpNE´rif;onf a0omvDwGif 3ESpfpkd;pHNyD;aemuf ewf&GmpHaom

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aMumif; rSwf,lp&mjzpfaeygonf/ okdYaomfpma&;oltxufwGif wifjycJhonfhtwkdif;-

(1) ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;yg vufa&;vufom;ynmt& ol&d,pNE´rif;onf ausmufpmvmyxr

a0omvDrif;rsm;\acwfwGif ay:aygufcJhaomrif;jzpfaejcif;/

(2) ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;onf ausmufpmvm"r®0dZ,? "r®pNE´rif;wkdY\ '*Fg;rsm;xufa&S;usí

,if;rif;rsm;yg0ifaoma0omvD'kwd,rif;qufrS r[m0d&xuf a&S;usaomrif;

jzpfaejcif;/

(3) ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;ygtu©&mta&;tom;rsm;onf ausmufpmvma0omvDyxrrif;qufrS

rif;rsm;\'*Fg;rsm;wGifygaom tu©&mta&;tom;rsm;teuf "GwfpNE´'*Fg;xuf

aemufus[ef&Sdjcif;/

(4) ol&d,pjE´'*Fg;yg tu©&m(txl;ojzifh ],}tu©&m)ta&;tom;rSm vufa&;vufom;

ynmt& at'D6&mpktukef at'D7&mpktpwGif a&;xkd;aom '*Fg;jzpfaejcif;/

(5) ol&d,pjE´'*Fg;yg tu©&mta&;tom;onf &mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;quf\ acwfxufykdí

apmpD;pGmuyif &ckdifjynfwGif okH;pGJcJhaom tu©&mta&;tom;jzpfjcif;aMumifh ol&d,pjE

'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkyf cJhaom ol&d,pjE´rif;onf &mZ0ifvmol&d,pjE´rif; r[kwfaMumif;

ay:vGifaejcif;/

ponfYtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh þ'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkyfcJhaom ol&d,pjE´rif;onf "GwfpjE´rif;ewf&GmpHí

r[m0d&rif;eef;wufaom at'D600jynfESpfwGifyif a0omvDüpkd;pHcJhaom rif;wpfyg;jzpfaeayonf/

þokdYqkdvQif "GwfpjE´rif;ewf&GmpHNyD;aemuf at'D 600wGifyif a0omvDüeef;pHaomrif;rSm ol&d,

pjErif;ESifh r[m0d&rif;wkdYjzpfaeay&m ol&d,pjErif;ukd ausmufpma&;xkd;&mwGif tb,faMumifh csefvSyf

xm;cJhygoenf;/

taMumif;aMumif;ukd axmufpmvkdufvQif "GwdpjE´rif;onf at'D 597wGif a0omvDüxD;eef;pkd;pH

onf/ ,if;rif;onf at'D 600jynfhwGif ewf&GmpHonf/ "GwdpjE´rif;ewf&GmpHaomtcg ol&d,pjE´rif;

eef;wufonf/ þrif;onf &mZbdaour*Fvmusif;yNyD;onfESifh ol&d,pjE´'*Fg;oGef;vkyfawmfrlonf/

rMumrDtcsdeftwGif;üyif yla&yl&rS r[m0d&onf a0omvDukdppfjyKvmonf/ ppfyGJwGif ol&d,pjE´rif;

ppf½IH;í a0omvDxD;eef;ukd r[m0d&pkd;pHonf/ þokdYjzifh "GwfpjErif;ewf&GmpHaomESpf? ol&d,pjExD;eef;

qufcHí '*Fg;oGef;vkyfvmonfhESpf? r[m0d&rif;a0omvDukdeef;wufaomESpfrSm wpfESpfwnf;twGif;ü

jzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifh '*Fg;oGef;vkyfcJhaomfv nf; eef;pHumvrSm tvGefwkdawmif;vSaomaMumifh

ol&d,pjE´\trnfukd ausmufpma&;xkd;&mwGif xnfhoGif;jcif;rjyKyJ csefvSyfxm;cJhjcif;jzpfayrnf/

xkdYaMumifhr[m0d&onf a0omvDukdppfyGJqifETJpOfu r[m0d&xHppf½IH;olrSm ausmufpmwGifyg&Sd

aom "GwfpjErif;r[kwfyJ at'D600ckESpfüyif eef;wufí acwårQeef;pHcJh&NyD; xD;eef;ukdpGefYvTwfcJh&aom

ol&d,pjE´'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkyfcJhonf ol&d,pjE´rif;yifjzpfzG,f&SdaMumif; wifjytyfygonf/



(1) &ckdif'*Fg; OD;pHomatmif

(2) tmeE´pjE´ OD;pHomatmif

(3) at'D6&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD&ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m OD;pHomatmif

(4) &ckdifa&SUa[mif;ûrdUawmfrsm; xGef;a&Tckdif

(5) &cdkif&mZ0iforkdif;ESifhokawoDwkdY\tawG;tjrif OD;atmifomOD;

(6) Some Sans Krit Inscrip Tions of Arakan E.H-Johnston

(7) Inscriptions of Chan Dras of Arakan D.C-Sircar

(8) A Brief Note on The Old Capital of Arakan U San Shwe Bu

(9) Ancient Arakan Pamela Gutman

a0omvDacwf ol&d,pjE´rif;ESpfyg;a0omvDacwf ol&d,pjE´rif;ESpfyg;a0omvDacwf ol&d,pjE´rif;ESpfyg;a0omvDacwf ol&d,pjE´rif;ESpfyg;a0omvDacwf ol&d,pjE´rif;ESpfyg;

&ckdiftmeE´pjEáusmufpma&? at'D-8&mpktapmykdif;umvu &D;xkd;ca&twGufeefY? a'edtxd

vufqifhurf;yem,laqmifcuwfaw &ckdif&mZ0ifusrf;wdxJrSm? ½SdtusqkH;&mZ0ifrSwfwrf;jzpfygzkdY/

*EÅ0if&ckdifpum;tjyif? vuFmwdeefY&D;xm;ca&? t*kvuf[d&ckdif&mZ0ifwdpGm? t*ktcg&SmvkdYzGDvkdY

r&EkdifAsmjzpfaw rlv&ckdif&mZ0ifwdukd rSD;yem&D;om;rSwfwrf;wifcpGm jzpfuwfawtjyif? tenf;qkH;

bpD-3000ausmfavmufu pwifyem? at'D-1800avmuftxd &ckdif&mZ0ifukd rSwfwrf;wifcpGmjzpfaw

twGufeefY? bDpD-7&mpku? at'D-729xd &ckdif&mZ0ifukd tusOf;avmufacs&D;xkd;ca& tmeEpjEausmuf

pmeefY ESKdif;pmau? ykdvkdYjynfhpkHa&/ ,if;ykdifrSwfcsufcsEdkifyga&/ a,auav;? t*kvuf[d&mZ0ifwdukd

jyKpkcwwfaw&mZ0ifq&mwdpGm? rl&if;taeeefY &mZ0ifwpfapmifxJukdrSDjirf;cuwfpGm r[kwfawtjyif?

,if;&mZ0ifq&mwd rSDjirf;ca& &mZ0ifwdxJrSm tmeE´pjEáusmufpmrygqkdpGmawmh'g oDcsma&udpöyg/

rif;t&DtwGuf? rif;emar? eef;wufawckESpf? eef;pHESpfaygif;½kdUukdaz:jypGmrSm? &mZ0ifwdrwluGJjym;edef

uwfawtjyif? bDpD-7&mpku edefyem at'D 729txd &mZ0ifukdaz:jypGmrSm &mZ0ifusrf;tm;vkH;½kdUa&

tmeE´pjEáusmufpmeefY vkH;0uGJjym;edefa&tcsufu oufoDyifr[kwfygvm;/

,if;ykdifuGJjym;edefruwfpGmxJu a0omvDacwfeefYywfoufvkdYajym&zkdY/ ,if;ykdifvkdYqkdau? ausmuf

pmrSmyga& pjErif;trsm;pk½kdUemarwdukd cyfESdyfxm;a& '*Fg;wdukdwGd&a&twGufeefY? ausmufpmvmpjErif;

qufpGmaoma0omvDrSm trSefeef;pHcuwfawqkdpGmukd uRefawmf½kdUvufcH,kHMunf&ygzkdY/ ,if;ykdifyg Asm,f/

&mZ0ifvmpjErif;qufu rif;wcsKdU'*Fg;ukdwGd&jyefa&twGuf/ &mZ0ifxJu pjErif;wdvJaomh a0omvDrSm

trSefeef;pHcuwfawvkdY ,lq&yga&/

okawoDwdtqkdt&? ausmufpmvm]'GifpjE´}uedefyem]"GwdpjE´}txd rif;wdukd at'D370u 600

txd eef;pHca& a0omvdyxrrif;quf?]r[m0D&} uedefyem]tmeE´pjE´}txd rif;wdukd at'D 600u

729txdeef;pHca& a0omvD 'kwd,rif;qufvkdY owfrSwfuwfyga&/ ausmufpmyxrrif;quftqkH;rSm

rif;(16)yg;vkdYjyqkdxm;auav? &DwGufMunfha&tcgrif;(13)yg;&mwGd&yga&/ ,if;twGufeefYtaMumif;

trsKd;rsKds;aMumifh ausmufpmrSm r&D;xkd;yJeefY? csefxm;ca&rif;(3)yg;[kdedefpGmukd wGd&yga&/

ausmufpmvm yxrrif;qufu? rif;wdeefY? eef;pHESpf? ouú&mZf½kdUukdaz:jyygar(ukd;-1/pm-159)/

(1) 'GifpjE´ (at'D370-425) (2) &mZpjE´ (at'D425-445)

(3) umvpjE´ ( / 445-454) (4) a'0pjE´ ( / 454-476)

(5) ,VpjE´ ( / 476-483) (6) pjEÁE¨K ( / 483-489)

(7) blrdpjE ( / 489-496) (8) blwdpjE ( / 496-520)

(9) eDwdpjE´ ( / 520-575) (10) 0D&pjE´ ( / 575-578)

(11) NyDwdpjE´ ( / 578-590) (12) jyxGDpjE´ ( / 590-597)

(13) "GwdpjE´ ( / 597-600)

ausmufpm'kwd,rif;qufrSm rif;(9)yg;yg0ifNyD;au? rif;rif;½kdU? eef;pHESpf? ouú&mZf½kdUau az:jyyg

ar(ukd;-1/ pm-171)/

(1) r[m0D& (at'D 600-612) (2) 0&,Zyf (at'D 612-624)

(3) ao0d&mZf ( / 624-636) (4) "r®ol& ( / 636-649)

(5) 0Z&owåd ( / 649-665) (6) "r®0dZ, ( / 665-701)

(7) e0&jE´0dZ, ( / 701-704) (8) "r®pjE´ ( / 704-720)

(9) tmeE´pjE´ ( / 720-729)

&ckdif&mZ0ifwdrSmawmhcg a0omvDacwfrSm pjErif;(9)yg;pkd;pHca&vkdYaz:jyuwfyga&/ OD;pHomatmif

u]]&ckdif&mZ0ifrSm pjErif;qufukd at'D 8&mpkuedefyem 10&mpkxdpkd;pHca&vkdqdka&/ rif;(9)yg;[dNyD;au?

aemufqkH;rif;pGm rlvpjE´rif;jzpfaw/ ,if;rif;qufpGm at'D-957avmufrSmysufawvkdY(ukd;-2/ pm-

7)&D;cyga&/ OD;pHa&Tbku? r[mwkdif;pjErif;eef;wufca&ESpfukd at'D-788vkdY azmfjyyem? plvpjEewf&Gm

pHa& ouú&mZfukd at'D-957vkdY (ukd;-6/ pm-5^6)&D;yga&/ &mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;½kdU eef;pHouú&mZfwdukd

azmfjyygar/

(1) r[mwkdif;pjE´ (at'D 788-810) (2) ol&d,pjE´ (at'D-810-830)

(3) armvpjE´ ( / 830-849) (4) aygvpjE´ ( / 849-875)

(5) umvpjE´ ( / 875-884) (6) xlvpjE´ ( / 884-903)

(7) oD&dpjE´ ( / 903-935) (8) odCHpjE´ ( / 935-951)

(9) plvpjE´ ( / 951-957)

OD;pHomatmifu ]]a'&mZ0ifvmrif;wdpGm a0omvDrSm aeSmif;acwfrSmrS &mpkd;pHca&rif;wdjzpfygzkdY/

'*Fg;wdu? a'rif;wdrwkdif;cifuyif a0omvDrSmpjErif;quf,Sdczl;a&qkdpGm az:jyedefuwfaw}}vkdY (ukd;-

2/ pm-7) &D;xm;a&/ q&mBuD;OD;pHomatmif t&D;tom;t&qkdau? &mZ0ifxJupjErif;qufpGm? tmeE

pjEáemufrS a0omvDrSmpkd;pHca&rif;qufjzpfawvkdY oabmaygufyga&/ ,if;ykdifvkdkYqkdau &mZ0ifvm

a0omvDpjE´rif;qufeef;pHumvukd txufrSmwifjya&twkdif; at'D 8&mpku? 10&mpkxdpkd;pHca&vkdY

jyxm;a& &ckdif&mZ0ifpGmtrSefjzpfygzkdY/

E.H. Johnston uausmufpmvm]'Gif} qkdpum;vDoHeefY? &mZ0ifvm]wkdif;}qkda&pum;vDoH ½kdUpGmwl

uwfaw/ bmomaA't&vkdYqkda&/ ,if;ykdifajymyem ausmufpmeefY? &mZ0if½kdUrSmyguwfaw pjErif;quf

½kdUukd qufpyfa&mxGD;zkdYBudK;pm;zl;a&/ ]&mZ0ifvm pjE´rif;qufpGm ausmufpmvmpjE´rif;qufukdrSef;q

ûyjyifazmfjyxm;pGmjzpfawvkdY (ukd;-7/pm-357^85)qkda&/ ,if;t,ltqeefYwqufwnf;wlnDa&

q&mBuD; OD;atmifomOD;tqkdu]&mZ0ifrSm rif;(9)qufqkda&pum;pGm? bkef;wefckd;BuD;NyD;au xif&Sm;

ausmfMum;a&rif;(9)qufukdqkdvkdjcif;jzpfawmvkdY? &D;om;jcif;yifjzpfyga&/

E.H. Johnston eefYOD;atmifomOD;½kdUawG;qcsufwdukd tNcD;ysm;wcsKdUuausmufpmeefY&mZ0ifrSm

]umvpjE}vkdYemarwlyga&? ,if;ykdifvkdYqkdyem? ausmufpmuoD&d"r®0dZ,rif;pGm? &mZ0ifxJu oD&dpjErif;

jzpfawvkdY (ukd;-4?pm-192)&D;vlu&D;? tmeE´pjE´rif;ukdyif? &mZ0ifrSmyg[da&]xlvpjE´}rif;jzpfawvkdY

(ukd;-5?pm-126) &Dvlu&D;eefY? u½kdufwxkdufwd&D;vmuwfpGm wGd&yga&/ ,if;ykdifeefYyif ]r[mwkdif;pjE

rif;pGm 'GifpjE´jzpfaw}vkdY &D;yem? &mZ0ifrSmyga&pjE´rif;qufeef;wufouú&mZfwdukd ausmufpmeefY

ñSdyem

(1) r[mwkdif;pjE´ (at'D-327-384) (2) ol&d,pjE´ (at'D-384-433)

(3) azmvpjE´ ( / 433-481) (4) aygvpjE´ ( / 481-525)

(5) umvpjE ( / 525-576) (6) wlvpjE´ ( / 576-595)

(7) oD&dpjE´ ( / 595-667) (8) odCHpjE´ ( / 667-733)

(9) plvpjE´ ( / 733-769)

,if;ykdifysifyem&D;uwfyga& (ukd;-4/ pm-191)att,ltqpGm? OD;pHa&Tbk½kdU? OD;pHomatmif½kdU

a&;om;xm;csufwdeefYrukdufyg/

uRefawmfa&? ausmufpm? BuD;eDjym;pm? '*Fg;pmeefY&mZ0if½kdUukd ñSDyem? &mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;qufpGm

ausmufpmvmpjE´rif;qufukd rSef;qûyjyifxm;pGmr[kwfaMumif;? bkef;wefckd;BuD;rm;a&rif;(9)yg;ukdqkdvkd

pGmr[kwfaMumif;? r[mwkdif;pjE´rif;pGm teE´pjEéwf&GmpHNyD;rS&m? a0omvDrSmeef;pHca7rif;qufjzpfaw

taMumif;ukd? 1986-o[m,r*¾Zif;(1)rSm ]'GifpjEónf r[mwkdif;pjEávm}aqmif;yg;? 1994-&ckdif

r*¾Zif;(16)rSm ]r[m0D&ukd ppf½IH;ol}aqmif;yg;? 1998-&ckdif½kd;rr*¾Zif;(2)rSm ]a0omvDacwftjrifopf}

aqmif;yg;

½kdYrSmtus,f&D;om;cygAsm,f/ ,if;aqmif;yg;wdukdavhvmNyD;? ataqmif;yg;ukd zwfau uRefawmf

qkdvkdpGm? uRefawmfht,ltqukd&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odEkdifygzkdY/

a,au? t*ka0omvDacwfol&d,pjErif;(2)yg;ukd wifjypGmrSm av;? ausmufpmvmpjErif;qufpGm?

&mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;qufeefYZmwpfckav rywfoufqkdZGmukd wpdaoQwifjyzkdYvkdtyfeDefyga&/

ausmufpmeefY&mZ0ifrSm]umvpjE´} emrnfygpGmudpöjzpfyga&/ ausmufpmrSm ]umvpjE´} qkdpGm

oDoDcsmcsmjywfjywfom;om;zwfvkd Y&pGmum;r[kwfyg/ E.H. Johnstonu,i;f pum;vkH;

pGm]bmv}rjzpfEkdif?]umv}eefY]&mv}wckckjzpfEkdifa&qkdyem ]umv}vkdY &D;xm;cpGm&mjzpfyga&/ OD;pHomatmif

u]](um)v}}vkdYroDcsma& t"dyÜg,feefY&D;xm;cyga&/ (ukd;-1/pm-80)P.Gutmanu,if;pum;vkH;ukd ]bmv}

vkdY ,lqyem,if;rif;emarukd [Ba]La Candna'vkdY (ukd;-8/ pm-55)&D;yga&/

NyD;au? &mZ0ifrSmoD&dpjE´rif;a&? oHCawmf(2000)yifhzdwfNyD;au ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfeefYtX

uxmusrf;wdukd o*Fg,emwifa&vkdYarmfuGef;vuFmrSm wGd&yga&/ ausmufpmrSm oD&d"r®0dZ,rif;

taMumif;azmfjy&mrSm ]&wemokH;yg;ukdtpOfatmufrdjcif;ukokdvfeefY,SOfaomaMumifh}vkdY ,i;fykdif&mwGd

&yga&/ ]o*Fg,e}]oF*dwD} ]oHCor*¾}qkda& oHCmawmf½kdUpkpnf;rIeefY? o*Fg,emeefYywfoufaw pum;

vkH;t&dyfta&mifaoQyifrwGd&yg/ oD&d"r®0dZ,ri;f&mtrSefo*Fg,emwifczkdY/ ,if;ykdifqkdau? tmeE´pjE´

rif;pGm? ausmufpmrSm o*Fg,emeefYywfoufvkdY xnfhoGif;&D;xkd;cygzkdY/ a,ZkeefYoD&dpjE´mrif;eefY oD&d

"r®0dZ,rif;½kdU twlwljzpfawvkdYqkdpGm rrSefEkdifyg/

ausmufpmrSm tmeE´pjE´rif;pGm Ak'ömoemawmfukd txl;,kHMunfukd;uG,fa&OyoumwpfOD;yg/

yD;urf;vSL'gef;rIrSmav? urf;ukefatmifvSLyga&/ vlrsKd;? bmomr½GD;? ulnDaxmufyHha& rif;aumif;

rif;jrwfyg/ CdvarC(oD[kdVf)jynfu ax&0g'&[ef;wdtwGuf vufaqmifypönf;wdyD;ykdYvSL'gef;cyg

od,ifh/ &mZ0ifuxlvpjE´rif;usa&cg? aomufpm;rl;,pfNyD;au? obif? *Dw? aysmfyGJ&TifyGJwdeefY&m

tcsdefukefedefpGmwGd&a&/ ,if;xlvpjEukd tmeEpjEqkdvkdY ZmykdifjzpfEkdifygzkdYvJ/ ,i;fykdif;As,f/ ausmufpm

u umvpjE´qkda& rif;aumif;rif;jrwfyg&m/ &mZ0ifxJu umvpjE´rif;u? xlvpjE´rif;ykdifygAs,f/

aMumufaumif;xref;rif;&mjzpfedefyga&/ a'csifhwdtjyif &mZ0ifrSm eef;pHESpfrsm;a&?]ol&d,pjE}]armvpjE}

]aygvpjE}rif;½kdUukd ausmufpm&D;xkd;pGmrSm csefxm;cyem? eef;pHESpfenf;a&]0D&pjE}]NyDwdpjE}½kdUukd xnfhoGif;

rzkdYum;rwefyg/ ,if;--umvpjE´? xlvpjE´rif;½kdYukdum;? bkef;wefckd;BuD;rm;NyD;? xif&Sm;ausmfMum;a&

rif;wdvkdYZmykdifowfrSwfEkdifygzkdYav;/ ,if;twGufeefY &mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;qufpGm ausmufpmxJu

rif;qufukd wenf;enf;ukd,fpm;ûyaz:jypGmr[kwfvkdY,lqyga&/

OD;pHomatmifu]]a' a0omvDyxrrif;quf (at'D-370-600)rSmyga7? rif;wdoGef;vkyfcuwf

aw '*Fg;wdukdwGdxm;&ygAsm,f/ a,NyD;em? vuf&D;vufom;ynmt& ,if;acwfrSmyifoGef;vkyfaw

,ykdifvkdYrSwf,lEkdifa&]ol&d,pjE´}'*Fg;wpfjym;ukdavhwGdxm;&yga&/ ol&d,pjEémazeefYrif;pGm tmeE´pjE´

ausmufpmrSrygyg/ þwGd,Sdcsufukd &Sif;vif;zkdYvkdedefygod,ifh/ &ckdif&mZ0ifrSmawmhcg ol&d,pjErif;xuf

aemufusa&]odCHpjE´rif;} '*Fg;eefY? ausmufpmvm 'kwd,rif;qufu]"r®pjE´rif;}'*Fg;½kdUukd ESKdif;,SOf

avhvmzkdYvkdtyfvmygAsm,f/

"r®pjErif;pGm? at'D 704rSmeef;pHyga&/ "r®pjE'*Fg;ukdavhaomh ,if;ouú&mZfrSmyif oGef;vkyfvdar®

vkdY ,lq&ygzkdY/ odCHpjE´rif;'*Fg;rSmawmhcg]oD&dodCH*@pjE´}qkdpGmukd ZmeSpfaMumif;eefY&D;xkd;xm;yga&/

&D;xkd;xm;a&tu©&mt&D;tom;uawmh&SdNyD; b*FvDtu©&myg/ '*Fg;pmtwkdif; azmfjy&au jzpfyga&/

a'tu©&m t&D;tom;rSm tmeEpjEausmufpm&D;xkd;NyD;a&aemuf? at'D10&mpkrSm &D;xkd;ca&? ausmufpm

wkdifajrmufzufrsufESmu &SdNyD; b*FvDtu©&mjzpfaMumif;? ,if;ajrmufzufrsufESmrSmyga& ]oD&dodCHywd

ol&pjE´}rif;&D;xkd;oGef;vkyfca& '*Fg;jzpfEkdifaMumif; P. Gutmanu(ukd;-8/pm-125)ajymzl;yga&/

OD;pHomatmif uavaomh ausmufpmwkdifajrmufzufrsufESmrSm &ckdif&mZ0ifxJu rif;wcsKdUemarwdud

wGd&aMumif;? odCHpjErif;emaryg0ifaMumif;ukd (ukd;-2/pm-9)ajympGmeefYwkdufqkdif Munhfa&cg? a''*Fg;pGm

&mZ0ifvmodCHpjErif;oGef;ca&'*Fg;jzpfawqkdpGmay:vGifvmyga&/ wygxJajym &zkdYqkdau ausmufpmwkdif

ajrmufzufrsufESmu&SdNyD; b*FvDtu©&meefY&D;xkd;ca& pjE´rif;qufpGm? tmeE´ pjEáemufa0omvDrSm

eef;pHca&rif;qufjzpfawqkdpGmtjyif/ &mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;qufpGm ,if;ausmufpm wkdifajrmufzuf

rsufESmu rif;qufukdaz:jyjcif;jzpfawqkdpGm ay:vGifvma&ykdifwGd&yga&/

txufrSmaz:jya&wcsKdUq&mwdt,ltqtwkdif; odCHpjE´rif;eef;pHouú&mZfukd at'D 667-733

qkdau? ausmufpmvm "r®pjE´rif;eef;pHumv(at'D-704-720)eefYwkdufqkdifedefyga&/ '*Fg;rSm&D;xkd;a&

tu©&mu at'D10&mpkwkd;tu©&mjzpfawtwGuf? a''*Fg;oGef;vkyfaw odCHpjErif;eef;pHumvukd (at'D

935-951)vkdY az:jya&? &mZ0if&mtrSefjzpfawvkdY wGufqvkdY&yga&/ tu©&mt&D;tom;ajymif;vJvmrI

t&av;aom "r®pjE´'*Fg;xufaemufuspGmukd wGd&yga&/

"r®pjE'*Fg;pmt&D;tom;ukd? ,if;'*Fg;oGef;NyD;aemuf 25ESpftMumrSm &D;xkdk;ca& tmeEpjEausmuf

pm t&D;tom;eefYEIdif;,SOfvkdYMunhfyga&/ ausmufpmrsm tu©&mwdu rMumcifurS? emvE´ma&mufvm

a& tu©&mt&D;tom;jzpfNyD;au? "r®pjE'*Fg;pmt&D;tom;u? emvEmut&D;tom;ra&mufodcif &D;edef

a& t&D;tom;jzpfyga&/

'*Fg;rsm;yga&t&D;tom;eefY? ausmufpmrSmyga& t&D;tom;½kdU/ vkH;0eD;yg;uGJjym;yga&/ "r®pjE ´

qkda& emarukd'*Fg;rSmvkdY &D;xkd;xm;NyD;au? ausmufpmrSmuvkdY(ukd;-1/pm-83)wGJ&yga&/ '*Fg;u t&D;

tom;pGm at'D 6&mpkt&D;tom;u ododomomajymif;vJvmrIr,SdodqkdpGm wGd&yga&/ ausmufpmyg

t&D;tom;xuf ykdvkdY&Sdusyga&/

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tom;?(2)a0omvDoif;uspfawmfawmifausmufpmut&DF;tom;½kdUjzpfyga&/ ,if;t&D;tom;½kdUukd tpOf

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tom;ukd at'*Fg;eefYoHwGJivkH;armfausmufpm½kdUrSm&mwGdedef&jcif;yg/ wjcm;Zmausmufpm? MuD;jym;pm?

'*Fg;pm½kdUrSmav;rwGd&yg/ ivkH;armfausmufpmpGm at'D 6&mpktqkH;? &-&mpktprSm &D;xkd;pGmyg(ukd;-8/

pm-94)/ ]pjE´}ukd&D;pGmuawmhcg at'D-6&mpktwGif;u wjcm;t&D;tom;wdtwkdif;yg,m/

taMumif;aMumif;ukdaxmufqMunhfzkdY/ ,if;ykdifvkdYqkdau? ol&d,pjE´'*Fg;rSmyga&]&}tu©&mt&D;

tom;a&? 0D&pjE´'*Fg;rSmyga& t&D;tom;eefYwlnDa&tcsuf?],}tu©&mt&D;tom;pGm oHwGJivkH;armf

ausmufpmu t&D;tom;eefYwlnDa&tcsuf? at'*Fg;ukd at'D-6&mpktwGif;u oGef;vkyfcpGmvkdY rSef;q

Ekdifa&tcsuf? '*Fg;utu©&mt&D;tom;ykHpHu]"GwdpjE´}eefY,if;rif;rwkdifcif rif;wdoGef;ca& tcsufwd

aMumif hat'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkyfcsdefpGm ]"GwdpjErif;} eef;wufaw at'D 597xufavhrapm r[m0D& eef;wuf

awat'D600xufav;aemufrusbJ pkd;pHca&rif;jzpfawvkdY,lqp&mjzpfvmyga&/

a,'gav;? ausmufpmt& at'D 597uedefyem 600xdeef;pHcpGmu "GwdpjE´rif;jzpfNyD;au? at'D

600u 612 xdpkd;pHcpGmu r[m0D&jzpfedefyga&/ taMumif;tcsufwdukd axmufau at'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkyf

ca& ol&d,pjE´rif;pGm? eef;pHumvtvGefwkdawmif;a&twGuf/ ausmufpm&D;xkd;pGmrSm csefxm;ca&

rif; (3)yg;xJu wpfyg;jzpfawqkdpGm odEkdifygAsm,f/ P. Gutman u ]]atol&d,pjE'*Fg;ukdoGef;ca&rif;pGm?

a0omvDrSmpjE´rif;wdusqkH;yem EkdifiHwGif;tajctae½IyfxGD;a&tcsdefrSm pkd;pHca&rif;jzpfaw (ukd;-8/

pm-124)vkdY qkdpGm? uRefawmfh,lqcsufeefYwkdufqkdifedefyga&/

,if;twGufeefY atol&d,pjE'*Fg;eefYywfoufyem]]at'D 597rSm a0omvDrSm "GwdpjErif;eef;wuf

yga&/ at'D 600ckESpfrSm"GwdpjErif;ewf½GmpHyga&/ ,if;tcg]]ol&d,pjE}}eef;wufyga&/ atrif;eef;pHa&

tcsdefrSmyif at'D 600ckESpfxJrSmyif yla&yl&u r[m0D&pGm a0omvDukd ppfyGJqifETJyga&/ atol&d,pjE

rif;a&? eef;wufaweefYcsufcsif; qkda&ykdif'*Fg;oGef;vkyfcyga&/ r[m0D&pGmppfyGJukdatmifEkdifNyD;? a0omvD

xD;eef;ukd odrf;ykdufyga&/ at'*Fg;oGef;vkyfca& ol&d,pjE´rif;pGm a0omvDrSmeef;pHcauav? eef;pH

umvtvGefwkdawmif;vSa&twGufeefY? ausmufpm&D;xkd;pGmrSm csefxm;ca&rif;wpfyg;jzpfawvkdY wGdjrif

vm&yga&/

,if;twGufeefYatol&d,pjE´'*Fg;oGef;vkyfca& ol&d,pjE´rif;pGm at'D600ckESpftwGif;rSm

a0omvDrSm tcsdefumvtenf;aoQ&meef;pHca&rif;jzpfawvkdY ,lq&yga&/

atol&d,pjE´'*Fg;eefYywfoufNyD;au wifjyp&mtaMumif;(2)csuf,Sdedefygod,ifh/ atol&d,pjE´

'*Fg;oGef;vkyfawtcsdefukd P. Gutman uat'D625 eefY 650twGif;rSmvkdY (ukd;-8/pm-127)qkdyga&/

a,'gav? ,if;tcsdefpGm ausmufpmvma0omvDrif;qufu ]]ao0&ifrif;}}eefY]]"r®ol&}}rif;½kdUeef;pHcsdef

jzpfedefpGmwGd&yga&/ 'gaMumifh at'*Fg;ukd P. Gutman ajyma&ykdif at'D 625eefY 650Mum;umvrSm&moGef;c

pGmtrSefqkdau? ausmufpmvmrif;½kdUeef;wufawckESpfwdukd? 25ESpfu ESpf50xdaemufwkdYqkwf&zkdYykdifjzpf

edefyga&/D.C SarcarowfrSwfawouú&mpfwdukdum;jyKjyifzkdY? ckdifrma&taxmuftxm;r,Sdyg/ a,ZkeefY

at'*Fg;oGef;vkyfcsdefukd P. Gutman cefYrSef;pGmvGJrSm;vDygzkdY/

trSef&mat'*Fg;ukd at'D 625-eefY 650Mum;umvrSm&moGef;vkyfcpGmtrSefqkdau? at'*Fg;rSm

&D;xma&],}tu©&mt&D;tomukd oHwGJivkH;armfausmufpmrSm&mwGd&yem? &ckdifjynfajrmufykdif;u? Zmpm

wpfckrSmav; rwGd&a&twGuf at],}tu©&mt&D;tom;ukd &ckdifjynfawmifykdif;t&D;tom;vkdY,lqvkduf

au? atol&d,pjE´rif;pGm at'D 625eefY 650Mum;umvrSm oHwGJrSmpkd;pHzl;ca&taxmuftxm;um;

r,Sdyg/ ,if;ZkeefYat'*Fg;rSmyga& ],}tu©&mt&D;tom;pGm oHwGJivkH;armfausmufpmyg],}t&D;tom;

eefYwkdufqkdifrIjzpf&ygzkdY/

&ckdif&mZ0ifrSm r[mwkdif;pjE´rif;pGm at'D788eef;pHyga&/ ol&d,pjE´rif;udk r[mwkdif;pjE´rif;rSm

om;awmfjzpfaw/ at'D 810u 830xdeef;pHca&vkdYqkdyga&/ atrif;pGmtrSef&m '*Fg;oGef;vkyfczkdY?

,if;ykdifvkdYqkdau? at'D 6&mpkokH;tu©&mwdukd okH;pGJczkdYtaMum;if;um;r,Sdyg/ &SdNyD;t*FvDtu©&mwdukd

&mokH;pGJcvDzkdYtaMumif;&m,Sdyga&/

,if;twGuf? tm;vkH;ukdûcHyemokH;oyfNyD;au? a0omvDrSm at'D 370u 600xdyxrpjErif;quf?

at'D600u 729xd 'kwd,rif;qufeefY? at'D 788u 957xd wwd,pjErif;qufqkdyem? rif;(3)quf

,SdcpGmrSm? t*k'*Fg;wGdxm;&a&? at'D 600twGif;rSmpkd;pHca& ol&d,pjE ´rif;wpfyg;eefY? at'D 810u

830xdpkd;pHca& ol&d,pjE´rif;wpfyg;vkdY? a0omvDacwfrSm ]ol&d,pjE´} bGJUukdcH,lca&rif;(2)yg;wGd&yg

aMumif; wifjyvkdufyga&/

ukd;um;a&pmtkyfpmwrf;ukd;um;a&pmtkyfpmwrf;

ukd;um;a&pmtkyfpmwrf;ukd;um;a&pmtkyfpmwrf;ukd;um;a&pmtkyfpmwrf;

(1) OD;pHomatmif tmeE´pjE´(½Spf&mpk&ckdifa0omvDrif;)

(2) / &ckdif'*Fg;rsm;

(3) / at'Dajcmuf&mpkESifhrwkdifrD&ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m

(4) xGef;a&Tckdif &cdkifa&S;a[mif;ûrdUawmfrsm;

(5) atmifvSodef; a0omvDacwfpdppfcsuf? &ckdifr*¾Zif;(17)

(6) San Shwe Bu A Briefrlate On the Old Capitals of Arakan (Golden Tid-bid of Arakan-1964)

(7) E.H Johnston Some Sanskrit Insuiptians of Arakan

(8) P. Gutman Ancient Arakan

yOö NrdKUoufwrf;ESifh NrdKUwnfESpf

&ckdif&mZ0ifESifhywfoufí a&;om;xm;aom &mZ0if(48)apmif&Sdonf[k Mum;zl;ygonf/ ,if;

&mZ0ifrsm;tm;vkH;ukdavhvmrSomvQif &ckdif&mZ0iftaMumif;ukdjynhfjynfhpkHpkHod&SdEkdifrnf[k a&S;vlBuD;rsm;

ajymoHukdvnf; Mum;zl;ygonf/ &mZ0if(48)apmif[kqkd&mwGif &cdkifrif;orD;{csif;tygt0if? bk&m;orkdif;

rsm;? &mZ0ifvuFmrsm;? armfuGef;rsm;ponfwkdYukdyg xnfhoGif;a&wGufjcif;jzpfrnf[k okawoD

armifAodef;u ajymzl;onf/ rnfokdYqkdap uRefawmfwkdYvufvSrf;rDorQ&SmazGMunhfrdcJh&m? &mZ0ifusrf;[k

qkdEkdifavmufonfh usrf;(8)apmifrQavmufukdomawGU&ygonf/

,if;uJhokdY tenf;i,frQomawGU&onfh &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;ukd EIdif;,SOfavhvmMunfhaomtcg &mZ0if

wpfapmifESifhwpfapmif uGJjym;aeaom tcsufawmfawmfrsm;rsm;ukdawGUjrif&ygonf/ "n0wDacwf? a0om

vDacwfESifh av;ûrdUacwfrsm;wGifpkd;pHcJhMuonfh rif;rsm;\trnfrsm;? eef;wufouú&mZfrsm;? eef;pHESpfrsm;

onf tawmfrsm;rsm;yif uGJjym;jcm;em;aeygonf/ ,if;okdY&mZ0ifrsm;uGJjym;aeMujcif;aMumifh q&mBuD;

OD;pHomatmifu rnfonfh&mZ0ifukd trSef,l&rnfrod[k nnf;wGm;cJhzl;ygonf/

&mZ0ifusrf;\uGJvGJcsuffrsm;ukd tenf;i,frQwifjyygrnf/ a0omvDacwfpwifonfhESpfukd &mZ0if

BuD;u AD 562? q&mirnf &ckdif&mZ0ifu AD 788? "n0wD&mZ0ifopfuAD 381? &ckdif&mZ0ifopfuP.

AD 327[kazmfjyMuygonf/ ,if;usrf;rsm; tpDtpOftwkdif;yif r[mwkdif;pjE´rS iwkHrif;xd a0omvD

acwf\oufwrf;ukd 354-ESpf? 230-ESpf? 202-ESpf? 491-ESpf[kjcm;em;uGJjym;pGmazmfjyMuygonf/ þokdY

tm;jzifh av;ûrdUacwftpjzpfaom yOömûrdUwnfaxmifaomESpfukd AD 916?AD 1018?AD 583? AD

818[kawGU&ygonf/ yOömûrdU\oufwrf;ukdvnf; 264-ESpf? 85-ESpf? 220-ESpf/ 285-ESpf[lí toD;oD;

jyqkdxm;Muygonf/ þonfrSm pma&;olavhvmzl;onfh &mZ0ifrsm;teufrS tcsKdUukdon ñSdEIdif;,SOf

wGJí azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/

uRefawmfwkdYa&SUu &mZ0ifq&mrsm;? orkdif;okawoDrsm;? ,cktcga&;om;aeMuonfh okawoDrsm;

\a&;om;csufrsm;ukd pDppfMunhfaomtcg yOöûrdUwnfouú&mZfukd tcsKdUu AD 818-[kvnf;aumif;?

tcsKdUu at'D 1018[kvnf;aumif;? ESpf(200)uGmjcm;í a&;om;aeMuygonf/ tcsKdUurl ckdifrmaom

t,ltqr&SdyJ ESpfrsKd;vkH;ukd tqifajy ovkda&;om;Muonf/ okdYaomf yOöûrdUoufwrf; ukefqkH;csdefukdrl

okawoDtrsm;pku AD 1103-[kwnDwnGwfwnf;om azmfjyMuygonf/ ,if;okdYqkdaomffvnf;

yOöûrdU\oufwrf;onf (85)ESpfESifh (285)ESpf[k uGJjym;aeao;ojzifh uRefawmfwkdY uJhokdY wpfcgwpf&H

orkdif;qkdif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;aeolrsm;tzkdY tcuftcJeSifh BuHKawGU&ygonf/ xkdYaMumifhpma&;olkonf

yOöûrdU\oufwrf;ESifhûrdUwnfESpfukd rdrd\t,ltqjzifh tckdiftrma&;om;Ekdif&ef pl;prf;rdygonf/

yOömNrdKUjzifh tpûycJhaom av;ûrdUacwfonf a0omvDacwfukdqufcHaomacwfjzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh

av;ûrdUacwftpukd ajymrnfqkdvQifa0omvDacwfukefqkH;csdefukd qef;ppf&ayrnf/ a0omvDacwfukefqkH;

csdefukd trSefftwkdif;owfrSwfekdif&eftwGuf a0omvD&mZ0ifrif;qufESifhywfoufí uGJjym;aeaomt,l

tqrsm;ukd ausmufpm? '*Fg;pmrsm;ESifh &mZ0ifwkdYñSdEIdif;&ayvdrfhrnf/

txufwGifazmfjycJhonfYtwkdif; yOöûrdUpwnfaomouú&mZfESifhywfoufí ,aeYokawoDrsm; twGif;

AD 818[k(ukd;-5?pm-196),lqolrsm;ESifhAD 1018[k(ukd;-9?pm-8),lqolrsm;[k ESpfrsKd; uGJjym;ae

ygonf/ yOömûrdUwnfESpfukd AD 818-[k,lqMuolrsm;u a0omvDacwf r[mwkdOf;pjE´rif;BuD; \

eef;wufouú&mZfukd AD 788-[k(ukd;-9? pm-5)a&;om;ygonf/ r[mwkdif;pjE´rif;ESifh ausmufpm

vm'GifpjE´rif;udkvnf;aumif;? &mZ0ifvm umvpjE´rif;ESifh ausmufpmvm(um)vpjE´rif;ukdvnf;

aumif;? &mZ0ifvm oD&dpjE´rif;ESifh ausmufpmvmoD&d"r®0dZ,rif;ukdvnf;aumif;(ukd;-5?pm-192)

xyfwlûyMuygonf/ tcsKdUokawoDrsm;url &mZ0ifvmxlvpjErif;ukd ausmufpmvmtmeEpjErif;wkdYukd

yif rif;wpfyg;wnf;jzpfonf[k(ukd;-7? pm-126)a&;om;Muygonf/ ,if;okawoDrsm;u &mZ0ifvm

plvpjE´rif;\eef;wufouú&mZfukd AD 733-[kqkdNyD;? ,if;wkdY,lqcsuft& plvpjE´rif;\eef;pHESpfrSm

(36)ESpfjzpfojzifh? plvpjE´rif;ewf&GmpHaomESpfrSm AD 769(ukd;-5? pm-191)ckESpfjzpfygonf/

&mZ0ifvm r[mwkdOf;pjErif;ESifh ausmufpmv'GifpjErif;wkdYukd rif;wpfyg;wnf;r[kwf[k ,lqMu

onfh okawoDrsm;u 'GifpjE´rif;\eef;wufouú&mZfukd (Dr. Sircar ,lqcsuftwkdif;) AD 370[kvnf;

aumif;? r[mwkdif;pjEeef;wufouú&mZfukd AD 788-[kvnf;aumif; ,lqMuygonf/ ,if;wkdY\t,l

tqwGif plvpjE´rif;\eef;pHESpfaygif;rSm (6)ESpfjzpfNyD;? AD 951 wGif eef;wufojzifh AD 957wGif

ewf&GmpHonf[k(ukd;-9?pm-5)/ plvpjE´rif;\aemufa0omvDü tjrwlESifhyJjzLrif;ESpfyg;onf (37)ESpf

eef;pHcJhMuojzifh a0omvDysufokOf;aomESpfukd AD 994-[kqkdMuonfhtjyif? prÇ0ufwGif iwkHrif;eef;pH

cJhonfh 24-ESpfukefqkH;csdefjzpfaom AD 1018-wGif yOöûrdUukdwnfonf[k (ukd;-11? pm-109)vnf;

owfrSwfMuygonf/

r[mwkdif;pjE´rif;onf AD 327wGif eef;wufonf[k,lqolrsm;u &mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;qufukd

ausmufpmvmpjE´rif;qufESifh xyfwlûyMuygonf/ ,if;wkdYu ,if;uJhokdYxyfwlûy½kHrQru 'GifpjE´rif;\

eef;wufouú&mZfukdyg AD 327-[kqkdNyD;? tmeE´pjEáusmufpma&;xkd;aomESpfukdvnf; AD 686-[k

(ukd;-5? pm-195)vnf; qkdMujyefygonf/ q&mBuD;OD;pHomatmifu &mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;qufonf

a0omvDaESmif;acwfrif;rsm; jzpfwef&monf[k(ukd;-3?pm-7)a&;om;cJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh þt,ltq

ESpf&yfonf a0omvDrif;qufjyóemtjzpf wnf&Sdaeonfomru? yOömûrdUwnfESpfESifhywfoufí

uGJjym;aeaom tajccHtaMumif;w&m;tjzpf awGU&ygonf/

'GifpjEESifhr[mwkdif;pjEukd rif;wpfyg;wnf;[k,lqNyD; a0omvDacwftpukd AD 327? yOömûrdUwnf

ESpfukd AD 818-[k,lq&onfh tajccHtaMumif;tcsufrsm;ukd avhvmaomtcg yxrtcsuftaejzifh

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1/ q&mirnf &ckdif&mZ0if

2/ tif;apmuf&mZ0if

3/ OD;pHomatmif &ckdif'*Fg;rsm;/

4/ OD;pHomatmif tmeE´pjE´

5/ xGef;a&Tckdif &ckdifa&S;a[mif;ûrdUawmfrsm;

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8/ a'gufwmapmxGef;atmif &Spfaomif;bk&m;ausmufpmwkdifajrmufrsufESm/

9/ U San Shwe Bu A Brief Note on the Old Capitals of Arakan.

10/ Pamela Gutman Ancient Arakan

11/ U San Tha Aung The Buddhits Art of Ancient Arakan.

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,if;umvwGif *&dausmufqpfynm\ vTrf;rkd;rIatmuf0,f *E¨&tEkynmacwfonf tvGefxGef;um;cJh

ygonf/ þrif;vufxuf *E&tEkynmacwfrSpí Ak'\½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd pwifxkvkyfvmMuygonf/

tqkdyg½kyfyGm;qif;wkrsm; oGef;vkyfukd;uG,frIynmonf r[m,me0g'ESifhtwl ywf0ef;usifEkdifiHrsm;okdY

ysHUESHUcJhygonf/ e,fajrcsif;tvGefeD;pyfaom &ckdifjynfokdkYESpfaygif;w&mtwGif; ysHUESHU&efrSmjzpfEkdifp&m&Sd

ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh&ckdifjynf&Sd rlvax&0g'omoemtwGif; r[m,meAk'bmom xyfrHía&muf&SdcJhrnf

rSm oHo,&Sdp&mrvkday/ pajE´m',rif;vufxuf a&muf&Sdvmaom r[m,me Ak'¨bmomESifhtwl

qif;wkawmf oGef;vkyfukd;uG,frIvnf; a&muf&Sdvmvdrfhrnf/ okdYrSomr[mrked½kyfwkawmfukd þrif;

vufxufoGef;vkyfcJhonf[k cefYrSef;Ekdifygrnf/ ouú&mZfukdpdppfcJhjcif;? trnfemreD;pyfjcif;rQaMumifh

omvQif r[kwfrlbJ r[mrkedqif;wkawmftm; at'D(2)&mpkwGif oGef;vkyfjcif;jzpfEkdifonfhtaMumif;vnf;

E.H JohnstoniESifh OD;jrifhaqGwkdYonf &mZ0ifvmpEol&d,rif;ESifh tmeEpjEausmufpmyg pajEm',rif;udk

twlwljzpfonf[k ,lqcJhMujcif;jzpfwef&mygonf/ xkdYaMumifh pajE´m',rif;vufxufrSpí a&muf&Sd

vmaom omoemonf r[m,eAk'bmomjzpfNyD; &ckdifjynfokdY 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf 0ifa&mufvmaom

Ak'ömoemjzpfaMumif; ,lq&ayawmhrnf/

&ckdifax&0g' omoem rlvblw

2000-jynfhESpf? pufwifbmvxkwf ½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm&opkHr*¾Zif;wGif q&mBuD; a'gufwmoef;xGef;

\]]uRefawmfvJtajzrodyg}}aqmif;yg;ukd zwf½I&ygonf/ q&mBuD;\aqmif;yg;wGif t"dutcsuf

okH;csufukd awGU&NyD;,if;okH;csufteufwGif]]c&pf&Spf&mpkqkd&if ysLu[de,ejzpfaeNyD? &ckdifub,ftcsdefu

pNyD; [de,ejzpfcJhygovJ}}[laom tcsufvnf;yg0ifygonf/

xkdYaMumifh &ckdifax&0g'omoemESifhywfoufí orkdif;OD;tajctaeukd &ckdifa'otwGif;awGU&Sd

&aom taxmuftxm;rsm;ukdtajccHí wifjyvkdygonf/

okawoetjrift& Ak'önf rZÑdra'orS tjyifokdYc&D;rxGufcJhyg/ qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIonf

c&pfESpf 76-ckxuf rapmyg/ bk&m;a&mufonf[k &ckdifu 15-&mpktwGif;u pa&;ygonf/ jrefrm?

rGef wkdYuvnf; a&;Muygonf/ oD[kdVfrSr[m0Housrf;t&qkdvQif oD[kdVfom;wkkdY c&pf6-&mpkuyifa&;

Muygonf/

16-&mpktwGif; wdbufbkef;awmfBuD;wm&memhofa&;cJhaom tdEd,Ak'ömoemorkdif;pmtkyfwGif

]]&ckdif? yk*H? [Hom0wDe,frsm;ukd tmaomurif;BuD;vufxufuyif a'&0g'omoema&muf&SdcJhonf/

0okAEKacwfokdYa&mufrSom r[m,mea&mufvmcJhonf[k a&;om;cJhygonf/ (N.R.Ray, Sanskrit Buddhis,

in Burma, 1936, Calcutta, P-80) c&pf128-rwkdifrDuyif jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufykdif;ukd jzwfoGm;aom w½kwf?

tdE´d,vrf;rBuD; wGifus,faeNyDjzpfygonf/ (Luce and Pe Maung Tin, Burma Down to the Fall of Pagan,

JBRSFAP, Rangon, 1960, P-385)/tmoH? ZDcRrfe,frsm;ukd jzwfaomvrf;jzpfygonf/

þvrf;rS &ckdifokdYqif;aomvrf;(2)vrf;&Sdygonf/ ppfwaumif;? aumhyZm;? &mrl;urf;ajcbufrS

0ifvmaomvrf;ESifh ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;ykdif;rS awmifMum;twkdif;pkefqif;vmaom vrf;jzpfygonf/ 1611-

ckESpfu ay:wl*Dbkef;awmfBuD; refe&pfonf þ'kwd,vrf;jzifha&mufvmNyD; ajrmufOD;ûrdUawmfokdY

a&muf&SdcJhygonf/ emvE´mESifh wkduf½kdufqufoG,fEkdifaomvrf;jzpfNyD; ouf? ûrd?crD;?&ckdifwkdYonf &ckdif

a'otwGif;okdY þvrf;rsm;jzifh 0ifa&mufcJhMuonf/ (xGef;a&Tckdif? ]]&ckdifa0omvDacwf Ak'¨tEkynm}}/

&efukef? 1990?pm-4)

tmeE´pjEáusmufpmt& &ckdifwGifc&pfBudKESpf 6-&mpkuyif xD;eef;pkdufí ûrdUjy,Ofaus;rI

wnfaqmufNyD;jzpfygonf/ &ckdifa&S;a[mif;ayrl t[d HouolZ0HoESifh a0omvD&mZ0ifayrlrsmt&

&cdkife,fajrwpfckvkH;tm; wkdif;(9)wkkdif;cGJí owfrSwfcJh&mwGif r[d Houwkdif;[laom trnfjzifh

wkdif;wpfckyg0ifonfukd awGU&ygonf/ 1930-ckESpfu rEÅav;ûrdUrS½kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJhonfh &rf;NAJawmif

ausmif;q&mawmfBuD;a&;om;cJhonfh]]tdEd,e,fykHusrf;}}wGif r[d Houwkdif;qkdonfrSm ta&SUb*Fvm;

ESifh&ckdifurf;ajca'oukd jyqkdxm;ygonf/ taomurif;vufxufu yg#vdokwfrS t&Sifa&0wESifh

&[ef;ig;yg;onf r[d Houwkdif;okdYomoemûyxGufcJhaMumif; taomuausmufpmwGif a&;xkkd;cJhygonf/

c&pfBudKESpf 3-&mpk? taomurif;BuD;vufxufu &ckdifa'ookdYa&muf&SdcJhaom Ak'ömoem\

taxmuftxm;ukd &SmazGqef;ppfaomtcg ajrmufOD;ûrdU&Spfaomif;bk&m;ukef;awmfay:rS ausmufcsyfwpf

csyfukdawGU&ygonf/ t&Snf8ay6vufr? tus,f2ay5vufr? xk1ay 4vufr&Sdygonf/ ausmufcsyf

\ atmufzuftpGef;wGif xkxGif;xm;aom vuFsm&pfc½koif;ykHyg&Sdonf/ ,if;c½koif;xdyfrS MumyGifh

wpfyGifhxkd;xGufaeNyD; MumyGifh\tzsm;rsm;onf "r®pMumt0kdif;ukd xdaeygonf/

(ykH)(ykH)(ykH)(ykH)(ykH)

&Spfaomif;bk&m;ukef;awmfay:rSausmufcsyf&Spfaomif;bk&m;ukef;awmfay:rSausmufcsyf&Spfaomif;bk&m;ukef;awmfay:rSausmufcsyf&Spfaomif;bk&m;ukef;awmfay:rSausmufcsyf&Spfaomif;bk&m;ukef;awmfay:rSausmufcsyf

(þausmufcsyfykHukd OD;pHomatmif\ ]]tmeE´jE´}} pm-19?ykH-7ukd ul;,lazmfjyygonf)

azmfcsr®mu? jA[®P0g'ukd ukd,fpm;ûyaom c½koif;rSAk'ukd,fpm;Mumyef;ykHxkxGif;vmNyD; Ak'w&m;

awmfukd,fpm; "r®pMumt0dkif;xGif;xkxm;onf[k qkdygonf/ (E.Forchammar, "Arakan"Chap.11, Mrohaung,

P20/21)/

tdE´d,wGif taomurif;vufxufü Ak'¨qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIr&Sdyg/ apwDykxkd;? vkdPf*lrsm;ü

Ak'¨0ifcef;rsm;ukdawGU&aomfvnf; Ak'¨qif;wkawmfxkvkyfrIukd *½kpkdufía&SmifusOfcJhygonf/

qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frI wGifus,fvmNyD;aemufüyif ty&r[m0deaovd,*kdPf;ESifh r[d Homou

*kdPf;wkdYonf qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIukd tqkH;xdvufrcHcJhMuyg/ (H. Sarcar, ''Some Aspects of the Buddhist

Monuments at Nagajunikonda, 1960, P-84)/ taomuAk'0ifcef;rsm;wGif Ak'\ukd,fpm;? aAm"dyifykH? "r®pMumykH?

xlygykHrsm;ukdomawGU&NyD; qefcsDykxkd; wk½kdPfwkdifrsm;wGif aAm"dyif 67-ykH? "r®pMum 6-ykH? xlyg 32-

ykHawGU&ygonf/ tr&0wDwGifrl ajcawmf&mykH? Mumyef;ykHrsm;ukdawGU&ygonf/ þoauFw

ukd;uG,frIrsm;onf qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIrwkdifrDu xGef;um;cJhygonf/ &ckdifwGifawGU&onfh Mumyef;ykH?

"r®pMumt0kddif;ykHrsm;onf c&pfBudKESpf(3)&mpk? taomuacwftwGif; arm&d,tifyg,mrS ax&0g'

omoemESifhtwlysHUESHUvmaom oauFwukd;uG,frItaxmuftxm;jzpfonf[k,lqygonf/ Ak'¨

oauFwukd;uG,frItjcm;wpfckrSm &Spfaomif;bk&m;*ltwGif;okdY a&muf&Sdaeaomajcawmf&mjzpfygonf/

tjcm;aESmif;acwfajcawmf&mrsm;ESifhrwl/ jzpfawmfpOfrsm;vnf;rygaom? omref½kd;½kd;ajcawmf&mrsm;om

jzpfNyD;tvGefa&S;us[ef&Sdygonf/ &Spfaomif;ykxdkd;wnf bk&ifrif;Amonf rnfonfhae&mrS ajymif;a&TU

ylaZmfcJhonf[k rSwfwrf;rawGUrdao;yg/ þajcawmf&mrsKd;tm; em**sLeduGef'gteD;rS tr&0wDwGifom

awGU&ygonf/

omoemhorkdif;wGif ajcawmf&mxGif;xkukd;uG,frIonf qif;wkawmfoGef;vkyfukd;uG,frIxufykdí

a&S;usonf[kawGU&ygonf/(W.Awalf, ''Buddhism, Art and Faith, The Buddha Legend, P-32/33)

c&pfESpf150-cefYu wkdavrD\rSwfwrf;ü **Fgjrpf0rSta&SUbufokdYoGm;vQif ud&'d,ESifh bm&uk&

okdYa&mufonf/ qufíoGm;vQif ]]aiGajrokdYa&mufonf/]]aiGajr}}wGif]]qifA&}}]]q'g;}}]]ab&b le}}

]]awrvm}}ûrdUrsm;&SdMuonf/ ,if;rvGefvQif yifv,ftilukda&mufonf/ ]]aiGajr}}qkdonfrSm &ckdifa'o

jzpfNyD; yifv,ftilqkdonfrSm armfwifpGef;jzpfEkdifonf/ (]]tajcjyjrefrmekdifiHa&;orkdif;}}y-wGJ?pm-216)

c&pfESpf-50cefYu]]yGefykd;ed,yfarvm}}\rSwfwrf;wGif **Fgjrpf0Srf;rS ta&SUbufokdYqufíoGm;vQif

a&TuRef;? aiGuRef;rsm;okdYa&mufonf/ teD;tem;uRef;rsm;wGif vlrnf;rsm;aexkdifMuonf[k awGU&onf/

(¤if;-pm-216)/ c&pfESpfyxr&mpktwGif; ]]tD&Do&D,efa&aMumif;rSwfwrf;}}wGif tqkdyg a&TuRef;?

aiGuRef;rsm;ESifh **Fgjrpf0Srf;okdYoGm;aeaom ]]uvef'D,kdzkefwm}}[kac:am &GufavSBuD;rsm; tdEd,awmif

ykdif;wGif awGU&aMumif; rSwfwrf;awGU&ygonf/ (H.G Luce.J.B.R.S.F.A.P Vol, 1960.Rangon.P-386)/

&ckdiforkdif;okawoDyifyvm*wårifonf qD;'D;pfESifhA&m'JvfwkdY\pmwrf;rsm;ukd ukd;um;í]]bm&

uk&}}onf ewfjrpf0wGif&Sdonff/ ]q'g;}qkdonfrSm oHwGJûrdUjzpfonf/ &ckdifa'oonf tdEd,ta&SUbuf

urf;a'orsm;ESifh a&aMumif;c&D;tquftoG,f&Sdonf[k qkdygonf/ (P. Gutman, ''Ancient Arakan'' Ph.D.

Thesis, Australlian National University, 1976, P-37)/ &cdkifESifhtdEd, ta&SUbufurf;a'oonf rnfonfhtcsdefu

pwifqufoG,fcJhonfukd rod&aomfvnf; c&pfESpfqef;pwGifrl qufoG,frIwGifus,faeNyDjzpfygonf/

(¤if;?pm-7/8 )/

c&pfESpf(3)&mpktwGif;ü em**sLeDuGefY'gwGif tkyfpkd;cJhaom ]wåoGmuk}rif;qufrS ]r'´&dykwåoD&d

0D&yk&do'wå}rif;\eef;pH(14)ESpfajrmufüa&;xkd;cJhaomausmufpmwGif tdE´d,awmifykdif;rS ax&0g'

&[ef;rsm;omoemûyxGufcJhaom a'orsm;ukdazmfjycJhygonf/ ,if;a'otrnfrsm;wGif ]]pdvmw}}jynf

[kyg0ifygonf/ (N.R Ray, ''An introdction to the Studey of Theravada Buddhism in Bwima, Culculta, 1946,P-15)/

þausmufpmrS pdvmwjynfqkdonfrSm r[mbm&w? [&d0Ho? yl&PESifh yOöwEÅpaom ouúwusrf;

rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh ]]ud&mw}}yifjzpfonf/ wkdavrD\rSwfwrf;wGifyg&Sdaom ]]wdvm'g;}}qkdonfrSm

]]pdvmw}}ukd *&doHjzifhajymMum;jcif;jzpfNyD; wkdavrD\ ]]wdvm'g;}}ausmufpmrS ]]pdvmw}}ESifh ouúw

usrf;rsm;rS]]ud&mw}}wkdYvnf; twlwlyifjzpfMuygonf/(¤if;/ pm-15)/

rmua@;,syl&mZfusrf;tvkdESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif ]]ud&mw}}qkdonfrSm &ckdifa'owpfckvkH;ESifh jrefrm

EkdifiHatmufykdif;[k a'gufwma&;uqkdygonf/ (Theravada Buddhism in Burma P-16)/ a'gufwmueef*kdurl

ppfwaumif;a'oESifh &cdkifurf;ajcukddqkdvkdaMumif; a&;ygonf/(S.B. Qanungo, ''A History Of Chiltagong''

Vol (1), 1988. P-51)/jrefrmEkdifiHa&S;a[mif;ûrdUjyEkdifiHrsm;jzpfaom ud&mwjynf? usifvifjynf? vif,efjynf

wkdYwGif Ak'¨0g'a&muf&SdxGef;um;cJhygonf/ (Nidrf;ausmf]]aiGawmif}}1973/ &efukef/pm-49)/

taxmuftxm;rsm;t& &ckdifa'oonf ud&mwa'o(okdYr[kwf) ud&mwa'o\ tpdwftykdif;

jzpfonfrSmxif&Sm;ygonf/

&ckdifa0omvDacwfOD;u Ak'tEkynmvuf&mrsm;onf em**sKeduGef'grS vuf&mrsm;ESifh qifwlonf

udkawGU&ygonf/ (P.Gutnian, ''Ancient Arakan'' p-222)/ taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ax&0g'omoemonf

&ckdifa'ookdY c&pf-3&mpktwGif; tdEd,awmifykdif;rS ysHUESHUvmcJhao;onf[k awGU&Sd&ygonf/ tmeE´pjE´

ausmufpmwGif azmfjyxm;onfh c&pf(3)&mpkESifh (4)&mpktwGif; &ckdifa'oütkyfpkd;cJhMuonfhrif;rsm;ukd

azmfjy&mwGif ]]olawmfpif[k orkwfxkdufaom}} ]]tvSL'ge&ufa&maom}} ]]'geoDvNrJaom}}ponfjzifh

awGU&Sd&jcif;u oufaojzpfygonf/ ,if;tjyif&ckdifwGif at'D-2&mpk? 3-&mpktwGif;u tdEd,awmif

ykdif; em**sKeduGef'ga'ookH;jA[®Dtu©&mjzifha&;xkd;xm;aom ]]opöuy&dA¨muZde}}ygVdpmwrf;ukd ausmuf

qif;wkwpfql\aemufausmwGif awGU&jcif;uvnf;taxmuftxm;jzpfygonf/þtaxmuftxm;rsm;

t& &ckdifwGif ax&0g'usrf;tjynfhtpkHr[kwfonfhwkdif toifhtwifha&muf&Sdaernf[k ,lq&ygonf/

(ykH) opöu y&Akduf(ykH) opöu y&Akduf(ykH) opöu y&Akduf(ykH) opöu y&Akduf(ykH) opöu y&Akduf

&ckdifa'owGif c&pfESpf 5-&mpk? 6-&mpktwGif;ü ausmufpma&;xkd;cJhaom"avhxGef;um;cJhygonf/

ygVd? ouúw? ausmufpmtrsm;tjym;awGU&Sd&ygonf/ c&pfESpf(3)&mpk(okdYr[kwf) c&pfBudKESpf(3)&mpk

uyif &ckdifa'ookdYa&muf&SdcJhaom ax&0g'Ak'ömoemonf c&pff(6)&mpkwkdif ckdifrmpGmxGef;um;aeqJ

jzpfygonf/

(ykH) a0omvDbk&m;ausmufpm(ykH) a0omvDbk&m;ausmufpm(ykH) a0omvDbk&m;ausmufpm(ykH) a0omvDbk&m;ausmufpm(ykH) a0omvDbk&m;ausmufpm

taxmuftxm;tjzpf c&pf-6&mpktwGif;u *kyÜwtu©&m? ygVdbmomausmufpmwpfcsyf\ ykHukd

azmfjyvkdufygonf/ þausmufpmonf a0omvDbk&m;BuD;ukef;awmfay:&Sd apwDysufwpfqlrS xGufus

vmaomausmufpmjzpfygonf/ a,"r®m*gxmawmfyg ausmufpmjzpfygonf/ (þausmufpmukd

OD;pHomatmif? at'D 6-&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m}} Or®matmifpmay? tif;pdef? 1974-

pmtkyfrS? ykH (22)ukd ul;,lazmfjyygonf/)

þrQjzifhqkdvQif q&mBuD;\&ckdifu b,ftcsdefupNyD; [de,ejzpfcJhygovJ[laom ar;cGef;twGuf

ajzqkdcsufjynfhpkHvdrfhrnf[k ,lqygonf/

at'D(3) &mpktwGif; &ckdifjynfa&muf Ak'ömoemat'D(3) &mpktwGif; &ckdifjynfa&muf Ak'ömoemat'D(3) &mpktwGif; &ckdifjynfa&muf Ak'ömoemat'D(3) &mpktwGif; &ckdifjynfa&muf Ak'ömoemat'D(3) &mpktwGif; &ckdifjynfa&muf Ak'ömoem

&ckdif&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;tvkdtm;jzifh bk&m;&Sifoufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfuyif Ak'omoemawmfonf &ckdif

jynfwGifxGef;um;cJhonf[k rSwfom;&ygonf/ Ak'y&dedAÁmefûyNyD;aemuf acwfumvtoD;oD;wGif tdEd,

EkdifiHrS omoemûy&[ef;awmfrsm;onf ywf0ef;usifEkdifiHrsm;okdY omoemûyc&D;<ucJhMuygonf/ &ckdifjynf

okdYvnf;acwfumvtoD;oD;wGif Ak'ömoe*kdPftoD;oD;rS &[ef;awmfrsm;<ua&mufcJhMuygonf/

xkdYaMumifh &ckdifjynfwGif Ak'ömoem*kdPf;uGJwpfckxufrenf; xGef;um;cJhonfukd ½kyf0w¬Ktaxmuf

txm;rsm;t& od&Sd&ygonf/

omoemhorkdif;wGif ax&0g'*kdPfonf rm*"D?ygVdbmomwkdYukdokH;pGJcJhNyD;? r[moHCduESifh r[m

,e*kdPfwkdYonf jyu&dw? ouúwbmomwkdYukd okH;pGJcJhMuygonf/ &ckdifjynfwGif ygVdpmaya&m? ouúw

pmayygawGU&Sd&ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh ax&0g'omoemomru r[m,meomoemvnf; a&muf&SdxGef;

um;cJhonf[laom ,lqcsufrsm;rSm ,kwådwefygonf/ a'gufwmoef;xGef;u]]a0omvDacgif;avmif;pm

rSm ouúwbmoma&;jzpfí ta&SUb*Fvm;wGif okH;pGJcJhaom *kyÜwta&;tom;jzifh a&;xkd;cJhygonf/

ta&SUb*Fvm;ESifh tquftqHûycJhaMumif; xif&Sm;onfhtjyif Ak'omoemr[m,e*kdPf\puf&dyfatmuf

okdY a&mufcJhonf[k ,lqzG,f&Sdygonf/ (ukd;-1/pm-66)/ ûrdUa[mif;(ajrmufOD;) bk&m;BuD;apwDysuf

wpfqlrS a,"r®m*gxmausmufpmwpfckawGU&onf/ þausmufpmukd ygVdESifha&;xkd;xm;onfu

qef;onfxljcm;onf[k azmfjyvsuf&Sdygonf/ r[m,evTrf;rkd;aeaomfvnf;? ax&0g'vnf;&Sdonf[k

azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf[lí ,lqEkdifygonf/ (ukd;-1/pm-67)[k a&;om;xm;ygonf/

þokdYjzifh acwfOD;&ckdifjynfwGif ax&0g'omoemESifh r[m,eomoem,SOfí xGef;um;cJhonf[k

,lqaom ynm&SifokawoDtrsm;tjym;yif&Sday&m? pma&;olonf þaqmif;yg;wGif at'D(3)&mpktwGif;

(a&S;acwf) &ckdifjynfokdYa&muf&SdcJhaom Ak'ömoem*kdPf;ESifh 0g'ukdajc&mcHí qef;ppfwifjyxm;ygonf/

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176)

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"n0wDwJh AdóEkd;ûrdUukd em*g*sLeduGef'g&SdwJh tE¨&me,fzufu ysHUyGm;vmwJh Ak'ömoem[m t"du

tm;jzifh r[m0d[m&0goD*kdPf;&JU ax&0g'omoemjzpfw,fqkdwm ay:vGifaeygw,f/

'ghaMumifh at'D-3&mpktwGif;u a&;xkd;cJhwJh em*g*sLeduGef'gausmufpmrSmygwJh tdEd,awmifykdif;

u ax&0g'&[ef;awGomoemûycJhMuwJh pdvmw(okdYr[kwf)ud&mwa'oqkdwm &ckdifa'oeJYjrefrmekdifiH

atmufykdif;a'ojzpfNyD; at'D-3&mpktwGif;u "n0wDûrdUeJY AdóEkd;ûrdUwkdYrSm ax&0g'omoemxGef;um;

cJhw,fvkdY rSwfcsufcs&ygr,f/

ukd;um;ukd;um;

ukd;um;ukd;um;ukd;um;

1/ OD;b&Sif AdóEkd;ûrdUa[mif;ESifhorkdif;tjrif(wuúokdvfynmya'ompmapmiftwGJ-1?

tykdif;-3/1966? pufwifbmv)

2/ armifpHazmf ud&mwavm? urf;,Havm(&ckdifr*¾Zif; twGJ-1?trSwf-1?1964)

3/ Nidrf;ausmf aiGawmif (pmobifpmtkyfwkduf? &efukef/ 1973?pufwifbmv)

4/ pdefarmifOD; oa&acwå&mûrdUa[mif;(wuúokdvfynmya'ompmapmif? twGJ-3?tykdif;1?

1968)

5/ OD;pHomatmif at'D6-&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD&ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m(Or®matmifpmay?

ydEéJukef;?tif;pdef? 1974-ekd0ifbmv)

6/ armiftHh omoemawmf 2500c&D;(yxrwGJ) (omoema&;OD;pD;Xme?&efukef?1989-

pwkw¬tBudrf)

7/ Gangoly Andhra Scripture. Pls XVIII, XXXIX, XL(Huderabud-1973)

8/ N.R.Ray- Introduction to the study of Theravada Buddhism in Burma.(University of Calcutta-1976)

9/ F.E. Pergiter Ancient Countries in Ancient India(Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 66, 1897)

10/ S.B. Qunango A Histroy of Chittagong (Vol-1)(University of Chittagong-1988)

11/ H.Sarkar Some Aspect of the Buddhist Monument at Nagajunikonda 1960

12/ P. Gutman Ancient Arakan (Ph.D.Thesis. Australian National University 1974)

13/ G.H. Luce The Ancient Pyu (Burma Research Society Fifteeth AnniversaryPublication No-2)

14/ Luce And Pe Mg Tin Burma down to the fall of Pagon (Burma Research Society FifteethAnniversary Publication No-2)

15/ S.Dutt- Buddhist Monks and Monasteries (London-1962)

16/ San Tha Aung The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan(Daw Saw Saw Sarpay. Rangon-1981)

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r&SdcJhonfukdawGUjrif &ayonf/



(1) OD;odef;vIdif ta&SUawmiftm&SokdY tdEd,,Ofaus;rIysHUESHU0ifa&mufjcif;?wyp?wGJ(7) ykdif;(1)

(2) Nidrf;ausmf aiGawmif

(3) armifjyL; &ckdifjynfAk'ömoemhorkdif;OD;(1982-83? ppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;

(4) OD;b&Sif AdóEkd;ûrdUa[mif;ESifh orkdif;tjrif?wyp? wGJ(1)? ykdif;(3)

(5) pdefarmifOD; oa&acwå&mûrdUa[mif; wyp?wGJ(3)? ykdif;(1)/

(6) armiftHh omoem 2500c&D;(y-wGJ)

(7) P.Gutman Ancient Arakan . (Ph.D Thesis. Australian University)

(8) Forchammar Arakan

(9) M. Collis THE LAND OF THE GREATIMAGE

(10) G.H.Luce COUNTRIES NEIGH-BOURING BURMA. BRSFAP(2) 1960.

(11) E.Conze BUDDHISM ITS ESSENCE AND DEVELOPMENT.

(12) N.RAY SANSKRIT BUDDHISM IN BURMA (1936)

(13) S.B. QanungoA History of Chittagong(1988)

(14) San ThaAung The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan.

&ckdifjynfokdkY ygVd eefY ouúw t&D;tom; pwifa&muf[djcif;

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ca&pm/

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a,"r®g*gxmausmufpm/

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a,"r®m*gxmausmufpm/

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a,"r®m*gxmausmufpm/

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ausmufpm/

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u&a&ausmufpmtusKd;ykdif;wd/

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(1) OD;pHomatmif at'D-6&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD&ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m

(2) xGef;a&Tckdif &ckdifa0omvDacwfAk'¨tEkynm

(3) OD;b&Sif AdóEkd;ûrdUa[mi;fESifhorkdif;tjrif(wuúokdvfynmya'ompmapmif

twGJ-1?tykdif;-3)

(4) armifjyl; &cdkifjynfAk'ömoemhorkdif;OD;(1982-83ppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;)

(5) Nidrf;ausmf aiGawmif (pmobifpmtkyfwkduf-1973)

(6) &SifZm*&mbd0Ho(jyef)tdE´d,pmayorkdif;(Ak'¨pmayu@)

(7) U San Tha Aung The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan.

(8) U San Shwe Bu A Brief Note on the old Capitals of Arakan

(9) Pamela Gutman Ancient Arakan

(10) S.:B.Qanungo A History of Chittagong (Vol 1)

(11) Christmas Humphreys Buddgism (1964)

(12) N.R. Ray An Introduction to the study of Theravada Buddhism in Burma (1946)

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usrf;ukd;

(1) armiftHh Ak'ömoemawmf 2500c&D;(ywGJ)

(2) &SifZm*&mbd0Ho(jyef) tdE´,pmayorkdif;(Ak'¨pmayu@)

(3) Nidrf;ausmf aiGawmif

(4) P.Gutman Ancient Arakan

(5) N.R.Ray Sankrit Buddhism in Burma

(6) S.B. Qanuango A History of Chittagong

(7) E.H. Johnston Some Sankrit Inseriptions in Arakan

(8) San Tha Aung The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan

a0omvDpjE´rif;rsm;\ bmoma&;ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrIa0omvDpjE´rif;rsm;\ bmoma&;ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrIa0omvDpjE´rif;rsm;\ bmoma&;ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrIa0omvDpjE´rif;rsm;\ bmoma&;ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrIa0omvDpjE´rif;rsm;\ bmoma&;ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrI

2000-jynfhESpf? Zlvkdifvxkwf]]½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm &opkHr*¾Zif;}}(twGJ16?trSwf-7)wGif a'gufwm

oef;xGef;\ ]]&ckdifajrmufOD;&Spfaomif;bk&m;&Sd tmeEpjEausmufpm}}aqmif;yg;ukdzwf&ygonf/ q&mBuD;

\a&;om;csufwGif ausmufpma&;xdk;ESpf? tu©&mta&;tom;? rif;quf? eef;wuf? ouú&mZfponfwkdY

ESifh ywfoufí a&S;okawoDrsm;\azmfjycsuftwkdif;yif awGU&ygonf/

2000-jynfhESpf? Mo*kwfv]]½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;}}(twGJ-16?trSwf-8)wGif wzef q&mBuD;yif

a&;om;aom ]]tmeE´pjEáusmufpmtuJjzwf}}aqmif;yg;ukd zwf&ygonf/ q&mBuD;\a&;om;csufwGif

]'GifpjE´}rif;BuD;pwifwnfaxmiftkyfpkd;aom c&pfESpf-370rSpí &ckdifa0omvDûrdUwGif c&pfESpf600xd

eef;pHcJhaom ]"Gwd}pjE´rif;txd a0omvDyxrrif;qufukd rif;trnf? eef;wufckESpf/ eef;pHESpfrsm;ukd

az:jyNyD;]]'Drif;awG[m jA[®Pt,l&Sdw,f? oD0*kdPf;jzpfr,fxifw,f/ qlylvIyf&Sm;rIawGaMumifh

wkdif;jynfysufNyD; ûrdUopf? rif;qufopfp&ygw,f}}[k tuJjzwfxm;onfukd awGU&ygonf/

q&mBuD;\txufyg tuJjzwfcsufESifh pyfvsOf;íjyefvnfí wifjyzG,f&Sdaeygonf/ q&mBuD;ESifh

wuG a&S;okawoDrsm;u &ckdifa0omvDûrdUawmfukd c&pfESpf-370wGif ]]'GifpjE}}rif;BuD; pwifwnfaxmif

eef;pHcJhNyD; a0omvDyxrrif;quf\ aemufqkH;rif;jzpfaom ]]'GwdpjE}}rif;onf c&pfESpf600-wGif eef;pH

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rSm ]]'GifpjE}}(c&pf-370)? ]]&mZpjE}}(c&pf-425)/]]umvpjE}}(c&pf-445)]]a'0pjE}}(c&pf-454)? ]],VpjE}}

(c&pf-476)]]pjEÁEIK}}(c&pf-483)? ]]blrdpjE´}}(c&pf-489)?]]blwdpjE´}}(c&pf-496)?]]eDwdpjE´}}(c&pf-520)?

]]0D&pjE´}}(c&pf-575)? ]]NyDwdpjE´}}(c&pf-578)?]]jywdpjE´}}(c&pf-590)?]]"GwdpjE´}}(c&pf-597)[lí

jzpfygonf/(ukd;um;-2? pm-159)/

þrif;qufrwkdifrD c&pfESpf370-rwkdifrDrif;rsm;\ *kPfyk'frsm;wGif q&mBuD;\azmfjycsufrsm;wGif

yg0ifonfh ]]olawmfaumif;taygif;wkdY ESpfvkdaomrif;}}? ]]ay;urf;&ufa&maomrif;}}? ]]omoema&;wGif

arGUavsmfaomrif;}}? ]]omoemukdtpOfwpkdufcsD;a`rSmufaomrif;}}? ]]omoemhtwkdif;tkyfpkd;aomrif;}}?

]]ay;urf;pGefYBuJ&müra&mif&JEkdifaomrif; (ukd;-1/pm-92/93)ponfazmfjycsufrsm;onf Ak'¨bmom

rif;aumif; rif;jrwfrsm;\vu©Pmrsm;yifjzpfygonf/ OD;pHomatmif\ tmeE´pjEáusmufpmjrefrmjyef

qkdcsufwGifvnf;]]olawmfpif[k orkwfxkddufaom}}(ukd;um;- ?pm-97)?]]tvSL'geukdtxl;xl;tjym;jym;

tm;jzifh ay;vSLum}} (ukd;um;-2?pm-98)? ]]oDvNrJjcif;}}(ukd;um; ? pm-99)/]]tvSL'gersm;pGmûyvkyfvsif}}

(ukd;um;-2?pm-100)/ [líAk'¨bmomrif;rsm;\ aumif;jrwfaomvu©Pmrsm;ukd awGU&ygonf/

q&mBuD;ESpfOD; bmomjyefqkdcsufrsm;onf pum;tm;jzifhuGJjym;aeaomfvnf; qkdvkdcsufrSmtwlwlyifjzpf

ygonf/ þtcsufrsm;ukd azmfjyNyD;aemufq&mBuD;u]]tJ'gawG[m &Sifbk&ifwkdif;rSm&SdtyfwJh t&nftcsif;

awGyJ}}[k (ukd;um;-1/pm-92^93)tuJjzwfygonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifrif;rsm;[k rqkdyg/

,if;aemuf a0omvDwGifpkd;pHcJhMuonfh ]'GifpjE´}rS "GwdpjE´xd}(c&pf-370rS 600xd) rif;qufukd

jA[®Pt,l&Sdaom rif;rsm;tjzpf tuJjzwfygonf/ þrif;qufyg a0omvDpjE´rif;rsm;\*kPfyk'frsm;

ukd ausmufpmjrefrmjyefwGif avhvmMunhfaomtcg ]]'GifpjE´rif;}}\ *kPfyk'fukd]]ukokdvfaumif;rIûyjcif;}}

(ukd;um;-2/pm-106)/ ]]blrdpjE´}}rif;\ *kPfyk'fukd ]]ukokdvfaumif;rIuHaMumifh (ukd;um;-2/pm-113)/

]]jyxGDpjE´rif;}}\ *kPfyk'fukd ]]w&m;awmfukdtNrJvkdufemusifhokH;avh&Sdaom}} (udk;um;-2?pm-117)[lí

Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdY\ vu©Pmrsm;jzifhazmfjy0daooûyxm;onfukdawGU&ygonf/

þrif;qufygrif;rsm;onf q&mBuD;tuJjzwfxm;ouJhokdY jA[®Pt,l&Sdolrsm;r[kwfMuonfh

oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;&SdMuygonf/ ausmufpmü þrif;quftqkH;wGif ]]oD0ewfrif;tEG,frS

qif;oufvmcJhMuaom . . . rif;(16)yg;}}[kyg0ifaeonfhtwGuf q&mBuD;u ]]oD0*kdPf;jzpfr,fxif

w,f}}[k tuJjzwfvkdufjcif;jzpf[efwlygonf/ &ckdifa'oonf tdEd,,Ofaus;rIvTrf;rkd;&ma'ojzpfyg

onf/ tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif tm&d,efrsKd;EG,frS qif;oufcJhonf Ak'¨bmom0ifrif;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;?

tif'kdrGef*kdvSKdufEG,f0ifrif;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? Ak'¨bmomukd ukd;uG,fcJhMuvifhupm; tm&d,ef,Of

aus;rI? ,kHMunfrIjzpfaom ]]oD0ewfrif;tEG,frS qif;oufvmonf}}[laom ,kHMunfrI&SdcJhMuonfh

taxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdygonf/ tqkdygrif;rsm; cyfESdyfcJhonfh'*Fg;rsm; wnfaqmufcJhMuonfh omoedu

taqmuftOD;rsm;wGifyiff tm&d,ef,kHMunfrIvu©PmtpGef;tprsm;ukd oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;

tjzpf awGU&ygonf/

tm&d,ef,Ofaus;rIESifh Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIa&maxG;xGef;um;cJhonfh &ckdifa0omvDacwfwGifvnf;

pjE´rif;rsm;onf ,if;uJhokdY vufcHa&;om;cJhMujcif;jzpfEkdifavonf/

(ykH)eDwdpjE´rif;rdzk&m;ausmufpm(ykH)eDwdpjE´rif;rdzk&m;ausmufpm(ykH)eDwdpjE´rif;rdzk&m;ausmufpm(ykH)eDwdpjE´rif;rdzk&m;ausmufpm(ykH)eDwdpjE´rif;rdzk&m;ausmufpm

,ckwifjyxm;aomausmufpmonf &ckdifa0omvDwGif c&pfESpf 520-rS 575-xdpkd;pHcJhonfh eDwd

pjErif;\rdzk&m;]]om0DwmpjE ,m}} a&;xkd;cJhonfh ausmufpmjzpfygonf/ (þausmufpmukd ukd;um;-

3rS ykH-15ukd ul;,lazmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/) c&pfESpf 6-&mpktwGif;pu *kyÜwtu©&mjzifh a&;xkd;xm;aom

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ausmufpmjzpfygonf/ ygVdtenf;i,fa&maESmaeaom ouúwbmomjzifh a&;xkd;xm;ygonf/ þ

ausmufpmwGif Ak'ömoemawmf\tESpfcsKyf? opömav;yg;w&m;awmf\tESpfcsKyfjzpfaom ]]a,"r®m

*gxm}} awmfukd xnfhoGif;a&;xkd;xm;ygonf/ ausmufpmjrefrmjyeftjynfhtpkHrSm-

]]jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a&S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh jzpfay:vmukefaom tusKd;w&m;wkdYukd

a[mawmf\/ xkdtaMumif;tusKd;w&m;wkdY\ csKyfNidrf;&mw&m;ukdvnf; a[mawmfrl\/

þ(apwDawmf)onf usufoa&r*Fvmtaygif;ESifh jynfhpkHawmfrIaomeDwdpjE´rif;\ om0DwmpjE´

,mtrnf&Sd rdzk&m;\a',s"r®'gwAÁtvSLawmfjzpf\/ xkdrdzk&m;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;ü

o'¨gMunfndKjcif; jynfhpkHaom 'g,dumrjzpfonfhtavQmuf owå0gtaygif;wkdYonf tjrwfqkH;aom

(todOmPfw&m;ukd) &Muapjcif;tusKd;iSm þtvSLukdûyvkyfvSL'gef;awmfrlonf}}[k jzpfygonf/(ukd;um;-

3?pm-103) (ukd;um;-4?pm-20)(ukd;um;-5/pm-357^8)/ (udk;um;-7?pm-84)/

tjcm;wifjyvkdonfrSm þa0omvDpjE´rif;qufwGif yg0ifNyD; &ckdifa0omvDwGif(c&pfESpf-575rS

578xd)pkd;pHcJhonfh 0D&pjE´rif;a&;xkd;cJhaomausmufpmjzpfygonf/ þausmufpmukd a0omvDûrdUa[mif;

teD; oif;csyfawmfawmif? tmeE´pjEápwDrS &&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/ *kyÜwtu©&mjzifh a&;xkd;xm;NyD; ygVd

a&maESmaeaom ouúwbmomjzpfygonf/

(ykH) 0D&pjE´rif;ausmufpm(ykH) 0D&pjE´rif;ausmufpm(ykH) 0D&pjE´rif;ausmufpm(ykH) 0D&pjE´rif;ausmufpm(ykH) 0D&pjE´rif;ausmufpm

(þausmufpmukd ukd;um;-3? ykH -16rS ul;,lazmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf)

þausmufpm jrefrmjyeftjynfhtpkHrS

]]"ar®eoare? w&m;ojzifh xD;eef;ukdqufcHpkd;pHaom olwpfyg;\ aumif;usKd;ukd o,fykd;aqmif

&Guf&ef &nfoefvsuf&Sdaom oD&d0D&pjEa'0rif;onf rdrdykdifaiGaMu;wkdYukd tukeftuscHí opömw&m;ukd

ouf0if,kHMunfonfhftavsmuf urÇm\tqifwefqmjzpfaom apwDawmftqlaygif;wpf&mukd wnf

aqmufawmfrlonf/(ukd;um;-3/pm-104)? (ukd;um;-4?pm-20)? (ukd;um;-6/pm-109)? (udk;um;-7?pm-

84)/

tjcm;wpfckwifjyvkdonfrSm ]]a0omvDbk&m;BuD;ukef; ausmufapwDrS ausmufpmjzpfygonf/ a0om

vDrif;wpfyg;wnfxm;cJhonfh ausmufapwDysufwpfqlrS xGufusvmaomausmufpmjzpfygonf/ *kyÜw

tu©&mukd tokH;ûyí ygVdbmomoufoufjzifh a&;xkd;xm;ygonf/ pmaMumif;a& 4aMumif;yg&Sdygonf/

(ykH) a0omvDbk&m;BuD;ukef;ausmufpm(ykH) a0omvDbk&m;BuD;ukef;ausmufpm(ykH) a0omvDbk&m;BuD;ukef;ausmufpm(ykH) a0omvDbk&m;BuD;ukef;ausmufpm(ykH) a0omvDbk&m;BuD;ukef;ausmufpm

(þausmufpmukd ukd;um;-3/ykH-22ukd ul;,lazmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf)

a&;xkd;xm;aomtaMumif;t&mrSm ]]a,"r®m*gxm}}yifjzpfygonf/(ukd;um;-3? pm-116)þa,

"r®*gxmawmfonf ax&0g'0de,usrf;wGif ygVdbmomESifh awGU&Sd&ouJhokdY r[m,e0de,usrf;jzpfaom

r[m0w¬Kt0g'geusrf;wGif ouúwbmomjzifh yg&Sdygonf/ &ckdifwGifawGU&aom ouúwbmoma&;

ausmufpmukd axmufxm;ía0omvDacwfwGif ax&0g'ESifh r[m,e(okdYr[kwf) ouúwAk'¨bmom

vnf; xGef;um;cJhzl;onf[k tckduftwefYtm;jzifh ,lq&ygonf/

txufwGifazmfjycJhaom a0omvDeDwdpjErif;\ rdzk&m;ausmufpm 0D&pjErif;ausmufpmESifh a0om

vDrif;wpfyg;wnfxm;cJhonfh ausmufapwDrS ausmufpmrsm;taxmuftxm;tm;jzifh &ckdifa0omvDwGif

c&pfESpf 370-rS 600xdeef;pHcJhMuonfh pjErif;rsm;onf jA[®Pt,l&Sdolrsm;r[kwfbJ Ak'bmom0ifrif;

rsm;om jzpfonf[k wifjyvkdygonf/

tjcm;wifjyvkdonfhtcsufrSm]]qlylvIyf&Sm;rIawGaMumifh wkdif;jynfysufNyD;? ûrdUopfrif;opfp&ygw,f}}

[laomtcsufjzpfygonf/ ausmufpmwGif c&pfESpf600wGif ]]r[m0D&}}eef;wufonfhudpöESifh ywfoufí

]]xkdYaemufyla&yl&rSvlwkdY\t&Sifrif;r[m0D&onf w&m;awmfESifh tnD 12-ESpfwkdifatmifrif;ûyav\/

[k(ukd;um;-2/pm-120)azmfjyxm;ygonf/ r[m0D&rif;onf yla&yl&rS a0omvDukdvma&mufwkdufckduf

odrf;,leef;,lonfjzpfí qlylvIyf&SmrIjzpfonfrSwf,lEkdkifygonf/ r[m0D&onf rif;rsKd;½kd;r[kwfojzifh

rif;opf p&onfhtaxmuftxm;oJvGefpr&Sdyg/ rawGUyg/ ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;t&qkdvQif r[m

0D&onf a0omvDüyif eef;pHcJhonf[k ,lqygonf/ ûrdUopfwnfaomtaxmuftxm;rawGUyg/ xkdYaMumifh

r[m0D&rS tpûyaom rif;qufonfvnf; a0omvDwGif pkd;pHcJhaomrif;qufjzpfonf[k wifjytyfygonf/

ukd;um;aompmtkyfrsm;ukd;um;aompmtkyfrsm;

ukd;um;aompmtkyfrsm;ukd;um;aompmtkyfrsm;ukd;um;aompmtkyfrsm;

(1) a'gufwmoef;xGef; ]]tmeE´pjEáusmufpmtuJjzwf}}

(½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 2000-ckESpf? Mo*kwfv)

(2) pHomatmif ]]tmeE´pjE´}}(&Spf&mpk&ckdifa0omvDrif;)

txufwef;ynmOD;pD;Xme? &efukef-1975)

(3) pHomatmif ]]at'D 6-&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m

(Or®matmifpmay? tif;pdef? ekd0ifbm 1974)

(4) a&S;a[mif;okawonTefMum;a&;0ef ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpm(1956^57 ckESpf)

(5) JOHNSTON E.H Sanskrit Inscri ptions of Arakar (B.S.O.A.S, XI.II. 357-385)

(6) SIRCAR DC Inscription of Chandars of Arakar(EphigraphiaIndia.xxxii,iii. July 1957-pp103-109)

(7) PAMELA Gutman Ancient Arakar (Ph-D Thesis, Australlian NationalUniversity-1976)

a0omvDacwf &ckdifjynfAk'ömoemppfwrf;a0omvDacwf &ckdifjynfAk'ömoemppfwrf;a0omvDacwf &ckdifjynfAk'ömoemppfwrf;a0omvDacwf &ckdifjynfAk'ömoemppfwrf;a0omvDacwf &ckdifjynfAk'ömoemppfwrf;

&ckdif&mZ0ifpmayonf a0omvDacwf tmeEpjEausmufpmaMumifhomvQif pmaytvif;a&mifacwf

okdYa&muf&SdcJh&onf[laom ,lqcsufukd avhvmokH;oyf&ef uRefyfwkdYvufraES;cJhay/ trSefvnf;awGU&Sd&

orQaom &ckdif&mZ0ifusrf;pmrsm;ukd ñSdEIdiif;í rIef0g;0g;jzpfaeaom &ckdif&mZ0ifonf tmeE´mpjE´m;

ausmufpmaMumifhomvQif tawmfyDjyifMunfvifaom tajctaeokdY a&muf&SdEkdifcJhayonf/ &mZ0ifvm

tqkdrsm;? ausmufpmygtcsuftvufrsm;? awGU&SdorQ'*Fg;rsm;ukd wkdufqkdifñSdEIdi;fjcif;jzifh &ckdif&mZ0if

onf tawmfyDjyifaeNyD[k qkd&rnfjzpfayonf/ okawoDwkdY [kdwpfponfwpfp aumuf,l&&Sdaom

ausmufpmtusKd;tyJhwkdYukd aumuf,lqufpyfMunhfjcif;jzifh &mZ0if½kyfvkH;onf wjznf;jznf; xifay:vm

aeNyD jzpfygonf/

okdYaomfjyóemum; usef&SdaeqJyifjzpfygonf/ a&S;a[mif;acwfukd avhvmvQif okawoDwkdYonf

,Ofaus;rIukd OD;pm;ay;avhvmavh&SdMu\/ ,Ofaus;rIukdavhvmaomtcg ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrIqkdif&m

bmom,Ofaus;rIonf csefxm;ír&Ekdifavmufatmif qufpyfae&um; a0omvD,Ofaus;rIukdavhvm

vQif a0omvDacwfbmoma&;ukd rvTJra&SmifomavhvmcJhMu&\/ okdY&mwGif a0omvDacwf bmoma&;

qkdif&m t,ltqü okawoDwkdY wpfpdwfwpf0rf;wnf;&SdaeNyD[líum; rqkdomay/

þokdYt,ltquGJjym;aeaomtcg a0omvDorkdif;ûypka&;twGuf tcuftcJESifh &ifqkdifvm\/

okdYaomf þjyóemum; ajz&Sif;ír&Ekdifaumif;aomjyóemr[kwfay/ pma&;oltaejzifh þjyóemukd

ajz&Sif;vkd&if;r[kwfbJ okawoDwkdYtwGuf tkwfwpfcsyfoHwpfyGifhrQ axmufulvkdaomapwemjzifh wifjy

jcif;omjzpfayonf/

o*Fg,emyGJrsm;o*Fg,emyGJrsm;o*Fg,emyGJrsm;o*Fg,emyGJrsm;o*Fg,emyGJrsm;

a*gwrAk'ükd bDpD563-ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ touf29ESpfwGif awmxGufí &[ef;ûyonf/

oufawmf35ESpfwGif Ak'¨tjzpfa&muf&Sdonf/ bDpD438-ck? oufawmf80-wGif y&dedAÁmefûyonf[laom

\ Mde z-Wickremsingh \tqkdûycsufukd okawoDtrsm;pkvufcHxm;MuNyD;jzpfygonf/¨

Ak'ÿ&ddedAÁmefûyNyD;aemuf tdEd,ajray:wGif Ak'¨0g'*kdPf;toD;oD;onf tBudrfBudrfo*Fg,emwifcJh

Mu\/ okdYaomf&mZN*dK[fjynf tZwowfrif;vufxufwGif usif;yaom yxro*Fg,emwifyGJ? umvm

aomurif;BuD;vufxufwGif usif;yaom 'kwd,o*Fg,emwifyGJ? oD&d"r®maomurif;BuD;vufxuf

usif;yaom wwd,o*Fg,emwifyGJrsm;rSty tjcm;tdE´d,ajray:rS o*Fg,emyGJrsm;ukd ax&0g'DwkdY

todtrSwf rûyay/

uedoQrif;BuD;vufxuf o*Fg,emwifyGJrSm oAÁwdu0g'*kdPf;\ o*Fg,emyGJjzpfonf/ oAÁwdu

*kdPf;onf [de,e[k trnfcHcJhaomfvnf; aemufykdif;wGif r[m,ewkdY\vTrf;rkd;rIukdcHcJh&\/ o*Fg,em

orkdif;wGif 'kwd,o*Fg,emyGJuyif ax&0g'? oAÁwdu0g'ESifh r[moHCdu0g'*kdPf;wkdY uGJjym;cJhNyD;

jzpfygonf/ r[moHCduwkdYonf pifûydifo*Fg,emyGJrsm;yif usif;ycJhaMumif; r[m0if? 'Dy0ifwkdYuqkd

ygonf/

r[m,e\tpr[m,e\tpr[m,e\tpr[m,e\tpr[m,e\tp

'kwd,o*Fg,emyGJwGif azmfjyygtwkdif; *kdPf;uGJNyD;aemuf wwd,o*Fg,emwifonfh tmaomu

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1/ r[m0if0w¬KawmfBuD;(ZrÁL'Dypmwrf;) usD;oJav;xyfq&mawmf

2/ tdE´d,pmayorkdif; &SifZm*&mbd0Hojrefrmjyef

3/ omoem 2500c&D; armiftHh

4/ at'D yxr&mpkrwkdifrDAk'¨qif;wkawmf OD;odef;xGef;

(ukd;uG,frIr&Sdjcif;ukdavhvmjcif;

(1970)ckESpf &efukefwuúokdvfokawoe

aqG;aEG;yGJwGif wifjyaompmwrf;)

5/ a0omvDorkdif;ûypka&;(&ckdifjynfe,fpmapmif) armifAodef;

6/ tmeE´pjE´m;(&Spf&mpk&ckdifa0omvDrif;) OD;pHomatmif

7/ at'D 6&mpkESifh,if;rwkdifrD&ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m OD;pHomatmif

8/ at'D 1000rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfAk'¨bmom OD;pHomatmif

(&ckdifjynfe,fpmapmif)

9/ acwfOD;&ckdifjynfokdYAk'¨bmoma&muf&SdysHUESHUykH ausmfZHom(orkdif;)

10/ &ckdif&mZ0ifopf &SifpE´rmvmvuFm&

11/ BUDDHISM CHRISTMAS HUMPHREYS

12/ THE BUDDHIST ART OF ANCIENT ARAKAN U SAN THA AUNG

13/ THE ARAKANESE STELES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE MYINT AUNG

(The Working People's Daily-15th Dec., 1980)

nSdEIdif;aomusrf;rsm;

1/ ygVdpmayorkdif; a':tkH;

2/ Ak'¨bmomppfwrff; &SifrkedE´

3/ pifMu,faomAk'¨bmom &SifyndE´mbd0Ho

4/ a0omvD,Ofaus;rI OD;atmifomOD;

5/ r[m,eAk'¨0g' OD;aomfZif

6/ SANSKRIT BUDDHISM IN BURMA N.RAY

7/ 2500 YEARS OF BUDDHISM P.V. BAPAT

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uawmh r[m,e*kdPf;awGeJY 0ZD&m,*kdPf;u okH;pGJcJhwJhbmomjzpfygw,f/(Ricnard.A.Gard, 'Buddhism'

'New York, 1963.PP-3)/&ckdifa0omvDacwfrSm ouúw bmompmayawGtjyif r[m,eaAm"d owåqif;wk

awGvJawGU&w,fqkdawmh (a&S;a[mif;okawoe nTefMum;a&;0ef\ 1958^59ck ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpm?

pm-24?ykH(33)&ckdifa0omvDacwfrSm ax&0g'eJY,SOf NyD;r[m,eAk'¨bmomvJxGef;um;cJhw,fqkdwm

xif&Sm;ygw,f/

&ckdifa'o[m orkdif;OD;umvuyJ tdE´d,ajrmufykdif;eJY tquftoG,f&SdaecJhygw,f/ *kyÜw

tifyg,mu xif&Sm;wJh emvE´mwuúokdvfBuD;u r[m,eouúwAk'¨bmom &cdkifukdysHUESHUcJhygw,f/

&ckdifa0omvDacwfrSm ouúwbmomta&;tom;[m ykdNyD;wGifus,fcJhw,f/ r[m,e,kHMunfukd;uG,frI

u ykdNyD;us,fjyefYr,fvkdYtckduftwefYtm;jzifhqkdEkdifygw,f/

&ckdifa0omvD[m ax&0g'r[m,eESpfrsKd;vkH;xGef;um;cJhwJh oa&acwå&meJY tquftoG,fawG

trsm;BuD;&SdcJhygw,f/ oa&acwå&mrSmawGU&wJh tcsKdUtu©&mawG[m &ckdifa0omvDu tu©&mawGeJY

qifwlw,f/ oa&acwå&m '*Fg;awG[m c&pfESpf 4-&mpkvkdYcefYrSef;&wJh a0omvDpjE´rif;'*Fg;wpfcskkKdUeJY

tajccHykHpHwlnDaewm awGU&ygw,f/ (pdefarmifOD;? ]oa&acwå&mûrdUa[mif;? wuúokdvfynmya'om

pmapmif? twGJ(3)? tykdif;(1)pm-202)/ 'Dawmh &ckdifa0omvDrSm ygVdAk'bmom*kdPf;eJY ouúwAk'bmom

*kdPf;awG[m b,fvkdtajctaersKd;eJYxGef;um;aecJhMuovJqkdwm avhvmMunhfzkdYvkdtyfygr,f/

&cdkifa0omvDacwfOD;u Ak'bmomausmufqpf tEkynmvuf&mawG[m em**sKdeduGef'gu vuf&m

awGeJYqifwljzpfaewmawGU&ygw,f/ (Pamela Gutman, ''Ancient Arakan"Ph.D Thesis, Australlian National

University , 1976, PP-222)/em**sKdeduGef'gxif&Sm;pOfu tJ'Da'orSm Ak'0g'*kdPf;(4)*kdPf;xGef;um;cJh ygw,f/

r[m0d[m&0goD*kdPf;? r[d Hou*kdPf;?A[kokwdu*kdPf;eJY ty&r[m0demaovd,*kdPf;awG ygyJ/(H.

Sarkar, 'Some Aspects of the Buddhist Monuments at Nagajunikonda, 1966, PP-68/69/ [m0d[m&0goD *kdPf;[m

ax&0g'*kdPf;jzpfNyD; oD[kdVfrSmMoZmvTrf;rkd;ygw,f/'D*kdPf;[mwpfckwnf;aomygVdAk'¨0g'*kdPf; jzpfNyD;

'D*kdPf;&JUygVdyd#uwfawmfawG[m jrefrm? ,kd;',m;? uarÇmZEkdifiHawGukd ysHUESHUa&muf&SdcJhygw,f/ (S.C

Eliot, 'Hinduism and Buddhism' Vol-1, PP-276)/

tJ'D*kdPf;awGxGef;um;aecJhwJh em**sKdeduGef'ga'orSm ausmufxGif;½kyf<uawGudkd Zmwuusrf;?

ed'geuxmusrf;? vvdwå0dw¬m&usrf;? okr*Fvm0dvmodeDusrf;? r[my&dedAÁmeokwfeJY "r®y'tXuxm

usrf;awGu Zmwfvrf;ZmwfuGufawGeJY o½kyfazmfxGif;xkxm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh em**sKdeduGef'grSm

ygVdAk'¨0g'*kdPf;eJY ouúw*kdPf;awGtwlwuG aecJhMuwmod&ygw,f/ r[m0w¬KeJY 'dAsm0g'geusrf;[m

tJ'Dae&mrSm xif&Sm;ygw,f/ ygVdeJYouúw*kdPf;awG t,ltquGJjym;MuayrJh wpf*kdPf;eJYwpf*kdPf;

qufqHa&;rjywfawmufcJhyg(Nidrf;ausmf?]]aiGawmif}}? 1973?&efukef? pm-50)/

oD[kdVfax&0g'*kdPf;u xif&Sm;wJhtXuxm q&m&SifAk'aCmo[m? twå'óD? Ak'rdwåeJY? Ak'a'0

qkdwJhrax&fwkdY&JUawmif;yefcsuft& Zmwu tXuxmusrf;ukd a&;om;cJhygw,f/ (Zmwu tXuxm

ck'úedum,-yxrbma*g) Ak'ömoemtzGJU &efukef? 1959?1-2)/ 'Dawmh ouúwAk'¨0g'*kdPf;jzpfwJh

r[d Hou*kdPf;acgif;aqmif Ak'ä'0eJY? r[m0d[m&0goD*kdPf;u tXuxmq&m&Sif Ak'äCmowkdY&JU

yk*¾dKvfa&;qufqHrI? tJ'D*kdPf;awGMum;rSm tmCmwr&SdrIawGukd awGU&ygw,f/ 'ghtjyif 0gokAE¨Ktw¬K

yÜwådukd pD&ifcJhwJh t&Sify&rwå(c&pf 499-569)&JU &[ef;wpfyg;[m *kdPf;tm;vkH;&JU yd#uwfawGudk

ESHUpyf&w,f? tao;pdyfygrusef avhvmqnf;yl&w,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ (S. Dutt, 'Buddhist Monks and

Monasteries. 'London, 1962, PP-176)/'Dawmhem**sKdeduGef'ga'orSm ouúwAk'¨0g'*kdPf;eJY ygVdAk'¨0g'*kdPf;

[m tqifajyajyqufqHMuNyD;? wpf*kdPf;uyk*¾dKvfawG[m wpfjcm;wpf*kdPf;upmayawGukd avhvmMu

w,f/ tkyfpkd;olrif;awGuvJ vGwfvyfpGmukd;uG,fcGifhûywmukd awGU&ygw,f/ 'g[m&ckdifeJYul;oef;

qufqHrI&SdwJh em**sKdeduGef'ga'orSm&JU? ygVdAk'¨0g'*kdPf;eJY ouúwAk'¨0g'*kdPf;wkdY&JU taetxm;yg/

NyD;awmhbk&m;ocifvufxufawmftcgu olY&JUqif;wkawmfoGef;vkyfukd;uG,frIukd cGifhûycJhwmr&Sdbl;

vkdY ynm&SifawGu ajymygw,f/ (S.B.Qanungo, 'A History of Chittagong 'Vol 1, Chittagong University, 1988,

Pp-82)/ q&mBuD;uvJqif;wkawmfukd;uG,frI[m c&pf-76xufrapmbl;vkdY qkdygw,f/ (oef;xGef;

]]uRefawmfvJtajzrodyg}} ½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm r*¾Zif;? pufwifbmv?2000-ckESpf? pm-46)/ q&mwkdufpkd;

uvJ c&pf-1&mpkrSm ul&Sefrif;awGvufxufrS tpûyw,fvkdYqkdygw,f/ (wkdufpkd;]uydv0wf&SmykHawmf}

&wemrGefr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck?pm-39)/ tJ'Daemufykdif;rSm em**sKdeduGef'ga'oukd qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIawG

ysHUESHUvmwJhwkdifatmif? a&S;OD;ykdif;ty&r[m0deaovd,*kdPf;eJY r[d Hou*kdPf;wkdY[m qif;wkawmf

ukd;uG,frIukd b,fwkef;urSvufrcHcJhMuyg/ (H/Sarkar, 'Some Aspects ...at Nagajunikonda, Pp-84)/ 'gayr,fh

'D*kdPf;ESpf*kdPf;[m qif;wkawmfoGef;vkyfukd;uG,fMuwJh wpfjcm;*kdPf;awGeJYtwl ,SOfwGJaexkdifNyD;

qufqHa&;ajyjypfacsmarGUcJhwmukd awGU&ygw,f/

jrefrmEkdifiHukda&mufvmwJh ouúwAk'¨0g'*kdPf;[m oAÁwåd0g'*kdPf;jzpfw,f/ 'D*kdPf;&JUrlva'o

uawmh tdE´d,ta&SUajrmufykdif;jzpfw,fvkdY wpfcsKdUynm&SifawGuajymygw,f/ (N.R. Ray, 'Sanskrit

Buddhism in Burma, Calcutta, 1936, PP-88)/ trSefawmh tdE´d,awmifykdif;uvJ a&muf&SdvmEkdifygw,f/

'Dae&mrSm ouúwyd#uwfawmfeJY ygVduwfawmfukdEIdif;,SOfNyD; enf;enf;wifjyvkdygw,f/ Dr. Winternitz

u ]]pum;okH;EIef;rIeJYusrf;pmpDpOfrIawGrSm ouúwyd#uwfawmf[m ygVdyd#uwfawmfeJY wlnDrIawGtrsm;

BuD;&Sdygw,f/ uGJvGJcsufawGvJ&Sdygw,f/ yd#uwfawmfESpfckvkH;[m aysmufuG,foGm;NyDvkdY ,lq&wJh

r*"dyd#uwfukd twlwlrSD;,lul;cscJhMuvkdY 'DvkdwlnDcsufawG&Sdaew,fqkdwm ,kwådwefw,f/ tJ'D r*"D

yd#uwfawmfu ygVdyd#uwfawmf[m tdE´d,jynfa'owpfckukd ,laqmifcGJxGufoGm;NyD; ouúwyd#

uwfawmf tJ'DxufaemufusNyD; tdEd,jynfwpfjcm;a'owpfckukd cGJxGufoGm;wmjzpfr,f}}vkdY qkdygw,f/

(&SifZm*&mbd0Ho(jyef)?]tdEd,pmayorkdif;}(Ak'pmayu@)}? &efukef? pm-355)/ 'ghtjyif ygVdyd#uwfawmf

vm edum,awGeJY tvm;wlemrnfawG[m ouúwyd#uwfrSm ]]tm*r}}vkdY awGU&ygw,f/ 'DCm*r[m

'DCedum,? rZÑdrm*r[m rZÑdredum,? oH,kwåm*r[m oH,kwåedum,? {ukwå&m*r[m t*Fwå&ed

um,qkdNyD; awGU&w,fvkdYqkdygw,f/ Dr. Winternitzuawmh ouúw tm*rawGeJY ygVdum,mawGukd

rl&if;wpfckxJu ul;,lpkaqmif;cJhayr,fh rwlwJh*kdPf;awGrSm rwlwJhtpDtpOfawGeJY ûypkxm;wmvkdY ajymyg

w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm uRefawmfajymcsifwmu tJ'Dacwfu ouúwyd#uwfawmfxJu a'oemawmfawG[m

ygVdyd#uwfawmfeJYodyfNyD; uGJvGJcsufr&Sdao;bl;qkdwJh tcsufyJjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifhtwl,SOfwGJaeekdif

cJhwmjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh c&pf-6&mpktwGif;u &ckdifa0omvDrSm pjErif;wpfyg;a&;xkd;cJhwJh ausmufpm

rSm ygVd0de,ussrf;xJu a,"r®m*gxmukd ygVdbmomeJYawGU&ovkd? ouúwr[m0w¬Kusrf;xJu a,"r®m

*gxmukdvJ eDwdpjErif; rdzk&m;ausmufpmrSm ouúwbmomeJYawGUjrif&wmjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh &ckdif

a0omvDrSm ouúw*kdPf;eJY ygVd*kdPf;[m twl,SOfwGJxGef;um;cJhwm xif&Sm;ygw,f/

&cdkifrSm a0omvDacwfxGef;um;aecsdefrSm &ckdifeJYe,fajrcsif;qufpyfaewJh tdEd,ta&SUzsm;e,fukd

avhvmMunhfawmh ]b*Fvm;e,f or#wrSm ewfausmif;awGuBuD;pkd;aecJhw,f/ 'gayrJh ax&0g'*kdPf;0if

bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;(30)eJYoHCm(1000)&Sdw,fvkdY w½kwfc&D;onf &Tifusif&JUrSwfwrf;rSm awGU&ygw,f/

w½kwf&[ef;awmf ,dusifhukd,fwkdif wpfESpfMumatmif oDwif;okH;cJhwJh ta&SUba*Fge,fu [m&dauv

ûrdUtygt0if? tdEd,ta&SUykdif;wpfcGifvkH;rSm ax&0g'*kdPf;? r[moHCdu*kdPf;? oAÁwd0g'*kdPf;eJY orÜwd

,*kdPf;awG xGef;um;aeygw,f/

tJ'Da'orSmvJ oHCmawmftm;vkH;wkdY[m rdrdwkdY&JUyg&rDOmPf &ifhoefa&;twGufeJY vlawG[mvJ

ynmOmPfpGrf;&nf jrifhrm;a&;twGuf *kdPf;(18)*kdPf;vkH;&JU pmayusrf;*efawGukd nSdEIdIif;aqG;aEG;avh

&SdMuygw,f/ (G.H. Luce, 'Countries Neighbouring Burma', B.R.S.F.A.P. Vol-II, Rangon, 1960,PP-302/303)

&ckdifa0omvDrSm ygVd*kdPf;eJY ouúw*kdPf;wkdY[m tmCmwr&SdMubJ em**sKdeduGef'geJY? tdEd,ta&SU

ykdif;a'oawGrSmvkdyJ? tjyeftvSefavhvmaqG;aEG;rI&SdNyD;? Nidrf;csrf;pGmaecJhMuygw,f/ rif;awGuvJ

vGwfvyfpGmukd;uG,fcGifhay;NyD; ulnDapmifha&Smufay;urf; vª'gef;rIawG&SdaecJhw,fqkdwm tmeE´pjE´rif;&JU

aqmif&GufcsufawGu azmfjyaeygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdef(c&pf8-&mpktapmykdif;rSm &ckdiftu©&m? &ckdifpmay

ray:aygufao;awmh *kyÜwyGg;tu©&meJY ouúwbmomu ykdNyD;wGifus,fcJhavawmh &ckdifrSm ouúw

bmomukd trsm;okH;pmaybmomtjzpf tokH;ûycJhMuygw,f/

tmeE´pjE´rif;[m ausmufpmukdouúwbmomeJY a&;xkd;wmvJ rSefygw,f/ jA[®P0g'DykPÖm;awG

twGuf a&wGif;? a&uef? ajr? ausmif;? ae&mawGtrsm;BuD; vªcJhwmvJrSefygw,f/ 'ghtjyifAk'¨qif;wk

awmfawG? &SifpkEwkdYvkd &[EÅmawG&JUqif;wkawmfawG? aAm"dowåbk&m;avmif; qif;wkawmfawG oGef;vkyf

NyD; r[m,eAk'¨bmomqkdif&m aqmif&GufrIawGûyvkyfcJhwmvJ rSefygw,f/ 'gaMumifh olYukd Dr. Johnston

u 0dOmP0g'*kdPf;0ifjzpfw,fvkdY (Some Sanskrit Inscriptions of Arakan', Bull, S.O.A.S. Vol-XI, Pt-2, PP-357-

85)ajymzl;cJhovkd ol[m ]]o'&fr®yk@&duusrf;}}ukd oiftHavhusufcJhr,fvkdY P.Gutman u (Ancient Arakan

PP-248)a&;cJhw,f/ trSefawmh tmeE´pjE´rif;[m ouúwAk'¨0g'*kdPf;awGukd ulnDapmifha&Smuf cJhNyD;?

ouúwpmayusrf;*efawGukdyg ESHUpyfatmifavhvmcJhygvdrfhr,f/ 'gayrJh ol[max&0g'Ak'¨bmom udk

ukd;uG,fwJhrif;wpfyg;jzpfygw,f/

jA[®PbmomeJY r[m,eAk'bmomukd ukd;uG,fcGifhûyNyD; ulnDvª'gef;apmifha&SmufcJhvkdY tmeEpjErif;

ukd r[m,eAk'¨bmom0ifvkdYajymMupwrf;qkd&if q&mBuD;ajymwJh c&pf-11&mpkyk*HrSm ygVdyd#uwf ul;

a&;wJhusefppfom;rif;ukd b,fvkdajym&ygrvJ/ usefppfom;rif;eJYywfoufNyD; enf;enf;wifjyvkdygw,f/

yk*Hukd oxkHu ygVdyd#uwfawmfa&mufwm c&pfESpf 1057vkdY OD;ukvm;&mZ0if? rSefeef;&mZ0ifawG

uqkdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh oxkH Ak'0g'[m ax&0g'oefYoefYr[kwfbl;vkdY ygarmu Luceuajymygw,f/

(''Mons of Pagon Dynasty" J.B.R.S. XXXVi, i, August, 1953, P-8)/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh taemf&xmrif;

vufxufrSm yk*HrSmr[m,eAk'bmomxGef;um;aeao;NyD; taemf&xmrif;ukd,fwkdifvJ 'D0g'ukdESpfouf

vkdufemaecJhao;vkdYyg/ (N.R.Ray, "Sanskrit Buddhism in Burma", Calculta, 1936,PP-42)/

yk*HrSm ygVdax&0g'a&mufvmvkdY ouúwbmomeJY r[m,e? wEÅ&0g'awG t<uif;rJhaysmufroGm;

cJhygbl;/ usefppfom;rif;vufxufrSm t,l0g'trsKd;rsKd;awG ukd;uG,fcJhMuwm q&mBuD;odygw,f/

q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwifuqkd&if usefppfom;rif;vufxufrSm Ak'0g'rSm AdóEkd;0g'? ewfe*g;ukd;uG,f

rIawG b,favmuftxda&maESmaecJhw,fqkdwm usefppfom;rif;a&;xkd;cJhwJh rGefausmufpmawGuazmfjy

aeygw,fvkdY qkdcJhygw,f/ (U Pe Maung Tin, "Buddhism in the Inscriptins of Pagan."B.R.S.F.A.P Vol-11, 1960)/

usefppfom;rif;[m olY&JUrdzk&m;acgifBuD; ukd;uG,fwJhr[m,e 0g'? jrefrmjynfawmifykdif;u

AdóEkd;ukd;uG,frI? jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif;rSmxGef;um;aewJh e*g;ewfukd;uG,frIawGukd cGifhûycJhygw,f/

(G.H.Luce, "The career of Htilaing Min (Kyansittha, J.R.A.S,1966,PP-62) /'gwifru usefppfom;rif;[m

tdEd,ajrmufykdif;u r[m,e&[ef;awGudk aumif;aumif;rGefrGef0wfûyylaZmfcJhygao;w,f/ G.E Harvey,

"History Of Burma", London1967, PP-40)/yk*H[m &ckdifvkdyJ tdEd,awmifykdif;? oD[kdVf? tdEd,ajrmufykdif;eJYyg

tquftoG,f&SdcJhwmyg/

tdEd,ukefonfawG? pGefYpm;oGm;vmolawG? ynm&SifawG? &[ef;awG[m ewfukd;uG,frI? jA[®0g'?

0dZÆm,eeJY wEÅ&Ak'¨bmomawGukd yk*Hukd,laqmifcJhMuygw,f/ (N.R.Ray "Theravada Buddhism in Burma",

Calcutta, 1946, PP-148/ 'gwifruao;yg/ jA[®Pbmom0ifawG tav;tjrwfûyMuwJh &mr,euAsmBuD;

[m yk*Hukda&mufcJhNyD;? usefppfom;rif;ukd,fwkdifu ,kHMunfvufcHcJhygw,f/ (ukd,farmifarmifBuD;

]]jrefrmjyZmwfa&pD;aMumif;}}? w?y?p twGJ(4)? tykdif;(1)? Zefe0g&D 1969? pm-216-227)/'gaMumifh

yk*HrSm r[m,eeJYwEÅ&Ak'¨0g'DawG&JU ouúwyd#uwfawG&Sdw,fvkdY ynm&SifawGuqkdygw,f/ (Le May,

"The Development of Buddhist Art in Burma". J.R.S.A, June, 1949, P-544)/ wm&memx&JUa&;om;csuft&vJ

yk*H?&ckdifeJYyJcl;wkdYrSm r[m,e0g'DawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ (N.R.Ray, "Sanskrit Buddhism in

Burma."Pp-74)/ usefppfom;rif;[m r[m,e Ak'¨bmomukdb,favmuftxd tm;ay;cJhovJqkd&if

olwnfxm;cJhwJh ty,f&wemvkdPf*lbk&m;? e*g;½kHbk&m;? olewf&GmpHNyD;rSwnfwJh *lajymufBuD;bk&m;?

ykxkd;om;rsm;bk&m;? 12-&mpkrSmwnfwJh avmuOaoQmifbk&m;? 13-&mpkrSmwnfwJh eErnbk&m;? bk&m;

okH;ql? orÇLvbk&m;awG[m oufaoyg (S.C. Eliot "Hindusm and Buddhism" Vol-11, London, 1954, PP-86-89/

ty,f&wembk&m;qdk&if usefppfom;rif;eJY ty,f&wemrdzk&m;[m ta&SUb*Fge,fua&muf&Sdvm wJh

wEÅ&Ak'0g'DawGtwGuf oD;oefYaqmufvª'gef;cJhwmyg/(G.H.Luce, "The Career of Htilaing Min (J.R.A.S,1966,PP-

56) /'Dtaxmuftxm;awGt&qkd&if usefppfom;rif;[m r[m,e*kdPf;rif;wpfyg;vkdY ,lqp&m

jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fhorkdif;ynm&SifawGu tJ'DvkdrqkH;jzwfcJhMuyg/ &Sift&[Hukd vuFsmxm; q&mwifNyD;

ygVdyd#uwfokH;ukd pkaqmif;odrf;qnf;NyD; oefY&Sif;wnfhrSefaatmif a&;om;apcJhwJhtcsufukd axmufNyD;

(OD;cspfodef; (wnfjzwf? jrefrmjyef)?]]rGefausmufpmaygif;csKyf}}? &efukefa&S;a[mif;okawoe Xme?

1965?pm-51) usefppfom;rif;ukd ax&0g'*kdPf;0if rif;wpfyg;vkdYowfrSwfMuygw,f/

tmeE´pjE´rif;[mvJ jA[®PykPÖm;awGtwGuf tvªawGay;NyD; r[m,etwGuf omoeduypönf;

awG wnfaqmufûyjyifay;cJhayr,fh ol[m r[m,e*kdPf;0ifr[kwfygbl;/ ax&0g'*kdPf;0if rif;wpfyg;

omvQif jzpfygw,f/ 'DtwGufvJ ausmufpmrSm ckdifrmwJh taxmuftxm;yg&Sdygw,f/

tmeE´pjEáusmufpm? *gxmtrSwf(6)rSm ol[m ]]ZdvmarCrif;&JU wkdif;jynfu t&d,m &[ef;

oHCmawGtwGuf w&m;yv’if? aumif;jrwfwJhqifr,OfomwpfaumifeJY ykd;ouFef;awG ay;ykdYvª'gef;w,f

vkdY a&;xkd;xm;cJhw,f/ (OD;pHomatmif ]]tmeE´pjE´(&Spf&mpk &ckdifa0omvDrif;)}} 1975-&efukef?pm-

149)/ ausmufpmu *dvmarCrif;&JU wkdif;jynfqkdwm tJ'Dtcsdefu ]]*dvmarC0PÖrif;}}tkyfpkd;aewJh

oD[kdVfuRef;jzpfygw,f/ (OD;pHomatmif ]]tmeE´}pm-213)(oef;xGef;]acwfa[mif; jrefrm&mZ0if 1969?

pm-75)?(E.H. Johnston, Bull S.O.A.S Vol-xi, pt2, PP-357-85)(P.Gutman, "Ancient Arakan" PP-48) /

&ckdif[m oD[kdVfeJYc&pfESpfqef;puyJ tquftoG,f&SdcJhNyD; &Spf&mpkwkdiftquftoG,frjywfcJhwm

awGUjrif&ygw,f/ jynfwGif;rSm jA[®P0g'? r[m,e0g'? ax&0g'bmom0ifawGtm;vkH;twGuf ulnD

axmufyHhrIawG ûycJhayr,fh jynfyomoemh qufqHa&;rSm? oD[kdVfuRef;u ax&0g'&[ef;oHCmawmf

awGtwGuf w&m;yv’if? ykd;ouFef;? tp&SdwJhvªzG,f0w¬KawGukd ay;ykdYvª'gef;w,fqkdwJhtcsufu tmeE´

pjE´rif;[m ax&0g'*kdPf;0if Ak'¨bmomrif;wpfyg; jzpfw,fqkdwmxif&Sm;ygw,f/

'gaMumifh yk*HrSm usefppfom; yd#uwfa&;ul;csdefxuf? ESpf-300apmNyD;? &ckdifrSm tmeE´pjE´rif;

a&;ul;wJhyd#uwf[m r[m,eusrf;pmawG r[kwfbJ? oD[kdVfu ul;a&;wJh ax&0g'ygVdyd#uwfawmf

omjzpfaMumif; wifjytyfygw,f/

&ckdifjynf Ak'ömoemtpOftvm ppfwrf;

a&S;acwf&ckdifjynf\ Ak'omoemorkdif;ESifhywfoufoufí pma&;olonfrdrdavhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;

ukd tpOfwpkdufa&;om;vmcJhonfrSm 17-ESpfcefYMumjrifhvmcJhygNyD/ &ckdifacwfOD;u Ak'omoemxGef;um;

cJhykHrsm;ukd acwftvkduf? &mpkESpfrsm;tvkdufcGJjcm;í tweftoifhwifjycJhygonf/ ½kyf0w¬Ktaxmuftxm;

rsm;ukd tajcûyí acwfûydiftaxmuftxm;rsm;? rSwfwrf;rsm;?jynfwGif;jynfyokawoDrsm;\a&;om;csuf

rsm;? omoemhorkdif;qkdif&mrSwfwrf;rsm;ukd ukd;um;ñSdEIdif;í?,xmblwususwifjya&;om;vmcJhygonf/

,cktcg tcsKdU&[ef;yk*¾dKvfrsm;u &ckdifjynfe,f\omoemonf r[m,etpOftvmrS qif;ouf

vmaom omoemjzpfonf[kvnf;aumif; (ausmfausmfvS? ]]ax&0g'omoem&ckdifrSmxGef;um;vmykH}}(ausmfausmfvS? ]]ax&0g'omoem&ckdifrSmxGef;um;vmykH}}

(ausmfausmfvS? ]]ax&0g'omoem&ckdifrSmxGef;um;vmykH}}(ausmfausmfvS? ]]ax&0g'omoem&ckdifrSmxGef;um;vmykH}}(ausmfausmfvS? ]]ax&0g'omoem&ckdifrSmxGef;um;vmykH}}

&ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(3)? 1996? pm-45)? &ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(3)? 1996? pm-45)?

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yxr pjErif;qufonf jA[®P0g'D? oD0*kdPf;0ifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ yk*HwGif usefppfom;rif; yd#uwfa&;ul;

csdefxuf ESpf-300apmí? &ckdifa0omvDwGif tmeE´pjE´rif;a&;ul;aom yd#uwfonf r[m,eusrf;pm

rsm;om jzpfp&m&Sdonf[kvnf;aumif; (oef;xGef;?]]tmeE´pjEáusmufpmtuJjzwf}} ½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm(oef;xGef;?]]tmeE´pjEáusmufpmtuJjzwf}} ½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm

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pNy D ; [de,ejzp fc J hy govJ[kvnf;aumi f ; (oe f ;x Ge f ; ? ] ]uRe fawm fv Jtajzrodyg } } ?(oe f ;x Ge f ; ? ] ]uRe fawm fv Jtajzrodyg } } ?

(oe f ;x Ge f ; ? ] ]uRe fawm fv Jtajzrodyg } } ?(oe f ;x Ge f ; ? ] ]uRe fawm fv Jtajzrodyg } } ?(oe f ;x Ge f ; ? ] ]uRe fawm fv Jtajzrodyg } } ?

½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck? pufwifbmv? pm-46)½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck? pufwifbmv? pm-46)

½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck? pufwifbmv? pm-46)½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck? pufwifbmv? pm-46)½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck? pufwifbmv? pm-46)a&;om;xm;onfukd zwf½I&ygonf/

xkdYaMumifha&S;acwf&ckdifjynf\ Ak'ömoemorkdif;uefYvefYjzwfykH um;csyfukdtwwfEkdifqkH;tusOf;

csKyfí? ½kd;om;pGmwifjyvkduf&ygonf/ ,ckwifjycsufonf pma&;ol\ okawoetjrifjzpfygonf/

þaqmif;yg;ukd a&;om;&mü ]]Ak'onftdEd,jynfajrmufykdif; **Fgjrpf0Srf;ukdausmfvGefí omoemûy

c&D;rxGufcJh[kvnf;aumif;? (S.B. Qanungo, "A History of Chittagong" Vol-(1),Chittagong, 1988, P-82) /

Ak'önf 45-ESpfywfvkH; tdEd,jynfajrmufykdif;wGifom vSnfhvnfíomoemûycJhonf[kvnf;aumif;?

(Christmas Humphreys, "Buddhism" Penguin Books, 1964, P-34) ?Ak'¨qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIpwifcsdef

onfc&pf-76xufa&S;rus[kvnf;aumif; (oef;xGef;?]]½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck? pufwifbm(oef;xGef;?]]½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck? pufwifbm

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v? pm-46)? v? pm-46)?

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(wkdufpkd;?]]uydv0wf&SmykHawmf}} &wemrGefr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck? v? pm-(wkdufpkd;?]]uydv0wf&SmykHawmf}} &wemrGefr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck? v? pm-(wkdufpkd;?]]uydv0wf&SmykHawmf}} &wemrGefr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck? v? pm-

39)39)

39)39)39)qif;wkawmf ukd;uG,frIonf?Ak'¨tm;ewfbk&m;tjzpf ,kHMunfukd;uG,frIajymif;vJvmcsdefwGif

pwifcJhonf[kvnf; aumif;?

(San Tha Aung , "The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan," Rangoon, 1979, P-

61)?Ak'qif;wkawmf ukd;uG,frIonf &ckdifppfwaumif;a'ookdY at'D-2&mpkwGif pwifa&muf&SdcJhonf[k

vnf;aumif;? (Quanungo A History of Chittagong, P-82) ?r[mrkedqif;wkawmfBuD;ukd oGef;vkyfcJhonfrSmc&pf-

225wGif jzpfonf[kvnf;aumif; (OD;omxGef;atmif? ] ]&ck di f&mZ0ifa[mif; rsm;& SmazG(O D;omxGef;atmif? ] ]&ck di f&mZ0ifa[mif; rsm;& SmazG

(O D;omxGef;atmif? ] ]&ck di f&mZ0ifa[mif; rsm;& SmazG(O D;omxGef;atmif? ] ]&ck di f&mZ0ifa[mif; rsm;& SmazG(O D;omxGef;atmif? ] ]&ck di f&mZ0ifa[mif; rsm;& SmazG

pkaqmif;a&;toif;\rSwfwrf;}} trSwf(1)? 1920? &efukef)? pkaqmif;a&;toif;\rSwfwrf;}} trSwf(1)? 1920? &efukef)?

pkaqmif;a&;toif;\rSwfwrf;}} trSwf(1)? 1920? &efukef)? pkaqmif;a&;toif;\rSwfwrf;}} trSwf(1)? 1920? &efukef)? pkaqmif;a&;toif;\rSwfwrf;}} trSwf(1)? 1920? &efukef)? &ckdifjynfrS r[mrked qif;wkawmfBuD;rSm

yk* H&mZ0ifESi f h r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;rsm;wGif azmf jycsuft& t&darwå,sbk&m;avmif;

ewfom;\qif;wkawmfjzpfonf[kvnf;aumif;? (N.R.Ray, "Sanskrit Buddhism in Burma, 1936, P-

43)?ponfjzifh awGU&Sd&ygojzifh "n0wDjynfokdY bk&m;&Sif <uvmawmfrljcif;ESifhywfoufí??ponfjzifh awGU&Sd&ygojzifh "n0wDjynfokdY bk&m;&Sif <uvmawmfrljcif;ESifhywfoufí?

?ponfjzifh awGU&Sd&ygojzifh "n0wDjynfokdY bk&m;&Sif <uvmawmfrljcif;ESifhywfoufí??ponfjzifh awGU&Sd&ygojzifh "n0wDjynfokdY bk&m;&Sif <uvmawmfrljcif;ESifhywfoufí??ponfjzifh awGU&Sd&ygojzifh "n0wDjynfokdY bk&m;&Sif <uvmawmfrljcif;ESifhywfoufí?

tjiif;yGm;bG,frjzpfap&ef csefvSyfcJhygonf/tjiif;yGm;bG,frjzpfap&ef csefvSyfcJhygonf/

tjiif;yGm;bG,frjzpfap&ef csefvSyfcJhygonf/tjiif;yGm;bG,frjzpfap&ef csefvSyfcJhygonf/tjiif;yGm;bG,frjzpfap&ef csefvSyfcJhygonf/

okawoetjriftm;jzifh a&S;acwf&ckdifjynfokdY Ak'ömoemawmf pwifa&muf&SdysHUESHUvmcJhokawoetjriftm;jzifh a&S;acwf&ckdifjynfokdY Ak'ömoemawmf pwifa&muf&SdysHUESHUvmcJh

okawoetjriftm;jzifh a&S;acwf&ckdifjynfokdY Ak'ömoemawmf pwifa&muf&SdysHUESHUvmcJhokawoetjriftm;jzifh a&S;acwf&ckdifjynfokdY Ak'ömoemawmf pwifa&muf&SdysHUESHUvmcJhokawoetjriftm;jzifh a&S;acwf&ckdifjynfokdY Ak'ömoemawmf pwifa&muf&SdysHUESHUvmcJh

onfrSm bDpD-3&mpktwGif;u jzpfonf[kawGU&Sd&ygonf/onfrSm bDpD-3&mpktwGif;u jzpfonf[kawGU&Sd&ygonf/

onfrSm bDpD-3&mpktwGif;u jzpfonf[kawGU&Sd&ygonf/onfrSm bDpD-3&mpktwGif;u jzpfonf[kawGU&Sd&ygonf/onfrSm bDpD-3&mpktwGif;u jzpfonf[kawGU&Sd&ygonf/

16-&mpktwGif;u wdbuf&mZ0ifq&m bkef;awmfBuD;16-&mpktwGif;u wdbuf&mZ0ifq&m bkef;awmfBuD;

16-&mpktwGif;u wdbuf&mZ0ifq&m bkef;awmfBuD;16-&mpktwGif;u wdbuf&mZ0ifq&m bkef;awmfBuD;16-&mpktwGif;u wdbuf&mZ0ifq&m bkef;awmfBuD;Taranath a&;om;cJhonfh? tdE´d,

Ak'omoem orkdif;wGif? &ckdif? yk*H? [Hom0wDjynfrsm;ukd Kuki jynfrsm;[kac:qkdxm;NyD;? xkd Kukijynfrsm;okdY?

tmaomurif;BuD;vufxufuyif arm&d,tifyg,mrS? ax&0g'Ak'ömoemysHUESHUcJhaMumif;? 0okyE¨K

(at'D-320-400)\ wynfhrsm;acwfokdYa&mufrS Kuki jynfrsm;okdY r[m,eAk'¨bmomysHUESHUcJhaMumif;

a&;om;cJhygonf/ (N.R.Ray, "Sanskrit Buddhism in Burma, P-80) jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif;ukdjzwfoGm;aom

w½wf?tdEd,vrf;rBuD;rSm bDpD-128wGif wGifus,fpGmtokH;ûyaeNyDjzpfygonf/ (Luce and Pe Maung Tin,

"Burma Doun to the Fall of Pagan" J.B.R.S.F.A.P, NO.2, Rangon, 1960, P-385) / tdE´,jynf? r*"wkdif; rS

?tmoHrPdyl&ESifh jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif;ukdjzwfí ,leeffe,fokdYa&mufaomvrf;jzpfygonf/

þvrf;rS &cdkifjynfokdY0ifvmEkdifaom vrf;(2)oG,f&Sdygonf/ ppfwaumif;? aumhyZm;? &mrl;urf;

ajcbufrS0ifvmaomvrf;ESifh ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;ykdif;rS awmifMum;vrf;twkdif;pkefqif;vmEkdifaomvrf;

jzpfygonf/ 1611-ckESpfu? ay:wl*Dbkef;awmfBuD; Manrique onf þ'kwd,vrf;jzifh 0ifa&mufcJhNyD;?

ajrmufOD;ûrdUawmfokdYa&muf&SdcJhygonf/ þvrf;onf emvE´mESifhvnf; wkduf½kdufqufoG,fEkdifaomvrf;

jzpfonf/ ouf?ûrd?crD;? csif;?&ckdifwkdYonf &ckdifjynfwGif;okdY þvrf;rsm;rSwqifh 0ifa&mufcJhMuonf/

(xGef;a&Tckdif]]&ckdifa0omvDacwf Ak'¨tEkynm}}&efukef? 1990?pm-4)(xGef;a&Tckdif]]&ckdifa0omvDacwf Ak'¨tEkynm}}&efukef? 1990?pm-4)

(xGef;a&Tckdif]]&ckdifa0omvDacwf Ak'¨tEkynm}}&efukef? 1990?pm-4)(xGef;a&Tckdif]]&ckdifa0omvDacwf Ak'¨tEkynm}}&efukef? 1990?pm-4)(xGef;a&Tckdif]]&ckdifa0omvDacwf Ak'¨tEkynm}}&efukef? 1990?pm-4)/ arm&d,tifyg,mrS Ak'ömoem

onf þvrf;rsm;rSwqifh 0ifa&mufysHUESHUvmonf[k ,lq&ygonf/

jrefrm&mZ0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;t& tvGefa&S;usaom tcsdefumvuyif tdE´d,rSjrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;

0ifa&mufvmolrsm;onf csif;wGif;jrpf0Srf;txufykdif;ukd jzwfoGm;onf[k þw½kwf tdEd,vrf;rBuD;

twkdif; a&muf&SdcJhonf[k azmfjyMuygonf/(S.Buddhism in Burma, P-15/

taomuausmufpmESifh oD[kdVfr[m0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif bDpD-3&mpktwGif; wwd,o*Fg,emyGJ

tNyD;wGif? ]]r[d Houwkdif;}}okdY &Sifr[ma&0wax&fESifh &[EÅmig;yg; omoemûy<ucsDcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;

wifxm;ygonf/V.A.Smith uJhokdYaom orkdif;q&mrsm;url r[d Houwkdif;onf tdE´d,awmifykdif;rS

Mysoree,fjzpfonf[k azmfjyMuygonf/ &ckdifjynfwGifawGU&aom ]]t[d HouolZ0Ho}} ESifh ]]a0omvD

&mZ0if}}a&S;a[mif;ayrlrsm;wGif xkdacwfu&ckdifjynfukd]r[d Houwkdif;}[k ac:qkdaMumif;awGU&ygonf/

&rf;jynfûrdUawmifausmif;q&mawmfBuD;\ ]tdEd,e,fykHusrf;wGifum;? &mZN*dK[fjynf\awmifbuf? r'&yf

ajrmufbufjzpfaom? r[d Hou? tEu0d'? Mo&d,e? b*Fvm;? ppfwaumif;? zavmifcsdwf? yef;0gESifh

awmifbuf&ckdifjynfw0Sef;vkH;ukd r[d Hour@v[kazmfjyxm;ygonf/ OD;atmifomOD;url &ckdifjynf

onf r[d Hour@v\tpdwftykdif;jzpfonf[k azmfjycJhygonf/(OD;atmifomOD;?]]Ak'ömoemESifh&ckdif(OD;atmifomOD;?]]Ak'ömoemESifh&ckdif

(OD;atmifomOD;?]]Ak'ömoemESifh&ckdif(OD;atmifomOD;?]]Ak'ömoemESifh&ckdif(OD;atmifomOD;?]]Ak'ömoemESifh&ckdif

jynf}}? 1974?pm-9)/jynf}}? 1974?pm-9)/

jynf}}? 1974?pm-9)/jynf}}? 1974?pm-9)/jynf}}? 1974?pm-9)/ wzef?"n0wD? a0omvDacwfrsm;twGif;u &ckdifykdife,fajrw0Sef;vkH;ukd? wkdif;(12)

wkdif;cGJjcm;owfrSwfí tkyfcsKyfcJh&mwGif]]em*oQEÅ&wkdif;}} ]]ur®½lywkdif;}} ]]r[d Houwkdif;}} ]]'Gg&m0wDwkdif;}}

]]&r®m0wDwkdif;}} ponfjzifh awGU&Sd&ygonf/ (a*g,majrapm0if;?]]&ckdifacwfûrdUjyEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;}}?(a*g,majrapm0if;?]]&ckdifacwfûrdUjyEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;}}?

(a*g,majrapm0if;?]]&ckdifacwfûrdUjyEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;}}?(a*g,majrapm0if;?]]&ckdifacwfûrdUjyEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;}}?(a*g,majrapm0if;?]]&ckdifacwfûrdUjyEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;}}?

&c k di f wef faqmi fr* ¾Zi f ; (18)1995?pm-17)&c k di f wef faqmi fr* ¾Zi f ; (18)1995?pm-17)

&c k di f wef faqmi fr* ¾Zi f ; (18)1995?pm-17)&c k di f wef faqmi fr* ¾Zi f ; (18)1995?pm-17)&c k di f wef faqmi fr* ¾Zi f ; (18)1995?pm-17)/ &c k di f jynf\"n0wDacwfe,fa jronf

ajrmufbufrSyvuf0awmif ukef;a'o? ur®½ly(tmoH)e,fedrdwfESifh qufpyfvQuf&Sdygonf/

a0omvDacwfwGifrl **Fgjrpfta&SUbuf urf;rS ewfjrpf0xd? ,ckb*Fvm;e,fajronf

&ckdifjynftwGif;yg0ifonf (OD;bpH?]]&ckdife,fedrdwf}} ? &ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(2)? 1996?pm-43)/(OD;bpH?]]&ckdife,fedrdwf}} ? &ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(2)? 1996?pm-43)/

(OD;bpH?]]&ckdife,fedrdwf}} ? &ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(2)? 1996?pm-43)/(OD;bpH?]]&ckdife,fedrdwf}} ? &ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(2)? 1996?pm-43)/(OD;bpH?]]&ckdife,fedrdwf}} ? &ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(2)? 1996?pm-43)/

wdbufbkef;awmfBuD; Taranath u? taomurif;BuD;vufxufu yif Ak'ömoemysHUyGm;cJhonf[k

azmfjyaom&ckdifjynf[kqkd&mwGif tmoHe,frStp? ppfwaumif;e,fvnf; yg0ifonf/(A. History of

Chittagong, P-83) /xkdYaMumifh "n0wDESifha0omvDacwf &ckdifjynfqkd&mü **Fgjrpf ta&SUbufurf;rS

armfwifpGef;txdukd &nfnTef;jcif;jzpfygonf/

ppfwaumif;a'owGif aexkdifMuonfh Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;wGifvnf; Ak'önfppfwaumif;a'ookdY

ukd,fawmfwkdif<ua&mufcJhNyD;vQif Chakaria, Chakrasala, Hastigrama, Chandranatha, Mahamuni, Shakpura

a'orsm;okdYvSnfhvnfí omoemûycJhonf[k tpOftvmt,ltq&Sdygonf/ &ckdkifppfwaumif;a'orS

þt,ltqrsm;onf Ak'omoemûytzGJU vma&mufomoemûycJhjcif;ukd tajccHítpOftvmajymqkdvmcJh

Mujcif;jzpfygonf(A History of Chittagong , P-81/82) /

bDpD-3&mpktwGif;u &ckdifjynfokdY Ak'ömoemysHUESHUcJhonfh taxmuftxm;ukd&SmazGaomtcg?

ajrmufOD;ûrdU&Spfaomif;bk&m; ukef;awmfay:rS ausmufcsyfukd oufaotjzpfawGU&ygonf/ ausmufcsyf

onftvsm;8ay? 6vufr? teH2ay?5vufr? xk 1ay4vufr&Sdygonf/ ausmufcsyf\atmufzuftpGef;

ü xGif;xkxm;aom vufsm&pfc½koif;ykHyg&Sdonf/ ,if;c½koif;xdyfrS MumyGifhwpfyGifhxkd;xGufvmNyD;?

MumyGifh\tzsm;rsm;onf "r®pBuFmt0kdif;ukd xdaeonfh ykHukdxGif;xkxm;ygonf(OD;pHomatmif?]]tmeE´(OD;pHomatmif?]]tmeE´

(OD;pHomatmif?]]tmeE´(OD;pHomatmif?]]tmeE´(OD;pHomatmif?]]tmeE´

jE´(&Spf&mpk&ckdifa0omvDrif;)}} 1975/ykH-7)/jE´(&Spf&mpk&ckdifa0omvDrif;)}} 1975/ykH-7)/

jE´(&Spf&mpk&ckdifa0omvDrif;)}} 1975/ykH-7)/jE´(&Spf&mpk&ckdifa0omvDrif;)}} 1975/ykH-7)/jE´(&Spf&mpk&ckdifa0omvDrif;)}} 1975/ykH-7)/

a'gufwma'gufwm

a'gufwma'gufwma'gufwmForchammaru þykHonf jA[®P0g'ukd ukd,fpm;ûyaom c½koif;rS? Ak'¨\ukd,fpm;

MumyGifhykHay:vmNyD;? "r®pBuFmw&m;awmftxdrf;trSwf?"r®pBuFmtykdif;ukdxdaeonfhykHukd xGif;xkxm; [k

qkdygonf/(E.Forchammer, "Arakan", Chapter II, Mrohaung, P-20/21)/

tdEd,EkdifiHwGif taomurif;BuD;vufxufü Ak'qif;wkawmfoGef;vkyfukd;uG,frIr&Sdyg/ apwDykxkd;

vdkPf*lESifh omoedutaqmuftOD;rsm;wGif Ak'¨0ifcef;rsm;ü? Ak'¨qif;wkawmfxkvkyfukd;uG,frIukd

*½kwpkdufa&SmifusOfcJhygonf/ Ak'ükd,fawmfwkdif cGifhûyxm;csufr&SdcJhonfhtjyif? twkr&Sdjrifhjrwfaom?

Ak'¨\ykHwlqif;wkukd rxkvkyftyf? rEIdif;,SOftyf? rukd;uG,ftyf[k,lqcJhaomaMumifhyifjzpfayrnf/

Ak'öufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfu rdrd\qif;wkukdoGef;vkyf&ef rnfolUukdrQcGifhûycJhjcif;r&Sdyg (A His-

tory of Chittagong , P-82) / xkdYaMumifhyif tdEd,EkdifiHwGif qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frI wGifus,fvmonfhwkdif

a&S;OD; ty&r[m0deaovd,*kdPf;ESifhr[d Homou*kdPf;wkdYonf qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIukdrnfonfhtcg

rQvufrcHcJhay/(H.Sarkar "Some Aspects of the Buddhist Monuments ata Nagajunikonda, 1960, P-84/

taomuacwf Ak'¨0ifcef;rsm;wGif qif;wkawmfxkvkyf&rnfhae&mü aAm"dyifykH? "r®pBuFm0kdif;ykH?

xlygykH? Mumyef;ykHESifh tr&0wDwGif ajcawmf&mykHrsm;ukd awGU&ygonf/ þoauFwukd;uG,frI"avhonf

qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frI rxGef;umrDu? Ak'ËSifhAk'¨w&m;awmf trSwftom;tjzpf? xGif;xkudk;uG,fcJhMu

onfh trSwftom;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/ &Spfaomif;bk&m;ukef;awmfay:rS az:jyygausmufcsyfonf arm&d,

tifyg,mrS ax&0g'Ak'ömoemESifhtwla&muf&SdcJhaom Ak'ËSifhAk'¨0g'ukd,fpm;ûyoauFwrsm;wGif

xGif;xkxm;aomausmufcsyfjzpfygonf/

tjcm;wpfckrSm &Spfaomif;bk&m;*ltwGif;rS ajcawmf&mjzpfygonf/ ajcawmf&monf &ckdifjynftESHU

awGU&aom tjcm;ajcawmf&mrsm;ESifhrwlyJ wrlxl;jcm;ygonf/ tvGefa&S;usaom omrmefajcawmf&m

oufoufjzpfí? aESmif;acwfajcawmf&mrsm;uJhokdY jzpfawmfpOfrsm;xGif;xkxm;rI ryg&Sday/ þuJhokdYajc

awmf&mrsKd;ukd em**sLeduGef'gteD;rS tr&0wDwGifawGU&ygonf/

Ak'ömoemhorkdif;wGif Ak'¨tm;&nfrSef;í ajcawmf&mwGif xGif;xkudk;uG,frIonf? qif;wkawmf

oGef;vkyfukd;uG,frIxuf ykdía&S;usygonf(W. Zwarf, "Buddhism, Art and Faith" The Buddha Legend, P-91) /

at'D-50cefYu Ponponious Mela \rSwfwrf;wGif **Fgjrpf0Srf;rS ta&SUbufokdYqufoGm;vQif?

a&TuRef;?aiGuRef;rsm;okdYa&mufonf/ teD;tem;uRef;rsm;wGif vlrnf;rsm;aexkdifMuonf[k azmfjycJhonf/

(vrf;pOfygwD?]]tajcjyjrefrmhekdifiHa&;orkdif;}} y-wGJ?1970? pm-216)/(vrf;pOfygwD?]]tajcjyjrefrmhekdifiHa&;orkdif;}} y-wGJ?1970? pm-216)/

(vrf;pOfygwD?]]tajcjyjrefrmhekdifiHa&;orkdif;}} y-wGJ?1970? pm-216)/(vrf;pOfygwD?]]tajcjyjrefrmhekdifiHa&;orkdif;}} y-wGJ?1970? pm-216)/(vrf;pOfygwD?]]tajcjyjrefrmhekdifiHa&;orkdif;}} y-wGJ?1970? pm-216)/ at'D-1&mpk 'kwd,ykdif;wGif

Periplus of the Enythraean SearSwfwrf;ürl? ,if;a&TuRef;ESifh **Fgjrpf0Srf;a'orsm;okdY &GufvTifhoGm;vmaeaom

Kalandiophonta[kac:aom&GufavSBuD;rsm;ukdtdEd,awmifykdif;wGifawGUcJh&onf[krSwfwrf;wifxm;ygonf/

(Luce and Pe Maung Tin , J.B.R.S.F.A.P, Vol-II, Rangoon, 1960, P-386) /

at'D 150cefYu Ptolemy \rSwfwrf;wGif **Fgjrpf0Srf;rS ta&SUbufokdYoGm;ygu yxrKiradia ESifh

Barakura okdYa&mufonf/ xkdrSqufoGm;vQif Argyre (aiGajr)okdYa&mufonf/ Argyre wGif Syrnbyra Sada,

Beraboona, TemelaûrdUrsm;&Sdonf/ xkdrSvGefvQif yifv,ftilokdYa&mufonf/ Argyre qkdonfrSm&ckdif

a'ojzpfNyD;? yifv,ftilrSm armfwifpGef;jzpfayrnf/ (tajcjyjrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orkdif;? y-wGJ-pm-216)(tajcjyjrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orkdif;? y-wGJ-pm-216)

(tajcjyjrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orkdif;? y-wGJ-pm-216)(tajcjyjrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orkdif;? y-wGJ-pm-216)(tajcjyjrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orkdif;? y-wGJ-pm-216)/

tmeE´pjEáusmufpm*gxm-33wGif az:jyxm;aom yla&yl&ûrdUonf Ptolemy \yx0DajrykHü Barakura

ûrdUjzpfNyD;? **Fgjrpfta&SUbufurf;ajcüwnf&SdNyD;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qdyfurf;ûrdUjzpfonf/ ,if;ûrdUonf

&ckdife,ferdwftwGif;wnf&SdNyD; xkdûrdUüûrdUpm;tjzpftkyfcsKyf&aom r[m0D&rif;onfa0omvDausmufavS

um;pjE´rif;qufukd qufcHcJhonf/(OD;bpH? ]]&ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(2)-pm-43)(OD;bpH? ]]&ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(2)-pm-43)

(OD;bpH? ]]&ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(2)-pm-43)(OD;bpH? ]]&ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(2)-pm-43)(OD;bpH? ]]&ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(2)-pm-43)/

Pamela Gutman url

Coedes ESifh Bradell wkdY\rSwfwrf;rsm;ukd ukd;um;a&;om;&mwGif Barakura onf ewfjrpf0wGif&Sdonf/ ArgyrerS

Symbyraonf r,ljrpf0wGif&Sdonf/ SadaqkdonfrSm oHwGJûrdU(Sandoway) jzpfrnf/ oHwGJESifhtdEd, ta&SUbuf

urf;? ,ck Kistna ESifh Yadavari jrpftMum;a'o&Sd Palouraa'oESifh a&aMumif;qufoG,frI

rsm;&SdcJhonff[kqkdonf/

(Pamela Gutman, "Ancient Arakan" Ph-D Thesis, Australlian National University

1976, P-57)/ &ckdifESifhtdE´d,urf;ajca'orsm;onf rnfonfhtcsdefupwifí qufoG,fcJhonfukd

twdtusrod&aomfvnf;? c&pfESpfqef;ptcsdefwGif qufoG,frIwGifus,faeNyD jzpfonf (P. Gutman,

"Ancient Arakan, P-7/8) /

at'D-3&mpktwGif;u tdE´d,ta&SUawmifykdif;? em**sKeduGef'ga'owGif tkyfpkd;cJhonfh Iksvaku

rif;qufrS ]]r'´&dykwåoD&d0D&yk&do'wå}}rif;onf ,if;\(14)ESpfajrmufeef;pHESpfwGif? a&;xkd;cJhaom

ausmufpmü? tdEd,jynfawmifykdif;rS ax&0g'&[ef;rsm;omoemûyxGufcJhonfha'orsm;ukd azmfjy&mwGif

Cilata[kawGU&ygonf/(N.R. Ray, "An Introduction to the Study of Theravada Buddhism in Burma", University of

Calcutta, 1946, P-14) / þausmufpmrS Cilata qkdonfrSm r[mbm&w? [&d0Ho? yl&mPESifh yOöwEÅ&

ponfhouúwusrf;rsm;wGifazmfjyaom Kirata a'oyifjzpfygonf/ Ptolemy rSwfwrf;wGif? **Fgjrpf0Srf;

tvGefa'orsm;rS vlrsm;ukdazmfjyaom Tiladai qkdonfrSmCilata ukd *&doHjzifh zvS,fíajymxm;jcif;jzpf

ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh Ptolemy \ Tiladai ?ausmufpmrS Cilata ESifh? ouúwusrf;rsm;rS Kirata wkdYonftwlwl

yifjzpfMuygonf(N.R.Ray, Theravada Buddhism in Burma", P-15)/

rmua@;,syl&rfusrf;tvkdESifh EIdif;csdefí? ouúwusrf;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;aom tdEd,ta&SUzsm;

a'orS Kinata a'oqkdonfrSm? &ckdifjynfESifh jrefrmjynfatmufykdif;? rGef*kdvGdKufwkdYaexkdif&ma'ojzpfonf

[k N.R.Ray uqkdygonf/(Theravada Buddhism in Burma, P-16)/a'gufwmS.B Qanungo url ppfwaumif;

ESifh &ckdifa'orsm;ukdqkdvkdonf[k ,lqygonf(A History of Chittagong , P-51) /

jrefrmjynf\a&S;a[mif;ûrdUjyEkdifiHrsm;jzpfaom? ud&mwjynf? usifvifjynf? vif,efjynfwkdYudk

Ak'¨0g'a&muf&SdxGef;um;cJhygonf(Nidrf;ausmf? ]]aiGawmif}}&efukef? 1973? pm-49)/(Nidrf;ausmf? ]]aiGawmif}}&efukef? 1973? pm-49)/

(Nidrf;ausmf? ]]aiGawmif}}&efukef? 1973? pm-49)/(Nidrf;ausmf? ]]aiGawmif}}&efukef? 1973? pm-49)/(Nidrf;ausmf? ]]aiGawmif}}&efukef? 1973? pm-49)/ vif,ef(Lin-

Yang) jynfukd a'gufwmfLuceu jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif;(okdYr[kwf) tv,fykdif;[kqkdí (J.B.R.S. Vol XIV,

Part II, P-154) N. R. Ray url oa&acwå&m[kqkdvkdygonf(Theravad Buddhism in Burma, P-25) /okawoD

OD;b&Sifurl AdóEkd;ysLa'o[k,lqygonf (OD;b&Sif?]AdóEkd;ûrdUa[mif;ESif h orkdif;tjrif}}?(OD;b&Sif?]AdóEkd;ûrdUa[mif;ESif h orkdif;tjrif}}?

(OD;b&Sif?]AdóEkd;ûrdUa[mif;ESif h orkdif;tjrif}}?(OD;b&Sif?]AdóEkd;ûrdUa[mif;ESif h orkdif;tjrif}}?(OD;b&Sif?]AdóEkd;ûrdUa[mif;ESif h orkdif;tjrif}}?

w?y?p?twGJ(1)? tykdif;(3)? 1966? pufwifbmv?pm-196)/w?y?p?twGJ(1)? tykdif;(3)? 1966? pufwifbmv?pm-196)/

w?y?p?twGJ(1)? tykdif;(3)? 1966? pufwifbmv?pm-196)/w?y?p?twGJ(1)? tykdif;(3)? 1966? pufwifbmv?pm-196)/w?y?p?twGJ(1)? tykdif;(3)? 1966? pufwifbmv?pm-196)/ t&yf&yftaxmuftxm;rsm;tm;jzifh

vuf&Sd&ckdifjynfe,f onf Kirata a'o\tpdwftykdif;jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf/

em**sKeduGef'ga'orS a&S;acwfAk'¨bmomtaqmuftOD;rsm;onf at'D-3&mpk? 4-&mpktwGif;rS

taqmuftOD;rsm;jzpfí? AdóEkd;ESifh oa&acwå&mwkdYwGif ,if;Adokumvuf&mrsm; vGTrf;rkdd;onfukdawGU&

onf(pdefarmifOD;? ]]oa&acwå&mûrdUa[mi;f}} w?y?p?twGJ(3)?tykdif;(1)? 1960?pm-177)(pdefarmifOD;? ]]oa&acwå&mûrdUa[mi;f}} w?y?p?twGJ(3)?tykdif;(1)? 1960?pm-177)

(pdefarmifOD;? ]]oa&acwå&mûrdUa[mi;f}} w?y?p?twGJ(3)?tykdif;(1)? 1960?pm-177)(pdefarmifOD;? ]]oa&acwå&mûrdUa[mi;f}} w?y?p?twGJ(3)?tykdif;(1)? 1960?pm-177)(pdefarmifOD;? ]]oa&acwå&mûrdUa[mi;f}} w?y?p?twGJ(3)?tykdif;(1)? 1960?pm-177)/ ysLwkdYonf

tdEd,urf;ajcrS? tE¨&e,f? Mo&doe,frsm;ESif qufoG,f&mwGif &ckdifurf;ajca'orSwqifh pcef;csí

qufoG,fcJhonf(Ancient Arakan, P-110) &ckdifa0omvDausmufqpftEkynmvuf&mrsm;rSSSmem**sKeduGef'g

rS vuf&mrsm;ESifhqifwlonfukd awGU&ygonf/(Ancient Arakan, P-222)/ xkdYaMumifhax&0g'omoemESifh

Ak'¨tEkynmonf tdEd,awmifykdif;a'orsm;rS at'D3&mpkuyifa&muf&SdysHUESHUvmcJhonf[k,lq&ygonf/

em**sKeduGef'gxif&Sm;cJhpOfu Ak'¨0g'*kdPf; (4)*kdPf;xGef;um;cJhygonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm r[m0d[m&

0goD*kdPf;? r[d Homou*kdPf;ESifh ty&r[m0deaovd,*kdPf;rsm;jzpfMuonf/(H. Siarkar, "...at

Nagajunikonda, P-68/69)/ r[m0d[m&0goD*kdPf;onf ax&0g'*kdPf;jzpfí?oD[kdVfwGif MoZmtvTrf;rkd;qkH;

*kdPf;jzpfygonf/ þ*kdPf;onf wpfckwnf;aom ax&0g'*kdPf;jzpfí? þ*kdPf;\ygVdyd#uwfawmf

rsm;onf? jrefrm? ,kd;',m;? uarÁmZekdifiHrsm;okdY ysHUSESHUcJhygonf(S.C. Eliot, "Hinduism and Buddhism. Vol

(1) , P-276)/

tmeEpjEausmufpmt& a0omvDacwfrwkdifrD "n0wDacwfrif;rsm;[k ,lq&aom pajEm',rif;

(at'D-202-229)? tPÖa0wrif;(at'D-229-234)? &dbsayÜg(at'D310-334)? uka0&mrda'0 (at'D-

334-341)(D.C. Sircar, "Inscriptions of Chandras of Arakan, 1957)/wkdY\*kPfyk'frsm;ukdazmfjy&mwGif

]]olawmfpif[korkwftyfaom}}]]tvª'gersm;pGmûyvkyfaom}}]]'ge?oDv...}}ponfjzifh azmfjyxm;yg

onf(OD;pHomatmif? ]]tmeE´pjE´}}pm-97-101)(OD;pHomatmif? ]]tmeE´pjE´}}pm-97-101)

(OD;pHomatmif? ]]tmeE´pjE´}}pm-97-101)(OD;pHomatmif? ]]tmeE´pjE´}}pm-97-101)(OD;pHomatmif? ]]tmeE´pjE´}}pm-97-101)/ ,if;tjyif AdóEkld;ûrdUa[mif;rS wl;azmf&&Sdonfh

]]oHCoD&d}}[k jA[®Dtu©&m? ygVdbmomjzifha&;xkd;xm;aom pmwrf;ESifh wacwfwnf;jzpfaom? at'D-

2&mpktwGif;u tdE´d,awmifykdif;wGif tokH;ûycJhonfh jA[®Dtu©&mjzifh ]]opöuy&AÆmuZde}}[laom

ygVdpma&;xkd;xm;onfh ausmufqif;wkwpfqlukd &ckdifjyhnfwGifawGU&SdNyD;jzpfygonf/ jA[®Dtu©&m

ta&;tom;ESifhygVdpmayonf at'D-3&mpkxufaemufrusyJ &ckdifjynfokdYa&muf&SdcJhygonf/okdYaomf

at'D-2&mpkcefYua&;xkd;cJhonf[k owfrSwfekdifonfh ouúwbmompmay ta&;tom;ukd &ckdifa'o

wGifrawGU&yg/ xkdYaMumifem**sKeduGef'ga'oESifh? tdE´d,awmifykdif;rS &ckdifjynfokdYa&muf&SdcJhaom Ak'¨

omoemonf? r[m0d[m&0goD*kdPf;\ ygVdAk'¨0g'jzpfonf[k ,lqygonf/ xkdYaMumifh oD[kdVfwGif

b D p D - 3 3üt j yn f htp k H tu © & mwi f c J h aom y g V d y d #uw f awm fon f

(oef;xGef;?]]½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;?2000? Mo*kwfv?pm-93)(oef;xGef;?]]½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;?2000? Mo*kwfv?pm-93)

(oef;xGef;?]]½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;?2000? Mo*kwfv?pm-93)(oef;xGef;?]]½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;?2000? Mo*kwfv?pm-93)(oef;xGef;?]]½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;?2000? Mo*kwfv?pm-93) ESpfaygif;(300)cefYtwGif;?

c&pfESpfqef;ptcsdefwGif tdE´d,awmifykdif;a'orsm;ESifh ul;oef;qufoG,frIwGifus,faeNyDjzpfaom

&ckdifjynfokdYa&muf&SdcJhrnf jzpfygonf/

jA[®Dtu©&mukd tdEd,jynfwGif bDpD-3&mpkrS? at'D -2&mpkxdokH;pGJcJhygonf(OD;pHomatmif? ]]at'D-(OD;pHomatmif? ]]at'D-

(OD;pHomatmif? ]]at'D-(OD;pHomatmif? ]]at'D-(OD;pHomatmif? ]]at'D-

6&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m}}&efukef?1974? pm-16)/6&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m}}&efukef?1974? pm-16)/

6&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m}}&efukef?1974? pm-16)/6&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m}}&efukef?1974? pm-16)/6&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m}}&efukef?1974? pm-16)/ em**sKeduGef'ga'oonf

ar&d, tifyg,mwGif yg0ifcJhygonf/ &ckdifjynfa&muf jA[®Dtu©&mta&;tom;onf? tdEd,awmifykdif;ESifh

em**sKeduGef'ga'orSa&muf&Sdvmjcif; jzpfygonf/ D.G.E.Hallu em**sKeduGef'gteD;? tr&0wDAk'¨

,Ofaus;rIonf ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif? at'D 150ESifh 250tMum;wGif txl;ojzifh ysHUESHUcJhonf[kd

qkdygonf(Hall, "History of South East Asia, P-20)/ ,if;tjyifem**sKeduGef'gwGif pkd;pHcJhaom Iksvaku

rif;quftwGif;ü? Ak'¨qif;wkawmfukd;uG,foGef;vkyfrIonf ]]oEÅrlvrif;}}(at'D 225-250)vufxuf

wGifrSpwifvmygonf/ {[k0voEÅrlvrif;vufxuf(at'D-285-334)wGifem**sKeduGef'gü? Ak'½kyfyGm;

awmfukd;uG,frIonf txGwftxdyfokdYa&muf&SdcJhonf (H.Sarkar, ...at Nagajuni Konda, P-84)/ xkdYaMumifh

jA[®Dtu©&m? ygVdpmayta&;tom;onfem**sKeduGef'ga'orS qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIESifhtwl &ckdifjynf

okdkdYa&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpfNyD; at'D-3&mpkxufa&S;usbG,fr&Sdyg/ ygVdpmayta&;tom;onf &ckdifjynfokdY

at'D-250cefYwGif a&muf&SdxGef;um;cJhNyD;? ouúwpmayta&;tom;rSm at'D 450cefYwGif a&muf&Sd

xGef;um;cJhonf[k ,lq&ygonf(armifjyL;? ]]&ckdifjynfokdYygVdESifh ouúwta&;tom;pwifa&muf&Sd(armifjyL;? ]]&ckdifjynfokdYygVdESifh ouúwta&;tom;pwifa&muf&Sd

(armifjyL;? ]]&ckdifjynfokdYygVdESifh ouúwta&;tom;pwifa&muf&Sd(armifjyL;? ]]&ckdifjynfokdYygVdESifh ouúwta&;tom;pwifa&muf&Sd(armifjyL;? ]]&ckdifjynfokdYygVdESifh ouúwta&;tom;pwifa&muf&Sd

jcif;}} &ckdif½kd;rr*¾Zif;(1)? 1996?pm-135)jcif;}} &ckdif½kd;rr*¾Zif;(1)? 1996?pm-135)

jcif;}} &ckdif½kd;rr*¾Zif;(1)? 1996?pm-135)jcif;}} &ckdif½kd;rr*¾Zif;(1)? 1996?pm-135)jcif;}} &ckdif½kd;rr*¾Zif;(1)? 1996?pm-135)/

*kyÜwacwfonf at'D 300rS 600xd jzpfygonf(Christmas Humphreys, "Buddhism", 1964, P-210)/

xkdacwftwGif; *kyÜwtu©&mESifh ouúwpmayonf ywf0ef;usifEkdifiHrsm;okdY ysHUESHUcJHonf/ *kyÜw acwfonf

tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif r[m,eAk'¨bmomtxGwftxdyfokdY a&muf&SdcJhaomacwfjzpfNyD;? ta&SUbufESifh

ta&SUawmifbufEkdifiHrsm;okdY r[m,eAk'¨bmomukd trsm;qkH;jzefYjzL;cJhaomacwfjzpfygonf/ wdbuf

bkef;awmfBuD; TaranathazmfjycJhonfh? 0okAE¨K\wynfhrsm;Kukijynfrsm;okdY r[m,eAk'ömoemjzefYjzL;cJh

onfrSm þ*kyÜwacwftwGif;ujzpfygonf/

Akkk'ömoemorkdif;wGif ygVdbmomonf ax&0g'*kdPf;okH;bmomjzpfí? ouúwbmomrSm r[m

,e*kdPf;rsm;okH;pGJaom bmomjzpfygonf(Richard A-Gard, "Buddhism" New York, 1963, P-3)/at'D-

5&mpktwGif;ü &ckdifjynfwGif *kyÜwtu©&m? ouúwpmayrsm;ukdawGU&Sd&ojzifh? at'D-5&mpkwGif *kyÜw

tifyg,mrS r[m,eAk'¨bmomonf &ckdifjynfokdYa&muf&Sdonf[k qkd&ygrnf/ OD;atmifomOD;u r[m

,eAk'bmomonf &ckdifjynfokdY r*"wkdif;rS0ifa&mufvmonf[k ,kHMunf&aomfvnf;? at'D-5&mpkxuf

y k d í a & S ; ru s E k d i f [ kq k d y gon f( O D ; at m i fo m O D ; ? ] ] A k ' ¨ o moe m E S i f h & c k d i f j yn f } } ?( O D ; at m i fo m O D ; ? ] ] A k ' ¨ o moe m E S i f h & c k d i f j yn f } } ?

( O D ; at m i fo m O D ; ? ] ] A k ' ¨ o moe m E S i f h & c k d i f j yn f } } ?( O D ; at m i fo m O D ; ? ] ] A k ' ¨ o moe m E S i f h & c k d i f j yn f } } ?( O D ; at m i fo m O D ; ? ] ] A k ' ¨ o moe m E S i f h & c k d i f j yn f } } ?

&ckdif,Ofaus;rItzGJU?&efukef?1974? pm-12)/&ckdif,Ofaus;rItzGJU?&efukef?1974? pm-12)/

&ckdif,Ofaus;rItzGJU?&efukef?1974? pm-12)/&ckdif,Ofaus;rItzGJU?&efukef?1974? pm-12)/&ckdif,Ofaus;rItzGJU?&efukef?1974? pm-12)/

w½kyf&[ef;awmfw½kyf&[ef;awmf

w½kyf&[ef;awmfw½kyf&[ef;awmfw½kyf&[ef;awmfFa-Hsien\rSwfwrf;wGif azmfjycJhcsuft&qkdvQif at'D-380rS 415wGifpkd;pHcJhaom

pjE´*kyÜwrif;vufxuf? *kyÜwtifyg,monf? **Fgjrpfta&SUbufe,fokdYausmfvGefcJhNyD;? at'D 370-

425 wGif pkd;pHaom&ckdifa0omvDjynfh&Sif 'GifpjE´rif;BuD;\e,fedrdwfESifhxdpyfaeonfukd awGU&ygonf/

at'D-5&mpk? 6-&mpktwGif; &ckdifjynfwGifausmufpma&;xkd;aom "avhxGef;um;cJh&m awGU&Sd&orQ

ausmufpmrsm;\&Spfq,f&mEIef;rSm *kyÜwtu©&m ouúwbmomrsm;jzpfay&m? *kyÜwtifyg,mESifh &ckdif

jynf\qufqHa&; rnfrQxdwGifus,fcJhrnfukd rSef;qEkdifavmufygonf/ *kyÜwtifyg,mrS emvE´m

wuúokdvfBuD;onf? at'D-6&mpktwGif;uBuD;us,fcef;em;cJhNyD;? r[m,eAk'ömoem\ yifrtcsuf

tcsmjzpfcJh\/ *kyÜwtifyg,mESifh &ckdifjynfonf qufoG,fEkdifaomvrf; trsm;tjym;yif&SdcJh&m? *kyÜw

tu©&m? ouúwbmomta&;tom;onf? &ckdifjynfokdYtiftm;BuD;rm;pGm 0ifa&mufcJhNyD;? ax&0g'Ak'¨

omoemxufyif ykdrkdwGifus,fcJhonf[k taxmuftxm;rsm;u nTefjyaeygonf/

tdE´d,EkdifiHajrmufykdif;rS Ak'ömoemonf **Fgjrpf0Srf;ukdjzwfausmfum? &ckdifjynfokdYapmpD;pGmu

yif a&muf&SdcJNyD;? r[mrkedukdr@dKifûyí? jrefrmEkdifiH\a&S;usaom Ak'ömoeme,fajrtjzpf xif&Sm;cJh

ygonf/ (Forchammar, Arakan, P-1)/ &ckdifa0omvDacwfwGif tdE´d,awmifykdif;Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIESifh

ajrmufykdif;Ak',Ofaus;rIESpfrsKd;vkH;ukd awGU&ygonf/ (P. Gutman, "Ancient Arakan" P-184)/ &ckdifjynf wGif

Ak'¨tEkynmvuf&mtrsm;tjym;onf *kyÜwacwfOD;rS rwl&mvuf&mrsm;ESifh wlnDonfvnf;&Sdyg onf/

(San Tha Aung, "The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan, Rangon, 1979, P-115)/ ausmufawmfûrdU

r[mrkedukef;rSawGU&Sd&aom aAm"dowåqif;wk(pdefarmifOD;? w?y?p?wGJ(3)? ykdif;(1)-pm-202)? aAm"d(pdefarmifOD;? w?y?p?wGJ(3)? ykdif;(1)-pm-202)? aAm"d

(pdefarmifOD;? w?y?p?wGJ(3)? ykdif;(1)-pm-202)? aAm"d(pdefarmifOD;? w?y?p?wGJ(3)? ykdif;(1)-pm-202)? aAm"d(pdefarmifOD;? w?y?p?wGJ(3)? ykdif;(1)-pm-202)? aAm"d

owå0gZdoGm&qif;wk owå0gZdoGm&qif;wk

owå0gZdoGm&qif;wk owå0gZdoGm&qif;wk owå0gZdoGm&qif;wk (Ancient Arakan, P-257)wkdYuvnf; &ckdifjynfwGif r[m,eAk'¨bmomxGef;um;cJh

aMumif; nTefjyaeMuygonf/

N.R. Ray url jrefrmEkdifiHokdYa&muf&SdcJhaom ouúwAk'¨0g'*kdPf;onf? rlvoAÁwåd0g'*kdPf;jzpfí

tdE¨d,ta&SUajrmufykdif;rS0ifa&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k qkdygonf (Sanskrit Buddhism in Burma, P-88)/

aAm"dowå0g'ukd r[m,e*kdPf;rsm;omr[kwf oAÁwåd0g'*kdPf;uvnf;OD;pm;ay;cJhonf(armiftHh?(armiftHh?

(armiftHh?(armiftHh?(armiftHh?

]]omoem2500c&D;}}&efukef? 1989? pm-130)/ ]]omoem2500c&D;}}&efukef? 1989? pm-130)/

]]omoem2500c&D;}}&efukef? 1989? pm-130)/ ]]omoem2500c&D;}}&efukef? 1989? pm-130)/ ]]omoem2500c&D;}}&efukef? 1989? pm-130)/ tmeE´pjE´rif;onf aAm"dowåqif;wkawmfrsm;xkvkyf

aMumif;(OD;pHomatmif? ]]tmeE´pjE´}}? pm-135)od&ygonf/ (OD;pHomatmif? ]]tmeE´pjE´}}? pm-135)od&ygonf/

(OD;pHomatmif? ]]tmeE´pjE´}}? pm-135)od&ygonf/ (OD;pHomatmif? ]]tmeE´pjE´}}? pm-135)od&ygonf/ (OD;pHomatmif? ]]tmeE´pjE´}}? pm-135)od&ygonf/ P.Gutmanurl Ak'¨trdwmb\ okc0wD

taemufedAÁmefjynfukd ouf0if,kHMunfoljzpfaMumif;ESifh (Ancient Arakan, P-184)/r[m,ew&m;awmf

rS usrf;wpfqljzpfaom o'¨&fr®yk@&duusrf;ukd qnf;yl;avhvmoljzpfonfhtaMumif;ukd (Ancient

Arakan, P-248)rSwfcsufcsxm;ygonf/ E.H Johnstonurl a0omvDacwftwGif;u &ckdifjynfwGif ta&SU

b*Fvm;rS 0dOmP0g'*kdPf;a&muf&SdxGef;um;cJhonf[k qkdygonf/ txufygtaMumif;tcsufrsm;ukd

tajccHí tmepjE´rif;onf r[m,eAk'¨bmom0if oyoumwpfOD;jzpfonf[k okawoDrsm;u ,lq

Muygonf/

r[m,eusrf;rsm;wGif yg0ifaom a,"r®m*gxmawmfonf &ckdifjynfoif;uspfawmfawmifrS&&Sd aom

a,"r®*gxmESifhtwlwlyifjzpfygonf(Ancient Arakan , P-77)/ a0omvDwGifawGU&aom eDwdpjE´rif;

\rdzk&m;ausmufpmwGif yg&Sdaoma,"r®*gxmrSm r[m,e0de,usrf;jzpfaom r[m0w¬Kt0'geusrf;

vm*gxmESifh wykHpHwnf;wlnDaeygonf (Ancient Arakan, P-84)/ oif;uspfawmfawmifausmufpmyg

a,"r®m*gxmonf? at'D-7&mpk? 8-&mpktwGif;u ,leefjynfrS ausmufcsyfpwlygrsm;wGif yg0ifonfh

a,"r®m*gxmESifhf *gxmykHpHa&m? vufa&;vufom;yg wlnDonfhtjyif &ckdif? b*Fvm;?tmoH? ,leefESifh

ysLûrdUawmfrsm;wGif omoemûyrsm; tjyeftvSefoGm;vmul;oef;rIrsm; &SdcJhygonf(Ancient Arakan, P-78)/

&ckdifjynfwGifawGU&aom rukd#fo&zlaqmif;qif;wkawmfrsm;\ rlvblwonf o'¨&fr®yk@&du

usrf;jzpfygonf/ þqif;wkawmfrsm;rSm r[m,eAk'¨0g'vm Ak'¨\um,okH;yg;(Bwdum,)teufrS

aumif;uifbkHwGif pHjref;aeaom oHabm*um,ukd&nfrSef;í oGef;vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfygonf(Ancient

Arakan, P-284)/ &ckdifjynfwGif o&zlaqmif;qif;wkawmfrsm;onf Ak'trdwmbukd;uG,frIESifh qufpyfae

NyD;? þqif;wkawmfrsm;wGif a&mifjcnfawmfrsm; uGefYjrLí? vnf&GJ? b,uf? vufaumuf? rukd#f?

vufusyf?vufpGyfponfwkdY qifjref;xm;ykHrsm;onf? uif;A&pfwuúokdvfpmMunhfwkduftwGif;&Sd

]]tVo[owduynmyg&rDwmusrf;}} ayrlwGif az:jyxm;onfhtwkdif; o½kyfazmfoGef;vkyfxm;onf[k

od&ygonf(Ancient Arakan, P-249)/ ´

þqif;wkawmftrsm;pkonf acwfOD;r[m,eAk'¨bmomrS Ak'¨trdwmb\qif;wkawmfrsm;jzpfMu

ygonf/ Batta Caria \ ]tdEd,y#drmodyÜH}usrf;t& trdwmbbk&m;onf ta&miftqif;tm;jzifh eDMuif

Buifta&mif&SdNyD;? psmerkj'´mjzpfonf[k od&ygonf(armifthH?omoem-2500c&D;? pm-174)/ &cdkifwGif(armifthH?omoem-2500c&D;? pm-174)/ &cdkifwGif

(armifthH?omoem-2500c&D;? pm-174)/ &cdkifwGif(armifthH?omoem-2500c&D;? pm-174)/ &cdkifwGif(armifthH?omoem-2500c&D;? pm-174)/ &cdkifwGif

awGU&aom Ak'¨trdwmbqif;wkawmfrsm;rSm eDMuifMuifta&mif&SdNyD;? aMu;eDESifh cJrjzLowåKa&mpyfoGef;awGU&aom Ak'¨trdwmbqif;wkawmfrsm;rSm eDMuifMuifta&mif&SdNyD;? aMu;eDESifh cJrjzLowåKa&mpyfoGef;

awGU&aom Ak'¨trdwmbqif;wkawmfrsm;rSm eDMuifMuifta&mif&SdNyD;? aMu;eDESifh cJrjzLowåKa&mpyfoGef;awGU&aom Ak'¨trdwmbqif;wkawmfrsm;rSm eDMuifMuifta&mif&SdNyD;? aMu;eDESifh cJrjzLowåKa&mpyfoGef;awGU&aom Ak'¨trdwmbqif;wkawmfrsm;rSm eDMuifMuifta&mif&SdNyD;? aMu;eDESifh cJrjzLowåKa&mpyfoGef;

vkyfjcif;jzpfí tenf;i,ft0ga&mifoef;aeonf/ rkj'´mrSmpsmerkj'´myifjzpfygonf/vkyfjcif;jzpfí tenf;i,ft0ga&mifoef;aeonf/ rkj'´mrSmpsmerkj'´myifjzpfygonf/

vkyfjcif;jzpfí tenf;i,ft0ga&mifoef;aeonf/ rkj'´mrSmpsmerkj'´myifjzpfygonf/vkyfjcif;jzpfí tenf;i,ft0ga&mifoef;aeonf/ rkj'´mrSmpsmerkj'´myifjzpfygonf/vkyfjcif;jzpfí tenf;i,ft0ga&mifoef;aeonf/ rkj'´mrSmpsmerkj'´myifjzpfygonf/

þqif;wkawmfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tenf;i,fwifjyvkdygonf/ tcsKdUaomokawoDrsm;u qif;wkþqif;wkawmfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tenf;i,fwifjyvkdygonf/ tcsKdUaomokawoDrsm;u qif;wk

þqif;wkawmfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tenf;i,fwifjyvkdygonf/ tcsKdUaomokawoDrsm;u qif;wkþqif;wkawmfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tenf;i,fwifjyvkdygonf/ tcsKdUaomokawoDrsm;u qif;wkþqif;wkawmfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tenf;i,fwifjyvkdygonf/ tcsKdUaomokawoDrsm;u qif;wk

awmfrsm;tm; ZrÁKywdrif;cRwfcef;ukd &nfrSef;íoGef;vkyfcJhMuonf[k qkdygonf/ okdYaomfpma&;olawmfrsm;tm; ZrÁKywdrif;cRwfcef;ukd &nfrSef;íoGef;vkyfcJhMuonf[k qkdygonf/ okdYaomfpma&;ol

awmfrsm;tm; ZrÁKywdrif;cRwfcef;ukd &nfrSef;íoGef;vkyfcJhMuonf[k qkdygonf/ okdYaomfpma&;olawmfrsm;tm; ZrÁKywdrif;cRwfcef;ukd &nfrSef;íoGef;vkyfcJhMuonf[k qkdygonf/ okdYaomfpma&;olawmfrsm;tm; ZrÁKywdrif;cRwfcef;ukd &nfrSef;íoGef;vkyfcJhMuonf[k qkdygonf/ okdYaomfpma&;ol

\avhvmcsuft&rl (1)ZrÁKywdrif;cRwfcef;jzpfaom 0w¬KaMumif;onf bk&m;&Sifoufawmf\avhvmcsuft&rl (1)ZrÁKywdrif;cRwfcef;jzpfaom 0w¬KaMumif;onf bk&m;&Sifoufawmf

\avhvmcsuft&rl (1)ZrÁKywdrif;cRwfcef;jzpfaom 0w¬KaMumif;onf bk&m;&Sifoufawmf\avhvmcsuft&rl (1)ZrÁKywdrif;cRwfcef;jzpfaom 0w¬KaMumif;onf bk&m;&Sifoufawmf\avhvmcsuft&rl (1)ZrÁKywdrif;cRwfcef;jzpfaom 0w¬KaMumif;onf bk&m;&Sifoufawmf

xif&Sm;&SdpOfu trSefwu,fjzpfysufcJhonfh taMumif;&yfr[kwfjcif;? (2)wxm*w 'DyeDusrf;xif&Sm;&SdpOfu trSefwu,fjzpfysufcJhonfh taMumif;&yfr[kwfjcif;? (2)wxm*w 'DyeDusrf;

xif&Sm;&SdpOfu trSefwu,fjzpfysufcJhonfh taMumif;&yfr[kwfjcif;? (2)wxm*w 'DyeDusrf;xif&Sm;&SdpOfu trSefwu,fjzpfysufcJhonfh taMumif;&yfr[kwfjcif;? (2)wxm*w 'DyeDusrf;xif&Sm;&SdpOfu trSefwu,fjzpfysufcJhonfh taMumif;&yfr[kwfjcif;? (2)wxm*w 'DyeDusrf;

vm0w¬KaMumif;onf orEÅ pu©K'DyeDusrf;ESif hvnf;aumif;? *kVwå0dedpä,usrf;tajzESif hvm0w¬KaMumif;onf orEÅ pu©K'DyeDusrf;ESif hvnf;aumif;? *kVwå0dedpä,usrf;tajzESif h

vm0w¬KaMumif;onf orEÅ pu©K'DyeDusrf;ESif hvnf;aumif;? *kVwå0dedpä,usrf;tajzESif hvm0w¬KaMumif;onf orEÅ pu©K'DyeDusrf;ESif hvnf;aumif;? *kVwå0dedpä,usrf;tajzESif hvm0w¬KaMumif;onf orEÅ pu©K'DyeDusrf;ESif hvnf;aumif;? *kVwå0dedpä,usrf;tajzESif h

vnf;aumif; rukdufnDjcif;?(3)þ0w¬Konf Zif;r,frSay:xGufvmaom 0w¬KjzpfNyD;? Zif;r,fokdYvnf;aumif; rukdufnDjcif;?(3)þ0w¬Konf Zif;r,frSay:xGufvmaom 0w¬KjzpfNyD;? Zif;r,fokdY

vnf;aumif; rukdufnDjcif;?(3)þ0w¬Konf Zif;r,frSay:xGufvmaom 0w¬KjzpfNyD;? Zif;r,fokdYvnf;aumif; rukdufnDjcif;?(3)þ0w¬Konf Zif;r,frSay:xGufvmaom 0w¬KjzpfNyD;? Zif;r,fokdYvnf;aumif; rukdufnDjcif;?(3)þ0w¬Konf Zif;r,frSay:xGufvmaom 0w¬KjzpfNyD;? Zif;r,fokdY

rGefrSwqifha&mufvmjcif;? (4)þ0w¬KaMumif;onf &mZ0if? *EÅ0ifwk d YESif hrukdufnDjcif;?rGefrSwqifha&mufvmjcif;? (4)þ0w¬KaMumif;onf &mZ0if? *EÅ0ifwk d YESif hrukdufnDjcif;?

rGefrSwqifha&mufvmjcif;? (4)þ0w¬KaMumif;onf &mZ0if? *EÅ0ifwk d YESif hrukdufnDjcif;?rGefrSwqifha&mufvmjcif;? (4)þ0w¬KaMumif;onf &mZ0if? *EÅ0ifwk d YESif hrukdufnDjcif;?rGefrSwqifha&mufvmjcif;? (4)þ0w¬KaMumif;onf &mZ0if? *EÅ0ifwk d YESif hrukdufnDjcif;?

(5) o*Fg,emwif0de,yd#uwf? "r®y'ESifh edum,fig;&yftwGif;&Sd Ak'¨KyÜwådqkdif&m okwåefrsm;wGif(5) o*Fg,emwif0de,yd#uwf? "r®y'ESifh edum,fig;&yftwGif;&Sd Ak'¨KyÜwådqkdif&m okwåefrsm;wGif

(5) o*Fg,emwif0de,yd#uwf? "r®y'ESifh edum,fig;&yftwGif;&Sd Ak'¨KyÜwådqkdif&m okwåefrsm;wGif(5) o*Fg,emwif0de,yd#uwf? "r®y'ESifh edum,fig;&yftwGif;&Sd Ak'¨KyÜwådqkdif&m okwåefrsm;wGif(5) o*Fg,emwif0de,yd#uwf? "r®y'ESifh edum,fig;&yftwGif;&Sd Ak'¨KyÜwådqkdif&m okwåefrsm;wGif

ryg0ifjcif;?(6)ZrÁKywdrif;0w¬KaMumif;onf?r[m,eAk'¨bmomü Ak'¨trdwmbpwif ay:aygufryg0ifjcif;?(6)ZrÁKywdrif;0w¬KaMumif;onf?r[m,eAk'¨bmomü Ak'¨trdwmbpwif ay:ayguf

ryg0ifjcif;?(6)ZrÁKywdrif;0w¬KaMumif;onf?r[m,eAk'¨bmomü Ak'¨trdwmbpwif ay:aygufryg0ifjcif;?(6)ZrÁKywdrif;0w¬KaMumif;onf?r[m,eAk'¨bmomü Ak'¨trdwmbpwif ay:aygufryg0ifjcif;?(6)ZrÁKywdrif;0w¬KaMumif;onf?r[m,eAk'¨bmomü Ak'¨trdwmbpwif ay:ayguf

onfh bDpD(1)&mpkxda&S;usaom0w¬KaMumif; r[kwfjcif;(7)Ak'¨0ifr[m0ifusrf;rsm;wGif þ0w¬Konfh bDpD(1)&mpkxda&S;usaom0w¬KaMumif; r[kwfjcif;(7)Ak'¨0ifr[m0ifusrf;rsm;wGif þ0w¬K

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y-wGJ? 1997?&efukef?pm-284)y-wGJ? 1997?&efukef?pm-284)

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b,fewfoifhukdzefoenf;/

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&nfnTef;ukd;um;aomusrf;rsm;

(1) &ckdif&mZ0if q&mirnf;(ppfawGûrdUMum;ausmif;ayrl)

(2) tif;apmuf&mZ0if okawoDynmpm&rl(r[mrked"r®&u©dwausmif;? ppfawGûrdU)

(3) &ckdif&mZ0ifopf('k-wGJ) &SifpE´rmvmvuFm&('k-Budrf-1997? &efukef)

(4) &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; OD;pHomatmif(1979-&efukef)

(5) The Story of Indo-Pakistan by S.F. Mahmud ( Karachi , 1966, P-152, 154, 157)

(6) A History of Chittagong by S.B. Qanungo. (Chittagong, 1988, P 300 to 360)

(7) History of Burma by G.E Harvey (London, 1925, P-147-148)

(8) A History of South East Asia by D.G.E. Hall (London, 1968 tkef;armif(jyef)pm-140?141? 1

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(1) &ckdif&mZ0ifBuD; q&mirnf;(ppfawGûrdUMum;ausmif;ayrl)

(xl-(0rf;)?aw(0rf;)?aw(aMum)

(2) &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; OD;pHomatmif(pm-52)

(3) The Story of Indo-Pakistan by S,F.Mahmud (Karachi-1696)(P-152, 154, 157)

(4) A History of Chittagong by S.B. Aanungo (Chittagong 1988)(P-300 to 360)

(5) History of Burma by G.E. Harvey (London 1925) (P-147, 148)

(6) A History of South East Asia by D.G.E. Hall (London-1968)(tkef;armif(jyef)pm-140rS 142)

(7) Arakan's Place in the Civilization of the Bay by M.Collis, (B.R.S.F.A.P No-2, 1960, Rangon)

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ukd;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;

(1) The Home of Pali(The Light of Majjhimadesa)(Nalanda University, India) U Razinda

(2) M. History of Indian Literature Vol II M. Winternitz

(3) R.O. Franke Pali and Sanskrit

(4) ygVdpmayorkdif; ygarmu©a':tkH;

(5) toGifxl;wAÇm0ygVdyk'frsm; a':cifcifvIdif

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(4) orkdif;pum;? yef;pum;(1982-&efukef) jroef;wifhf

(5) A Dictionary of Philosophy(Moscow-1967) Rosenthal and Yudin

(6) What is History (London 1965) E.H. Carr

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&ckdifjynfrSoHCmrsm;yifhaqmifí omoemawmfukdjyefvnfûypkcJh&aMumif;? omoemvuFm&pmwrf;ü

azmfjyxm;ygonf/

[oFmwûrdUt*¾r[my@dwt&SifaombPa&;om;aom ]]r[m'Gg&edum, omoemh'DyeD}} usrf;ü

rl omoemouú&mZf 2135ckwGif eef;wufaom 0drv"r®ol&d,rif;vufxufwGif oD[kdVfuRef;

(oD&dvuFm)ü &[ef;wkdYyiftvsOf;r&SdavaomaMumihf &ckdifjynfrS&[ef;wkdYukd yifhaqmifí oD&d0Cke

ûrdifü oDwif;okH;aexkdifapvsuf ½kdaopGmvkyfauR;onf/ omoemESpf2140wGif0gvkujsrpfu@rÁqdyfü

ESvkH;arGUavsmfzG,f&Sdaom O'ukau©oodrfukd ûyí &[ef;wkdYukd xkdt&yfokdYyifhaqmifvsuf oD[kdVf (oD&d

vuFm)trsKd;om;aumif;wkdYukd &[ef;cHaponf/ &Sifvnf;ûyapí omoemawmfjrwfukd apmifha&Smuf

awmfrlonf[k awGU&ygonf/omoem227wGifeef;wufaom'kwd,0drv"r®ol&d,rif;vufxufüvnf;

&ckdifjynfrS&[ef;oHCm 33yg;ukd yifhaqmifí a&S;enf;wl omoemûy&aMumif;vnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf/

oHtzGJUrsm;a&muf&Sd

ajrmufOD;acwf rif;&mZmBuD;vufxuf (at'D 1563-1612)wGif oD[kdVfuRef;(oD&dvuFm) 0drv

"r®ol&d,rif;xHrS vufaqmify@m? omraPBuD;wpfyg;? aemufvkdufaemufygrsm;ESifh apvTwfNyD;

omoemûyapvGwfay;yg&ef pmo0PfqufvSmaomaMumifh rif;&mZmBuD;\avQmufxm;csuft&

ajrmufOD;ûrdUajrmufwefaqmif q&mawmft&SifpE´d0dvmoonf oHCmawmf20ESifh twl ouú&mZf968

wefaqmifrkef;vwGif oD[kdVf(oD&dvuFm)okdY <ua&mufí omoemûycJhMuygonf/ ajrmufOD;acwf rPd

ok"r®&mZmrif;vufxufwGif omoemûy<ua&mufyg&ef yifhzdwfonhf oHtzGJUa&mufvmaomfjim;vnf;

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pOf oD[kdVfuRef;(oD&dvuFm) 'kwd,0drv"r®ol&d,rif;xHrS oHtzGJUrsm; oabFmESpfpD;jzifha&muf&SdvmNyD;

oD[kdVf(oD&dvuFm)okdY omoemûy<ua&muf&ef xyfrHawmif;yefojzifh at'D 1697ckESpfwGif ajrmufOD;

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emûyawmfrlMuygonf/

omoemjyefvnfxGef;um;vmykH

omoemawmfuG,faysmufvkrwwff jzpfaeNyD &[ef;oHCmrQyif uif;qdwfaeaom oD[kdVfuRef;

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rlvax&0g'omoemawmfukd jyefvnfxGef;vif;apcJhygonf/ þokdYjzifh &ckdifjynfonfAk'ömoem\

orkdif;OD;uyif ax&0g'omoemawmfxGef;ajymifcJhonfukd &mZ0iftaxmuftxm;rsm;? ausmufpmESifh

½kyf0w¬Kypönf;taxmuftxm;rsm;u azmfjyaeMuygonf/ ax&0g'omoemawmfonf &ckdifjynfwGif

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ax&0g'omoemawmfonf &ckdifjynfrS oHCmax&fjrwfrsm; jyefvnfûypkysKd;axmifay;cJhaom omoem

awmfjzpfonf[k qkdEkdifygonf/

omoemESpf&yf&SdaeorQ

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tyfaom omoemawmfokH;&yfvkH;onf &ckdifjynfe,ftygt0ifjzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tjynfhpkHqkH;ESifh

tckdifrmqkH;&yfwnfvsuf &Sdygonf/ &ckdifjynfe,fwGif omoem\t"dujzpfaom y&dywådomoemawmf

jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf ûrdUBuD;tcsKdUwGif y&d,wådpmoifwkdufrsm;wnfaxmifum oifMum;ykdYcsvsuf&Sdonfukd

awGU&ygonf/ xkdYtwl y#dywådomoemxGef;um;a&;twGuf y#dywådomoemûy 0dyóemausmif;wkduf

rsm;vnf; wnf&Sdygonf/ y&d,wådESifh y#dywådomoemESpf&yfwnf&SdaeorQ umvywfvkH; ,if;wkdY\

toD;tyGifhjzpfaom y#da0"omoemawmfonf rnfonfhtcgrQ qdwfokOf;rnfr[kwfyg/

wnfwHhxGef;um;a&;

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ygonf/ xGef;um;aeaomomoemukd wnfwHhatmifaqmif&Guf&ygrnf/ wnfwHhaeaomomoemawmf

ukd jyefYyGm;atmifaqmif&Guf&ygrnf/

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w&m;ryaysmufbJ (0g) omoemawmfrqdwfokOf;bJ tpOfxm0& wnfwHhckdifNrJaernf[k ,lqygonf/

tem*wfumvü omoemawmfjrwfukd vZÆDolawmfaumif;rsm;apmifha&SmufMuvdrfhrnf[k

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xkdokdYapmifha&SmufEkdif&ef EkdifiHawmfwGif 1981-ckESpfü omoemawmfoefY&Sif;wnfwHhjyefYyGm;a&; *dkPf;aygif;

pkH oHCmhr[mem,utzGJU? ekdifiHawmfA[kdvfoHCmh0efaqmiftzGJU? EkdifiHawmfMo0g'p&dd,tzGJU? EkdifiHawmff

0denf;"dk&ftzGJUponfjzifh zGJUpnf;í apmifha&Smufawmfrlvsuf&SdMuygonf/ xkdokdYapmifha&SmufEkdif&ef EkdifiH

awmfwGif 1981ckESpfü omoemawmfoefY&Sif;wnfwHhjyefYyGm;a&; *kdPf;aygif;pkHoHCmhtpnf;ta0;BuD;ukd

ac:,lusif;yum omoemawmfa&&SnfwnfwHha&;udk aqmif&GufEkdif&ef txufazmfjyygoHCmhtzGJUtpnf;

rsm;ukd zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ &ckdifjynfe,f\omoemawmfukd xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufEkdif&eftwGufvnf;

jynfe,foHCmhem,utzGJU? jynfe,foHCmh0efaqmiftzGJU ponfjzifh &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif; omoemawmf

xGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf aqmif&Gufawmfrlvsuf&SdMuygonf/ ûrdUe,ftoD;oD;wGifvnf; oHCmh0ef

aqmiftzGJUrsm;zGJUpnf;í omoemawmfpnfyifysHUyGm;a&;ukd aqmif&Gufawmfrlvsuf&SdMuygonf/

okdYaomfvnf; vuf&SddtajctaerQjzifh auseyfESpfodrfhraeoifh[k jrifrdygonf/ &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif;

wnfwHhckdifNrJaeaom ax&0g'Ak'ömoemawmfukd qufvufí xGef;um;jyefYyGm;apvkdygvQif &[ef;

&Sifvlrsm; aqmif&GufEkdif&ef atmufygtcsufrsm;udk tBuHûywifjyvkdygonf/

&ckdifjynfe,ftwGif; omoemawmfxGef;um;jyefYyGm;apvkdvQif-

(1) omoemhtquftEG,f? omoemhjrpf&if;ukd qif;oufyGm;apjcif;/

(2) yd#uwfawmfrsm; ykdYcsoif,ljcif;?

(3) omoemawmfrxGef;um;ao;aom tpGeftzsm;a'orsm;okdy omoemûy&[ef;rsm;apvTwfí?

omoemûyapjcif;/

(4) Ak'¨\w&m;ppfw&m;rSefukd a[mMum;í omoemûyapjcif;?

(5) omoemawmftm; tbufbufrSapmifha&SmufrIay;jcif; wkdYukdaqmif&Gufoifhygonf/

omoemjrpf&if;ukd qif;oufwkd;yGm;&eff ff f

(1)omoemhtquftEG,f? omoemhjrpf&if;ukd qif;oufwkd;yGm;apjcif;qkdonfrSm tem*wf

omoemawmfü omoemawmftm; qufvufapmifha&Smufrnfh olawmfaumif; vZÆDyk*¾dKvfrsm;ay:ayguf

a&;twGuf &SifomraP&[ef;i,frsm;ukd ûypkxddef;odrf;&efyif jzpfygonf/ &ckdifjynfe,fwGif txl;ojzifh

uav;vli,frsm;wGif bmoma&;todw&m; txl;yifvkdtyfaeygonf/ uav;oli,frsm;trsm;qkH;

pka0;&m rlvwef;? tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif Ak'ömoemESifh ywfoufíjy|mef;ay;

xm;aom bmom&yfr&Sdao;yg/ uav;oli,frsm;onf rd½kd;zvm Ak'¨bmomtrnfcHMuaomfvnf;

bmom a&;tajccHtodw&m;avsmhenf;aejcif;aMumifh q&morm;? rdb? oufBuD;&G,ftkdrsm;tay:

*g&0w&m; avsmhenf;aeonfukd awGU&ygonf/ ,if;rSmomoemawmftm;enf;vmcsufrsm;rS

wpfckjzpfygonf/ ,cktcguav;oli,frsm;onf bk&m;w&m;oHCm q&mrdbtay: rnfonfhtwGuf

*&0w&m;xm;&Sd oifhonfudk tESpfususrodMuyg/ &cdkifjynfe,ftwGif; aus;vufa'orsm;rS

uav;rsm;rSm 0g0if? 0gxGuf? oBuFeftp&SdonfhaeY&ufrsm;wGif &Gm&Sdbkef;BuD;ausmif;okdY tpkvkduftûyHvkduf

oGm;um aysmfyg;aqmhupm;jcif;? rkefYpm;jcif;rQjzifhom tcsdefukefaeMuygonf/ ausmif;NcH0if;twGif;

oDv&Sif? oDv&Sifrrsm;? omraP&[ef;? &SifomraPrsm;tMum;wGif ½kdif;½kdif;jyjyajymqkdjcif;? u&maw;?

okdif;upm;jcif; rsm; ûyvkyfaewwfMuonfukd awGUjrif&ygonf/ þtrltusifhrsm;&&SdvmonfrSm

,cktcgaus;vufa'oxd ysHUESHUvmaeaom AGD'D,kdrsm;Munfhjcif;aMumifhyifjzpfygonf/ e,fwGifjyaeaom

AG D' D,k drsm;wGi f jrefrmum;rsm;tjyif Ek di fi H jcm;um;rsm;r S rzG,fr&maomtrlt&mrsm;?

&ckdif,Ofaus;rIESifhqefYusifaom o½kyfaqmifuGufrsm;yg&Sdonfukd uav;oli,frsm;twk,lMuygonf/

tqkdyguav;oli,frsm;onf omoemhabmifukd0ifzkdYa0;pG/ avmuDüyif olawmfaumif;rsm;jzpfvm&ef

cJ h,Of;vSygonf/ xkd YaMumif h &ck difjynfe,ftwGif; 0ifvmaomEkdifiHjcm;AD'D,kk dum;rsm;ukd

oufqkdif&mtmPmykdiftzGJUrsm;u qifqm tzGJUjzifh wnf;jzwfNyD;rSom jyocGifhjyoifhygonf/

uav;oli,frsm;pka0;&m pmoifausmif;rSm

&ckdifjynfe,ftwGif;omoemhjrpf&if;ukd qif;oufwkd;yGm;apvkdvQifuav;oli,frsm;pka0;&m

pmoifausmif;rsm;ü Ak'ömoemESifhywfoufaom bmom&yfwpfckukd jy|mef;ay;oifhygonf/ okdYrSom

omoemawmftaMumif;ukd em;vnfoabmaygufNyD; omoemjrpf&if; wkd;yGm;vmEkdifygrnf/ tajccHynm

ausmif;rsm;wGif ûrdUe,ftvkduf xkwfa0ay;aom Ak'¨0if½kyfpkHpmtkyfrsm;? Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIpmtkyfrsm;?

r[mrkedbk&m;orkdif;ponfhpmtkyfrsm;rSm pmtkyfpifay:wGifom&SdaeMuygonf/ uav;oli,frsm;twGif;

tokH;usonfukdrawGU&yg/pma&;olwkdYi,fpOfu Ak'¨bmomukdbmom&yfwpfcktjzpf oif,lcJh&NyD; rlv

wef;ausmif;rsm;pkpnf;í Ak'¨bmompmar;yGJûydifyGJrsm;ûyvkyf&mwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfûydifajzqkdcJh&zl;onfukd

owd&rdygonf/ omoemhjrpf&if;tquftEG,fukd qif;oufwkd;yGm;jcif;rûyvkyfEkdifygu omoemawmf

wnfwHhxGef;um;a&;onf rjzpfEkdifyg/

a'0geHyD,wdórif;BuD;u &Sifr[dE´rax&fjrwftm; oD[kdVfwGif omoemawmfwnfwHhygNyDavm

[k ar;onfhtcg &Sifr[dE´rax&fu ]]ywH|dwHacg r[m&mZomoeH? rlvmedyemóewm0 Mou&EÅd}}

[ka[mygonf/ ,if;twkdif;yif rdrdaexkdif&m &yf&Gma'oü rdrdukdtrSDûyí uav;oli,frsm;tm; bmom

a&;todOmPfwkd;yGm;apum omoemhabmifokdYa&mufatmif ykdYaqmifrSom omoemhtquftEG,fukd

qif;oufwkd;yGm;ap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygrnf/

oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufaMumif;enf;oifMum;oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufaMumif;enf;oifMum;oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufaMumif;enf;oifMum;oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufaMumif;enf;oifMum;oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufaMumif;enf;oifMum;

(2)omoemawmfokH;&yfwGif y&d,wådomoemawmfonf t"dujzpfygonf/ y&d,wåd omoem

awmfudk oifMum;ykdYcs&mü oHom&0#frSxGufajrmufaMumif; edó&ewåpmoifenf;jzifhykdYcsjcif;? acwftajc

taet& pmar;yGJajzqkd&mü txl;pifMu,fpGmjzifh owd?0D&d,? o'´g?ynmnDrQapjcif;&SdrSom omoem

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tXuxm? #DumwkdYukdoifMum;ykdYcsjcif;jzifh tukefrukefvGefapoifhyg/ &[ef;awmfrsm;oifMum;&aom

pmayonf Ak'¨0peESifh eD;EkdiforQeD;&efvkdtyfygonf/

a&S;a&S;tcgu o*Fg,emwkdYü o*Fg,emNyD;qkH;onfhtcg oHCmax&fBuD;rsm;u ]]tm0kaom£'H

wk,SH edódwau0gap[d? £rHwkarSy&d[&x}} ponfjzihfh yd#uwfawmfcGJjcm;oifMum;a&;ukd csrSwfawmf

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ESifhtnD eD;pyfEkdiforQ eD;pyfatmif edum,fpmar;yGJrsm;usif;yvsuf&Sd&m &ckdifjynfe,frSvnf; omoemh

tmZmenfyk*¾dKvfrsm; ay:xGef;vmaeonfukd 0rf;ajrmufzG,fawGU&Sd&ygonf/ trSefqkdvQif yd#uwfpmay

ykdYcs&mü oHo&mrSvGwfajrmufaMumif;enf;jzifh oifMum;ykdYcsrSomvQif omoemawmf\tusKd;twGuf

jzpfygrnf/

ausmif;xkdif oHCmawmfrsm; t&nftcsif;ausmif;xkdif oHCmawmfrsm; t&nftcsif;ausmif;xkdif oHCmawmfrsm; t&nftcsif;ausmif;xkdif oHCmawmfrsm; t&nftcsif;ausmif;xkdif oHCmawmfrsm; t&nftcsif;

&ckdifjynfe,f&SdûrdUe,f 17ûrdUe,fü bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif oDwif;okH;aexkdif;awmfrlMuaom

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tBuD;wef;atmifrStp "r®p&d,tjyif ousoD[bGJUxd&&Sdxm;Muaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;&SdaMumif;od&ygonf/

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wpfckjzpfvmEkdifygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf xkd&[ef;onf rdrdynmtvkdufomvQif w&m;a'oem

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ESifh ywfoufí em;vnf;rIuGm[NyD; oabmxm;t,ltquGJjym;Ekdifíjzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh ausmif;xkdif

oHCmawmfrsm; ynmt&nftcsif;wpfajy;nD&Sdap&ef aqmif&Gufay;EkdifvQif ykdrkdíaumif;ygonf/ okdYrSom

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&[ef;rsm;twGuf ynmt&nftcsif;tqifhtwef; wpfckckukdowfrSwffay;oifhygonf/

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wGif y&d,wådpmoifwkdufwpfck oD;jcm;wnfaxmif&efvkdtyfygonf/ &ckdifjynfe,f ppfawGûrdUü ppfawGûrdU

wGif ]]ausmif;xkdifbkef;BuD;oifwef;ausmif;}} [lízGifhvSpfrnf[k od&ygonf/ þausmif;onftrSefyif

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xkdifq&mawmfrsm; omoemhodyÜH}} okdYr[kwf ]]ausmif;xkdif&[ef;awmfrsm; omoemhAdrmef}} [líomtrnf

ay;oifhygonf/ þausmif;rSowfrSwfxm;aom t&nftcsif;ukdatmifjrifaom &[ef;awmfrsm;ukdom

vQif ausmif;xkdifoDwif;okH;apoifhygonf/ þomoemhAdrmefokdY wufa&mufoifMum;Ekdif&ef tjcm;aom

y&d,wådpmoifwkdufrsm;rS oifMum;íEkdifiHawmfrS usif;yaompmar;yGJatmif tqifhwpfckukd owfrSwfxm;

oifhygonf/ okdYrSomvQif &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif; Ak'ömoemtqifhtwef; wpfajy;nDwkd;wufvmrnf

jzpfygonf/

tjcm;wpfckrSm &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif;p y&d,wådpmoifwkdufta&twGuf enf;yg;aeygao;onf/

ppfawG? ausmufjzL? oHwGJ? ajrmufOD;ponfhûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif y&d,wådpmoifwkdufrsm; ,ckxufykdrkdwkd;csJU

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rsm;ykdYcsoifhygonf/

atmifvufrSwf&rSomatmifvufrSwf&rSomatmifvufrSwf&rSomatmifvufrSwf&rSomatmifvufrSwf&rSom

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