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jh nhB lw a vSM+ ks fo[;kr jS;ks ds ns l jk ekuhrk fo}ku b.k lkfgR; jh ljko.kk djrk jS;k A jl] Hkko vj vkst lw a Hkfj;ksM+ S b.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dkauh lj tktZ fxz;lZu] MkWñ VS s lhVjh] MkWñ lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ tSM+ k fo}kuka jks /;ku x;ks A ohj jl jks tSM+ ks ÅapS njtS jks jl&ifjikd jktLFkkuh lkfgR;es a nh[kS] oSM+ ks nqfu;ka jS fd.kh lkfgR; es a uhA b.k jks dkj.k vks gS ds jktLFkkuh jh ohj jl jh dfork
oka dfo;ka lw a jphth ftdk vkijh [kqyh vka[;ka lw a tq)Hkkse es a yM+ rk ohjka uS ns[;kA oS vkijS gkFk es a dye Hkh idM+ h rks c[kr vk;ka ryokj ys;uS tq) es a Hkh tw >~;k A vka dfo;ka duS tq) jks ÒksX;ksM+ ksv.kHko gksA vBS jh ohj jl jh dfork jh iz la lk djrk Fkdka johUnzukFk Bkdq j fy[;ks ds& *Hkxrh jl
jh dfork rks vk[kS Hkkjr js S gjsd lkfgR; esa fey T;koS i.k jktLFkku vkijS [kw u lw a ftdS lkfgR; jks fujek.k dj~;ks] m.k lkfgR; jS tksM+ jks lkfgR; vkt lko nq jyHk gSA jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jh vk
[kkfl;r gh ds oS tq) jS uxkjka jS fcPpS vkijh dforkoka jph**A *b.k dFku lw a y[kkoS ds v.kHko lw a
jP;ks&iP;ks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ohj jl jh nhB lw a ekjfed uS Hkqtkoka uS QM+dko.k okGks gS A jpukRedrk jS b.k fcanq ekFkS jktLFkkuh jpukdkj vi.kS vki es a ?k.kks egrkÅ gks A
b.kht Hkka r egkeuk ia- enueksgu ekyoh; Hkh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS ljkork Fkdkadº;ks&**jktLFkkuh ohjka jh Hkklk gS] jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ohj lkfgR; gS vj nqfu;ka jS lkfgR; eka;b.k jh U;kjh BkSM+ gS A vkt jh ih<+ h lk: m.k jks v/;;u t:jh gkso.kks pkbtS A b.k thoa r lkfgR;vj m.k jh Hkklk jS fodkl jks dke ?k.kks t:jh gS& EgS a m.k fnu jh mM+ hd d:a gw W a tn fgUnw fo’ofo/kky;es a b.k jks leiwj.k foHkkx dk;e gqoS vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR; jh [kkst jh Hk.kkbZ jks lka rjksizca/k gq oS**A b.k lw a tkfgj gS ds jktLFkkuh lkfgR; vkijh thoa rrk vj [kqn jS U;kjS fujokGS l:i
lw a ns l jk ekuhrk fo}kuka uS izHkkfor dfj;ks S A jktLFkkuh jk fo}ku iz ks0 ujksŸkenkl Lokeh fy[;ks gS&*jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ftnaxh jks lkfgR; gS ftnaxh lw a NsM+ S vks ikxyka jks izyki uh cfYd ftnaxh lw a vsd
xk<+ ks lEcU/k jk[k.k vkGks gSA vks feu[k uS iz s j.kk ns o.k okGks vj vsd uq aoh ps ruk txko.k tksx gSA* jktLFkkuh lkfgR; turk jks lkfgR; gSA1 jktLFkkuh lkfgR; es a ftdh Hkkoukoka jks fp=.k nh[kS] m.k jks foLrkj vk[kS ns l vj ftnaxh lw a tqfM+;ksM+ ks gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh eksVh [kkfl;rka esa tyeHkkse
lk: R;kx vj cfynku jks Hkko] ns lHkxrh vj /kjrh&is ze] ukjh jks iz s jd O;fDrŸo] ej.k fra okj jks pko]nqleha lw a cnGks ys o.k jks Hkko] lq ra rj Hkkouk] ns l jh vsdrk vj v[kaMrk] fla.kxkj vj ohj jl jksfp=.k bR;kn gSa vj vka fols lrkoka jS dkj.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ?k.kks vksirks ykxSA
jktLFkku jks ukedj.k%& jktLFkku jk s ukedj.k%& jktLFkku jks ukedj.k%& jktLFkku jk s ukedj.k%& jktLFkku jk s ukedj.k%& jktLFkkuh jktLFkku jkT; jh Hkklk gS jktLFkku lw a ckjSdksydkŸkk] eqacbZ] psUubZ bR;kn es a Hkh izoklh jktLFkkuh yksx ek;M+ Hkklk jks iz;ksx djS a b.k okLrS
jktLFkku jS ukedj.k ckcr dha fopkj dj ys o.kks pkbtS] Da;w ds jktLFkkuh uka o jktLFkku ekFkS bZ
jk[khT;ksM+ ks gSA jktLFkku es a lkfgR; fljt.k jh vsd yw aBh ijEijk jS;h gS b.kht Hkka r jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk Hkh iq jk.kSa o[kr es a dsbZ uka o jS;k gS aA jktLFkku lcn jks lxGk lw a iSyks iz;ksx *jktLFkkuh;kfnR;* fo-la- 682 es a cla rx<+ ¼fljksgh½
js S vsd flykys[k ekFkS [kqn;ksM+ ks feyS+ s SA2 b.k jS iNS eqg.kks r us S.klh ¼fo-la- 1667&1727½ jh [;kr vj
*jkt:id*3 ¼la- 1788½ es a jktLFkku lcn jks iz;ksx gq;ks i.k vBS b.k jks ç;ksx jkt/kkuh jS vjFk esagSA çkUr jS vjFk es a *jktiw rkuk* lcn jks lS lw a iSyka tktZ Vkel lu~ 1800 es a dj~;ksA4 b.k jS iNS lu~1829 esa duZy VkWM vkijS bfr;kl *,uYl ,aM ,aVhD;w Vht vkWQ jktLFkku* es a jktLFkku lcn jksiz;ksx dfj;ks ftdks vkxS pky*j iz kUr jS vjFk es a :<+ gq;xksA vktknh lw a iSyka vBS NksVh&cM+ h 21fj;klrka gh ftdh iNsS vsd gq;xh vj jktLFkku lcn iz kUr jS :i es a vaxsT;ksA lj tktZ fxz;lZu vkijh iksFkh *fyaxfofLVd los Z vkWQ bafM;k* es a jktLFkku iz kUr jh Hkklk uS bZ jktLFkkuh uka o fn;ks vj
b.k uka o jks vk/kkj lk;n duZy VkWM jh iqLrd gh gqoSAiq jk.kS o[kr es a jktLFkku jks vsd uka o uh gq;*j vyx&vyx Òw [kaMka jk vyx&vyx uka o gk ftdk fj;klrka jS o[kr es a cnGrk jS;kA fta;k jktLFkku jS mrjknS Hkkx us S ]*tkaxyw *] mxw .kS Hkkx us S*eRL;* ¼t;iq j]]vyoj vj Hkjriq j jks Hkkx½ fn[k.kkns S vj mxw .kS Hkkx uS esnikV] ckxM+ iz kXokV vj xqtZ j=k] e/; Hkkx uS vjcqn o likny{k bR;kn uka o lw a vksG[krkA
vjkoyh igkM+ jh ijcr ekyk jktLFkku uS nks Hkkxka es a ckaV ns oS& vsd mrjknks vj vkFka w .kkSHkkx rks nw tks fn[k.kknks vj mxw .kks HkkxA mrjknS& vkFka w .kS Hkkx es a chdkus j] tSlyes j] tks/kiq j vj 'ks[kkokVh jks dha Hkkx lkfey gSA lkew fgd :i lw a b.k Hkkx uS ekjokM+ ;k e: ns l dS ork A vj b.kh Hkw Hkkx jh Hkklk e:Hkklk jS :i es a tk.khtrhA bZ a lw a lkQ tkfgj gS ds e:Hkklk jktLFkkuh okLrS iq jk.kksuka o gksA
e:Hkklk%&e:Hkklk%&e:Hkklk%&e:Hkklk%&e:Hkklk%& ekjokM+ ;k e:ns l es a ftdh Hkklk cksyhtrh] m.k us S e:Hkklk uka o fnjhT;ks vj vsd c[kr es a vk bZ Hkklk vk[kS izkUr jh iz/kku vj lkfgfR;d Hkklk ghA vkxS tk;*j jktLFkku jS czteaMy jS usMS + ftdks Ns = gks oks czt vj xqtjkr jS duS ftdks Ns = gks] oks xqtjkrh Hkklk jS ijHkko es a vk;X;ksA
:id* jk jpukdkj b.k e:Hkklk us S *eq jHkw eHkklk*] *j?kq ojtl izdkl* jk jpukdkj *e:/kj Hkk[kk* vj *oa’kHkkLdj* jk jpukdkj b.k uS *e:ckuh* dgh gSA lw ;ZeYy feJ.k rkabZ vkrka&vkrka e:Hkklk ;k e:ckuh fMaxy jS vjFk es a :<+ gq;xh vj vk jktLFkkuh jS cztHkklk lw a izHkkfor fiaxy lw a lko vyx ghA b.k rjS tw uS c[kr es a ftdh Hkklk uS *e:Hkklk* dgh] m.kh jks foLrkj vkt jktLFkkuh gS vj b.k es a jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh lxGh cksfy;ka lek;ksM+ h gSaA
ds l:iks r es a ftdh Hkklk jS;h m.kuS oSfnd la LØr jks uka o fn;ks x;ks A b.kuS bZ osnka jh Hkklk dghthA oSfnd la LØr lw a fodflr gq;*j la LØr c.kh A la LØr tn lkfgfR;d Hkklk c.kh rks tulk/kkj.k esacksypky jh Hkklk jS :i es a iz kØr vkbZ A iz kØr jk nks :i gk A iSyh iz kØr es a ikyh vj v/kZ ekx/kh Hkklk gh] ft.k es a cks S) vj tSu /kje jk xzaFk fy[khT;kA nw th izkØr Hkklk es a dsbZ Ns=h; cksfy;kagh ft.k es a [kkl 'kkS jlSuh] iS’kkph] cz kpM+] egkjk"Vªh] ekx/kh bR;kn gh A iz kØr lw a bZ a viHkz a l jks fodkl gq;ks A viHkza l jks c[kr eksVS :i esa 500 bZ- lw a 1000 bZ- rkabZ ekuhtSA6 ns l jS U;kjk&U;kjk Hkkxkaesa viHka zl jk U;kjk&U;kjk Hksn gkA vk/kqfud vk;Z Hkklkoka jks tye Hkh viHkz a l jsS U;kjk&U;kjk :ika
lw a gq;ks ft.kes a jktLFkkuh Hkh vsd gS A vk/kqfud vk;Z Hkklkoka jks tye viHkz a l jS vyx&vyx Ns =h;:ika lw a b.k eqtc ekU;ks tkoS %&
viHkazl vk/kqfud Hkklkoka
'kkS jlsuh vkFka w .kh fgUnh] jktLFkkuh] igkM+ h] xqtjkrh AiS’kkph ygank] iatkch Acz kpM+ fla/kh Aegkjk"Vªh ejkBh Aekx/kh fcgkjh] caxyk] mfM+;k] vlfe;kAv/kZ ekx/kh iw ohZ fgUnh Ab.k lw a lkQ tkfgj gS ds jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifŸk viHkza l 'kks S jlsuh lw a gq;h A
i.k vBS fo}kuka es a b.k ckr jks erHksn gS ds jktLFkkuh viHkza l jS fd.k :i lwatyehA MkW- fxz;lZu jktLFkkuh jh mRifŸk ukxj viHka z l lw a ekuS7 rks MkW- lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ lkS jkVª h viHka z l lw a jktLFkkuh jks mn~Hko ekuSA8 jktLFkkuh fo}kuka ea s MkW0 eks rhyky esukfj;k 9 vj MkW- ghjkyky
ekgs’ojh 10
xqtZjh viHkz al lw a jktLFkkuh jh mRifŸk ekuSA b.k rjS xqtZ jh viHkz a l lw a jktLFkkuh vj xqtjkrh jks rks 'kkS jlsuh viHkz a’k lw a fgUnh jks fodkl gq;ksA 15oha lrkCnh rkabZ rks xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh vsd bZ ghA iNS 16oha lrkCnh es a xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh jks U;kjks&U;kjks fodkl gq;ksA MkW- lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ jks er gSa ds xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh jh mRifŸk iz kphu if’peh jktLFkkuh lw a gqbZ vj vkxS pky*j 16oha lrkCnh es a xqtjkrh if’peh jktLFkkuh lw a vyx gq;xhA b.k rjS xqtjkrh vj
jktLFkkuh nksuw a vkil es a Hkk.kka ga SA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS lq ra rj :i jh pjpk djka rks Bk iM+ s S ds jktLFkkuh iSyka rks viHka z l lw a vyx
gqbZ vj iNS iz kphu jktLFkkuh lw a vyx gq;*j uohu jktLFkkuh jS :i es a vkijha vksG[kk.k Bkoh djhAiz ks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh uohu jktLFkkuh jh dha fols lrkoka b.k Hkka r ekuS ftdh m.k uS iz kphu jktLFkkuh
lw a vyx djs S %&1- , vj vkS&vka nks uq oka Lojka jks fodkl A2- orZuh es a vb&vm jh BkSM+ ,s vj vkS jks iz;ksxA
3- uiq lad fyax NksM+ fn;ks ;k rks iqfyax es a feyX;ksA4- lcnka js S vUr es a b ] m vj v jS mPpkj.k jks yksi AMkW- lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ jS er es a jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh izeq[k fols lrkoka b.k rjS gS %&1- jktLFkkuh es a *v* jks mPpkj.k *b* :i es a A fta;k euq"; jks *feu[k*A2- ew /kZU; *.k* vj *y+* jktLFkkuh jh [kkl /ofu;ka gS aA ew /kZU; M&M+ /ofu;ka jh rjQ dha crks
>qdko gSaA
3- dsbZ cksfy;ka es a p ] N ] > rkyO; /ofu;ka jks mPpkj.k nUR; lq.khtSA4- *,s* vj *vkS* ;Fkkdze lw a *,* vj *vks* jS :i es a cksyhtSA5- jktLFkkuh es a egkiz k.k v?kks"k cjx jk ?k]>] <+] /k] Hk jks mPpkj.k [kkl vj ekSfyd gSA6- v?kks"k egkiz k.k /ofu;ka [k ] N ] B ] Fk ] Q cnyS + uhaA7- ?kks"k egkiz k.k ?k ] > ] <+ ] /k ] Hk lcnka jS iSyka vko.k lw a daBukyh; Li’kZ lw a fey tkoSA8- dsbZ txka *g* fy[;ks rks uh tkoS i.k va r es a mPpkj.k *g* jh /ofu jks iz;ksx t:j gqoS] fta;k d;ks & dg;ksA
4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+ h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+ h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+ h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+ h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+h %& vk cksyh Mw axjiq j] cka lokM+ k vj es okM+ jS dha Ns =ka es a cksyh tkoSAMkW- fxz;lZu Hkhyh uS vsd lq ra rj Hkklk jks njtks fn;ks gS i.k MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh b.k uS lq ra rj Hkklk uh ekuS aA xqtjkrh bykdk lw a tqfM+;ksMs S+ Ns= dkj.k b.k cksyh ekFkS xqtjkrh Hkklk jks vlj gS A
b.k rjS jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ikap cksfy;ka gS ft.kka es a ekjokM+ h cksyh jh iz/kkurk gS vj vkt lkfgR; jpuk lk: vk cksyh vk[kS iz kUr es a vi.kk;h TkkoS A
lw a tw uks gS vj fiaxy jS rqd ekFkS fMaxy uka o jk[khT;ks] vk dYiuk lko fujew y gSA [kS j] vks vsd cgl jks loky gs SA vk Hkh laHko gq; ldS ds vS nksuw a uka o vsdS lkFkS pkyhT;k gq oSA i.k dha Hkh gq oS fiaxy
fMaxy lw a lko vySnk gSA MkW- lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ Hkh fMaxy vj fiaxy uS nks vyx&vyx Hkklk jks njtks ns oS aA13
b.kht Hkka r *fMaxy* lcn uS ys;*j Hkh fo}kuka jS eka; dha Hkze gSaA MkW0 eks rhyky esukfj;k fMaxy uS lqra rj Hkklk ekuS a rks dha fo}ku fMaxy uS Qxr dkO; fljt.k jh vsd lSyh ds S os SA izks0ujksŸkenkl Lokeh jS eq rkfcd fMaxy jktLFkkuh lw a vyx dksbZ Hkklk uh] cfYd vk jktLFkkuh jh bZvsd [kkl dkO; lSyh gS D;wads lk/kkj.k jktLFkkuh vj fMaxy es a fols l Hksn ;k rks lcnkoyh jks gS
;k lcnka jh fy[kkoV ¼orZuh½ jks] O;kdj.k jks Hksn rks uk dqN gSA14 b.k lw a eS lw l gq oS ds l: es a fMaxy cksy&pky jh Hkklk jS;h gq oS vj iNS lkfgfR;d Hkklk jS eka; <+y+xh gq oSA iz ks0 Lokeh jS lcnka es a fMaxy viHkz a l lSyh jks bZ fodflr :i gSA dns fMaxy lcn jks iz;ksx iw jh jktLFkkuh Hkklk lk: rks dnspkj.kh lSyh okLrS djhtrks jS;ks gSA
*fMaxy* lcn
jks iz;ksx
lxy+ k
lw a iSyka jktLFkku jk [;kruka o dfo vkfl;k ckadhnkl vkijh jpuk
laLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AA laLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AA laLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AA laLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AA laLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AA1515151515
la or~ 1863 es a ls ox eaNkjke fMaxy xhrka jks foospu dj.koky+ ks *j?kqukFk :id* xa zFk fMaxy Hkklk esa fy[;ks i.k m.k es a fMaxy lcn jks iz;ksx *oa’kHkkLdj* es a djrka Fkdka fy[;ks %&
b.k lw a fMaxy jks viHka z l jh rjQ >qdko vj ohj jl jS vuqdw y gqq o.k jh ckr tkfgj gq oSAbZ a okLrS vks dº;ks tk ldS gS ds l: es a fMaxy cksypky jh Hkklk bZ jS;h gqoS vj iNS fodflr gq;*j
lkfgfR;d Hkklk jks :i /kkj.k dj~;ks gq oSA fMaxy lcn jks iz;ksx dns Hkklk jS :i es a rks dns lSyh jS :<+ vFkZ es a gq orks jS;ks gSA fca;k pkj.k ft.k jktLFkkuh jS lkfgfR;d :i es a dfork djrk jS;k] ok
foX;ku jS fd.kh Bks l vk/kkj jS vHkko es a] fd.kh er uS eatw j uh dj~;ks tk ldSAvka lxy+ h ckrka jS ckotw n fMaxy jks v[kw V lkfgR; gSA MkW- esukfj;k fy[;ks gS ds fMaxy
lkfgR; es a jktLFkku jk lSd³w ojlk jk la Ldkj] tq>k: yksdthou vj bfr;klw ps ruk jks lka rjks :i nhlSA fMaxy lkfgR; es a bfr;kl lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h eksdy+h lkexzh gS vj e/;;qx jS bfr;kl ys[ku es a vk ?k.kh lgk;d gq; ldSA fMaxy jks lkfgR; x| vj i| nksuw a fo/kkoka esa feySA x| lkexz h esa [;kr]ckr] foxr vj ih<+ h&oa lkoyh feySA pfj=&uk;d jS :i es a fy[;ksM+ k xa zFkka es a jklks] izdkl] foykl]:id] opfudk vj Nank jS :i es a jP;ksM+ k xa zFkka es a uhlk.kh] >w y.kk] osyh] /keky] xhr vj nw gk bR;kn gS aA fMaxy es a QqVdj :i lw a dfork] nw gk] dfoŸk vj xhrka jks eksdy+ks HkaMkj gSA
fMaxy ew y :i lw a ohj jl iz/kku dkO; gS fca;k ohj jl jS vykok iz laxol nw tk jl Hkh vk;k gS aA fMaxy jS vyadkjka es a *o;.k lxkbZ* fMaxy jks pkoks vyadkj gS vj b.k jks tSM+ ks iz;ksx fMaxy es a feyS]
lqra rj Hkklk gS vj b.k jks uqoks vj tw uks v[kw V lkfgR; Hkh gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks vkijks lcn dks l]O;kdj.k vj uq oks lkfgR; Òh gSA vkt Hkh jktLFkkuh es a uq oks lkfgR; fy[;ks tk jS;ks gS] i=& if=dkokaHkh NiSA i.k jktLFkkuh jh la oS/kkfud ekU;rk es a dsbZ rjS jh ck/kkoka vk jS;h gSaA
loky vks gs S ds tn lafo/kku jh vkBoha lw ph es a ns l jh ef.kiq jh] dks ad.kh tSM+ h NksVh&NksVh Hkklkoka uS ekU;rk feyxh rks jktLFkkuh uS D;a w uh\ jktLFkkuh jS lanHkZ es a vsd:irk jks loky cscqfu;kn gSA gj Hkklk jh U;kjh&U;kjh cksfy;ka Hkh gq oSA jktLFkku jh Hkh ikap cksfy;ka gS a i.k iNS Hkh jktLFkkuh
jks vsd ekud l:i Hkh gS rks m.k jks folky lkfgR; HkhA jkT; ljdkj jh rjQ lw a *jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa la LØfr vdkneh* jh Fkjiuk] tks/kiqj fo’ofo/kky; es a ,e-,- Lrj rkabZ jktLFkkuh uS
fd.kh Hkh dky jS bfr;kl us S le>.kS lk: m.k dky jS ifjosl uS Hkh pks[kh rfj;ka le> ys o.kks pkbtS] D;w ads lkfgR; vki jS ifjos l jh mit gq oSA b.k okLrS tn vkika vkjEHk dky ekFkS fopkj djka rks t:jh gS ds m.k dky jh jktuhfrd] /kkjfed vj lkekftd fLFkfr;ka uS Hkh xSjkbZ lw a le> ys o.kh pkbtSA bfr;kl es a mYys[k gs S ds g"kZo)Zu vafre fgUnw lezkV gks vj m.k jS c[kr la w bZ ns l ekFkS ckjS lw a eq lyekuka jk geyk l: gq;X;k gk vj g"kZ o)Zu m.kka jks eqdkcyks dj.kS es a lQy Hkh gq;ksAg"kZ o)Zu jh fejrw jS iNS fnYyh jh lŸkk es a fc[kjko vk;X;ksA m.k c[kr ftdk Hkh fgUnw jktk lkaeh vk;k] oS tq) jh vkx es a yxkSyx tw >rk jS;kA vkBoha lrkCnh lw a ianjoha lrkCnh rkabZ Hkkjrh; bfr;kl
jktuhfrd nhB lw a mFkG & iqFkG vkØe.k] tq)] vO;oLFkk] jktkoka jh vkilh Qw V vj dy+g jks gks]ft.k jks izHkko bZa c[kr jS lkfgR; es a lkQ&lkQ y+[kkoS] b.k lw a ykxs S ds bZ a dky es a fd.kh vsd iz ozfr
jh iz/kkurk uh jS;hA1
jktuhfrd ifjos’k %& jktuhfrd ifjos’k %& jktuhfrd ifjos’k %& jktuhfrd ifjos’k %& jktuhfrd ifjos’k %& g"kZ o)Zu jh fejrw jS iNS mŸkjkns S Hkkjr es a izfrgkjka jS vsd folky vj lejFk lkezkT; jh uha o iM+ h i.k izfrgkjka jh lŸkk jS detks j gq orka bZ nw tk lkeUr vki&vki jS lq ra rj jkT; jh Fkjiuk es a ykxX;kA b.k lkeUrk es a pkSgkuka jks LFkku fljS gksA lkaHkj]tkyks j] ukxkS j] HkM+ kSp] ukMksy bR;kn vka jk [kkl lŸkk dsUnz gkA vka es a likny{k jk pkSgku bfr;kl esa vkijh lw johjrk vj lkezkT;oknh Hkkouk okLrS ?k.kk fo[;kr jS;kA i`Fohjkt pkSgku r` rh; ¼lu~1172 & 1192½ tn flagklu ekFkS fcjkT;k] m.k c[kr eqlyekuka jks nckc c<+ rks bZ x;ksA lu~ 1178bZ- es a eksgEen xkSjh jks Hkkjr ekFkS geyks gq;ks] oks fnYyh lw a xqtjrks gq;ks BsB xqtjkr rkabZ iw X;ks vj
m.k uS ls oV ijkLr gq o.kks iM~;ksA pkSgkuka uS fn[k.kknh vj vkFkw a.kh fnlk lw a pkyqD;ka jks Hkh dha Mj gksA nfD[k.k &iw jc esa m.k c[kr egksck jk pansy jktkoka jks jkt gksA lu~ 1182 esa i`Fohjkt pansykaekFkS vkØe.k dfj;ksA b.k tqx es a vkYgk&Åny uka o jk nks vSM+ k ijkØeh ohj tks/kk gk ftdk jktk ijeky jh enn djhA i`Fohjkt jklks* vj ^ijeky+ jklks* es a b.k tq) jks lka rjks mYys[k gSA
b.k c[kr es okM+ es a xqfgy oa l jks izHkko gksA vkBoha lrkCnh es a b.k oa l es a ijkdzeh 'kkld cIik jkoy gq;kA b.k oa l uS dnS fprks SM+ jk eks;Z] dUukSt jk izfrgkj] xqtjkr jk pkyqD;] ekyok jk ijekj
vj lkdEHkjh jk pkSgkuka js S vf/kdkj es a jS o.kks i³~;ksA ckjoha lnh jS vkf[kj es a tkyks j jks dhfrZiky es okM+ jk lkld lkeUr flag uS ijkLr djuS es okM+ ekFkS vkijks dCtks dj fy;ksA
j.kFkEHkkSj jS pkSgku jktkoka es a gEehjns o vafre lkld gksA *gEehj dkO;*gEehj dkO;*gEehj dkO;*gEehj dkO;*gEehj dkO;* vj *gEehj jklk gEehj jklk gEehj jklk gEehj jklk gEehj jklks*esa gEehj jh ohjrk vj ijkØe jks oj.ku gSA lu~ 1299 bZ- es a vykmÌhu f[kyth jks j.kFkEHkkS j ekFkSvkØe.k gq;ks vj j.kFkEHkkS j jh ?ks jkcanh djhA b.k tq) es a vykmÌhu lkFkS tq) djrk Fkdka gEehj
ohjxfr ikbZ vj jktiw r jkf.k;ka tkSgj dfj;ksA lu~ 1301 es a j.kFkEHkks j ekFkS vykmÌhu jks vf/kdkj gq;X;ksA vj b.k iNS oks fprkSM+ ekFkS geyks cksy fn;ks D;w ads vykmÌhu fprks SM+ jk jktk jrulsu jh
jk.kh in~feuh jS :i ekFkS eqX/k gksA ls oV jkuh in~feuh vkijh nw th jkf.k;ka jS lkFkS tkSgj dfj;ks vj
vykmÌhu uS fprkSM+ jS fdys es a fprk jh jk[k feyhA b.k iNS vykmÌhu vj tkyks j lkld dkUgM+ns jS tq)ka jks ltho oj.ku gSA
vBhuS es okM+ jS jkT; es a Hkh mFkG&iqFkG gq orh jS;hA iSyka fprkSM+ ekFkS vykmÌhu dks vf/kdkj gq;ks rks iNS gEehj Qs: fprkSM+ uS dCtS es a fy;ksA gEehj jS iNS m.k jks cM+ ks yM+dks Ns = flag jk.kk c.;ksANs = flag js S iNS egkjk.kk yk[kk jS csVS&iks rS jko pw aM+ k] j.key] dkUgk bR;kn jks es okM+ es a lklu jS;ksAdkUgk jh fejrw iNS ekjokM+ es a xÌh ys o.k okLrS ?kj es a gh tq) gq;ksA j.key uS es okM+ jh xÌh feyxhA
j.key jS tko.k jS iNS ekyok jS lqyrku gks’kax’kkg jks es okM+ jS xkxjks.k fdyS ekFkS vkØe.k gq;ksA b.k tq) es a fdyS jh fjPNk dj.koky+ k vpynkl [khaph ohjxfr ikbZA *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*
esa b.k tq) jks iw jks oj.ku feySAeksdy jS fu/ku iNS fprksSM+ ekFkS jk.kk dq aHkk ¼lu~ 1433 lw a 1468 rkabZ½ jks lklu jS;ks vj esokM+ jS fujek.k okLrS dq aHkk jks ;ksxnku lxGk lw a cŸkks jS;ks A
b.k jktuhfrd fLFkfr lw a eS lwl gq oS ds vks c[kr tq)ka jks gks vj yxkSyx tq) gq ork jS rkAb.k c[kr pkj.k dfo;ka ftdks dkO; fy[;ks oks c[kr jh t:jr eqtc ohjjl lw a Hkfj;ksM+ ks gksA
jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS vkjEHk dky es a ftdks lkfgR; feyS m.kuS uhpS fy[;ksM+ S eqtc ckaV~;ks tk lds S gS %&
1- tSu lkfgR;2- yks Sfdd lkfgR;3- pkj.k lkfgR;
1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh jS vkjEHk dky es a tSu lkfgR; jks ?k.kks egŸo gSA vkijs s S/kje jS izpkj&iz lkj okLrS tSu lk/kq ft.k rfj;ka izkØr vj viHkza l uS vi.kk;h] m.kht Hkka r vkxSpky*j jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS Hkh vkijks ek/;e Lohdkj~;ksA 12oha lnh jS mŸkjk/kS c[kr es a HkykabZNksVh&NksVh iksF;ka fy[khth gq oS i.k cS izpq j ek=k es a miyC/k gq o.k ykxhA folS vj lSyh jh fofo/krk
jh nzfLV lw a tSu lkfgR; l: lw a bZ egrkÅ fx.khtSA tSu lkfgR; jks eq[; nzfLVdks.k /kkjfed vj pfj=&fujek.k jks gksA b.k lkfgR; es a jl jh nzfLV lw a lkUr jl jh iz/kkurk jS;h gSA iz ks- ujksŸkenkl
Lokeh jS lcnka es a ds Soka rks tSu lkfgR; jh nwth fols lrk m.k jS x| jks vHkko y[kkoS i.k jktLFkku es a pkSnoha lnh lw a x| lkfgR; cjkscj feyS vj eksdGks feySA2 ts Su lkfgR; jh dFkkoka rks vkijh U;kjh fols lrk jk[kS aA vk dkO; Ñfr;ka jks eq[; m)s’; vke vkneh jS eu es a /kje jS izfr :>k.k iSnk dj.kksgksA vka jh Hkklk tu lk/kkj.k jh cksy&pky jh Hkklk ghA
¼2½ mRlo dkO; %&¼2½ mRlo dkO; %&¼2½ mRlo dkO; %&¼2½ mRlo dkO; %&¼2½ mRlo dkO; %& vka jks vk;kstu fd.kh fra okj ;k fols l vkSlj lw a tqfM+;ksM+ ks gqoSAb.k es a Qkxq] /keky] ckjgeklk] fookgyks] csfy] /koy] eaxy+ vkn uka o fnjhft;k gSaA
¼3½ uhfr dkO; %&¼3½ uhfr dkO; %&¼3½ uhfr dkO; %&¼3½ uhfr dkO; %&¼3½ uhfr dkO; %& vS dkO; eq[; :i lw a uhfr ;k mins l ns o.k lk: jP;ksM+ k gSA va k jS jpuk & izdkjka es a la okn] dDdk&ekr dk ckouh] dqyd] gh;kyh vkn gSA
¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %&¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %&¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %&¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %&¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %& b.k <ax jk dkO; rhjFkadjka] lk/kqiq jlka vj rhjFkLFkyka jh Lrqfr es afy[;ksM+ k gSA vS jpukoka NksVh&NksVh gS a vj Lrqfr] Lrou] Lrks =] lT>k;] churh] xhr] ueLdkj bR;kfn uka o lw a feySA
b.k lw a ykxS ds tSu dfo pfjr] Qkxq] jkl vkn lSfy;ka vj dkO; jS dsbZ :ika uS vi.kk;kA
Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kks j %& vk d`fr otz lsu lw fj jh fy[;ksM+ h gS vj b.k jks jpukdky la- 1125 gSA vk jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh lxGk lw a iq jk.kh jpuk gS ftdh ek: xw tZ j Hkklk esa jP;ksM+ h gSA48 Nank es a fy[;ksM+ h bZ a jpuk es a Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jS tq) jks oj.ku gS b.k es a ohj vj lkUr jl jksizHkkoh fp=.k feySA
Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %& vk jpuk otz lsu lw fj jk iÍ/kj lkfyHknz lw jh la or~ 1241 es afy[khA vks tSu lkfgR; jh jkl ijEijk jks iSyks xz aFk gSA b.k xz aFk es a Hkjrs’oj vj ckgqcfy jkspfj=&oj.ku gSA viHka zl Hkklk es a vka nksuw a pfj= &uk;dka uS ys;*j dsbZ dkO;&Ñfr;ka fy[;ksM+ h gSaAb.k jh dFkk b.k Hkka r gS ds Hkjrs’oj vj ckgqcfy v;ks/;koklh rhjFkadj fj[kcns o jk csVk gkA Hkjr
mej es a cM+ k gk b.k okLrS ckauS v;ks/;k jks vj ckgqcfy NksVk gk b.k okLrS ckauS r{kflyk jks jkt fn;ksA bZ xz aFk es a nksuw a ohjka jS ijkØe vj ohjrk jks izHkkoh oj.ku gSA ls oV fga lk vj ohjrk jS iNS m.k esa
fojfDr jks Hkko njlk.kks] bZ a dkO; dks ew y edln jS;ks gSA *Hkjr &ckgqcfy jkl Hkjr &ckgqcfy jkl Hkjr &ckgqcfy jkl Hkjr &ckgqcfy jkl Hkjr &ckgqcfy jkl* ns lh Nank vj jkx&jkxfu;k es a fy[;ksM+ ks [kaM dkO; gSA iz ks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh jS er es a lkfyHknz lw fj jktLFkkuh jk egrkÅ dfo gS aA3 dkO; es a ukVdh;rk] Vs<+ k&es<+ k dFku vj vuqiz kl jh lqUnj NVk gSA lsuk] gkFkh]?kksM+ k vj ls Sfudka jks [kw c p<+ k&c<+ k*j c[kku dfj;ksM+ ks gSA b.k dkO; jks vsd mnkgj.k b.k Hkka r gS %&
gS] cBS dsbZ txka xw<+ rk Hkh gS ft;ka egkurk lk: Li"V er cksyksAthon;k jkl %&thon;k jkl %&thon;k jkl %&thon;k jkl %&thon;k jkl %& vk jpuk tkyks j jk tSu dfo *vklxqvklxqvklxqvklxqvklxq* jh fy[;ksM+ h gSA b.k jks jpuk dky
la or~ 1257 gSA b.kes a dqy 53 Nan gSA feu[k es a n;k vj d:.kk Hkko mitko.kks] b.k dkO; jks eq[;edln gSA b.k Ñfr es a tSu rhjFkadjka jks Hkh dBS&dBS oj.ku feySA
jh csVh gSA vk ds oS ds vsdj dkSlEch jks jktk lrkuhd pEikuxjh ekFkS vkØe.k dfj;ks vj m.kjks lsukifr panuckyk jks vigj.k dj fy;ks vj iNs S m.kuS vsd lsB uS csp nhA lsB panuckyk us S iz rkfM+ r
djh i.k ok vkijS lrh&/kje ekFkS vfMx jS;hA lsoV Hkxoku egkohj lw a nh{kk ys;*j ekSs r ikbZAHkko&fp=.k jh nhB lw a vk Ñfr ekjfed vj d:.kk lw a vksriz ks r gSA
tEcw Lokeh jkl %&tEcw Lokeh jkl %&tEcw Lokeh jkl %&tEcw Lokeh jkl %&tEcw Lokeh jkl %& izLrq r jpuk egsUnz lw fj jS flL; /kje jh fy[;ksM+ h gS b.k jks jpuk dky la or~ 1266 ekuhtSA b.k es a fo[;kr tEcw Lokeh jh dFkk uS dfork es a cka/kh gSA dqy 41 i| gSA dFkk ekjfed vj mins l ns o.k okGh gSA
usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %& vS nksuw a jpukoka ikYg.k dfo jh jP;ksM+ h gSAusfeukFk ckjgeklk es a 16 i| gS vj vkcw jkl es a 51 i| gSA vka jpukoka jks jpukdky fo-la- 1289gSA tEcw Lokeh jkl jh Hkka r tSu dkO; es a usfeukFk vj jkterh jk izse&izlax ?k.kk pkok jS;k gS aAusfeukFk rsbloka rhjFkadj gk vj egkjktk leqnz fot; jk iq= gkA m.kka jks C;kc mxz lsu jh csVh
jkterh jS lkFkS r; gq;ks gksA dSoS gSa ds usfeukFk vkijS C;ko lw a is Syka cjkr jS Hkkstu lk: vsdBdfj;ksM+ k tkuojka jh d:.k iqdkj lq.kh rks m.kka jks fgjnkS ilht mB~;ks vj oS la lkj uS R;kx*j riL;k
lk: fxjukj pY;k x;kA iNS tnS jkterh uS b.k ?kVuk jks Bk i³~;ks rks ?k.kks nq%[k gq;ks vj usfeukFk jks vuq lj.k djrk Fkdka nhDlk ysyhA usfeukFk ckjgeklks* ek:&xqtZ j dfork jk iSyks ckjgeklks ekuhtSA*vkcw jkl *vkcw jkl *vkcw jkl *vkcw jkl *vkcw jkl* esa ea =h foey vj oLrqiky rstiky jk vkcw ijcr ekFkS c.kk;ksM+ k tSu efnjka
jks mYys[k gSA ’kakfrukFk nso jkl %&’kakfrukFk ns o jkl %&’kakfrukFk nso jkl %&’kakfrukFk ns o jkl %&’ka kfrukFk nso jkl %& y{ehukFk fryd fo-la- 1313 es a *’kkafrukFk nso jkl ’kkafrukFk nso jkl ’kkafrukFk nso jkl ’kkafrukFk nso jkl ’kkafrukFk ns o jkl* jh jpuk
djhA b.k jpuk es a tSu /kje jS lksyoS rhjFkadj 'kkafrukFk jS thou jh dFkk dghth gSA bfr;kl jh nzfLV lw a Hkh vk jpuk egrkÅ gS D;w ads b.k es a dsbZ bfr;kl jk rF; Hkh feys SA b.k es a vks rF; mtkxj gq;ks gs S fd ftuifr fo-la- 1201 esa [ksM+ xka o es a vj ftus’oj lwfj fo-la- 1256 esa tkykSj es a rhjFkadj 'kkafrukFk jh ew jrh FkjihA
js oa rfxfj jkl %& js oa rfxfj jkl %& js oa rfxfj jkl %& js oa rfxfj jkl %& jsoa rfxfj jkl %& vk fot;lsu lw fj jh fy[;ksM+h dkO; Ñrh gSA b.k jh jpuk la- 1231
jS vSM+ s &NsM+S gqbZA b.k es a rhjFkadj usfeukFk jh izfrek vj js oa rfxfj rhjFk jks oj.ku gSA b.k es a izØfr jks lqUnj fp=.k gSAtSu lkfgR; jh nw th jpukoka es a egkohj jkl ¼fo-la- 1307½ fou;pUnz jks usfeukFk pmibZ
izeq[k gSA nw tS dfo;ka es a jkt’ks[kj lw fj] egksik/;k; t;lkxj] nsoiky bR;kn mYys[ktksx gS aA b.k ckr lw a izxV gqoS ds jktLFkkuh jS vkjEHk dky es a lSdM+ks a tSu dfo vkijh jpukoka lw a jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS lefj) djhA
2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS vkjEHk es a yks Sfdd lkfgR; Hkh miyC/k gq oSA fca;k tSu xz aFk vj gsepUnz jS viHkz a l O;kdj.k es s a Hkh iz se] fl.kxkj] fojg] ohjrk bR;kn jk vys[kw anw gk feySA vka es a dha nw gk rks Qs j&cny jS lkFk vkt Hkh yksd es a pkok ekuhtSA ykSfdd dkO; es a ftdh dkO; jpukoka feyS] m.k jks ifjpS b.k Hkka r gS %&
chlynso jklks %&chlynso jklks %&chlynso jklks %&chlynso jklks %&chlyns o jklks %& chlynso jklks* ujifr ukYg dfo jks fo-la- 1212 es a jP;ksM+ ks dkO; gSAb.k xzaFk esa b.k jpuk jS dky jks mYys[k b.k eqtc gq;ks gS %&
ckjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh A
vk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAvk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAvk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAvk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAvk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAgalkoyh %&galkoyh %&galkoyh %&galkoyh %&ga lkoyh %& vlkbr dfo jks *ga lkoyh galkoyh ga lkoyh galkoyh ga lkoyh* uka o lw a vsd iz sedkO; feySA b.k jh jpuk fo-la-
1427 es a gq;ksM+ h gSA b.k dkO; es a pkSikbZ Nan jh iz/kkurk gS i.k fcPpS&fcPpS dBS nw gk Hkh feySA vk jpuk ljy vj ljl gSA
*glkaoyh*glkaoyh*glkaoyh*glkaoyh*glka oyh* jks jpukdkj vlkbr fl)iq j es a iSnk gq;ks vj oks tkfr lw a vksSfnP; cz kã.k gksA*galkoyh*galkoyh*galkoyh*galkoyh*ga lkoyh* dkO; jks vsd uew uks b.k Hkka r gS %&
fdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl Afdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl Afdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl Afdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl Afdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl A lf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AA lf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AA lf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AA lf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AA lf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AA
Hkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar AHkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar AHkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar AHkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar AHkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar Agalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AAgalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AAgalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AAgalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AAgalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AA
yks Sfdd dkO; jS eka; ftdh nw th dkO; dfr feyS] m.k es a vsd gS &J`axkj 'krd ^J` axkj 'krd ^J`axkj 'krd ^J` axkj 'krd ^J`axkj 'krd*A b.kes a105 Nan gS vj b.k jh jpuk la- 1354 es a gq;hA
la or~ 1409 es a Hkhe * ln~;oRl ohj izca/k ln~;oRl ohj izca/k ln~;oRl ohj izca/k ln~;oRl ohj izca/k ln~;oRl ohj izca/k* dkO; fy[;ksA b.k es a 730 Nan gS vj b.k jksvk[;ku jktLFkku] xqtjkr vj vklS&iklS jS bykdS es a ?k.kks izpfyr gS A
lk;n b.kh c[kr es a fy[;ksM+ h gSaA3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %& pkj.k lkfgR; lw a eryc pkj.k lSyh es a fy[;ksM+ S lkfgR; lw a
gSA vks dkO; pkj.k tkfr jk dfo;ka jS vykok cz kã.k] jktiw r] <k<h] <ksyh] jko] ls od bR;kn tkfr jk dfo;ka jks fy[;ksM+ ks gSA pkj.k tkfr jh vk fols lrk gh ds ok dfork Hkh fy[kh rks c[kr vk;ka
tq)Hkw fe es a Hkh vkijh lw johjrk jks ifjpS Hkh fn;ksA jktLFkku es a pkj.k tkfr jks jktiw r dkSe lw a xk<+ ks lEcU/k jº;ks gS vS yksx jktiw rka jS jktnjckj es a jS;*j tBS m.kka uS fcM+nkork] cBS oka jh dhjr vj
rjoj os l igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AA rjoj os l igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AA rjoj os l igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AA rjoj os l igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AA rjoj osl igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AA
ikSjkf.kd dkO; Hkh fy[;kA * j.keYy Nan j.keYy Nan j.keYy Nan j.keYy Nan j.keYy Nan* jS vykok Jh/kj O;kl jh nw th dkO; Ñfr;ka es a * lIrlrh lIrlrh lIrlrh lIrlrh lIrlrh jk Nan jk Nan jk Nan jk Nan jk Nan* ¼120 Nan½] *dfoŸk Hkkxor dfoŸk Hkkxor dfoŸk Hkkxor dfoŸk Hkkxor dfoŸk Hkkxor* ¼127 Nan½ bR;kn gSA
rsx cgs Hkwrka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S A rsx cgs Hkwrka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S A rsx cgs Hkwrka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S A rsx cgs Hkwrka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S A rsx cgs Hkw rka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S Abfr;kl jh nzfLV lw a vks dkO; ?k.kks egrkÅ gS D;w ads b.k es a jkBkSM+ ka vj tksb;k jS ckjS esa
?k.kdjk bfr;klw rF; gS ftadk bfr;kl ys[ku jS eryc lw a i<+.ktksx gSA ohjek;.k ohjek;.k ohjek;.k ohjek;.k ohjek;.k es a b.k dkO; jS uk;d jks ;FkkjFkdkjh oj.ku feySA Hkklk es a iz okg vj lthork vSM+ h gS ds Hkks r de jpukoka es a feySA
dfo flonkl xkM.k b.k tq) uS vkijh vka[;k lw a ns[;ks gks b.k okLrs S tq) oj.ku es a lthork vj ;FkkjFkrk gSA vk opfudk pkj.k lkfgR; jh egrkÅ d`fr;ka js S eka; vsd fx.khtSA opfudk jksx| ?k.kks lka rjks gSA ckr lSyh jks lSt iz okg vj vkst gS elyu fta;k &
vsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Aegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+ S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw /k ekafg lkdj iM+ S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+ S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw /k ekafg lkdj iM+ S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw /k ekafg lkdj iM+ S A lksuks vj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lq okl vsd vpy dFkSflonklw Aflonklw Aflonklw Aflonklw Aflonklw A
b.kh rjS tk[kk ef.kgkj jh vsd jpuk *gfjpan iq jk.k gfjpan iq jk.k gfjpan iq jk.k gfjpan iq jk.k gfjpan iqjk.k* ¼fo-la- 1453½ Hkh pkj.k lkfgR; jh pks[kh jpuk gSA
vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %&vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %&vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %&vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %&vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS bfr;kl jks vks c[kr lkfgfR;d nhB lw a egrkÅ ekuhtSA b.k dky jS lkfgR; ekFkS fopkj djka rks Bk iM+ S ds b.k esa pkj.k lSyh] ykSfdd lSyh vj tSu lSyh es a lkfgR; fy[;ks x;ksA tSu lSyh jS lkfgR; es a fofo/krk vj izpq jrk
gSA jktLFkkuh jS vkjEHk dky jks egrkÅ lkfgR; tSu lkfgR; gSA b.k lw a vks Bk iM+ S ds tSu dfo tBS lkfgR; jks fujek.k djrk jS;k cBS oS nw tka jh fy[kh jpukoka uS s Hkh va os jrk jS;kA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ns[kHkkG vj fjPNk rkabZ tSu fo}kuka jk iz;kl fuLpS bZ mYys[ktksx ekU;k tkoSykA iz ks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh fy[;ks gS ds tSu fo}ku lkfgR; jh jpuk bZ uh djh] oS lkfgR; uS laHkky*j jk[;ksA ts tSu
fo}ku lkfgR; jh laHkky uh djrk rks iqjk.kS c[kr jks lkfgR; vkt vkika uS uh feyrksA tSu dfo;ka jS vykok nw tS yksxka jk fy[;ksM+ k lSad³~ k xzaFk vkt tSu Hk.Mkjk es a lqHkkfod :i la w fey tkoSA12 ts
jpukoka es a viHkz a l Hkklk jks izHkko Hkh nhlS A i.k bZ a;k ykxS ds vkjEHk dky esa jktLFkkuh /khjS&/khjS lkfgR; fljt.k jks ek/;e c.kht.k ykxh vj iNS ok vkxS pky*j xqtjkrh lw a vyx gq;xhA Hkklk jh nhB lw a jktLFkkuh jk dsbZ :i fodflr gq; jS;k gkA pkj.kh lkfgR; esa m.k jks lkfgfR;d :i
fMaxy jS :i es a rks tSu lkfgR; es a jktLFkkuh jks ykSfdd :i lh/kS&ljy :i es a yksxka jS lkaeh vko.k ykX;ks gksA
folS vj flYi jh nhB lw a jktLFkku jks vkjEHk dky ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA bZ a dky jS lkfgR; es a b.k dky jS lkfgR; jh ijEijkoka jks :i Hkh vkijS ew yHkko lkFkS nh[k.k ykX;ksA tSu lkfgR; es a /kkjfed Hkkouk vj pfjr uk;dka jS iz s j.kknk;h vk[;kuka jS ek/;e lw a pfj= fujek.k ekFkS tks j fn;ks x;ksA ba;k gh pkj.kh lkfgR; es a ohj jl rks ykSfdd lkfgR; es a fla.kxk: Hkkouk jks lqHkkfod fp=.k feySA b.k dky jS lkfgR; es a lkUr] ohj vj fl.kxkj jl jh iz/kkurk jS;h vj b.k okLrS ftdk folS fy;k x;k]
oka jk Ns = Hkh vka jlka lw a tqfM+;ksM+ k gS vBS vsdkuh tq) Hkkse lw a Hkkx*j eksDl jh Hkkouk gS rks nw tS dkauh tq)Hkw fe es a tq) jh iqdkj vj yydkj gSA iz se vj fl.kxkj Hkkouk jks lkapks vj eks o.kks :i b.k dky
jh dkO; jpukuka jh la osnuk gSA b.k okLrS vkjEHk dky jk dkO; jks ew y vk/kkj /kje] isze] fl.kxkj vj ohj Hkkouk jS;h A
flYi jh nhB lw a ns[kk rks b.k c[kr jS lkfgR; es a fofo/krk gSA tSu dfo vkijS fljt.k es a dkO;
vknlZ uS * jkl* jkl* jkl* jkl* jkl* jS ek/;e lw a iz Lrqfr nhA ykSfdd dkO;ka esa chlyns o tSM+ h jpuk Hkh vkbZ rks b.k folS lw a gV*j nw tS fol;ka ek;S bZ dkO; fy[khT;kA b.k dky jS lkfgR; es a izØfr jk dsbZ :i fn[kkbZ ns oSA
tSu dkO; esa dkO; :ika jh fofo/krk gS fta;k jkl] pkSibZ] <ky] iokM+ k] laf/k] ppZ jh iz okn] pfj=]vk[;ku bR;knA * opfudk* opfudk* opfudk* opfudk* opfudk* pkj.k lkfgR; jh vsd uq a oh fo/kk gh ft.k esa x| vj i| nksuw a feY;ksM+ k gkA * opfudk* opfudk* opfudk* opfudk* opfudk* jks vkxS pky*j vSM+ ks izHkko i³~;ks ds e/;dky es a dsbZ opfudkoka fy[khthA
Nan jh nhB lw a Hkh b.k dky jS lkfgR; es a fofo/krk jS;hA nw gk] NIi;] rksVd] rksej] pkSibZ
vkn Nank jks iz;ksx pkj.kh lkfgR; es a [kwc gq;ksA *nwgks*nwgks*nwgks*nwgks*nwgks* rks vkjEHk lw a gh jktLFkkuh jks pkoks Nan jS;ksgSA *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* vSM+ ks bZ dkO; gS ft.k jS eka; x| vj i| jks feflz r :i gSAb.k dky es a dFkk&oj.ku jh vkijh futw lSyh gSA opfudk opfudk opfudk opfudk opfudk uS pEiw dkO; jh laX;k nh tk lds S gSA opfudk opfudk opfudk opfudk opfudk NksVh gqorka Fkdka Hkh vkjEHk dky jh vsd fols l mYys[ktksx Ñrh gSA b.k lw a vk ckr Hkh izdV gqoS ds jktLFkkuh es a x| jks mn~Hko 14oha lnh jS e/; es a gq;ksA
lSyh ekFkS fopkj djka rks Bk iM+ S ds tSu dfo;ka jh yksdxhrka jh rjt ekFkS fy[;ksM+ h jpukokaHkh feySA l: es a yksdxhr jh iSyh vksGh ns nh vj iNS m.kh otu ij dkO;&jpuk djhA vSfrgkfld nhB lw a vka yksdxhr ijd jpukoka jks ?k.kks egŸo gSA tSu dfo yksd izpfyr vj ijEijkxr dFkkokauS vkijh jpukoka es a b.k <ax lw a BkSM+ nh ds cS vkt yksd lkfgR; jh /kjksgj ekuhtSA tSu dkO; esadBS&dBS dkO;&:f<+;ka jks iz;ksx Hkh feySA
b.k nzfLV lw a ns[kka rks fuLpS bZ vkjEHk dky jks ;ksxnku ?k.kks egrkÅ gS & dF; vj flYi jS ifjis[k esaA vkjEHk dky jh fols lrkoka es a /kje Hkkouk jks lkfRod :i] is ze jh mnkŸkrk] x| jks mn~Hko] ohj jl iz/kku vkstLoh dfork] tq)ka jks ltho fp=.k bR;kn gS aA vkjEHk dky jh dha jpukoka rks Hkko&Hkklk jh nhB lw a Hkh iz kS<+ vj izs j.kknk;h gSaA
lkfgR; jS lEcU/k es a vks vsd egrkÅ dFk.k gS ds lkfgR; vkijS ifjos l lw a mitS vj ifjos l uS bZ izxVSA jktLFkkuh jks jpukdkj vkijh ft.k fLFkfr;ka lw a tqfM+;ksM+ ks gks] m.kka jh bZekunkj vfHkO;fDr
oks vkijS lkfgR; es a djrks jS;ksA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS e/;dky ekFkS fopkj djka rks vkika uS b.k c[kr jS jktuhrw vj /kkjfed ifjos l uS ns[k.kks ?k.kks ykteh gSA
jktuhfrd ifjos l %& jktuhfrd ifjos l %& jktuhfrd ifjos l %& jktuhfrd ifjos l %& jktuhfrd ifjos l %& e/;dky es a jktLFkku jS bfr;kl ekFkS fopkj djka rks iz rhr gq oSds pkSgkuka jS iru jS iNS jktLFkku es a dh uq oka lkldka jkS mnS] fnYyh es a eq lyekuka jS lkez kT; jh Fkjiuk]
oka jk vR;kpkj vj vukpkj] vaxs ztka jks lklu vj m.kka jh Hkh f[kykQr djrk yksx&vS dha cnyko okyh fLFkfr;ka gh ft.k jks e/;dky es a ?k.kks egŸo gksA
jktLFkku es a jktiw r yEcS leS rkabZ eq lyekuka lw a yM+ rk jS;k i.k vkilh Qw V jS dkj.k] m.kjkseqdkcyks uh dj lD;k vj NsyS m.kka us S gkj.kks i³~;ksA es okM+ es a dq aHkk jS iNS mn;flag es okM+ jh jktxÌh ekFkS fcjkT;kA m.k c[kr es okM+ h lkeUrka es a Qw V ghA bZMj lw a jk;ey fprkSM+ ekFkS vkdze.k dfj;ks vj esokM+ jks jktk c.k cSB~;ksA jk;ey jh fejrw iNS egkjk.kk lkaxk ¼lu~ 1509½ flagklu ekFkS fcjkT;kAbfr;kldkjka jks fy[k.kks gS ds lksyoha lnh jS vkjEHk es a mrjknS Hkkjr jh fLFkfr ?k.kh uktqd ghA fnYyh es a fldanj yksnh jks lklu gksA m.k jh fejrw jS iNS bcz kghe yksnh lqyrku c.;ks vj oks fprkSM+ jS geySesa jk.kk lkaxk jS gkFk lw a ekj~;ks s x;ksA b.kh Hkka r xqtjkr vj es okM+ jS fcPpsS cjkcj ruko c<+rks jS;ksA
m.k c[kr ekjokM+ jk jkBkSM+] vkes j jk dNkok vj gkM+ kS rh jk pkSgku vki&vkijh rkdr uS c<+ k;rk jS;k vj vkijS jkT; jks foLrkj dfj;ksA lu~ 1508 es a jko xkaxk ekjokM+ jS flagklu ekFkS fcjkT;k vj vkijS
jkT;&foLrkj jh ;kstukoka c.kk;hA lu~ 1520 es a i`Fohjkt vkes j jk jktk c.;k vj oS Hkh vkijS jkt uS c<+ ko.k lk: dks lhl es a ykX;kA vBhuS jk.kk lkaxk vj ckcj jS fcPpS [kkuok es a tq) gq;ks ft.kes a jk.kk
lxrh jks mnS gq;ks vj /khjS&/khjS jktLFkku es a ejkBk lxrh jks vf/kdkj terks x;ksA jktiw r jktkoka jh gkyr m.k c[kr pks[kh uh ghA cS jkx&jax es a Mw c;ksM+ k gkA b.k okLrS vkil es a yM+ rk&>xM+ rkA Hkkjr
jS eka; m.k leS vaxs ztka jh lxrh jks fodkl gks; jS;ks gksA b.k okLrS ejkBk lxrh uS ncko.k lk: vaxs ztka lw a enn ys o.k jks vkxzg tks/kiq j]] t;iq j] dksVk jk lkld dfj;ks] b.k jks urhtks vks gq;ks ds vaxs ztka js S
ennxkj gks o.k lw a jktiw r jktkoka jh lq ra rjrk [kRe gq;xh vj vkjfFkd nzfLV lw a Hkh detks jh vk;xh ft.k lw a lkeUrk jh Hkh f[kykQr gq o.k ykxhA lu~ 1818 es a jktLFkku jh lxGh fj;klrka vaxs ztka
jh v/khurk Lohdkj djyh ft.k jh izfrfdz;k lu~ 1857 jks xnj gksA b.k rjS e/;dky jh jktuhrw fLFkfr;ka lw a lkQ ykxS ds lekt es a tq)] vO;oLFkk]vjktdrk vj vkdze.k jh fLFkfr ghA eqxyka jks iru] vaxs ztka jS f[kykQ cxkor jks Hkko iSnk gq o.kks iz/kku fLFkfr;ka ghA lkekftd ifjos l es a vlkfUr rks vkjfFkd Ns = es a detks jh ghA lekt
m.k c[kr dsbZ rjS jh :f<+;ka lw a tdfM+;ksM+ ks gksAe/;dky jh [ k kl i zo z fr;k a %&e/;dky jh [ k kl i zo z fr;k a %&e/;dky jh [ k kl i zo z fr;k a %&e/;dky jh [ k kl i zo z fr;k a %&e/;dky jh [ k kl i zo z fr;k a %& e/;dky j h jpuk Redrk
ckcr fopkj djka rks Bk iM+ S ds m.k c[kr dkO;&folS] dkO; :i vj dkO;&lSfy;ka jh fofo/krk ghAb.k dky es a tSu lkfgR;] yks Sfdd lkfgR; vj pkj.k lkfgR; es a vys[kw a jpukdkj gq;kA b.kh rjSvk[;ku dkO; vj la r&dkO; jks fujek.k Hkh gq;ksA pkj.k lkfgR; es a ohj] fl.kxkj vj HkfDr Hkkouk
l w a t q fM +; k sM + k s lk fg R; fy[k hT;k s r k s l ar ijEij k e s a / k kj fed ln ~ H k ko
vj ijekRek jS fujxq.k vj lxq.k :i uS ys;*j dkO; jh jpuk gq;hA viHkza l dky jh dsbZ fols lrkokae/;dky jh lkfgR; ps ruk es a Hkh vk;hA jktLFkku es a ukFk lEiznk; jks izHkko rks l:iks r lw a bZ jS;ks gSAe/;dky jS la r lkfgR; es a dsbZ vSM+ k iaFk nhlS ft.kka jh Hkxrh&i)fr ekFkS ukFk lEiznk; jks ijks[k izHkko y[kkoSA eq lyekuka jS izHkko l:i yksxka es a iw tk&vjpuk jks Hkko dha ?k.kks c<~;ksA
e/;dky es a ftdk vk[;ku fy[;k m.kka jks mns l yksdtho.k jh yksd ps ruk vj lka LØfrd
Hkkouk uS etcw r dj.kh ghA vks bZ dkj.k gS ds vka vk[;kuka es a ftdk ?kVuk&ijlax fy;k x;k] cScksypky jh lk/kkj.k Hkklk esa fy[khT;kA vka jpukoka jks yksd:fp jh nhB lw a ?k.kks egŸo gs SA
iUnzgoha lnh es a jktLFkkuh xqtjkrh lw a vyx gq; tkoSA b.k okLrS bZ a dky esa jktLFkkuh jks lkfgfR;d :i Hkh gks rks cksypky jh Hkklk jks HkhA b.k dky es a dkO; :i vj lSfy;ka jS vykok ftdh
folSxr fofo/krk gh] m.k jS vk/kkj ekFkS e/;dky uS ts lq oj.k ;qx dº;ks tk; rks dksbZ vfrjatuk uh gqo SyhA ohj] fl.kxkj vj Hkxrh jh ÅapS njtS jh jpukok a jh yw aBh ijEijk e/;dky es a jS;h] ftdh xjctksx gSA
iz ozfr;ka jS ekFkS e/;dky jS lkfgR; uS b.k eqtc foHkkftr dj~;ks tk lds S %& 1- pkj.k dkO;2- vk[;ku dkO;3- la r dkO;4- ykSfdd dkO;5- tSu dkO;
mFkG&iqFkG] vO;oLFkk] tq) bR;kn jks gksA iSyka jktiw r vj eqxyka es a tq)] eqxyka jS iru iNS vaxz sth lklu jks foLrkj vj dha cjlka iNS vaxz stka jh f[kykQr es a xw atrk cxkor jk lq jA bZ a jktuhfrd fLFkfr jS dkj.k b.k dky es a ftdks lkfgR; fy[;ks x;ks m.k es a ns l] /kje vj la LØfr jh fjPNk lk: tw >.kokGk
jS jpukdkj ckcr dksbZ iq[rk tk.kdkjh uhAckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %& b.k jks tye fo-la- 1563 jS vklS&iklS gq;ksA vS jko ekynso jk fols l fdjikik= gkA [;kruka o HkDr dfo bZ ljnkl b.kka jk Hkrhtk gkA vka jh dqy 7 jpukoka ns[k.kS es a vkoSft.kk es a *mekns HkfV;k.kh jk dfoŸk* vj *ck?kth jk nwgk* ?k.kk pkok gS aA mekns HkfV;k.kh bfr;kl esa:Bh jk.kh jS uka o lw a fo[;kr gSA dSoSa ds mekns jks C;ko tks/kiq j jk jko ekyns o jS lkFkS gq;ks meknsC;ko jh iSyh jkr bZ ekyns o lw a ukjkt gq;xhA D;w ads mekns ekyns o uS m.k jh nklh Hkkjeyh lw a is ze djrka ns[k fy;ksA b.k okLrS ok ekyns o lw a :lxh vj rk ftnaxh :Bh jS;hA Hkkjeyh iNS dksVM+ k
jk Lokeh ck?kth jS lkFkS jS o.k ykxxhA ckjB vklk jh nksuw a jpukoka mekns vj ck?kth lw a lEcfU/kr gSA *ck?kth jk nw gk* d:.k jl lw a vSM+ k Hkjiwj gSa ds m.kk uS lq.k*j fd.kh Hkh lfgjnS O;fDr uS jks o.kksvkT;koSA vS lks jBk ck?kth jh fejrw jS iNS fy[;k x;k gS a vka uS jktLFkkuh es a fiNksyk ¼ejfl;k½ dº;k
nw nk vkfl;k %&nw nk vkfl;k %&nw nk vkfl;k %&nw nk vkfl;k %&nwnk vkfl;k %& vS jko lqjrk.k jk fdjikik= gkA vka jh dha QqVdj jpukoka feyS ftdk es a ohj dYyk ekFkS fy[;ksM+ k dq aMfy;k ?k.kk pkok gq;k gS a vka jh la[;k 7 gSA
lk an w e kyk %& lk an w e kyk %& lk an w e kyk %& lk an w e kyk %& lk an w e kyk %& lk an w e kyk dfo chdku sj j k j ktk j k;fl ag j k ledkyhu gkA jk;flag vka uS iqjLdkj Hkh fn;kA lkanw ekyk ckn’kkg vdcj] egkjk.kk izrki vj
jk;flag jS ijkØe jh dFkk rhu vyx&vyx jpukoka ea s djh gSA lkanw *>w y.kk*>w y.kk*>w y.kk*>w y.kk*>wy.kk* Nan jk fols l dfo ekuhtSA vka jh dha jpukoka uhpS fy[kh eqtc gS a %&1- >w y.kk egkjkt jk;fla?k th jk 2- >w y.kk nhoka.k Jh iz rkifla?k th jk 3- >w y.kk vdcj ikrlkg th jk nw jlk vk<+ k %&nw jlk vk<+ k %&nw jlk vk<+ k %&nw jlk vk<+ k %&nw jlk vk<+ k %& e/;dky jk [;kruka o vj pkok dfo;ka es a nq jlk vk<+ k jks uka o fljSA Jh
'kadjnku tsBk HkkbZ jS er es s a vka jks tye fo-la- 1595 es a xka o tS rkj.k es a gq;ks vj cBS bZ fo-la- 1708 es a lq jxokl HkhA ba;k dº;ks tkoS ds nq jlk vk<+ k tn NksVk gk] m.k c[kr gh vka jS firkth jks nsgkUr gq;xks rks cxM+ h jk Bkdq j iz rki flag vka jks ikyu&iks l.k dj~;ksA nq jlk jk fnYyh jk cknlkg vdcj lw a pks[kk lEcU/k gk vj njckj es a Hkh pks[kh izfrLBkA nq jlk fgUnw /kje vj fgUnw la LØfr jk ?k.kk mikld gkA bZ a
okLrS fgUnq oka jh xjhc gkyr uS ns[k*j vdcj jh dw Vuhfr ekFkS O;ax djrkA vka jh jpukoka es a es okM+ jS jk.kk iz rki] jko pUnz lsu vj jko lq jrk.k jS ns lis ze jh Hkkoukoka uS vkstLoh lq j es a iz Lrq r djh gSAnq jlk vk<+ k jh izeq[k jpukoka es a *fo#n fNgrjh fo#n fNgrjh fo#n fNgrjh fo#n fNgrjh fo#n fNgrjh*] *fdjrkj ckouh fdjrkj ckouh fdjrkj ckouh fdjrkj ckouh fdjrkj ckouh* bR;kn izeq[k gS aA nq jlk
vk<+ k jh dha 125 NksVh&cM+ h dfr;ka] fMaxy vj QqVdj i| feySA vka es a *fo#n fNgrjh*fo#n fNgrjh*fo#n fNgrjh*fo#n fNgrjh*fo#n fNgrjh* ?k.kh pfpZ r jS;h gSA izca/k jpukoka >w y.kk es a * jko vejflag xtfla?kksr jk* jko vejflag xtfla?kksr jk* jko vejflag xtfla?kksr jk* jko vejflag xtfla?kksr jk* jko vejflag xtfla?kks r jk* nqjlk vk<+ k jh mŸke jpuk gSA b.k jks vsd mnkgj.k b.k Hkka r gS%&
b.k jS eka; ØL.k vj :de.kh lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h dFkk gSAÑikjke f[kfM+;k %&Ñikjke f[kfM+;k %&Ñikjke f[kfM+;k %&Ñikjke f[kfM+;k %&Ñikjke f[kfM+;k %& vS f[kfM+;k 'kk[kk jk pkj.k dfo gkA vka jks tye tks/kiq j Ns = es a
[kjkM+ h xka o es a gq;ksA vS iNS lhdj jk jkojktk ns ohflag duS vk;X;k vj jkojktk y{e.kflag jS c[kr rkabZ cBS jS;kA vka uS jkojktk jh rjQ lw a tkxhj es a xka o Hkh fn;ks ftdks Ñikjke th jh <+ k.kh jS uka o lw a tk.khtSA jktLFkkuh uhfr lkfgR; es a Ñikjke f[kfM+;k jks uka o fljS fx.khtSA vka jk uhfr lEcU/kh lksjBk
*jkft;k ds lksjBs* uka o lw a ?k.kk pkok gS vj oS vkt t.kS&t.kS jS daBk es a yksd tho.k jks fgLlks c.k*j lq.khtrk js S os SA Ñikjke jktLFkkuh uhfr lEcU/kh dkO; es a lEcks/ku lSyh jk iSyk jpukdkj gS aA vka jks jktLFkkuh uhfr dkO; es a ekSfyd vj vuw Bks ;ksxnku gS aA lks jBk jh ckuxh ns[kks &
lDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AA lDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AA lDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AA lDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AA lDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AA
jkft;k dikjke jks ls od gks m.kuS lEcks/ku ns;*j Ñikjke vkijS ls od uS vej dj fn;ksAvkt ?k.kdjk yksx vk ekus S ds vS lksjBk jkft;k jk fy[;ksM+ k gS aA
vksik vk<+ k %&vksik vk<+ k %&vksik vk<+ k %&vksik vk<+ k %&vksik vk<+k %& vS e/;;qx jk Nsyk Hkxr dfo gs S aA vka jks jpukdky fo-la- 1860 lw a 1890 jS fcPpS ekU;ks tkoSA vka jk fy[;ksM+ k QqVdj xhr bZ feySA vka xhrka esa ljyrk vj ekjfedrk gSA
dSlksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %&dS lksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %&dSlksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %&dS lksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %&dSlksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %& vka jk P;kj vk[;ku feyS & *dFkkHkha o nqlkl.kh*] *dFkk lq jxk jksg.kh*] *dFkk cglks ouh* vj *izgykn pfjr*A vka es a *izgykn pfjr* lxGk lw a ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA
b.k es a dqy 696 Nan gS ft.k es a okRlY; vj d:.k Hkkoka jks ekjfed fp=.k gq;ks gSAb.k ;qx jk nw tk vk[;kuka esa lq jtuth jfpr *dFkk mlk iq jk.k* vj *izgykn iqjk.k*] :Lre
3- lar dkO; %&3- la r dkO; %&3- lar dkO; %&3- la r dkO; %&3- la r dkO; %& jktLFkkuh yksd thou es a lnk lw a bZ la rk jh ekurk vj m.kka jks izHkko jS;ks gSA vka la rk jks /kkjfed okrkoj.k c.kko.kS esa [kklk ;ksxnku gSA vka la rk jS dkj.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; es a lka rjh c<+ ks rjh gq;h gSA vS lar uh rks ?k.kk i<~;k fy[;k gk vj uh vka es a dkO; fljt.k jh dksbZ tkx:rk bZ gh A D;w ads vka jks mns l rks lh/kS ljy <ax lw a vkijh ckr jks izpkj dj.kks gks A
vks bZ dkj.k gS ds vka jS dkO; es a dykRedŸkk jks vHkko gSA vka la r dfo;ka uS nks Hkkxka es a ckaV~;k tk ldS %&
1- lEiznk; fols l okGk dfo 2- lEiznk; lw a vyk;nk jSo.k okGk dfo vka es a [kkl lEiznk;ka jks ifjpS b.k eqtc gS %&ukFk lEiznk; %&ukFk lEiznk; %&ukFk lEiznk; %&ukFk lEiznk; %&ukFk lEiznk; %& bZa lEiznk; jk izorZd xq: xks j[kukFk ¼11oha lrkCnh jS vklS&iklS½ gkA
vka jh ijEijk es a ukS ukFk vj ckjk iaFk iz/kku jS;k gS aA jktLFkku jS tu&tho.k vj lkfgR; ekFkS ukFk iaFk jks eksVks izHkko gSA fizFkhukFk e/;;qx ¼17oh- lrkCnh½ jk ukeh la r gq;k ftdka jh 29 jpukoka feySAtks/kiq j jk egkjktk ekuflag ukFkka jk Hkxr gkA cukukFk] uoyukFk vj mŸkeukFk b.k lEiznk; jk
ekuhrk dfo gq;k gS aA la r cukukFk jh *vuqHko izdkl* vj *ijokuk* nks egrkÅ Ñfr;ka gSaAfo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %&fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %&fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %&fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %&fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %& b.k lEiznk; jk iz orZd tkEHkks th ¼fo-la- 1508&1593½ gkA vks lEiznk; fujxq.k uS ekuSA b.k lEiznk; jS la rk jh ftdh ok.kh feyS m.k jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh gSA lEiznk;
fopkj njl.k esa vks lEiznk; fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; lw a feyrks&tqyrks gSA b.k lEiznk; es a djenkl]nsoksth] ykyukFk] pks[kukFk bR;kn izfl) dfo gq;k gS a vka jh jpukoka jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa feySA
fujatuh lEiznk; %&fujatuh lEiznk; %&fujatuh lEiznk; %&fujatuh lEiznk; %&fujatuh lEiznk; %& vks iaFk gfjnkl egkjkt lwa pkY;ksM+ ks gsSA bZ a jk vuq;k;h fujatu fujkdkj jh vkjk/kuk djsA b.k es a dha rks x`gLFk Hkh gS a rks dh fugaxA b.k lEiznk; ekFkS vkxS pky*j
lxq.k Hkxrh jks izHkko Hkh i³~;ksA MhMokuk jS usM+ S fujatuh lEiznk; jks iz/kku dsUnz gSA gfjnkl th egkjkt jh ok.kh esa jktLFkkuh jS lkFkS&lkFkS cztHkklk jk lcn Hkh feySA b.k lEiznk; es a dh vSM+ k
la r Hkh gq;k gS a ftdk jktLFkkuh es a Hkxrhijd jpukoka Hkh fy[kh gSaAnknw iaFk %&nknw iaFk %&nknw iaFk %&nknw iaFk %&nknw iaFk %& b.k iaFk jk iz orZd la r nknw n;ky gkA vka jS thou ckjS esa ftdk rF; feyS]
oka es a FkksM+ ks erHksn gS i.k vks fuLpS bZ dº;ks tk ldS gS ds vka jh riL;k jks Ns = jktLFkku bZ jS;ksvj vS lxGh txka je.k&Hkze.k djrk jS;kA NsyS vS ujs.kk ¼Qqys jk jS du½S jS o.kS ykX;k vj cBS bZczãyhu gq;kA bZa okLrS ujs.kk nknw iaFkh lk/kqvks a jh iz/kku xÌh gs SA nknw iaFkh Hkh vkxS pky*j ikap
lk[kkoka esa caVX;k & 1- ykylk 2- ukxk 3- mŸkjknh 4- fojä vj 5- [kkdhA nknw jh dfork jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh gSA nknw iaFk jk nw tk dfo;ka es a c[kukth] jTtcth] lqUnjnkl th ¼NksVk½] la rnkl ckjg
gtkjh] Hkh[ku th] okftan bR;kn izeq[k gS aA vka la rk jh jpukoka jktLFkkuh Hkklk es a fy[;ksM+h feySAHkklk esa dBS&dBS jktLFkkuh es a czt vj [kM+ h cksyh jks felz.k Hkh nhlSA
ykynklh lEiznk; %&ykynklh lEiznk; %&ykynklh lEiznk; %&ykynklh lEiznk; %&ykynklh lEiznk; %& ykynklh lEiznk; ;k ykyiaFk jk iz orZd ykynkl gkA vka jkstye vyoj jS usM+ S /kksyhnw i es a vsd eso ifjokj es a gq;ksA vka jS mins lk esa Hkxoku jh Hkxrh vj m.kkaflej.k&dhjru lw a dek*j [kk.kks gSA vka jh jpukoka es a 125 nksgk vj 60 in gS aA bZa lEiznk; jS nw ts Sdfo;ka esa gfjnkl] Ma w xjth lk/k] iz k.kh lk/k] Hkh[kuth lk/k bR;kn gS aA
pj.knklh iaFk %&pj.knklh iaFk %&pj.knklh iaFk %&pj.knklh iaFk %&pj.knklh iaFk %& bZ a jk iz orZd pj.knkl gS a vks iaFk dchj iaFk lw a feyrks&tqyrks gSAb.k iaFk es a xq:&pj.kka jks vkljks lxGk lw a Åapks lk/ku gSA pj.knkl lxq.k jks fojks/k djrk
Hkklk es a czt vj [kM+ h cksyh jks izHkko Hkh futj vkoSA bZ a iaFk jk nw tk dfo;ka esa tksxthr th] jke:i th bR;kn gsS a i.k vka jh Hkklk [kM+ h cksyh jS usM+S gSA
jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkus j½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkusj½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkus j½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkusj½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkusj½ %& bZ a lEiznk; jk iz orZd gjhjke th gS a vj lhaFky vka jks tye LFkku gSA vS Hkh fujxq.k lEiznk; jk lejFkd gSA b.k lEiznk; jk dfo;ka esa
gfjns onkl th] ukjk;.knkl th] ihjkjke th bR;kn izeq[k dfo ga SA
jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+ kik½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+ kik½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+ kik½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+ kik½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+kik½ %& b.k lEiznk; jk iz orZd jkenkl th egkjkt ¼ fo-la-1783&1855 ½ gS a ftdk lhaFky lk[kk jk izorZd gfjnkl th jk flL; gk vj m.kka jS vkns l lw a bZ oSvk vsd uq a oh lk[kk [kksGhA vka jh ok.kh fujxq.k gSA b.k lEiznk; jS nw tk dfo;ka es a n;kyqnkl] ij’kq jke]
ihFkksnkl] iw j.knkl bR;kn izeq[k ga SAe/;;qx jS nw tS la r&lEiznk;ka es a jfld lEiznk; ¼jS oklk½] fuEckdZ lEiznk; ¼lysekckn½]
xw nM+ iaFk ¼nka rM+k] HkhyokM+ k½] vyf[k;k lEiznk; ¼chdkus j½] vkbZiaFk ¼fcykM+ k½ bR;kn gS a vka lEiznk;esa ftrk Hkh la r gq;k cS jktLFkkuh Hkklk es a bZ vkijh ok.kh uS vfHkO;ä djrk jS;kA
lEiznk; fujis[k la r dfo %& lEiznk; fujis[k la r dfo %& lEiznk; fujis[k la r dfo %& lEiznk; fujis[k la r dfo %& lEiznk; fujis[k lar dfo %& e/;;qx esa dh vSM+ k dfo Hkh gk ftdk jks lEcU/k fd.kh lEiznk; lw a uh gks i.k oka jh la r ok.kh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh vueksy /kjkgj fx.khtSA lEiznk; lwa
ckjS jSo.kokGk dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gS %&ihikth %&ihikth %&ihikth %&ihikth %&ihikth %& vka jh dha lkf[k;ka vj 25 in feySA vS fujxq.k Hkxrhijd Hkkoukoka gS i.k vka
jh Hkklk czt izHkkfor jktLFkkuh gS aA
dkth egewn %&dkth egew n %&dkth egewn %&dkth egew n %&dkth egew n %& ¼fo-la- 1450&1550½ vka jk 35 in feySA vka jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh feflzr [kM+ h cksyh gSA
ehjkckbZ %&ehjkckbZ %&ehjkckbZ %&ehjkckbZ %&ehjkckbZ %& Hkxrh jh lk[k c<+ko.kokGk dfo;ka es a jktLFkku jh ehjk jks uka o fljS vj ?k.kksfo[;kr gSaA ehjk jS tye LFkku] thou dky vj O;fäRo jS lEcU/k es a vyx&vyx jk; feySA fca;k ehjk jks tye esM+ rS jS usM+S dqM+dh xka o es a lu~ 1504 bZa a- es a gq;ksA ehjk oS L.ko Hkxr jko nw nk jh iks rh ghA b.k jks C;ko jk.kk lkaxk jS cM+ S csVS Hkkstjkt jS lkFkS gq;ks i.k C;ko jS lkr cjl iNS bZ Hkkstjkt
jks lq jxokl gq;X;ks ft.k lw a ehjk jS thou es a vsd Hkhrjh la?klZ is Snk gq;ks vj ok b.k ?kVuk jS lkFkS bZyks Sfdd lEcU/k lw a eqxrh ys;*j Hkxoku jh Hkxrh es a rYyhu gq;xh vj dS o.k ykxh *es js rks fxj/kj xksiky nwljks uk dksbZ*A ehjk 1558 lw a 1563 bZ0 jS fcPpS ns oyksd gq;hA
ujlhth dk ek;jk] jkx lks jB dk in] eykj jk xksfoUn] lR;ekHkkuq :l.k] ehjk dh xjch] :de.kh eaxy] ujlh esgrk dh gq aMh] pjhr ¼pfj=½] QqVdj inA vka es a QqVdj in bZ ehjk jk iz kekf.kd in ekuhtSA ehjk jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh gS i.k dBS&dBS czt cksyh jk lcn Hkh feySA ehjk vkijS fiz; uSfujxq.k vj lxq.k nksuw a :ika es a ekU;ksA ehjk jS inka es a gB;ksx jks izHkko Hkh nhls SA ehjk ØL.k jh Hkxr]fonzksfg.kh vj lk/oh ghA ehjk jS lkfgR; es a vsd lgt Hkkouk vj ihM+ k jks esy+&feyki gSA
nhu njos l %&nhu njos l %&nhu njos l %&nhu njos l %&nhu njosl %& ¼fo-la- 1810&1890½ e/;;qx jk lka rjk la r dfo;ka es a nhu njos l fx.khtSAvka jh jpukoka es a nhuizdkl nhuizdkl nhuizdkl nhuizdkl nhuizdkl] xz aFk vnykuan xz aFk vnykuan xz aFk vnykuan xz aFk vnykuan xz aFk vnykuan] ijekFkZ iz lax ijekFkZ iz lax ijekFkZ iz lax ijekFkZ iz lax ijekFkZ iz lax bR;kn nl jpuk,a gS aA vkaBk xa zFkka jh Hkklk
jktLFkkuh feflz r [kM+ h cksGh gSA lEiznk; fujis[k nw tk dfo;ka es a la r Kkuhth] xcjhckbZ] la r ekoth] ukens o] Jh ØL.knkl
bR;kn gSaA
4- ykSfdd dkO; %&4- ykSfdd dkO; %&4- ykSfdd dkO; %&4- ykSfdd dkO; %&4- ykSfdd dkO; %& e/;dky es a is zeijd dkO; jh vSM+ h jpukoka feyS ft.kesa dsbZ
jpukoka rks vX;kr jpukdkjka jh ga S rks dha jpukdkjka jk uka o Hkh jpuk jS lkFkS feySA b.k vk/kkj ekFkS
oS L;kiq =h jh iz sedFkk gSA va r es a nksuw a is zeh&is zfedk ifr&iRuh jS :i es a jS o.kS ykx T;koSA *cqf)jklks* jh Hkklk viHkz a l feflz r jktLFkkuh gSA
Vksy+ h lwa Vy+rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AVksy+ h lwa Vy+ rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AVksy+ h lwa Vy+rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AVksy+ h lwa Vy+ rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AVksy+h lwa Vy+rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AAckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AAckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AAckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AAckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AA
ukxth&ukxerh %&ukxth&ukxerh %&ukxth&ukxerh %&ukxth&ukxerh %&ukxth&ukxerh %& ukxth vj ukxerh jS is zek[;ku jk 50 nw gk feySA ukxerh ukxth uS pkorh D;w ads m.k jks ukxth lw a xk<+ ks gs r gksA tn ukxerh vkijS lkljS tko.k ykxh rks ok ukxth uS fprk ekFkS ns[k*j ?k.kh nq%[kh gq;xh vj m.k jS eu es a fojg jks Hkko mift;ks D;w ads ukxth ukxerh
jS fojg lw a ihfM+ r gks;*j vkRegR;k djyhA b.k ckr jks irks tn ukxerh uS ykX;ks rks ok Hkh [kqn fprk es a ty*j [kqn uS [kRe dj fy;ksA vkt b.k is zek[;ku jk ftdk nw gk feyS] oS ?k.kk ekjfed vj ihM+ knk;d gSa vka nwgk es a ukxerh jh iqdkj HkkVS lsS fgjnS uS Hkh fgyk; ns oSA ns[kks&
lkaeh tk;*j oh.kk ctkorks ft.k lw a nksuq aok es a iz se gq;xks i.k iNs S ls.kh jS firk chtk.kan jS lkaeh vsd ljr jk[kh ds m.k uS c[kr flj iw jks dj.kks chtk.kan jS okLrS eqfLdy gksA b.k dkj.k ls.kh fgekGS
es a [kqn uS xGko.kS lk: pkyhA chtk.kan uS tn Bk i³~;ks rks oks ls.kh jS ykjS&ykjS m.k uS gsyks ikM+ rksx;ks i.k ls.kh Bs S j uh ldh vj vkijk iz k.k foljftr dj fn;kA b.k dFkk lw a tqM+;ksM+ k 81 nw gk feySAb.k jks jpuk dky fo-la- 1550 jS vsMS +&NsM+ S ekuhtSA uew uS jks vsd nw gks ns[;ks tk ldS&
ch>ka lksjB %&ch>ka lksjB %&ch>ka lksjB %&ch>ka lksjB %&ch>ka lks jB %& vk iz sedFkk xqtjkr vj jktLFkku esa ?k.kh yksdfiz; gSA b.k lw a lEcfU/kr 75 nw gk feySA b.k jks jpuk dky lksyoha lrkCnh jks gs SA mnkgj.k jS :i es a vsd nw gks &ch>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ach>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ach>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ach>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ach>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ayksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AAyksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AAyksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AAyksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AAyksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AA
tyky&cwcuk %&tyky&cwcuk %&tyky&cwcuk %&tyky&cwcuk %&tyky&cw cuk %& b.k iz se dFkk es a tyky vj cw cuk jks is ze feyu vj fojg njlk;ks gSAb.k is zek[;ku jk dksbZ 100 nw gk feySA
b.k rjS e/;;qx es a ftdk is zek[;ku feyS] os nw gk vj lks jBk es a fy[;ksM+ k gS aA5- tSu dkO; %&5- tSu dkO; %&5- tSu dkO; %&5- tSu dkO; %&5- tSu dkO; %& tSu dkO; jh jpuk vsd mns l jS lkFkS gq;hA b.k dkO; es a ftdk pfj=
mtkxj dj~;k x;k gS oka jS ek/;e lw a ikika lw a eqxrh vj /kje lk: :>k.k iSnk dj.kks vka jks ew y mns l gSA /kje iz/kku gks o.kS jS dkj.k vS dkO; tSu /kje jk egkiq jlka uS vknlZ jS lkFkS lkeh jk[kSA
e/;;qx es a izeq[k tSu dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k Hkka r gS %&czã ftunkl %&czã ftunkl %&czã ftunkl %&czã ftunkl %&czã ftunkl %& vS fo}ku jS lkFkS&lkFkS dfo Hkh gkA vka jk 50 la w Åij fgUnh vj jktLFkkuh
es a fy[;ksM+ h jpuk gSAdq’kyykHk %&dq’kyykHk %&dq’kyykHk %&dq’kyykHk %&dq’kyykHk %& vS pfpZ r tSu dfo jº;k gS aA vka jh lxGh jpukoka jktLFkkuh es a gSaA
dq’kyykHk jh jpukoka uS P;kj :ika esa ckaV ldka gk %&1- izpfyr yksddFkkoka % ek/kokuy pks SikbZ] <+ ksyk ekjo.kh pkSikbZA2- tSu ijEijk es a izpfyr dFkkud % vxM+nŸk jkl] iw T;okg.k xhrA3- nsoh ;k lxrh ekFkS % nqxkZlkŸklh] Hkokuh Nan bR;knA4- Nan lkL=h; xz aFk % fiaxy fljksef.k b.k es a *ek/kokuy*ek/kokuy*ek/kokuy*ek/kokuy*ek/kokuy* vj *<ksyk ekjo.kh <ksyk ekjo.kh <ksyk ekjo.kh <ksyk ekjo.kh <ksyk ekjo.kh pkSikbZ*pkSikbZ*pkSikbZ*pkSikbZ*pkSikbZ* ljl dkO; gSA
le; lqUnj %& le; lqUnj %& le; lqUnj %& le; lqUnj %& le; lqUnj %& lrjoha lrkCnh jS tSu dfo;ka es a vka jks fols l LFkku gSA la LØr jS vykok vS jktLFkkuh Hkklk es a Hkh [kw c lkfgR; jP;ksA vka jh jpukoka es a ^exkorh jkl*] uyne;Urh pkSikbZ*] lhrkjke
pkSikbZ* bR;kn izeq[k gs S AtSu lkfgR; jS nw tk dfo;ka es a gsejru lw fj] yC/kksn;] ftug"kZ] /keZ o)Zu] nkSyr fot;]
fou;pUnz] t;eYyth] Hkh[k.kth bR;kn izeq[k gS aA vka jh lSd³q jpukoka feySA yC/kksn; jh lkr izca/kkRed Ñfr;ka gs SA vka es a *in~feuh pfjr pks SikbZ* izeq[k gSA Hkh[k.kth ¼la- 1783&1800½ vS rs jkiaFk ¼Los rkEcj½
jk iz orZd gs SaA fo-la- 1817 es a vS rs jkiaFk jh uha o jk[khA Hkh[k.kth /kjexz aFkk jS opauk jh lka rjh vj ekSfyd O;k[;k djh gSA *fHk{kw xa zFk jRukdj* uka o lw a vka jks dkO; nks [kaMk es a NI;ksM+ ks gSA
e/;dky es a jhfr xz aFkk jS lkFkS&lkFkS Nan&vyadkjka jh Hkh jpukoka feySA vka jpukoka ea s *fiaxy f’kjksef.k*¼dq’kyykHk½] *gfj fiaxy izca/k* ¼lu~ 1664½] *fiaxy izdk’k* ¼gehjnku jruw ½ bR;kn gSA ls ox eulk jke jks *j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks* b.k ijEijk jh vsd iz ksS<+ d` rh gS ft.k jh jpuk lu~ 1806 esagq;hA b.k es a fMaxy] xhr] Nan vj vyadkjka jks lka rjks foospu gq;ks gSA
x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jh ijEijk ?k.kh tw uh jS;h gs SA fgUnh ifjokj jh Hkklkoka es a x| jks mn~Hko dkyØe jh nhB lw a ns[kka rks jktLFkkuh esa bZ feySA4 fo}kuka jks eku.kks
gS ds jktLFkkuh esa x| jh mRifŸk rsjoha lrkCnh jS fcPps S gq;hA la or~ 1330 es a *vkjk/kuk vkjk/kuk vkjk/kuk vkjk/kuk vkjk/kuk* uka o lwa vsd fVIi.kh feyS ftdh uS jktLFkkuh x| jks iSyks uew uks dº;ks tk lds S gSA tSu lkfgR; es a tSu lk/kq vkijS/kje jS izpkj&izlkj okLrS /kje dFkkoka fy[khA x| jS fodkl es a vka /kje dFkkoka jh folsl Hkwfedk
jS;hA vS dFkkoka ts Su /kje jS xzaFkka jh O;k[;kuka vj m.k jk fl)kUrka uS le>ko.k lk: ghA vSO;k[;kokGh dFkkoka *ckykocks/k ckykocks/k ckykocks/k ckykocks/k ckykocks/k* jS uka o lw a tk.khtSA izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh vj MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh jS erkuq lkj x| jks iz kS<+ :i iUnz oha lnh es a feySA
e/;;qx es a x| jk fofo/k :i nhlS ft.kes a ckykocks/k] VCck] dFkk xa zFk] pfj= xzaFk] iz’uksŸkj]iV~Vkoyh] fu;e&i=] opfudk] ckr] [;kr bR;kn izeq[k gS aA x| lkfgR; uS b.k Hkka r foHkkftr dj~;kstk ldS gS %&
1- yksdxhr %&1- yksdxhr %&1- yksdxhr %&1- yksdxhr %&1- yksdxhr %& jktLFkkuh yksdxhrka jh vkijh nqfu;ka gS vka es a yksd Hkkoukoka jks lqHkkfod :i nhlSA jktLFkkuh yksdxhrka uS nks Hkkxka es a ckaV ldka& /kkjfed xhr vj euks jatukRed xhrA/kkjfed xhrka es a /kje jS fof/k&fo/kku vj fØ;kdykika jks fp=.k gS aA vSM+ k yksdxhrka es a la Ldkj xhr]
ns oh&ns orkoka jk xhr vj ozr lEcU/kh xhr ns[;k tk ldSaA b.kh rjS *gjtl gjtl gjtl gjtl gjtl* vj * lcn lcn lcn lcn lcn* Hkh vkayksdxhrka es a yksdok.kh jS :i es a vkoSA euks jatukRed xhr rht& R;w a okj] [ksy] fjrq vj ekuo tho.k
jk ljl ijlax vkoSA vka x.kxkS j] rht] nhokyh] gksyh jk xhr Hkh lkfey gS aA vyx&vyx voljka
ek;S ?kj&fxjLFkh] ifjokj is ze vj vkeksn&izeksn jk yksdxhr Hkh lekt es a ?k.kk pkok gS aA
2- iokM+ k %&2- iokM+ k %&2- iokM+ k %&2- iokM+ k %&2- iokM+ k %& *iokM+ k iokM+ k iokM+ k iokM+ k iokM+ k* lcn la LØr js S iz okn lcn lw a c.;ks gSA iokM+ k uS dsbZ fo}ku yksdxkFkk
Hkh dS oSA yEcks dFkkud gq o.k jS dkj.k b.k uS dsbZ *>hM+ k* Hkh ds S oSA vka iokM+ k jh vkijh dha fols lrkoka
gq oS] fta;k jpukdkj jks vX;kr gq o.kks] iz kekf.kd ew yikB uh fey.kks] laxhr vj fujr jks esy+] ekSf[kd ijEijk] yEcks dFkkud bR;knA jktLFkkuh iokM+ k es a ikcw th jk iokM+ k] cxM+ kor] fugkyns&lqyrku
bR;kn ?k.kk yksdfiz; gS aA ikcwth jS iokM+ k jh la[;k 52 ekuhtSA b.kh bZ Hkka r *cxM+ korka jk iokM+ k*vŸkk yksdfiz; gs S a ds Hkksik b.k yksdxkFkk uS Hkh xkoSA jkuh y{eh dqekjh pw Mka or *ns oukjk;.k dh xkFkk*uka o lw a cxM+ korka jS iokM+ k jks lEiknu dj;ks gSA *fugkyns lqyrku jk ckou iokM+ k* jS uka o lw a izfl)gSA b.k uS tksxh lka jxh ekFkS xkoSA jktLFkkuh jk ekuhrk fo}ku vj vkykspd MkW0 dUgS;kyky lgy b.k yksd egkdkO; uS vsd tksxh lw a lq.k*j iq Lrd :i es a fyfic) dj~;ks gSA MkW0 ØL.k fcgkjh lgy b.k yksd egkdkO; uS vk/kkj c.kk;*j b.k ekFkS lVhd :i es a lks/k Hkh dj~;k gSA
3- yksd dFkkoka %&3- yksd dFkkoka %&3- yksd dFkkoka %&3- yksd dFkkoka %&3- yksd dFkkoka %& yksddFkk jktLFkkuh es a ckr dghtSA x| jS :i esa [;kr] foxr] opfudk bR;kn :i * okr okr okr okr okr* lw a lko vyk;nk gSaA jktLFkkuh yksddFkkoka es a ohjrk] is ze] gkL;] uhfr bR;kn jks izHkkoh fp=.k gq;ks gSA jktLFkkuh es a ohjrk iz/kku yksd dFkkoka jh izpqjrk gSA vSM+ h yksddFkkoka es a ^jko fj.key jh okr*] jktk ujfla?k jh okr*] jko pw aMs jh okr*] ikcw th jh okr* ?k.kh pfpZr gS a nw th yksddFkkoka esa ^<+ksyk ek:*] &tyky cw cuk*] ^ew ey&egsUnj] iksikckbZ jh okr*]^fc.ktkjk&fc.ktkjh jh okr*] ineS pkj.k jh okr* bR;kn yksdfiz; gS aA jktLFkkuh yksddFkkoka jS lanHkZesa MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] xksfoUn vxz oky] y{ehdqekjh pw aMkor] fot;nku nsFkk]
lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- d`L.k fcgkjh lgy] jkefuokl 'kekZ] Hka oj flag lkekSj bR;kn jks ladyu&lEiknu ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA
jS;ks gSA [;ky jS okLrS [kqyS eap jh t:jr gq oS ft.kjS P;k: rjQ njld cSB T;koSa vj iNS [;ky l: gq oS ftdks lkjh jkr pkyrks jS oSA [;ky es a dkO;] vfHku;] laxhr vj fujr jks lekos l gq oSA [;ky eq[; :i lw a xkoks tkoSA chp&chp es a ftdk la okn vkoS] oS x| es a gq oSA vxjpan ukgVk jks eku.kksgS ds jktLFkku esa fyf[kr [;kyka jks izpkj&iz lkj mUuhloha lnh ds e/; es a gq;ks ;k chloha lnh jSvkjEHk es a gks ldSA5
[;ky fy[k.kokGk yksxka es a eks rhjke] iw uepan] ukuw yky eh.kk] yPNhjke bR;kn izeq[k gSAvyx&vyx vapGka jh lsSyh jS vk/kkj ekFkS vka [;kyka jk dsbZ ukedj.k Hkh gq;k gSa fta;k& ’ks[kkokVh [;ky] dqpke.kh [;ky] vyhcDlh [;ky bR;knA dha yksdfiz; [;kyka es a <+ ksyk ejo.k] pdok cS.k]txns o dadkyh] uy ne;Urh] jktk eks j/ot bR;kn gSA
rks nw tS dkuh x| jks fodkl vj m.k jk Hkka r&Hkka r jk uqa ok :i Hkh lkeh vk;kA ckadhnkl tSM+ k dfo lkEiznkf;drk la w Åij mB*j ns liz se jh Hkkouk lw a dkO; jh fljt.kk djrk js s S;kA b.k dky jS dkO; es a
ohj jl js S ekFkS fl.kxkj jks rkyesy b.k dkO; jh fols lrk gSA b.k dky es a fl.kxkj jh ÅapSnjtS jh jpukoka lkeh vk;hA ykSfdd dkO; jS :i es a ?k.kk bZ iz sek[;ku Hkh miyC/k gq;kA *<+ ksykek:
jk nw gk* vSM+ ks bZ fl.kxkj iz/kku yksdizfl) iz sek[;ku gSAe/;;qx jh vsd mYys[ktksx ckr vk gS ds b.k dky es a i| jS lkFkS&lkFkS x| jks bZ fodkl
gq;ks vj vks fgUnh ifjokj jh Hkklkoka es a lxGk lw a iSyka jktLFkkuh es a fn[kk;h ns oSA jktLFkkuh es a rs joha lrkCnh lw a ys;*j vkt rkabZ x| jh yw aBh ijEijk cjkscj pkySA yfyr x| jS :i es a jktLFkkuh ckr
lkfgR; jh fofo/krk mYys[ktksx gSA b.k tqx jh egrkÅ Ñfr;ka es a dkUgM+ns izca/k] gEehjk;.k] gkyk &>kyk jh dq aMfy;k] fo#n fNgrjh] opfudk jkBkSM+ jruflag egs lnklks r jh] ps rko.kh jk xhr] osfy fØlu :de.k jh] jkejklkS] ukxne.k] jkft;k jk lks jBk] ehjkckbZ jh inkoyh] <+ ksyk ek: jk nwgk]fugkyns lqyrku] cxM+ kor bR;kn gSaA Nan jh fofo/krk vka dkO; jpukoka jh fols lrk gSA
es a feyhA b.k dkO; jS ykjS lu~ 1857 jS xnj jh iz s j.kk gSA *ohj lrlbZ* Hkkjr jS bfr;kl jh vsd egku ?kVuk uS dkO; jS lUnHkZ es a b.k Hkka r izxV djS &
ohj jl jS ÅapS njtS jS dfo jS :i es a vka jks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; es a vej LFkku jS oSyksA vka jks fu/ku fo-la-1920 es a gq;ksA
’kadjnku lkekS j’kadjnku lkekSj’kadjnku lkekS j’kadjnku lkekSj’kadjnku lkekSj ¼fo-la- 1881&1935½ %&%&%&%&%& vaxs zth lklu jS vR;kpkjka jh tks jnkj rh[kS lcnka es a vkykspuk dj.kokGk vk/kqfud dfo;ka esa ’kadjnku lkekSj jks uka o fljSA vkijks tye
pw : ftyS jSs lqtkux<+ rglhy jS xka o ckscklj es a fo-la- 1881 es a gq;ksA vke pkj.k ifjokj es a tyE;k lkekS j jh dfork es a vaxs ztka jS f[kykQ vkx mxy.kS jh xS jh rkdr ghA m.k c[kr jktLFkku es a lkekS j jS eqdkcyS es a dksbZ nw tks dfo uh gks ft.kjh dfork es a vkx jh yiVka gq oSA lkekS j jh dfork vsd rjQ
izHkkolkyh dfo gkA vka jks tye t;iq j jS usM+ S ls okiq jk xka o es a gq;ksA vkijh jpukoka es a ^ex;k exsUnz*]^izR;; i;ks/kj*] ^lky fxjg ’krd*] ^esgkbZ efgek*] ^nqxkZ cgrjh*] ^vk[ksV vitl*] ^ckf.k;ks jklks*
bR;kn egrkÅ gS aA vkijh dj.khth vj bUnzckbZ jh Lrqfr Hkh fy[;ksM+ h gS aA vki fMaxy jk fo}ku gkA
dsljh flag ckjgB %&ds ljh flag ckjgB %&dsljh flag ckjgB %&ds ljh flag ckjgB %&ds ljh flag ckjgB %& ds ljh flag ckjgB izfl) ØkfUrdkjh vj ns lHkxr dfo gkA vka
jks iw jks ifjokj vktknh jS okLrS cfynku dj~;ksA vki es okM+ jk egkjk.kk QrSflag uS lEcksf/kr dj*j
*psrko.kh jk pw axV~;k ps rko.kh jk pwaxV~;k psrko.kh jk pw axV~;k ps rko.kh jk pwaxV~;k psrko.kh jk pw axV~;k* ¼13 lks jBS½ fy[;k ftdk ?k.kk ppkZ tksx jS;kA ohj jl jks vkstiw j.k oj.ku
¼iksdj.k jS usMS +½ es a gq;ksA vki pkj.k lekt jk ekuhrk fo}ku gkA nhiS okjka ns l] T;ka jks S lkfgr txexS*
tSM+ h is z j.kknk;d iaxr lw a yksxka jks lkfgr dkauh /;ku [khP;ksA vka jS dkO; es a jktLFkku jh /kjrh bfr;kl vj Hkklk lk: ?k.kks iz se gSA vkijh jpukoka es a /kw M+ lkj] ekjokM+ jk ohj] nw /k izdk’k] ekr Hkklk nksgkoyh]
Hkkfu;k jk nw gk] Lojkt ’krd] rst lrd] loks Zn; lrd] Jelrd] lrh lrd bR;kn pkoh jS;h gS aA
lkfgfR;d ifjos l %& lkfgfR;d ifjos l %& lkfgfR;d ifjos l %& lkfgfR;d ifjos l %& lkfgfR;d ifjosl %& vktknh jS iNS vk;ksM+ k cnyko jks vlj tBS jktuhfrd] lkekftd
vj vkjfFkd fLFkfr;ka ekFkS i³~;ks] cBS bZ lkfgR; jh jpukRed ps ruk Hkh m.k lw a izHkkfor gqbZA lkeUrh
O;oLFkk jks Vw V.kks] :<hoknh ekufldrk] xka oka jks fiNMksi.kks] iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk lw a xka oka es a QS syh xanh
la osnukoka uS ;qx jS ifjos[k es a vfHkO;ä dj.kS ykX;ksA vka fLFkfr;ka lw a jktLFkkuh dfork vj fo/kkokaesa bZ a cnyko jh fLFkfr;ka mtkxj gkso.kS ykxhA
vktknh jS s vklS&iklS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; es a jpukRed ys[ku] lks/k vj i=dkfjrk jS Ns= es a uq oha ijEijkoka jh uha o iM+ hA lw ;Zdj.k ikjhd] iz ks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh] vxjpan ukgVk] MkW- eks rhyky
esukfj;k] MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy] MkW- ukjk;.kflag HkkVh] lkSHkkX;flag ’ks[kkor] Hka oj flag lkekS j bR;kn fo}ku jktLFkkuh jS iz kphu lkfgR; uS fgUnh txr js S lkeh jk[;ksA lw ;Zdj.k jh *cksyko.k* ;k *izfrKkiwfrZ* ¼1933½ uka o lwa jktLFkkuh esa vsd vsdkadh laxs zS NI;ksA b.k jS iNS jktLFkkuh dkO; jh egrkÅ jpuk pUnz flag jh *cknGh*¼ 1941½ Nih ftdh ikjEifjd lSyh lw a gV*j vsd uq oS folS uS iz Lrq r dj~;ksA vk vk/kqfud jktLFkkjh jh iSyh d` rh ghA b.k jS iNS eqdqy jh *lsSuk.kh*¼1944½ eaph; dfork vk;h vj b.k lw a jktLFkkuh jks vsd uq aoks ekgkSy c.;ksA 1944 es a fnuktiqj es a jktLFkkuh jks iSyks
lEesyu gq;ksA bZ a jS lkFkS bZ lkFkS jktLFkkuh es a if=dkoka bZ Ni.k ykxhA m.k c[kr jh if=dkoka esa jktLFkkuh ¼1946½] jktLFkku Hkkjrh ¼1946½] ekjokM+ h ¼1947½ bR;kn ghA vktknh js S iNS rks dsbZ
if=dkoka fudGhA lu~ 1950 bZ- jS iNS jktLFkkuh ys[ku es a uqa oks tks l vk;ks vj x|&i| es a dsbZ uqa ok jpukdkj
mnS gq;kA 1953 bZ- es a jkor lkjLor jh *e:ok.kh* ¼t;iqj½ vj 1954 bZ- es a fd’kks jdYiuk dka r jks*vksGeks* ¼jrux<+½ vkijS c[kr jh vSM+ h if=dkoka gh& ftdka jS ek/;e lw a ?k.kdjk jpukdkj Ni*j
lkfgR; es a vkijh lk[k c<+ kbZA vka nksuw a if=dkoka jks bfr;klw ;ksxnku gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lk: jpukdkj vj ikBd rS;kj dj.kS es a vka jh Hkw fedk ?k.kh ljko.k tksx jS;hA
lu~ 1960 bZ- es a vsM+ S&NsMS + jktLFkkuh jS jpukRed ys[ku es a dh iSyka lw a cs lh xfr vk;h vj lkfgR; jh fofo/k fo/kkoka es a fljt.k gqo.k ykX;ksA fgUnh jS lkFkS&lkFkS eapka ekFkS Hkh jktLFkkuh
dfork yksdfiz; gq o.k ykxhA b.k c[kr jktLFkkuh dfork ekFkS fopkj djka rks vks y[kkos S ds vsdkuh eap lw a izHkkfor gks;*j xhr [kw c fy[;k x;k rks nwtS dkuh jpukRedrk jS eka; jkLVªh;rk] fl.kxk:Hkko] izxfrlhy ps ruk] izØfr fp=.k bR;kn iz ozfŸk;ka mHkjhA 1965 bZ- jS iNS jktLFkkuh dfork esadF; vj flYi jh nhB lw a uq oks cnyko vk;ks vj dha uq oka dfo ;qxcks/k vj vkt jh la osnukoka lw a tqM+*j
vkijS vklS&iklS jS ifjos l uS lko uq a oh vfHkO;fä nhA b.k rjS jktLFkkuh x| vj nw th fo/kkoka esaHkh uq a oh la osnukoka mHkjhA vBS is Syka jktLFkkuh dfork jh iz ozfŸk;ka vj iNS jktLFkkuh x| jh iz ozfŸk;ka
ekFkS foospu djL;kA
dkO;/kkjk %&dkO;/kkjk %&dkO;/kkjk %&dkO;/kkjk %&dkO;/kkjk %& vktknh jS iNS jktLFkkuh dfork es a dF; vj flYi jh nhB lw a fofo/krk
1- jkLVªh; lka LØfrd /kkjk %&1- jkLVªh; lka LØfrd /kkjk %&1- jkLVªh; lka LØfrd /kkjk %&1- jkLVªh; lka LØfrd /kkjk %&1- jkLVªh; lkaLØfrd /kkjk %& vktknh lw a iSyka ijEijkÅ dkO; jh jpuk rks gqorh jS;h i.k vktknh jS iNS ftdks ifjos l es a cnyko vk;ks m.k jS ifjis[k es a jkLVªh; vj lka LØfrd ps ruk lwaHkjiw j dkO; /kkjk jks fljt.k Hkh gq;ksA 1962 bZ- esa Hkkjr phu vj 1965 bZ- es a Hkkjr &ikd tq) jSdkj.k vk[kS ns l es a vsd vSM+ ks okrkoj.k c.;ks ds ns lHkxrh vj jkLVª&ps ruk jh uq a oh ygj mith vj
m.k jS lUnHkZ es a dfo Hkh m.kh Hkka r jks dkO; fy[;ksA vka dforkoka es a dfo ns l uS lxGk lw a Åapks le>rk Fkdka dforkoka fy[khA vka dforkoka esa tye Hkkse jS lk: R;kx] cfynku vj ljcl vji.k
dj.kS jh Hkkoukoka nhlSA ns l lk: vkijS iz k.kka jks cfynku] vk jpukoka jh iz/kku iz ozfr ghA jktLFkkuh dfo b.k fLFkfr jS lUnHkZ es a vsdkuh vSM+ k pfjr uk;d izLrq r dj~;k] ftdk ns l jS okLrS R;kx vj cfynku djrk vk;k gS rks nw tS dkuh vSM+ h i| dFkkoka fy[kh ft.kka jS ek/;e lw a ohj ijEijkoka jk Hkko mitSA vSM+ h jpukoka m.k c[kr ?k.kh iz sj.kknk;h jS;hA
dfo vkijS ifjos l lwa tqfM+;ksM+ ks jSoS i.k dsbZ ckj eks Stw nk c[kr jh leL;koka jks lek/kku
ikS jkf.kd ;k vSfrgkfld iz laxk uS ys;*j m.k jS ek/;e lw a Hkh iz Lrq r dj ldSA dfo jks vks cks/k la LØfr
jS eku&ew Y;ka uS vkt jS ;qx&lUnHkZ es a O;k[;kf;r djSA bDdhloha lrkCnh foX;ku vj rduhdh izxfr
lw a izHkkfor gSA vkt jks fopkj txr ekuork jS lkaeh dsbZ pq.kksfr;ka jk[kSA vSM+ + h fLFkfr es a feu[k jh vfLerk uS cpko.k lk: lka LØfrd ekuo ew Y;ka jh /kjksgj uS cpko.kks t:jh gSA jktLFkkuh dfo
jkLVªh;rk jS lkFkS&lkFkS lka LØfrd ladV uS Hkh eS lw l fd;ks b.k okLrS ekuorkoknh Hkkoukvks a esa
jS cgkuS dfo vsd vSM+ k feu[k uS izxV~;ks gS ftdk lEiw j.k :i lw a feu[k jh Hkkouk us S pfjrkFkZ dj ldSAdF; vj flYi jh nhB lw a *nqxkZnkl* vuqie jpuk gSA ijEijkxr dkO; es a cuokjh yky lqeu jks *nsY;ka
jks fnoyks* ¼1963½ egrkÅ Ñrh gS ft.kes a egkjk.kk iz rki jS ekuoh :i uS mtkxj dj~;ks gSA jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh jh *gkMh jk.kh* ¼1965½ Hkh eqxr Nan es a fy[;ksM+ h dkO; jpuk gSA
g.kq oUr flag nsoM+k jh *lw jk nhok ns'kjk*¼1967½] eqdquflag jh *lS rku lrlbZ*] *vejfla?k jh osfy*¼1965½] *ikcw th jh osfy*¼1964½ bR;kn Ñfr;ka Hkh egku vj is z j.kknh pfj= uS iz Lrq r djSA eqdquflag
fMaxy lSyh jk iz kS<+ jpukdkj gSa vj vS fMaxy esa dsbZ egrkÅ osfy;ka jh jpuk djh gS aA b.kh Hkka r pfjr&uk;dka uS ys;*j lR;ukjk;.k veu jh *’kh’knku*¼1961½] j?kq jktflag gkMk jh *gjnksy*¼1978½
jpukoka Hkh egrkÅ gSa vka jpukoka esa vs Sfrgkfld pfjr uk;dka jS R;kx vj cfynku jh vej xkFkkokauS izxVh gSA
pfj= uk;dka jh b.k ijEijk es a egkRek xka/kh uS ek/;e c.kk;*j Hkh dh dkO; fy[;k x;kAvka es a xka/kh xkFkk] xka/kh lrd ¼ukFkw flag efg;kfj;k½] xka/kh izdkl ¼la- osnO;kl ½]*ckiw * ¼euksgj ’kekZ½vj lw ;ZeYy feJ.k uS vk/kkj c.kk;*j is zeth isze *lw jt* ¼1978½ dkO; fy[;ksA
lka LØfrd ps ruk jks lq j Hkh jktLFkkuh fljt.k jks izeq[k vk/kkj jS;ks gS vj b.k <ax jh jpukokaesa dfo lka LØfrd thou ew Y;ka uS vkijS c[kr jk thou&ew Y;ka jS lUnHkZ esa uqoha O;k[;k ns orks jS;ksgSA vSM+ k dfo;ka es a MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh] lR;izdk’k tks’kh] fxj/kkjh flag ifM+gkj] egkohj izlkn
tks’kh] ekaxhyky prq osZnh] lqes j flag ’ks[kkor bR;kn izeq[k gS aA MkW- euksgj ’kekZ jktLFkkuh jk ofjLB jpukdkj gS a m.kka jh dkO; d`fr;ka es a dw atk] xksihxhr] va rjtkeh] vejtkeh] vejQy bR;kn izeq[k
gS aA vka dforkoka es a yksd la LØfr vj vk/;kfRed lka LØfrd jks vSM+ ks leUo; FkjI;ks gS ds feu[k m.k jh rjQ >qD;k fcuk jS; uh ldSA *xksihxhr* ikSjkf.kd izlax] *vejQy* vj jpukoka es a mifu"knka uS
vk/kkj c.kk;*j Hkkoukoka uS izxVh gSA lR;izdk’k tks’kh jh egrkÅ Ñrh *jk/kk* ¼1960½ ikSjkf.kd izlax uS ys;*j eqxr Nan esa
fy[;ksM+ h gS sA b.k es a jk/kk jS ikS jkf.kd iz.k; iz lax uS uq a oS :i es a iz Lrq r fd;ks gSA b.k dkO; es a dFkkud jks ew yHkko vrS ljy vj lh/kS :i es a mtkxj gq;ks gS ds iw jS dkO; es a Hkkorjax jh rUe;rk fn[kk;h
ns oSA iz se jk/kk jks ew y lq j gS ft.kes a O;kidrk vj mnkrŸkk gSA is ze jh iz rhd jk/kk nqfu;ka jS nq%[k njn uS vkijS is ze es a lesV ys oS vkS j b.k okLrS ok vkijS ehr dkUgk uS tq) u yM+.ks S jks vkxzg djrh Fkdka
tq) lw a iw Bks cqyk ys o.k jh ckr djSA b.k dkO; esa jk/kk jks tq) fojks/kh :[k vkt jS ifjos[k es a lko lkapks izrhr gq oS] fta;k &
eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &
tx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rkstx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rkstx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rkstx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rkstx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rks
HkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okj HkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okj HkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okj HkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okj HkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okj
vkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kksvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kksvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kksvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kksvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kks
yqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iw j.k iq:l Ayqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iw j.k iq:l Ayqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iw j.k iq:l Ayqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iw j.k iq:l Ayqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iwj.k iq:l A
lka LØfrd psruk jk uq aok vk;keka jh izLrqfr MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh jh *ehjk* ¼1976½ dkO;esa nhlSA vSfrgkfld pfj=ka jh vorkj.kka es a MkW- HkkVh jh ekSfyd nhB jS;h gSA e/;dky jS lkeUrh
lekt es a jS o.kokGh ehjk vkijS vUrjeu jS fojks/k uS ukjh eqxrh jS lUnHkZ esa izxV djSA vkijSs la?klZesa tw >.kS okGh ehjk iq:l jh lg;ksfxuh c.k*j ihfM+ r fLFkfr;ka lk: psrkouh ns orh dsS oS &
Fks dkabZ ns oks cj cj esaFks dkabZ nsoks cj cj es aFks dkabZ ns oks cj cj esaFks dkabZ nsoks cj cj es aFks dkabZ ns oks cj cj es a lfr;ka jh lk[k lfr;ka jh lk[k lfr;ka jh lk[k lfr;ka jh lk[k lfr;ka jh lk[k
Fkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ksSFkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ksSFkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ksSFkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ksSFkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ksSFks lstk jksS uS fprk jksS bZ vk/k Fks lstk jksS uS fprk jks S bZ vk/k Fks lstk jksS uS fprk jksS bZ vk/k Fks lstk jksS uS fprk jks S bZ vk/k Fks lstk jks S uS fprk jksS bZ vk/k ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+Fks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk AFks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk AFks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk AFks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk AFks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk A
Hkkocks/k vj flYi jh nhB lw a *ehjk* vsd izHkko’kkyh dkO; Ñrh gSAegkohj iz lkn tks’kh ØL.k pfj= uS vk/kkj c.kk;*j fcanz kou ¼1978½] eFkjk ¼1982½] }kfjdk
¼1985½ vj /kje{ks = ¼1988½ egkdkO;ka jh jpuk djhA vka egkdkO;ka es a tks’kh tu ekul es a jP;ksM+ k ikSjkf.kd iz laxk uS ys;*j vkt jS lUnHkZ es a m.kka jh lka rjh vfHkO;fä nh gSA tks’kh jh vka jpukoka esaijEijkxr Nan jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA
ØL.k dkO; jh b.k ijEijk es a ekaxhyky prq os Znh jk *ØL.k pfjr* Hkh nks [kaMk jS eka; foHkkftr
izca/k dkO; gSA bfr;kl vj la LØfr jh lefUor ps ruk lw a tqfM+;ksM+ k dkO;ka es a JheUr dqekj O;kl jks jkenw r ¼1966½] dkUgegflZ jks e: ea;d ¼1961½] fo’oukFk foeys’k jh jkedFkk ¼1968½] fxj/kkjh flag
bR;kn gSaA Hkkuflag ’ks[kkor jh *gYnh?kkVh*] /kks ady flag pjyk jks *e: efgek*] rkÅ ’ks[kkokVh jks*gEehjdkO;*] jkeflag lksyadh jks *tu uk;d izrki*] mEesn flag [khanklj jks *egkjk.kk jh vksG;w *¼1959½ bR;kn dkO; d`fr;ka Hkh mYys[ktksx gSA vk/kqfud lSyh jS jpukdkjka es a j?kq jkt flag gkMk]xtkuu oekZ] ’kfänku dfo;k] dY;k.k flag jktkor] jke flag lksyadh] cLrhey lksyadh] Hkxorh iz lkn pkS/kjh] dY;k.k xkS re] cnz hiz lkn jkds’k] ctjax yky ikjhd bR;kn gS aA
b.k /kkjk jk izeq[k dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gS a %&es?kjkt eqdqy %&es?kjkt eqdqy %&es?kjkt eqdqy %&es?kjkt eqdqy %&es?kjkt eqdqy %& vktknh lw a iSyk dfork fy[k.kokGk dfo;ka es a es?kjkt eqdqy vSM+ k dfo
gS a ftdk * lSuk.kh lSuk.kh lSuk.kh lSuk.kh lSuk.kh* tSM+ h ohj iz lax ekFkS fy[;ksM+ h dfork lw a vk[kS ns l es a pkok gq;kA pw : ftyS jS jktx<+ es a tyE;ksM+ k eqdqy jh dbZ i| dFkkoka fy[;ksM+ h gSa ft.kka jS eka; dksM+ens] vk.k jh ckr]
nqjxkorh] pa ojh bR;kn gSaA *lSuk.kh jh tkxh tksr* vj *fdjR;k* eqdqy jh izdkf’kr jpukoka gSaAvktknh jS iNS eqdqy jh jpukoka es a izxfrlhy fopkjka jks :>k.k Hkh nhlSA eqdqy jh Hkklk esa vkst]iz okg vj ljyrk gSA
MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %&MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %&MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %&MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %&MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %& >qU>quw ftys S jS fclkÅ dLcs esa tyE;ksM+ k MkW- ’kekZ jktLFkkuh jk ekuhrk fo}ku] lejFkdfo vj yksd lkfgR; jk yw aBk tk.kdkj gS aA dfork jS lkFkS&lkFkS vki jks x| esa Hkh jpukoka feySaA vjkoyh jh vkRek] xhrdFkk] dw atk] xksihxhr] vejQy] va rjtkeh] iaNh] /kjrh
ekrk] jl /kkjk] tu uk;d] vkjt /kkjk] vcyka xteks rh] /kks jka jks laxhr] Qw y ika[kM+ h bR;kn dkO; jpukoka gS aA MkW- ’kekZ jh ps ruk cgqeq[kh vj jkLVªh;] lka LØfrd Hkko /kkjk lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h gSA vka jh jpukoka es a cnyrS ifjos l vj ;qx ps ruk jS ekdw y tkx:drk Hkh gSA lka LØfrd xfjek] iz[kj fpa ru] lgt ljy vfHkO;fä vj flYixr fofo/krk vk;jh fols lrk gSA
dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %& vkijks tye pw : ftyS jS lqtkux<+ dLcS es a 1919 bZ- es a gq;ksA l:es a vkijh dfork *ikry vj ihFky* eapka ekFkS ?k.kh yksdfiz; gq;hA vkijh dkO; d`fr;ka es a eha>j] jef.k;s S
jk lks jBk] dw a&dw a yhyVka l] /kjetyka] /kjdw apk] ek;M+ jks gsyks] lcn] lrok.kh] v?kks jh dky] gsek.kh]yhdydksfy+;k] nhB bR;kn izeq[k gS aA lsfB;ka jh dkO; ps ruk es a lka LØfrd] izxfrlhy vj vk/;kfRed cks/k jk fofo/k vk;ke gS aA fpUruijd nhB] yksdthou jks izHkko vj la osnukÅ fljt.k vka jS dkO; jh fols lrkoka gS aA ljy Hkklk jS dkj.k lsfB;k jh vsd vyx vksG[kk.k gSA
MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %& vkijks tye 1930 bZ- esa tks/kiq j jS ekyw axk xka o es a gq;ksAHkkVh jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lejFk vj ls zLB dfo gS aA vksyw ] lka>] nqxkZnkl] thou /k.k] ijeohj] dy+i]ehjk] cjlk jk MhxksM+ k Mw axj ykaf?k;k vj feu[k uS le>k.kks ?k.kks nks jks gS HkkVh jh izeq[k dkO; dfr;kagSA iz se vj lkSUn;Z jh la osnuk ekFkS HkkVh jS fy[;ksM+ k dkO; esa lka LØfrd ew Y;ka jks Hkh tcj fp=.k gSA HkkVh fca;k :ekuh laosnuk jk dfo gS a vk :ekfu;r dnS fd.kh jS fo;ksx fl.kxkj es a ¼vksyw ½ rksdnS izØzfr fp=.k ¼lka>½ es a izxV gq orh jS;h gSA *dy+i* esa fparuijd xhr gSaA
*nqxkZnkl*nqxkZnkl*nqxkZnkl*nqxkZnkl*nqxkZnkl* HkkVh jh bZ uh jktLFkkuh dkO; jh vsd yw aBh miyfC/k gSA ft.k ekuoh; /kjkry ekFkS HkkVh nqxkZnkl tSM+ s S pfj= uS iz Lrqr fd;ks gS m.k ÅapkbZ rkabZ HkkVh jh dksbZ jpuk uh iw xhA
lka LØfrd fojklr uS vkt jS lUnHkZ es a fd.k rjS cpk;*j jk[kh tk ldS gs S s] vk HkkVh jh dsbZ dkO;Ñfr;ka
jks ew y lq j gSA b.kh Hkka r *ehjk* ts SM+ k pfj= esa oS e/;;qx jh m.k ukjh uS iz Lrq r djh gS ftdh lkeUrh okrkoj.k es a lxGh tathjk uS NksM+*j ukjh eqxrh jh Mxj r; djSA v/kw jh dYiuk] iz rhd] fcEcfo/kku vj
uq a ok mieku HkkVh jS flYi jh fols lrk gSA fljt.k jh xS jkbZ] O;kidrk vj iz kS<+ rk jS dkj.k HkkVh jh dfork
*jk/kk* vj *cksy Hkkjeyh* tks’kh jh nks fols l dkO; Ñfr;ka gS aA vkxr&v.kkxr] lksu fejxyk]
vkgqfr;ka] tksM+ k;r] xkaxs; bR;kn dforkoka tks’kh jS lksp uS vkt jS lUnHkZ es a izxVSA yksd thou jh ljyrk] feBkl vj Hkklk jks xs; :i tks’kh jS dkO; jh futw fols lrkoka gS aA
egkohj iz lkn tks’kh %& vkijks tye >qU>quw ftyS jS Mw aMyksn dLcs es a 1914 bZ- es a gq;ksA vki jktLFkkuh jk dfo vj fo}ku gkA ØL.k ijEijk es a vkijk P;kj dkO; fozUnkou] eFkjk] }kfjdk vj
lqes j flag ’ks[kkor %& lqes j flag ’ks[kkor %& lqes j flag ’ks[kkor %& lqes j flag ’ks[kkor %& lqesj flag ’ks[kkor %& vkijks tye lhdj ftyS jS ljoM+ h xka o es a 1935 bZ- esa gq;ksA vka jh dfork tkrjk es a izØfr lw a ys;*j lka LØfrd ew Y;ka jks fp=.k gSA dfork es a dF; vj flYi jh oka jh futw nhB gSA *es?kekG* fjrq dkO; ijEijk jh egrkÅ d` rh gS rks *e: eaxy* bfr;kl njlu vj
fpa ru jh nhB lw a lQy dkO; gSA *e: eaxy* jh jpukoka es a lka LØfrd ps ruk vj vkLFkkoknh lq j gSANan fo/kku jh dlkoV] lcn p;u] xaHkhjrk vj Hkklk jks Vdlky+ h :i vka jS dkO; jh fols lrkokadgh tk lds SA
lw a iSyka rks lekt lq/kkj vj vktknh lk: tutkxjrh Y;ko.k okLrS xhr fy[;k x;k vj eapk ekFkS[kw c lq.kk;k x;kA futw i.kks] HkkokRedrk] lqHkkfodrk vj Hkklk jks lEis z l.k vk xhrka jh [kkfl;r ghAiz k;% xhr y;kRed gq ork vj vka lk: dfo;ka jk vki&vki jk lqj HkhA
xhrka jS iNS jktLFkkuh es a i| dFkkoka jks izpyu gq;ksA eqdqy jh *lSuk.kh* vj dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jh *ikry&ihFky* dfork lw a dfork jh blh ijEijk bZ iM+xhA vktknh jS iNS eap ekFkS
jktLFkkuh xhrka jh ?k.kh ekax gq;hA jktLFkkuh xhrdkjka jh la onsuk tBS yksdthou lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h gh] cBS yksdxhrka jh lSyh jks
izHkko Hkh vka ekFkS vk;ksA jktLFkkuh dfork uS eap ekFkS yksdfiz; c.kko.k esa vka xhrdkjka jks eksVks;ksxnku jS;ks gSA
xhr jks i[k ew y+ :i es a Hkkouk lw a tqfM+;ksM+ ks gq os SA b.k okLrS m.k es a futw lq[k&nq%[k jh vuqHkw fr;ka izxVh tkoSA O;fäxr Hkkouk lw a mift;ksM+ S xhrka es a eu jh ihM+ k] osnuk vj la?klZ jks fp=.k
lqHkkfod gSA xhr es a Hkko jh lPpkbZ vj rhozrk lqHkkfod gSA jktLFkkuh es a ftdks xhr dkO; fy[;ks m.kes a iz se] fl.kxkj] izØfr] /kjrh iz se bR;kn jks fp=.k gSA
vkstLoh xhr ijEijk es a es?kjkt eqdqy vj dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jS iNS lR;izdk’k tks’kh vj xtkuu oekZ jks mYys[ktksx LFkku gSA tks’kh :ekuh fetkt jk xhrdkj gS aA m.kka jS xhrka es a yksdxhrka
jS izHkko jks vglkl Hkh gq oS] dBS&dBS izxfrlhy lq j Hkh futj vkoSA yksdxhr vj yksdlaxhr lw a xgjk tqfM+;ksM+ k dfo;ka es a xtkuu oekZ jks uka o fljSA lq jhyks lq j] yksdxhrka jh feBkl vj yksd/kquka jS laxhr
fy[k.kokGk dfo;ka es a lR;su tks’kh ¼ca ry½] lka oj nb;k ¼vk lnh fetyh ejS½] jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh ¼xquSxkj xty½] ’kadjyky Lokeh ¼xty jks xtjks½] dqUnu flag lty] iznhi ’kekZ] iz seth iz se bR;kn gSaA
eksgu vkyksd jktLFkkuh dkO; es a uq ok iz;ksxka jS okLrS ?k.kk tk.khtSA vki *rqDrd* jS :i es a *Mka[ky+ k* fy[;k ftdk ?k.kk pkok gq;kA vS *Mka[ky+ k* rh[kS O;aX; lw a Hkfj;ksM+ k gSA vaxzsth es a ftdksfyefjd gS m.kuS bZ jktLFkkuh esa *Mka[kyks* c.kk fn;ksA ba;k bZ vaxzsth es a lksusV fy[;k gS vkS j
jktLFkkuh es a eksgu vkyksd Hkh lksusV ¼lkS lksusV½ fy[;k gSA jktLFkkuh es a *Mka[kyk* fy[k.kokGk nw tk dfo;ka es a fo|klkxj 'kekZ] ctjax lkjLor] jkeLo:i fdlku] x.kifr] lEir ljy bR;kn gS aA
b.k xhr/kkjk jka izeq[k xhrdkjka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gSa%&fd’kks jdYiuk dka r %& vkijks tye pw : ftyS jS jrux<+ dLcs es a 1930 bZ- esa gq;ksA
*vksGeks* tSM+ h lkfgfR;d if=dk jS ek/;e lw a vki ftdh lsok djh] ok vSfrgkfld egŸo jh gSAvki jktLFkkuh jk ofjLB xhrdkj gs S aA vka jS xhrka es a ekuo eu jh la osnukoka js S vNw rS :i jS lkFkSvk/;kfRed fpa ru Hkh lek;ksM+ ks gSA *eku[kks gsyks ekjS* vkijks iSyks xhr laxz s S gksA nw th iksF;kaesa *dw [k i³~;S jh ihM+*] *rkj ctk*] *ns[kS ftlh fprkjS* bR;kn xhr laxzS gSA vkijS xhrka es a xS jkbZ]iz kS<+ rk vj fpa rukRedrk gSA vsd xhr jks uew uks b.k Hkka r %&
b.k tue es a Qwy&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+kc gSb.k tue es a Qwy&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+kc gSb.k tue es a Qwy&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+kc gSb.k tue es a Qwy&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+kc gSb.k tue esa Qw y&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+ kc gSb.k tue es a lw y] lqxa/k iq li jks c.kko gSb.k tue es a lwy] lqxa/k iq li jks c.kko gSb.k tue es a lw y] lqxa/k iq li jks c.kko gSb.k tue es a lwy] lqxa/k iq li jks c.kko gSb.k tue esa lw y] lqxa/k iqli jks c.kko gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue es a ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ ko gSb.k tue esa ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ko gSb.k tue es a ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ ko gSb.k tue esa ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ko gSb.k tue esa ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ ko gSvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj jsvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj jsvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj jsvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj jsvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj js
dY;k.k flag jktkor %&dY;k.k flag jktkor %&dY;k.k flag jktkor %&dY;k.k flag jktkor %&dY;k.k flag jktkor %& vkijks tye ukxkS j ftyS jS fprkok xka o es a lu~ 1939 bZ- es a
gq;ksA eap jk pkok vj yw aBk xhrdkjA is ze vj fl.kxkj jS Hkkoka jh eks Sfyd iz Lrqfr vka jS xhrka jks vNw rks
i[k gSA *jkefr;k er rksM+*] *vk tehu vki.kh* vj *dq.k dq.kuS le>koka* vka jk rhu laxs z S gSA *vk;ks rks gq oSyks*]*:i frtks jh*] *csyM+ h bR;kn dforkoka ?k.kh pkoh gq;hA
j?kqjkt flag gkMk %& j?kqjkt flag gkMk %& j?kqjkt flag gkMk %& j?kqjkt flag gkMk %& j?kqjkt flag gkMk %& vkijks tye >kykokM+ ftyS jS peyklk xka o es a 1933 bZ- es a gq;ksA
vki gkM+ kS rh vapy jk ofjLB xhrdkj gSaA jktLFkkuh xhrdkjka es a vkijks Bkoks LFkku gSaA *?kw ?kjk*]*v.k
ckP;k vk[kj*] *gjnksy*] *vkey [khojk* vj *Qw y ds lw yk Qwy* vkijk izeq[k xhr laxsz S gSaA
esa 1904 bZ- esa gq;ksA vS ØkfUrdkjh gk vj vktknh lw a iSyka dsbZ ckj tsy+ Hkh x;kA *tudfo mLrkn* jS uka o lw a vka jh dforkoka Nirh jS;hA mLrkn u`R;xhr] :id xhr bR;kn Hkh fy[;k gs a SA tu uk;d
t;ukjk;.k O;kl jS lkFkS vki tu&vkanksyuka ea s cjkscj Hkkx ys orkA
mLrkn jh fljt.k la osnuk jk dsbZ i[k gS aA oka jh dfork mn~cks/kukRed] bfr;klw ps ruk lw a Hkjiw j vj lkekftd tu tkxj.k jh Hkkouk uS lesV~;ksM+h gSA vka jh dfork esa tkxjrh] fonzksg vj
O;aX; jh rh[kh ekj gS aA lkeUrh O;oLFkk esa cnGko Y;ko.k lk: mLrkn yksxka uS b.k <ax lw a is zfjr
dj~;k &
Fks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa MjiksFks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa MjiksFks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa MjiksFks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa MjiksFks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa Mjiks
fx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iksfx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iksfx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iksfx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iksfx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iks
Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+
es a xw aT;ka s rks js ornku pkj.k jks lq j dfo&lEesyuka es aA vki eap jk pkok&Bkok vj yw aBk dfo gkA *ps r eku[kks* vkijh jpukoka jks laxs z S gSA vkijh dfork es a iw athoknh vj lkeUrh O;oLFkk ekFkS rh[kks O;aX; gSA
vktknh lw a iSyka fy[;ksM+ h dforkoka esa fdlku fonzksg jh >yd gSA *badykc jh vka/kh*] *ps r eku[kk*]
lw jt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AA lwjt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AA lw jt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AA lwjt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AA lwjt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AA
*cknGh *cknGh *cknGh *cknGh *cknGh* jktLFkkuh tho.k es a lq[k jks lapkj dj.kokGh gSA vks bZ otS gS ds xjeh jS iNS yksx cknGh jh mMhd dj.kS ykx tkoS&
b.kh Hkka r *yw * dkO; es a xjeh jS ekSle es a pky.kokGh yw vka jh izp.Mrk jks ;FkkjFk fp=.k dj~;ks gSA vka nksuw a dkO;ka jS ek/;e lwa izØfr fp=.k jS lkFkS&lkFkS yksdtho.k jh HkkoukRed vj lka LØfrd ps ruk jks Hkh oj.ku gq;ks gSA pUnz flag izØfr jk dqly fprs jk gSa vka jh Hkklk esaykfyR; gSA
ukuw jke laLdrkZ %&ukuw jke laLdrkZ %&ukuw jke laLdrkZ %&ukuw jke laLdrkZ %&ukuwjke la LdrkZ %& vka jh fy[;ksM+ h izØfr dkO; jh jpukoka es a *dyk;.k*¼1949½ vj
*nlns o*¼1955½ izeq[k gSa A izØfr jS lkFkS&lkFkS yks Sfdd ifjos l jks lkarjks fp=.k vka jS izØfr dkO;ka
esa gSA vk dfo jh eks o.kh jpuk gSA vS *izØfr lbdM+ ks* uka o lw a izØfr fp=.k jk lkS Nan Hkh fy[;k gsS aA
ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %& HkkVh jh *lka>* ¼1954½ izØfr dkO; jh yw aBh vj izkS<+ jpuk gSA
Nk;koknh la osnuk] fcEc fo/kku] ekSfyd dYiuk bR;kn HkkVh jS dkO; jh fols lrkoka dgh tkoSy+ hA
eksj c<+S eu eksjk Aeksj c<+S eu eksjk Aeksj c<+S eu eksjk Aeksj c<+S eu eksjk Aeks j c<+ S eu eks jk A
mn;ohj ’kekZ %& mn;ohj ’kekZ %& mn;ohj ’kekZ %& mn;ohj ’kekZ %& mn;ohj ’kekZ %& vkijks tye >qU>quw ftyS jS fclkÅ dLcS esa fo-la- 1988 es a gq;ksA vki
cgqeq[kh izfrHkk jk jpukdkj gS aA vkijh izØfr dkO; jpukoka es a *MkaQh* vj *lw aVks* izeq[k gSaA
* lwaVks lwaVks lwaVks lwaVks lw aVks* dkO; es a dfo tBS izØfr jks lqUnj fp=.k djS] cBS bZ *lw aVks* foukldkjh l:i jS
dkj.k m.k uS ØkfUr jks njl.k eku ys oSA b.k nhB lwa dkO; es a vsd fopkj/kkjk izxV gq oSA dfo
lkekftd folerk] oxZ la?klZ vj fonz ksgh Hkkouk uS dsbZ rjS lw a izxV djSA xjhch jks fp=.k djrk
Fkdka dfo ds oS &
[kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke [kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke [kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke [kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke [kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke
cka <wa<k esa D;w a flj QksM+ S] n;k fn[kk D;w a rks eu uS Fkke cka <wa<k esa D;w a flj QksM+S] n;k fn[kk D;wa rks eu uS Fkke cka <wa<k esa D;w a flj QksM+ S] n;k fn[kk D;w a rks eu uS Fkke cka <wa<k esa D;w a flj QksM+S] n;k fn[kk D;wa rks eu uS Fkke cka <w a<k es a D;wa flj QksM+S] n;k fn[kk D;wa rks eu uS Fkke
jksVh iksrk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+ jksVh iksrk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+ jksVh iksrk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+ jksVh iksrk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+ jksVh iks rk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+
lkFkS&lkFkS m.k es a O;aX; Hkh gkso.kks pkbtS ft.k lw a jpuk es a rh[kksi.kks vk T;koSA jktLFkkuh es a l:
es a ftdh dforkoka fy[kh] oka esa lq/kkjoknh ps ruk gkso.kS lw a folxfr;ka vj dqizFkkoka ekFkS O;aX; gksA
bL;k dfo;ka es a Åejnku ykyl jks uka o vxz.kh gSA ykyl jh dforkoka jks lq j O;aX;kRed gksA
vktknh lw a iSyka lkez kT;okn] vkjfFkd lks l.k] vR;kpkj bR;kn jS f[kykQ jktuhfrd tkxz rh Y;ko.kh gh] b.k otS lw a ftdh dforkoka fy[khth] oka es a vkØks l ?k.kks vj O;aX; de gksA vktknh iNS
lka oj nb;k] Hkxorh yky O;kl] vks adkj Jh bR;kn gS aA vktknh jS iNS xka o es a vk;ksM+ S cny+ ko uS rstflag tks/kk vkijh dfork *bS xka o es a dBS bZ dha OgSxks* es a rh[kS O;aX; lkFkS mHkkj~;ks gSA
6- lEcks/ku dkO; %&6- lEcks/ku dkO; %&6- lEcks/ku dkO; %&6- lEcks/ku dkO; %&6- lEcks/ku dkO; %& yksd dkO; jS :i es a *<+ ksyk ek: jk nw gk* ¼fo-la- 1530½ ?k.kk egrkÅ gS aA ew y :i es a ns[;ks tkoS rks vks dkO; is ze dFkk vj lEcks/ku dkO; jS fljt.k jks is z j.kk lz ks r gSAfca;k lEiw j.k lEcks/ku dkO; es a *tsBoS jk lks jBk* vkoSA vka jS iNS yk[k.klh pkj.k ¼fo-la- 1530½
jk fy[;k *Ãfy;k jk lks jBk*] *ck?kth jk nw gk* ¼fo-la- 1563½] nq jlk vk<+ k jk *fo#n fNgrjh* vj
iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jk *HkkxhjFkh jk nw gk* lEcks/ku dkO; es a bZ vkoSA vka iNS jkeukFk dfo;k jk *ikcw th jk lks jBk*] *d:.kk ckouh*] lkanw jk;flag jk *eksfr;k jk nw gk* bR;kn gSaA vka es a Ñikjke f[kfM+ +;k ¼fo- la- 1800&1890½ jk fy[;ksM+ k *jkft;k jk lks jBk* lxGk lw a fljS vj ?k.kk pkok gq;kA *jkft;k jk lks jBk* jS iNS lEcks/ku dkO; jh yw aBh ijEijk l: gq;h ftdh fo-la- 1530 es a *Ãfy;k jk lks jBk* jS iNS
fdlfu;k] jkft;k] jkeyk] uksiyk] exfu;k] eksfr;k] Qwfl;k] NksfV;k] ukfu;k] ghfj;k] ekfu;k]pdfj;k] lka ojk] ckoy+ k bR;kn jS :i es a lEcks/ku dkO; jS :i es a c/krh x;hA
b.kh ijEijk es a vkt Hkh lEcks/ku :i es a dha dkO; fy[;k x;k gSa ft.kes a euksgj ’kekZ ¼jketh jk lksjBk½] MkW- mn;ohj ’kekZ ¼ekSydS s jk lks jBk½] rkÅ ’ks[kkokVh ¼ckoyk jk lksjBk½] egkohj iz lkn
tks’kh ¼nw fn;k jk lksjBk½] cLrhey lksyadh ¼cfLr;k jk lks jBk½] jkethyky dY;k.kh ¼jk?ko lSdM+ ks½]vLr vyh eydk.k ¼vkeuk jk lks jBk½ bR;kn izeq[k gSaA
7- uqa oh dfork %&7- uqa oh dfork %&7- uqa oh dfork %&7- uqa oh dfork %&7- uqaoh dfork %& ijEijkÅ jktLFkkuh dfork es a dF; jh nhB lw a 1965 bZ- jS vklS&iklScny+ ko jh fLFkfr;ka lkQ futj vko.k ykxhA bZ a cny+ ko jS ikNS cny+ rh la osnuk vj fLFkfr;ka jks xgjks
gjeu pkSgku] lka oj nb;k] iq:lksŸke Naxk.kh bR;kn dfo;ka jh dforkoka es a yksdtho.k jS b.k cny+ ko
uS ;FkkjFk :i es a izxV~;ks gSA jktLFkkuh dfork es a uq a ok dfo;ka jks lksp ua qoh jktLFkkuh dfork uS [kw c vkxS c<+ k;ks gS vks
bZ dkj.k gS ds vkt jktLFkkuh uq a oh dfork Hkkjrh; ledkyhu lkfgR; jh dforkoka jS eqdkcy+ s S esa
vkijk ix tek; jk[;k gS aA dha dfo;ka jh la osnu fLFkfr;ka ekFkS b.k Hkka r fopkj dj~;ks tk ldS gS a %&
rst flag tks/kk %& rst flag tks/kk %& rst flag tks/kk %& rst flag tks/kk %& rst flag tks/kk %& ¼tye 7 tqykbZ 1950 bZ- ½ jktLFkkuh uqa oh dfork jk vkxhok.k dfo
ekuhtSA tks/kk dforkoka de fy[kh i.k dF; vj flYi lw a uq oh dfork jh vksG[kk.k c.kko.k es a vka
jh dforkoka /k.kh egrkÅ gS aA vki *jktLFkkuh&vsd*] *nhB* bR;kn if=dkoka jk dha vad Hkh fudkY;kA
vkijh ?k.kh pfpZ r dforkoka jS;h gSA vka dforkoka jks eqgkojks vSM+ ks gks ds fgUnh jk dha dfo Hkh vka
lw a is zfjr gks;*j dforkoka fy[khAef.k e/kqdjef.k e/kqdjef.k e/kqdjef.k e/kqdjef.k e/kqdj ¼tye flrEcj 1942 bZ-½ %&%&%&%&%& jktLFkkuh jk uqa ok dfo;ka es a vkijh lUnHkZxr
vj ;qxcks/k jh la osnukoka lw a vkijh lk[k dk;e djhA flYi jks peRdkj ef.k jh [kkfl;r jS;h gSA
xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor %&xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor %&xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor %&xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor %&xks j/ku flag ’ks[kkor %& ¼tye 10 viszy 1941½ jktLFkkuh jk izeq[k uqa ok dfo gS A
*fdjdj* ¼1971 bZ-½ vj *iuth ek:* ¼1988 bZ-½ uka o lw a vkijk nks dfork laxz S NI;ksM+ k gSA *iuth ek:*]
*dkG*]*Egkjks xka o*] *iz hr* vkijh lka rjh dforkoka gSA ifjos l jh tfVyre fLFkfr;ka vj v.kHko la osnu
uS vki dsbZ fcEcka vj iz rhdka jS ek/;e lw a O;Dr dj~;ks gSA
ikjl vjksM+k %&ikjl vjksM+k %&ikjl vjksM+k %&ikjl vjksM+k %&ikjl vjksM+ k %& ¼tye 1937½ vk/kqfud la osnukoka uS vfHkO;ä dj.kokGk lejFk dfo gSaA
vka jh dforkoka es a lgjh tho.k jks ifjos l gSA *>G* vka jks iSyks dfork laxz S gSA
jks ;FkkjFk fp=.k gSA m.kka jh lksp fLFkfr;ka jh psruk uS vsM+S la osnu lkFkS lkeh Y;ko.kh ft.klw a oS
vkijh jpukRedrk uS vk;ke ns ldSA oka jS dfork laxz S es a *euxr*] *dky+ vj vkt jS fcPpS*] *vk[kj jh vkSdkr*] *vk[kj jh vka[k lw a* vj *gq oS jax gtkj* izeq[k gS aA
ekypan frokM+ h %&ekypan frokM+h %&ekypan frokM+ h %&ekypan frokM+h %&ekypan frokM+ h %& ¼tye 19 ekpZ 1958½ uqa ok dfo;ka es a vkijh vyx vksG[kk.k jk[kSA
vka jh dforkoka ledkyhu ;FkkjFk uS vkijS futw jpko lw a mtkxj djrh vsd vs SM+ S fojks/k uS izxVs S
ftdks dfork jk ix etcw r djSA frokM+ h jh dforkoka dF; vj flYi es a rktxh fy;ksM+ h gSA *mrj~;ks
gS vkHkks* vka jks iSyks vj pfpZ r dfork laxz S gSA b.k esa is ze vj nkjlfud Hkkoukoka jks futw Lrj ekFkS
vcksV fcack vj izrhdka jS ek/;e lw a fp=.k gq;ks ga SA
jks *ga lrksM+ k gksBka jks lkap*] ch-,y-ekyh jks *gsyh*] vrqy dud jks *vkoks ckr djka* bR;kn laxz S
ledkyhu dforkoka jk la krjk laxz S gS aA
ewY;kadu %&ew Y;kadu %&ewY;kadu %&ew Y;kadu %&ew Y;kadu %& vk/kqfud dfork jS v/;;u lw a lkQ y[kkoS ds vk/kqfud dky es a tBS
ijEijkÅ fljt.k gq;ks] cBS 1857 bZ- jh ØkfUr jS iNS dha vSM+ k dfo vk;k ftdk ;qx dfo jS :i esavkijh Hkw fedk fuHkkbZA vktknh jS iNS fLFkfr;ka es a cny+ ko vk;ks rks dkO;&la osnu es a cny+ ko vko.kkst:jh gksA b.k dkj.k dfork jh /kkjk es a dsbZ iz ozfr;ka mithA jkLVªh;] lka LØfrd vj O;fäxr xhr
iz/kku] izØfr] gkL; O;aX; vj uqoha dfork jS :i esa dfork jk jax fu[kj~;kA 1960 bZ- jS iNS dfork jh la osnuk ledkyhu ;FkkjFk lw a tqM+*j ekuoh ew Y;ka uS uqa oh nhB lw a vfHkO;fä nhA vBS lw a jktLFkkuh
esa uq oh dfork jks mnS gq oS vj vkt jktLFkkuh jh uqoha dfork fd.kh Hkh ledkyhu Hkklk jh dfork lw a ykjS uhA *nqxkZnkl*] *ehjk* ¼ukjk;.k flag HkkVh½] *cksy Hkkjeyh* ¼ lR;izdk’k tks’kh½] *yhyVka l*
x| es a [;kr] okr] oa lkoyh]inkoyh] ihf<+;koyh] foxr] gdhdr] gky bR;kn feySA [;kr es a jktkoka jks oa lkuqØe feySA vkt Hkh jktLFkku jS bfr;kl jS lUnHkZ esa eqg.kks r uS.klh] vkfl;k ckadhnkl vj
n;kynkl jh [;kr izfl) ga SA
vSfrgkfld x| nks lSfy;ka es a fy[;ks x;ks gS& ts Su lSyh vj pkj.k lSyhA tSu lSyh jh Hkklk lh/kh ljy vj pkj.k lSyh jh eaft;ksM+ h gSA3- dykRed x| %&3- dykRed x| %&3- dykRed x| %&3- dykRed x| %&3- dykRed x| %& dykRed x| jks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; es a vkijks egŸo gSA dykRed
x| eq[; :i lw a opfudk] flyksdk] o.kZd vj okr :i es a feySA opfudk x|&i| feflz r gSA vknlZ opfudk es a vk/kks x| vj oks Hkh rqdkUr gq oSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ftdh egrkÅ opfudk fy[khth m.k es a *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* ¼flonkl xkM.k½ vj *opfudk jkBkSM+ jrufla?k egs lnklks r jh*
gSAdykRed x| nokoS r es a Hkh feySA nokoS r es a HkkV ekyhnkl jh fy[kh *ujflagnkl dh nokoS r*
?k.kh pks[kh gSA b.kh Hkka r dykRed x| jks vsd :i *flyksdk* Hkh gSA jktLFkkuh es a okr lkfgR; jksv[kw V Hk.Mkj gS b.k jS eka; Hkh x|&i| jks :i nhlSA ckr jh vkijh lSyh gSA
4- vU; :i %&4- vU; :i %&4- vU; :i %&4- vU; :i %&4- vU; :i %& x| jS nw tk :ika es a flyksys[k] iÍk&ijokuka gS aA
*dud lqUnj dud lqUnj dud lqUnj dud lqUnj dud lqUnj* jS iNS Jhukjk;.k vxzoky jks *pkpk* ¼1925½ jktLFkkuh jks nw tks miU;kl gSAvks lkekftd miU;kl gS vj b.k es a *o`) fookg* jh leL;k uSs izxV djh gSA
vS nksuw a miU;kl iSyk miU;kl gS vka jks mns l lekt lq/kkj jh Hkkouk gS dF; vj flYi ?k.kh iz kS<+ rk uhA
vka nks miU;klka jS iNS vsd yEcks va rjky jS;ks vj vktknh jS iNS 1956 bZ- es a Jhyky uFkey tks’kh jks *vkHkS iVdh vkHkS iVdh vkHkS iVdh vkHkS iVdh vkHkS iVdh* miU;kl NI;ksA b.k miU;kl es a fo/kok fookg jh leL;k mBk;h x;h gSAvks Hkh vsd lekt lq/kkj jS nzfLVdks.k lw a fy[;ksM+ ks lkekftd miU;kl gSA ls oV leL;k jks lek/
vk/kkfjr gSA vka nksuw a miU;klka es a Hkh miU;kldkj jks nzfLVdks.k vknlZ oknh jS;ks gSA jktLFkkuh miU;kl Ns = es a b.k jS iNS vUukjke lqnkek jks Bkoks vj yw aBks uka o fy;ks tk ldS
gSA vka jh dFkkps ruk vkijS ifjos l lw a tqM+*j leL;koka uS vknlZ oknh :>ku ekFkS iz Lrqr djSA vka jS miU;klka es a *eSdrh dk;k eqy+drh /kjrh* ¼1966½] *vka/kh vkSj vkLFkk* ¼1974½] *es oS jk :a[k* ¼1977½]
*Mkdhtrk ekuoh* vj *?kj la lkj* ¼nks Hkkx½ gSA *es Sdrh dk;k vj eqy+drh /kjrh* es a vkRedFkkRed lSyh
fot;nku nsFkk %&fot;nku nsFkk %&fot;nku nsFkk %&fot;nku nsFkk %&fot;nku nsFkk %& vkijks tye cks:ank ¼tks/kiq j½ es a 1926 bZ- es a gq;ksA vkijk nks miU;kl *eka jks cny+ ks* vj *rhM+ kS jko* NI;ksM+ k gS a ft.kes a yksddFkkoka us S vk/kkj c.kk*j lekt O;oLFkk ekFkS rh[kks
O;aX; dfj;ks gSA vka jS yksd miU;kl es a yksddFkk jk lxGk rŸo vj yksd ifjos l ekStw n gSAdgk.kh %&dgk.kh %&dgk.kh %&dgk.kh %&dgk.kh %& jktLFkkuh es a s okr lkfgR; jks rks v[kw V Hk.Mkj gS vj m.k jh vsd vkijh ijEijk
jS;h gS ftdh vkt Hkh yksdthou es a nhlS ysfdu dgk.kh rks vk/kqfud lkfgR; jh fo/kk gSA jktLFkkuh esa fta;k miU;kl vj ukVd jS :i es a iSyk ys[kd f’kopUn Hkjfr;k ekU;k tkoS fca;k gh jktLFkkuh uS iSyh dgk.kh Hkh f’kopUn Hkjfr;k jh *foJkUr iz okl* lu~ 1904 es a dydŸkS lw a Ni.kokGh ekfld i= *oS’;ksidkjd* es a NihA b.k jS iNS xqykcpan ukxkSjh jh *cM+ h rht*] *cM+ h csVh dh fodjh* vj *cgw dh [kjhn* bR;kn dgk.;k vyhx<+ lw a izdkflr *ekgs’ojh* if=dk es a NihA ukxkS jh jS iNS f’koukjk;.k
rks luhoky jh *fo|kijns ore~* vj *L=h f’k{k.k dks vksukeks* ekfld ukfld lw a izdkflr iapjkt esa
NihA iz oklh jpukdkjka jh vka dgk.;k es a vknlZ okn vj lekt lq/kkj jh Hkkouk ghAvka jS iNS chl cjl rkabZ jktLFkkuh es a dksbZ dgk.kh uh NihA lu~ 1935 bZ- jS vklS&iklS Qs:
dgk.;k Ni pqdh ghA O;kl jS iNS dgk.kh fy[k.kokGk es a ukuw jke la LdrkZ] u`flag jktiq jksfgr]cStukFk ia okj] Jhyky uFkey tks’kh] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] vUukjke lqnkek] nkeksnj 'kekZ] dj.khnku
ckjgB] jkes’ojn;ky Jhekyh ]ew ypan izk.ks’k ]nhun;ky vks>k] Jhea rdqekj O;kl] jkefuokl 'kekZbR;kn gS aA vka dgk.khdkjka jks iz ozfrxr :i es a foHkktu uh dj ldka D;w ads vka jS ys[ku esa fd.kh vsd iz ozfr jh iz/kkurh uhA
dF; vj flYi jh nhB lw a ftdks cny+ ko jktLFkkuh dgk.kh es a vk;ks m.k jh >y+d lu~ 1970bZ- jS iNS fy[;ksM+ h dgk.;ka es a futj vkoSA b.k lw a is Syka rks dgk.;ka ?kVuk&iz/kku] vknlZ oknh vj ijEijkxr flYi uS ys;*j pky.kokGh ghA
eq jyh/kj O;kl vj oka jS iNS jk dgk.khdkjka jh ew y+ nhB lkekftd ps ruk lw a tqfM+;ksMh jS;hAb.k okLrS vka jh dgk.;ka es a lekt lq/kkj vj vknlZ oknh Hkkouk jh iz/kku ghA O;kl jh dgk.;ka jh folS oLrq lgjh tho.k lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h gS iNS Hkh oka jh dgk.;ka es a lekt lq/kkj vj lkekftd dqizFkkokaekFkS rh[kkS O;aX; gS fta;k oka jh *C;ko*] *cyeS jks eksy+*] vj *ujes?k ;k lekt jks uhjk* dgk.;ka ns[kh tk ldS gSA vka dgk.;ka es a pfjr ;k okrkoj.k iz/kku uh gks;*j leL;koka jk r;lqnk lek/kku ikBdka
jS lkeh jk[khT;k gSaA dgk.;ka jh Hkklk lh/kh&ljy gSAukuw jke la LdrkZ jk *X;ksgh*¼1957½] *nlnks[k* ¼1966½ vj */kj jh jsy* ¼1970½ uka o lwa rhu
dgk.kh laxz S NI;ksM+ k gS aA vka jh dgk.;ka vkapfyd tho.k jh ijEijk] yksdfoLokl] lq[k&nq%[k vj lkekftd cq jkb;ka jks fp=.k djSA vka dgk.;k jk flYi ijEijkxr gS vj vka es a vknlZ] euks jatu] minsl vj oj.ku jh iz/kkurk gSA
uflag jktiq jksfgr jktLFkkuh jk dgkuhdkjka es a vkijh Bkoh BkSM+ jk[kSA xzkeh.k tho.k jScny+ rS lUnHkkZ uS u`flag jktiq jksfgr xgjh la osnuk jS lkFkS vfHkO;ä dj~;k ga SA *jkrcklks* ¼1961½] *vej pw uM+ h* ¼1969½] *eÅ pkyh eky oS* ¼1973½] *ijHkkfr;ks rkjks* bR;kn vka jk izeq[k NI;ksM+ k dgk.kh laxz SgS aA vktknh jS iNS cny+ rS lkekftd ew Y;] Hkz LV jktuhfrd fLFkfr;ka] fjLor[kks jh] Hkz LVkpkj] dky+ vj
xz keh.k tho.k jh eka;Gh vj vc[kk;ka vj lgjh izHkko jS vuqHkw fr jS /kjkry+ ekFkS izxV dj.kokGk dgk.khdkj gS cStukFk ia okjA ia okj jk rhu dgk.kh laxz S *ykMs lj* ¼1970½] *uS.kk [kw V~;ks uhj*vj *vksG[kk.k* NI;ksM+ k gS aA ia okj jh dgk.;ka vknlZ dkuh mUeq[k gq;ksM+ h ;FkkjFkoknh dgk.;ka gSaAvka es a *ykMslj*] *bukeh HkkHkh*] *uS.kk [kw V;ks uhj* izeq[k gS aA
vknlZ okn lw a bZ izsfjr Jhyky uFkey tks’kh jh dgk.;ka lgjh thou lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h leL;kokauS izxVSA vka jh dha dgk.;ka eukSoSX;kfud Hkh ga S ftdh ifr&iRuh jS vkilh lEcU/kk jh my>uka uS
euksfoX;ku jS lUnHkZ esa lqy+>koSA *eksyk;ksM+ h ykMh* esa vuesy C;ko jh rks *ij.;ksM+ h da okjh* esaifr&iRuh jS lEcU/kk jk uq a ok vk;ke nhlSA
MkW- euksgj 'kekZ jh dgk.;ka es a lkekftd leL;koka uS mtkxj djh gS vka jh dgk.;ka esavknlZokn vj ;FkkjFkokn gSA *dU;knku* ¼1971½ uka o lwa vka jks dgk.kh laxzS NI;ksM+ ks gS ft.k esa
lsB&lkgw dkjka jh mnkjrk] vkilh ln~Hkko vj fuezojx jk yksxka jh ihM+ koka jks lkapks fp=.k gSA*dU;knku*] *Qfr;S jks C;ko*] *[kkath* bR;kn vka jh jkspd dgk.;ka gS aA
uflagiq jksfgr jS iNS jktLFkkuh dgk.;ka es a vkijh U;kjh vksG[kk.k c.kko.kokGk dgk.khdkjkaesa vUukjke jks fols l eqdke gSA vUukjke lqnkek vkLFkkoknh jpukdkj gS a vj ;qx ;FkkjFk jS ykjS okafutw lksp vj vsd ÅaMh nhB jS;h gSA *vka/kS uS vka[;ka*] *xyr bykt* vj *ek;k jks jax* vkijk NI;ksM+ k dgk.kh laxz S gSA vka jh dgk.;ka xz keh.k ifjos l lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h vj m.k jh eka;yh fLFkfr uS lkoG <ax
lw a vfHkO;fä nso.kokGh gSA vka jk ik= thoV jk gS a] cS tq>k: c.k*j fLFkfr;ka lw a la?klZ t:j djSai.k oka jS cks/k vj fpa ru jh vsd lhek t:j gSA lqnkek jh dgk.;ka es a dsbZ txka dkO;kRedrk vj fopkj cks/k jS dkj.k flYixr flfFkyrk Hkh vk;h gSA *<+yS Mw axj % QVS pÍku*] *lqyrku usdh jks lez kV*]*vka/ks S uS vka[;ka* bR;kn lqnkek jh dha izeq[k dgk.;ka gSaA
dj.khnku ckjgB vkijh dgk.;ka es a xz keh.k ifjos l jS cny+ rs :i uS izxV dj~;ksA *vkneh jks lhax* vj *ekVh jh egd* vka jk pfpZr dgk.kh laxs S z gS ft.kesa ifjokj vj lekt jh leL;koka jks oj.ku gSA vktknh jS iNS lkeUrh O;oLFkk Vw Vh rks jktuhfr jks xanks izHkko xka oka jS ekFkS i³~;ks] b.k jks fp=.k vka jh dgk.;ka es a gS aA *nkst[k*] *fpeuh jks P;ku.kks*] *ekS r jh xkaB* bR;kn b.k jh izfrfuf/k jpukoka gsSA
nkeksnj iz lkn 'kekZ jh dgk.;ka jh la osnuk xz keh.k vj lgjh thou lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h gSA ekuo
eu jh eka;yh fLFkfr;ka uS mtkxj dj.kS es a nkeksnj 'kekZ vsd leFkZ dgk.khdkj gSaA *iz srkRek jh izhr*uka o lw a vka jks vsd laxzS NI;ksM+ ks gSA *fprjke*] *isz rkRek jh izhr*] *getksy+ h* bR;kn vka jh egrkÅ dgk.;ka gSA
ew ypan iz k.ks’k jh dgk.;ka es a tho.k jS ;FkkjFk ifjosl jks fp=.k gSA izk.ks’k vkijh dgk.;kaaes a ifjokjka jh vkjfFkd raxh ]etcw jh vj eu jh nksxkpha rh jks lka rjks oj.ku dj~;ks gSA *mdy+ rk vka rjk % lhy+ k lkl* ¼1973½ vj *pLenhB xokg* iz k.ks’k jk nks dgk.kh laxz S gS aA
fot;nku nsFkk ew yr% yksd dFkkdkj gS aA m.kka jh yksddFkkoka jk dsbZ laxz S fudY+;k gSaA*vys[kw fgVyj* dgk.kh laxS z vka jks ekSfyd dgk.kh laxs S z gS i.k b.k jS <kapk es a yksddFkkoka jk rŸo t:j fNI;ksM+ k gS aA vka jh ekSfyd dgk.;ka jks flYi Hkh dFkk lSyh lw a izHkkfor gSA nsFkk izxfrlhy fopkj
lw a tqfM+;ksM+ k gS aAvktknh jS iNS vkjfFkd nckoka jS dkj.k xka oka es a Hkh vsd lkFkS jsS of.k;ka ifjokj Hkh /khjS&
/khjS Vw V.k ykX;k rks ifjokj jS fjLrka es a Hkh dha Qjd vk;ksA ifr&iRuh jS lEcU/kk es a Hkh dsbZ rjS jh tfVyrkoka
vk;h rks ekuoh fjLrk Vw V.k ykX;kA vk vsd vs SM+ h la osnuk gh ft.k jS izHkko lw a vkt Hkh xka o ;k lgj vNw rks uhA bZ a vkilh lEcU/kk jS cny+ ko uS dha dgk.khdkj vkijh jpukRed laosnu jks folS c.kk;ks]b.kes a ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz] jkefuokl 'kekZ] jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh bR;kn dha vSM+ h dgk.;ka fy[khAvkilh lEcU/kk jS s cny+ ko ea s jkefuokl 'kekZ jh *lqgkx.k&Hkkx.k* vj ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz jh *cki vj csVh* egrkÅ gS aA vkt feu[k elhu jh nkabZ pDdj dkVs S ft.k lw a oks lko tM+ ;k Qxr ta = c.kX;ksgSA b.k jks fp=.k jkefuokl 'kekZ jh *ySEi iksLV* vj *vkrecks/k* rFkk jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh jh
*lGoVka* dgk.;ka es a nhlSA Jhekyh jh dgk.;ka nfyrojx jh ihM+ k] foo’krk vj nhurk uS izxV djSA*[kkt:*] *tlksnk* bR;kn Jhekyh jh pfpZ r dgk.;ka gS aA *lGoVka* uka o lw a vka jks dgk.kh laxz S Hkh NI;ksgSA
jktLFkku es a vkbZ lky vdky+ iM+ + rks jSoS vj vdky+ jh Hkhl.k fLFkfr lw a vBS jks tu tho.k]ilq /ku bR;kn izHkkfor gq;k fcuk uh jS; ldSA vdky+ jS dkj.k xka ookGk uS Hkh jkstxkj jh rykl es a xka o lw a ckjS tko.kks iMS +A vka fLFkfr;ka jks ifjokj ekFkS dsbZ izHkko iM+ SA eq jyh/kj O;kl ¼esgek;ks½]u`flag jktiq jksfgr ¼xka o jh gFkkbZ] fl.kxkjh½] cStukFk ia okj ¼/kkih Hkw ok½] Jhea rdqekj O;kl] j?kqukFk flag ¼vdky+ Åij rks dky+½ bR;kn pks[kh dgk.;ka fy[kh gSaA cnz hnku xkM.k jh dgk.;k ifjok:
la osnuk lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h gSa vka jks vsd dgk.kh laxz S *vka acS jh Mky+ ljoj jh iky+* NI;ks s gSAvknlZoknh] vknlZ dkuh mUeq[k gq;ksM+ h ;FkkjFkoknh dgk.;ka bR;kn es a lkekftd leL;koka
jh iz/kkurk jS;h gSA L=h&iq:l jS lEcU/kka uS ys;*j dsbZ dgk.;ka fy[;ksM+ h gSaA ifjokj jh v.klqy>h fLFkfr;ka lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h euks oSX;kfud dgk.;ka Hkh vkt jh fLFkfr;ka uS izxVSA b.k nhB lw a u`flag
jktiq jksfgr] jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh] jkefuokl ’kekZ bR;kn jh dgk.;ka mYys[ktksx gSaAvSfrgkfld dFkkudka uS ys;*j Hkh yksddFkk lSyh es a dsbZ dgk.;ka fy[khthA vka dgk.;ka esa
jktLFkku jh la LØfr vj eku&ew Y;ka jks fp=.k gSA y{ehdqekjh pw aMkor jh *eka>y jkr*] *ew ey+*] *fxj Åapk*] *Åapk x<+ k*] *dS jS pdok ckr* bR;kn dgk.kh laxz S] bfr;klw lUnHkkZ lw a Hkjiw j gS aA b.kht Hkka r vSfrgkfld dgk.;ka fy[k.kokGk esa y{eh dqekjh pw aMkor] lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor] c`teksgu tkofy;k bR;kn gSaA b.kh rjS ikSjkf.kd vj /kkjfed izlaxk js S vk/kkj ekFkS Hkh jktLFkkuh es a dgk.;ka fy[khth gSaA
vktknh jS iNS lkekftd] /kkjfed vj jktuhfrd Lrj ekFkS ftdks cny+ ko vk;ks m.k jh lgh vfHkO;fä jktLFkkuh dgk.;ka es a lu~ 1970 bZ- jS iNS bZ gq;hA jktLFkkuh uq a oh dfork es a la osnukRed cny+ ko ekStw nk ;qx cks/k jS lUnHkZ es a vŸkks izHkkolkyh :i es a vk;ks ds vsdj jktLFkkuh dfork uS ys;*j pks[kh ppkZ gq;hA vkt jktLFkkuh dgk.kh Hkh la osnuk jS Lrj ekFkS fnuksfnu vkxS c<rh tk; jS;h gSAfca;k jktLFkkuh es a vkt Hkh dha jpukdkj vkijS iq jk.kS flYi cks/k uS ys;*j dgk.;ka fy[kS] i.k vSM+ k yksx de gS aA vkt jktLFkkuh jk dgk.khdkj dFkk ps ruk jS ijEijkÅ :i lw a gV*j ;FkkjFkoknh dgk.;ka fy[k jS;k gSaA vS dgk.;ka vkt jS ifjos l lw a miT;ksM+ h vj uqa oS dF; uS izxV dj.ks S oky+ h gSaAbL;k uq a ok dgk.khdkjka es a lka oj nb;k] ekypan frokM+ h] pUnzizdk’k ns oy] uan Hkkj}kt] eksgu vkyksd]Hka ojyky lqFkkj Hkzej]] ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz] ns ofdlu jktiq jksfgr ¼fcjtw M+ h jks ri vj eks lj can½] ch-,y- eky+ h] gjeu pkSgku] fouksn lksekuh ga l] euksgj flag jkBkSM+] jkeLo:i ijs’k] enu lSuh] Hkjr
uq a oh ih<+ h jk dgk.khdkjka es a la koj nb;k ikfjokjhd ;FkkjFk vj uq oha la osnukoka lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h lka rjh dgk.;ka fy[kh ft.kes a& *vlokM+ S&ilokM+ S*] */kjrh dn rkabZ ?kw eSy+ h*] *vsd nqfu;k Egkjh*] *iksFkh
ftlh iksFkh* ¼1996½ bR;kn gS aA jktLFkkuh es a oS ua q oh la osnuk lw a dgk.kh fy[k.kokGk uq oh ih<+ h jk iSyk dgk.khdkj ga SA nb;k vkijh dgk.;ka es a flYi jk ?k.kk iz;ksx dj~;kA la okn lSyh uS vi.kk;*j nb;k
jh yxS&VxS nl dgk.;ka gS aA l: es a vka jh dgk.kh *xy+ h ftlh xy+ h* ?k.kh pkoh gq;hA vLlh jS nld esa a dgk.kh ys[ku jh l:vkr lw a nb;k csxk bZ vkijh Bkoh Bks SM+ c.kkbZA la osnuk vj flYi jks ua q oksi.kks
nb;k jh [kkl fols lrk gSA *gkyr* nb;k jh la okn lSyh es a fy[;ksM+h mŸke dgk.kh gS nw th dgk.;kaesa *xy+ h c.krk ?kj*] *lqdM+htrk vkax.kk*] *tq³~;k dV~;k*] *vkstw ca lr* bR;kn izeq[k gSaA vS lxGh dgk.;ka ;FkkjFkoknh gs S aA *vsd nqfu;k Egkjh* vka jks [kkl laxS z gSA
;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz jktLFkkuh jk Bkok dgk.khdkj gS a vj oS cjlka lw a dgk.;ka fy[k jS;k gSaA
vka jh dgk.;ka es a ikfjokjhd ftnaxh jh dsbZ vcjok;ka jks lka rjks oj.ku gSA vkijh dgk.;ka jktLFkkuh
yksd thou uS njlkorh vj eku[kS jS eka;yh ijrka uS [kksy.kS okGh gS aA *tekjks* vka jks [kkl dgk.kh
laxS z gSA
uq oha ih<+ h jS dgk.khdkjka es a ekypan frokM+ h jks uka o fljSA oS vc rkabZ yxHkx nks njtu
dgk.;ka fy[kh gS s aA */kMan* vj *lsfycs z lu* ¼1998½ m.kka jk nks dFkk laxSz gSA vka jh dgk.;ka jh la osnuk
Hka ojyky Hkzej jh dgk.;ka jk rhu dFkk laxz S NI;ksM+ k gS a& *rxknks*] *vew tks dn rkabZ* vj *lkra w
lq[k* ¼1997½ vka jh dgk.;ka es a vke vkneh jh ihM+ k] vHkko vj ?kqVu jks fp=.k gS vj vS dgk.;ka
lh/kh&ljy gS aA
ch-,y- ekyh v’kka r jh dgk.;ka le;&lR; uS vkijh nhB lw a izxVSA vka jk nks dgk.kh laxS z
*fdyh fdyh dVdks* vj *jkbZ jkbZ js r* NI;ksM+ k gSA *dkty jh gR;k*] *fpxY;ksM+ k gkFk*] *fHk[kkjh*]
*xqnM+h jks njn* bR;kn vka jh pfpZ r dgk.;ka gS aA v’kka r jh dgk.;ka esa ijEijk vj O;oLFkk jks
fojks/k gSA vka jh Hkklk lh/kh ljy vj flYi jh lka rjh c.kxV gSAeuksgj flag jkBkSM+ jh dgk.;ka es a vklS&iklS jh fLFkfr;ka lw a mBk;ksM+ k ik=ka jS ek/;e lw a vSM+ h
fLFkfr uS ;FkkjFk :i es a izxVh gS ftdh ekuoh la osnuk lw a ?k.kh Hkfj;ksM+ h gSA vka jk rhu dgk.kh laxz S
*jks’kuh jk tho* ¼1983½ ] *f[kM+dh* ¼1989½ vj *x<+ jks njoktks* ¼1997½ NI;ksM+ k gSaA nz ksinh] cGn]
^jks’kuh jk tho* vj ^x<+ jks njoktks* vka jh pfpZ r dgk.;ka jS;h gaSA
jkeLo:i ijs’k jh dgk.;ka e/;eojx jS lektw ;FkkjFk uS xS jkbZ lw a vfHkO;ä djSA vka jh
dgk.;ka es a ekuoh fLFkfr;ka jk ihM+ knk;d lUnHkZ feySA *mMhd*] *vka/kh jks vSuk.k* bR;kn vka jh egrkÅ
dgk.;ka gSaA
;q ok dgk.khdkjka esa Hkjr vksy+ k jh dgk.;ka jks vsd vyx eqgkojks gS A vka jks vsd dFkk
laxS z *tho jh tkr* ¼1998½ NI;ksM+ ks gSA vksy+ k jh dgk.;ka jS eka; dF; jh iz/kkurk gSA vkijS lh/kS ljy flYi es a ca/;ksM+ h vS dgk.;ka vkijh la osnuk es a ?k.kh ÅaMh gS a vj vkt jS thou ;FkkjFk lw a tqfM+;ksM+h
gSA *ij*] *lj.kkVks*] *C;ktfM+;ks*] *nw tks ujd* bR;kn vka jh pfpZr dgk.;ka gS aA jkeLo:i fdlku jh dgk.;ka vkt jS ;FkkjFk uS lkeh Y;koSA vkijks vsd dgk.kh laxz S
*gkMk[kksM+ h* ¼2002½ NI;ksM+ ks gS ft.kes a xzkeh.k tu thou jh vc[kk;ka vkt jS ifjos[k es a vfHkO;ä gqbZgSA vka jh dgk.;ka es a xka o jk fofo/k fprjke izxV gq oSA xka o jks lh/kks ljy thou dŸkks my+f>;ksM+ ksgS] tfVy gS& vka jks izek.k fdlku jh dgk.;ka es a feySA *nyky* fdlku jh vsd pfpZ r dgk.kh gS ftdSuS 1997 jks dFkk iq jLdkj à feY;ksA
enu lSuh vSM+ k dgk.khdkj gS ft.kka jh lh/kh ljy dgk.;ka jk dFkkud vkijS ekax v.k nhB rkdr uS fNik;ksM+h gSA vkijks vsd dgk.kh laxz S *Qq jlr* ¼1997½ NI;ksM+ ks gSA *n;k*] *tksM+ k;r*] *lksuS jks lw jt*] *Qq jlr* bR;kn vkijh pfpZ r dgk.;ka gSA
veksyd pan tkafxM+ jh dgk.;ka esa dF; jh uohurk vj flYi jh rktxh gSA tkafxM+ jh dgk.;ka es a 'ks[kkokVh vapy jks ?k.kks izHkko gSA vkijk nks dgk.kh laxz S *’ks[kkokVh jh vkapfyd dgk.;ka*vj *e/kq ou jh jk/kk* uka o lw a NI;ksM+ k gS aA *tew jks* vka jh pfpZ r dgk.kh gSA cqykdh 'kekZ jks *fgyks jks*¼1994½iSyks dgk.kh laxSz gS ft.kes a n¶rjh ftnaxh jh ihM+k] dq aBk] grklk bR;kn jks ;FkkjFk fp=.k gSaA
fy[;k tkoS vj m.kka jh lQyrk jh dlkSVh Hkh jaxeap bZ gq oSA vka ukVdka es a Hkjfr;k jS *ds lj foykl*
uS jaxeap ekFkS t:j lQyrk feyhA
lkekftd ukVdka jh b.k ijEijk es a enu eksgu fl) jk *t;iqj dh T;ks.kkj* ¼1928½ ukVd
jaxeap jh nhB lw a ?k.kks pkoks gq;ksA vks nks [kaMk es a NI;ksM+ ks gSAb.k jS iNS 1929 bZ- es a dksydkŸkk es a Bkdq j nŸk nk/khp jks *ekgs’ojh iapk;r jks ok;Ldksi* ukVd
NI;ksA b.k jh Hkklk tS lyes jh gSA b.k iNS jktLFkkuh ukVdka jS ys[ku es a vsd ykEcks c[kr [kkyh jS;ks
Hkjr O;kl jS iNS jktLFkkuh es a Qs: lekt lq/kkjoknh Hkkouk lw a is zfjr gks;*j teukiz lkn
ipksfj;k jks *u;h chu.kh* ¼1962½ ukVd NI;ks ft.k es a de i<+ h fy[kh ukjh vj vuesG C;ko jh leL;k jks oj.ku gSA
vkKkpan Hk.Mkjh jks s vSfrgkfld ukVd *iUuk/kk;* ¼1963½ NI;ksA bZ a jS eka; LokehHkxr iUuk/
kk; jks pfj= izLrq r dj~;ksA b.k lw a iSyk jktLFkkuh jk vSfrgkfld ukVd es a Jhukjk;.k vxzoky jks*egkjk.kk iz rki* ukVd Ni pqD;ks gks vj vks jktLFkkuh jks iSyks vSfrgkfld ukVd dº;ks tk ldSgSA bZ jS iNS egkjk.kk iz rki jS pfj= uS vk/kkj c.kk;*j fxj/kkjh yky 'kkL=h jks es okM+ h Hkklk es a *iz.kohj iz rki* uka o lwa ukVd NI;ksA
jh la osnuk uS ys;*j pkySA ba Z js S eka; lgjh ftnaxh jh dsbZ folaxfr;ka vkt jS ifjos l es a j[khth gSAcnz hiz lkn iapksyh egkHkkjr jS dFkkud ekFkS vkijS ukVd jh jpuk djh gSA bZ a iNS lR;ukjk;.k veu
jks *xqokM+ es a tk;ksMh* vj dFkkdkj vUukjke lqnkek jks *c/krh va oykbZ* vj vtq Zuns o pkj.k jk *vkt jk nks; ukVd* vj *cksyEgkjh eNyh bŸkks ik.kh* ¼1984½ NI;kA *c/krh va oykbZ* esa vUukjke lqnkek
xka oka jh leL;koka uS O;aX;kRed :i es a iz Lrq r djrk Fkdka vsd vknlZ jk[;ksA vtq Zuns o pkj.k jk nks;ukVdka es a vsd *ladfj;ks* vj vsd *xokM+ h* gS vtq Zuns o jk nksuw a ukVd jaxeap ekFkS ?k.kk lQy gq;kAvka ukVdka es a vsd fopkj lekt jS lkes S vkt jh ifjfLFkfr;ka eqtc jk[khT;ks gSA
nw tk vsdkafd;ka es a *vkijks [kkl vkneh* ¼cStukFk ia okj½] *lEiknd jh ekSr* ¼jkor lkjLor½]
*rksi jks ykblsUl* ¼nkeksnj iz lkn 'kekZ½ bR;kn gS aA vkt Hkh jktLFkkuh vsdkadh [kw c fy[;k tk jS;k gS aA vk t:j gS ds nw th fo/kkoka jh rqyuk es a vsdkafd;ka jks foxlko de gSA
fuca/k %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk es s a fuca/k Hkh c[krflj fy[;k x;k gSA fuca/k jh l:vkr f’kopUnzHkjfr;k jh jktLFkkuh Ñfr;ka ¼dud lqUnj] QkVdk tatky bR;kn½ jh Hkw fedk es a ns[kh tk lds s SA bZa
js S iNS *ekjokM+ h fgrdkjd*] *iapjkt* bR;kn if=dkoka es a HkkokRed vj gkL;&O;aX; ls Syh es a fuca/k NI;kA vka fuca/kk es a oztyky fc;k.kh jk *eksxjk dyh*] *xqykc dyh*] *cM+ h Qtj dks nhoks* bR;kn HkkokRed lSyh jk pks[kk fuca/k gS aA bZ jS iNS jktLFkkuh es a ftdh if=dkoka fta;k tkxrh tks r] ek.kd]xks jcan] jktLFkyh bR;kn gh rks vka es a Hkh fuca/k NI;kA fuca/k ys[ku jh fu;fer l:vkr *e:ok.kh*
vj *vksGeks* tSM+ h lkfgfR;d if=dkoka lw a gq oSA vka if=dkoka jS ek/;e lw a jktLFkkuh es a oj.kkRed]fopkjkRed] foospukRed vj gkL;&O;aX; lSyh es a fuca/k fy[;k x;kA vka fuca/kk es a dBS vSfrgkfld
vk/kkj gS rks dBS lka LØfrd /kjkry jh mnknŸkk& vka fuca/kk es a dBS&dBS gkL;&O;aX; ls Syh Hkh futj vkoSA
jktLFkkuh fuca/kdkjka es a y{ehdqekjh pw aMkor] lkSHkkX; flag ’ks[kkor] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] tgw a j [kka
esgj] vUUkkjke lqnkek] jkor lkjLor] lw ;Z’kadj ikjhd] ch-,y- ekyh] d` L.k xksiky ’kekZ] MkW- fdj.k ukgVk] MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- xksfoUn flag jkBkSM+] Jhea rdqekj O;kl] Hka oj flag lkekS j bR;kn gS aA pw aMkor jk *es okM+ h Qkx.k* vj *es okM+ h nhoky+ h* fuca/kka es a jktLFkku jS lka LØfrd xkS jo jh >yd nhlSA
bUVjO;w ] x|dkO; bR;kn fo/kkoka es a FkksM+ks lkfgR; fy[;ks x;ks gSA vka jk fooj.k b.k eqtc gSa %&thouh %&thouh %&thouh %&thouh %&thouh %& jktLFkkuh es a thouh lkfgR; vktknh jS iNS fy[;k x;ksA *e:ok.kh*] *vksy+eks*]
*gjkoy* bR;kn if=dkoka es a la r&egkRek] yksdfiz; lkfgR;dkj vj dfoljka jh thouh Nirh jS;h gSA Jhyky uFkey tks’kh jh xka/kh th jh thouh *vki.kk ckiw th* ¼1969½] MkW- fdj.k ukgVk jh *f’kopUnz Hkjfr;k* ¼1970½] nhun;ky vks>k jh *ns l jk xkS jo* ¼1972½] *Hkkjr jk fuekZ rk* ¼1972½] *NksVh
mej % cM+ k dke* ¼1977½] 'kkfUr Hkkukor jh *egkohj jh vksy+[kk.k* bR;kn dha mYys[ktksx thouh ga SA js[kkfp= vj laLej.k %& js[kkfp= vj la Lej.k %& js[kkfp= vj laLej.k %& js[kkfp= vj la Lej.k %& js[kkfp= vj la Lej.k %& jktLFkkuh esa 1946&47 jS vklS&iklS js[kkfp= fy[;k tko.k
ykX;kA Hka ojyky ukgVk jks *ykxw ckcks* iSyks la Lej.kkRed js[kkfp= gSA 1946 es a Jhyky uFkey tks’kh
jks *Qjkey* js[kkfp= NI;ks vj iNS if=dkoka esa js[kkfp=ka jh l:vkr gq;hA js[kkfp= fy[k.kokGk
esa eq jyh/kj O;kl] Jhyky uFkey tks’kh] eksgu yky iq jksfgr] f’kojkt Naxk.kh] useukjk;.k tks’kh]
lw ;Z’kadj ikjhd ¼eu lw a dnS uS fcljS½] Jherh deyk deys’k ¼cka nuka dh ckrka½] vLrvyh eydka.k
¼mf.k;kjk vksY;w a r.kk½] vks adkj ikjhd]lR;su tks’kh ¼jks of.k;k nklk½] cStukFk ia okj]] ns ofdlu jktiq jksfgr] euksgj flag jkBkSM+] uFkey dsfM;k] rkjky{e.k xgyksr bR;kn izeq[k gSaA
*tw uka thork fprjke* es a eq jyh/kj O;kl vj eksgu yky iq jksfgr lekt jk misf{kr ik=ka uS ys;*j
ekuoh; la osnuk jS lkFkS js[kkfp= fy[;k gS aA Jhyky uFkey tks’kh jk *lcnM+ k* ¼1960½ es a vkijS ?k.kS lEidZ lw a tqfM+;ksM+ k yksxka jh ;kn uS lcnka es a <kGh gs SA vka jS eka; dha gkL; iz/kku js[kkfp= Hkh gs SA
js[kkfp=ka es a Hka ojyky ukgVk jh *ckuxh* ¼1965½] f’kojkt Naxk.kh jh *mf.k;kjk* ¼1970½] cztukjk;.k
iq jksfgr jh *vVkjoka* ¼1970½] *odhy lkgc* ¼1974½ bR;kn dha mYys[ktksx Ñfr;ka gS aA vU; QqVdj
js[kkfp=ka es a nkÅn;ky tks’kh jk *HkS a lkS gks; u feu[k dh cksy+ h cksyS +*] vks adkj ikjhd jk *gseh HkkxhjFk th*
bR;kn gs S aA js[kkfp= uS *lcn fprjke* dS;*j gjeu pkSgku jk dsbZ lka rjk js[kkfp= i=&if=dkoka es a NI;k
gS aA lR;su tks'kh jh *jks of.k;k nk*lk * js[kkfp= jh nhB lw a egrkÅ iksFkh gSA
MkW- useukjk;.k tks’kh jh iksFkh *vks +Gw jh vf[k;krka* ¼1994½ la Lej.k fo/kk jh iz kS<+ Ñrh gSA
tks’kh jk vka la Lej.kka es a jktLFkku jh yksd la LØfr jk Qw Bjk fprjke gS aA b.k iksFkh jk lkrw a bZ la Lej.k
vi.kS es a cstksM+ gS aA vk la Lej.k fo/kk jh egrkÅ Ñrh gSAvUukjke lqnkek *ns l fnlkoj* ¼1975½ vj *vkax.kS lw a vukZdqye~* iksFkh es a ;k=k jk la Lej.k fy[;k
gS aA b;ka à dY;k.k flag jktkor] jkedqekj vks>k] cqf)thoh jk Hkh ;k=k la Lej.k NI;k gS aA fo".kq HkV~V
bUVjO;w fy;k x;k gSa A *fc.ktkjks* if=dk es a MkW- xks j/ku flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] foeys’k]nw fy;k jk.kk] >kcjey 'kekZ bR;kn jk bUVjO;w fy;k gs SA *ijEijk* jS *gsek.kh* vad es a pUnz flag] MkW-
ukjk;.k flag HkkVh] lR;izdk’k tks’kh] dksey dksBkjh bR;kn jk bUVjO;w NI;k gs SaA
O;aX; ys[ku %&O;aX; ys[ku %&O;aX; ys[ku %&O;aX; ys[ku %&O;aX; ys[ku %& jktLFkkuh es a dgk.kh vj fuca/k jS lkFkS lqra rj :i lw a O;aX; Hkh ?k.kk
fy[khT;k gSaA vS O;aX; lekt vj jktuhfr esa QSY;ksM+ h vlaxfr;ka ekFkS rh[kks izgkj djS aA jktLFkkuh
esa c[krflj i=&if=dkoka esa O;aX; cjkscj Nirk jS;k gSaA vSM+ k jpukdkjka es a MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] uflag
jktLFkkuh vsd] nhB vj tkxrh tks r jk lEiknu pfpZ r jS;k gSA vijap] jktLFkyh] usxpkj ¼chdkus j½if=dkoka es a ;q ok ih<+ h jk jpukdkjka jh [kw c jpukoka Nih ga S] vkjfFkd ladV jh ctS lw a vk if=dkoka