Rainfed Agro-Ecosystem - krishi icar

Rainfed Agro-Ecosystem

Annual Report2 0 0 1 - 0 2

Agro-Ecosystem Directorate (Rainfed)

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY PROJECTCentral Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture

Hyderabad

500 copiesDecember, 2002

Compiled and Edited by

Dr. B. Venkateswarlu,Principal Production System Scientist

Under the guidance of

Dr. H.P. Singh,Agro-Ecosystem Director

Assisted by

Dr. S.S. Balloli, Senior ScientistMr. G. Ramesh, Research Associate

Published by

Dr. H.P. SinghAgro-Ecosystem Director (Rainfed)Central Research Institute for Dryland AgricultureSantoshnagar, Hyderabad

Printed at: Heritage Print Services Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad.Phone: +91 (40) 2760 2453, 27608604; Fax: +91 (40) 2762 6042

Foreword

The rainfed agro ecosystem occupies the largest cultivated area in the

country representing 67% of the net sown area. The importance of the

rainfed agriculture is obvious from the fact that 55% of the rice, 91% coarse

cereals, 90% pulses, 85% oilseeds and 65% cotton are grown in rainfed areas.

Despite concerted efforts made in the past to improve the productivity of these

areas by introduction of improved planting material, efficient cropping systems

and sustainable management of natural resources, gains in terms of higher

yields and incomes have not been spectacular as in irrigated system, due to associated risks like

aberrant weather, land degradation and poor socio-economic base of the farmers. Small and marginal

farmers in rainfed areas have little surplus income to invest in new technology and inputs and hence

the technology adoption has been slow.

With the productivity of the irrigated areas plateauing, rainfed areas in future need to contribute

a larger share to the national food basket. The productivity has to be increased from the current level

of 0.8 to 1.5 – 2.0 t/ha to met the growing requirement of food and fodder. Though many research

and extension gaps were identified in the past, the much needed holistic farming systems research

approach in a participatory mode has been lacking. After a detailed prioritization exercise on target

areas and identification of problems in major states of the rainfed agro ecosystem, 103 network

projects have been initiated under five production systems. The unique feature of these production

system research projects is that most of the experiments are conducted on farmers fields in a

participatory mode. It is hoped that the technologies and recommendations emerging from such on-

farm adaptive research will be more readily acceptable to the farmers. In addition to the PSR, 24

projects have been taken up for Technology Assessment and Refinement (TAR) under Institute

Village Linkage Programme (IVLP).

I am happy to note that these projects have started making good progress and promising

results are already available. This report gives a detailed account of the salient achievements

under PSR under Rainfed Agro Ecosystem for the year 2001-02. I wish to compliment

Dr. H.P. Singh, AED and Dr. B. Venkateswarlu, PPSS and other staff for compiling and

bringing out this valuable report.

S.L. MehtaDecember, 2002 National Director (NATP)

Preface

In view of its national importance, the rainfed agro ecosystem received the largest support under the production system research of NATP. Theseprojects addressed a number of issues like varietal evaluation, watershed basedresource conservation, integrated nutrient management (INM), integratedpest management (IPM), agroforestry and livestock production. The uniquefeature of these projects lies in multi-disciplinarity and multi-institutionalcollaboration. Although initially there was some delay at the formulation stage

due to the involvement of many institutions and scientists, the projects have taken off quite well andstarted producing encouraging results.

As 66% of PSR projects are implemented on farmers fields, it gave unique opportunity to thescientists to work in participation with the farmers and to evaluate the feasibility and economicviability of the improved technologies under farmers conditions. The experience so far, indicatedthat even simple interventions like replacement of variety, use of inputs in the right manner at theright time and adoption of simple machines and tools can make dramatic impact on the productionand productivity on farmers fields, provided the technologies are assessed and transferred to thefarmers in the appropriate manner. Many PIs have organized field day on the fields of the participatingfarmers which have generated immense interest among the farming community in the target districts.

The rainfed AED had the advantage of guidance and counseling by the experienced and eminentmembers of the Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP) led by Dr.J.S.Kanwar. The SAP took considerableinterest in not only designing the PSR projects but also undertaking monitoring and evaluationactivities during the kharif and rabi seasons of 2001-02. The excellent and comprehensive critiquefrom these learned members helped in mid term corrections and improving the effectiveness ofimplementation of a number of projects. The guidance and support received from Dr. S.L. Mehta,National Director and Dr. D.P. Singh, National Coordinator (PSR) from PIU also helped in smoothimplementation of the projects.

Conducting and coordinating the production system research in large number of states withdifferent crops and farming systems is a challenging task. I must compliment all the Facilitators, PIs,CCPIs and Nodal Officers for effective implementation of the projects during the year. I would liketo particularly acknowledge the excellent effort put in by Dr.B.Venkateswarlu, Principal ProductionSystem Scientist who coordinated the entire effort at the AED level quite efficiently throughout theyear and brought out this report. The compilation of this annual report has become possible becauseof the willing cooperation and support of all the Facilitators i.e. Dr.B.N.Singh (Rainfed Rice), Dr.D.M.Hegde(Oilseeds), Dr. Masood Ali (Pulses), Dr.S.K.Banerjee (Cotton), Dr.B.S. Rana/Dr.M.H.Rao (NutritiousCereals). This report provides useful information and a glimpse of the achievements for the year 2001-02.

H.P. SinghDecember, 2002 AED (Rainfed)

vii

Executive Summary

Rainfed agriculture covers nearly 67% of the cultivated area in the country and supports 40%of human and 60% livestock population. Any gains in productivity of rainfed areas due to applicationof improved technologies, will have significant positive impact on millions of small and marginalfarmers and livestock herders habitating these areas. The Government of India is according highpriority to research and development in rainfed agriculture through the successive five year plans.But the rainfed production systems being quite risk prone, complex and heterogeneous, the impactof new technologies has not been quite encouraging.

Despite the development of many new technologies in the areas of commodity production andnatural resource management, adoption of these technologies by farmers has not been satisfactory.To address the critical gaps in research and technology transfer, a total of 103 sub projects have beentaken up under the rainfed agro-ecosystem covering five production systems namely, Rainfed Rice,Oilseeds, Pulses, Cotton and Nutritious Cereals. In addition, 24 projects on Technology Assessmentand Refinement have been taken up under IVLP. The unique feature of the projects under rainfedAES is that nearly 66% of the trials are conducted on farmer’s fields. The salient findings fromthese projects during the year 2001-02 are summarized in the following paragraphs.

Rainfed Rice Based Production System

A net work project on rainwater management, water harvesting and recycling throughon-farm reservoirs in Chhattisgarh, M.P., Orissa and Jharkhand demonstrated that 40 – 60% ofthe surplus runoff could be recycled for the rice crop during drought period or for the subsequentrabi crop. A 1000 cu.m. pond could save about 1 ha. of rice crop during drought. This technologyhas generated a lot of interest among farmers in Mahasamund in Chhattisgarh, Dindori in M.P., Ranchiin Jharkhand and Dhenkanal in Orissa. The State Departments of Agriculture have shown keen interestto replicate the technique on a wider scale. Similarly, the project on storing and utilization of excesswater in dykes around the farmers fields in Dhenkanal district of Orissa proved that considerableadditional income can be generated through fish culture in water stored in the refugees. Nearly 200farmers in the district were exposed to this project.

Another net work project on cropping intensity in traditionally mono-cropped upland areasin Orissa and Chhattisgarh, demonstrated that an additional income of 50 – 60% is possible by adoptingintercropping systems like rice + pigeonpea and pigeonpea + groundnut and increasing the croppingintensity by planting a second crop after rice like gram, lentil, urd bean, mustard, groundnut and

RAINFED AGRO-ECOSYSTEM

viii

vegetables. Advancement of rice planting by choosing an appropriate variety and moisture conservationthrough straw mulching in rabi crops are the key components of this strategy. The B : C ratio wentup to 1.99 as against 1.30 with only rice.

Improved cultivars of rainfed rice were compared with local checks in a multi-locational on-farm trial in four states where in the performance was evaluated under recommended and farmerspractices. For direct seeded upland conditions, ORS 102-4 (24 to 28 q/ha) R 1027-2289-2-1 (27 to31 q/ha) and Ravi (26.3 q/ha) were found to be best for Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand statesrespectively. The yield levels were higher under recommended practices as compared to farmerspractice in all 3 states. For medium lands, R-741-1-55-2-1-1 and OR 1206-25-1 were found superiorfor Chhattisgarh while Triguna and Swarnalanka for Jharkhand. Vandana in uplands, CR-691-475in medium lands, and Savitri and Sarala in lowlands were found to be promising for yield and wateruse efficiency in Bhadrak and Balasore districts of Orissa.

Integrated plant nutrient management studies in uplands and medium lands showed that significantlyhigher yield of rice and benefit cost ratio can be achieved with combined application of 75% RecommendedDose of Fertilizer (RDF) + 5 t FYM/ha and intercropping with green gram. In another major effort,organic pools of carbon and its dynamics in major soil types under important cropping systems havebeen quantified. Application of balanced NPK fertilizer alone or in combination with FYM maintainedhigher carbon pools in the surface soils. Similarly a soil quality index has been standardised based ona number of physical, chemical and biological parameters by analysing samples from LTFE plots. Thiswould help in assessing the resilience of the soil under various land use practices.

IPM modules tried on rainfed rice in Orissa, West Bengal and Assam clearly showed the potentialto cut down use of pesticides significantly by means of cultural and biological methods without muchloss in productivity.

On-farm trials (OFTs) in Chhattisgarh, M.P. and West Bengal indicated that higher profitabilityfrom utera cropping is possible by planting appropriate rice genotypes like IR-36 and Poornima with120 days duration and relatively longer duration genotypes (up to 130 days) in Chhattisgarh andJharkhand. The promising utera crops identified were linseed, lathyrus and field pea. Maintaining20 cm stubble height of rice at harvest resulted in optimum growth of utera crop. Like wise, on-farm experiments in Chhattisgarh and Orissa demonstrated that adoption of improved biasi systemresulted in higher profitability with a B:C ratio of 2.6 to 3. Efficient implements for tillage andtransplanting of rainfed paddy like rotavator, improved puddlers and self propelled rice transplanterhave also won the appreciation of the farmers across these states.

In the farming systems approach, integration of rice with duck/pig and fish culture resultedin higher profitability among the tribal farmers in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. A number ofagroforestry and agrihorticulture interventions have also been tried on farmers fields to improve theoverall productivity and returns from the rice based production system.

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Oilseeds Based Production System

In the oilseeds based production system, critical research gaps in soil, nutrient, rainwater andpest management were addressed. Post-harvest technology of grain and by-products also receivedadequate attention through 4 network projects. Bio-intensive modules of pest management were foundequally effective as the chemical intensive methods in crops like mustard, sunflower, groundnut andcastor based on farmers field trials in U.P., Maharashtra, A.P. and Karnataka. Direct involvement offarmers in the participatory research for moth collection and installation of bird perches etc. resultedin greater conviction on the feasibility and economic benefits of the IPM modules in a number ofcrops and cropping systems. In general the BC ratio in different crops varied between 1.5 to 1.6with IPM as compared to 1.2 with farmers practice. Most promising IPM practice liked by farmerswas spraying of need seed extract and use of pheromone traps against Helicoverpa.

A low cost method of storing soybean seeds by using mud lined bamboo baskets wasstandardized for retaining the viability of soybean seeds up to 6 months. Variety Kranti in castorand S-13-5 in safflower, Padmini and Sweta in linseed and KBSH-1 in sunflower were among themost promising genotypes tolerant to salt affected soils. A package of practice involving applicationof FYM @ two tons/ha, soaking in 1% NaCl solution for 3 hours and sowing on the side of theridge was found significantly superior to farmers practice for cultivation of oilseeds crops in saltaffected soils. The scope for introduction of honey bees in oilseeds crops as a means of increasingpollination and yield was tried at 3 locations in Karnataka and Maharashtra. One to two coloniesof honey bees/acre resulted in enhanced pollination and yield of sunflower, niger and safflower withthe average increase in seed yields ranging between 12 to 21% besides normal production of honey.

In the areas of post harvest technology, an efficient prototype of safflower harvester was designedand tested at several locations in northern Karnataka. The harvester exhibited 98% harvestingefficiency and 87% field efficiency. In view of the spiny nature of the crop, this prototype has greatpotential to be popularized among safflower growers in Maharashtra and Karnataka. Similarly, goodprogress was made in utilization of the safflower petals as a source of natural dye and herbal healthdrink. Field trials have indicated that 800 to 900 grams of petals/person/day could be harvestedfrom non spiny varieties. Organoleptic evaluation of the herbal tea from petals showed a score of6-8, thus indicating its potential to be promoted as a health drink with therapeutic value.

Aflatoxin contamination has been a major concern in export of groundnut and oil meal.Extensive field surveys in Gujarat and A.P. helped in assessment of the prevalence of aflatoxincontamination in groundnut kernels. Improved package of practices aimed at minimizing theaflatoxin incidence are being tested on farmers fields. Low cost herbal treatments like use of 10%neem bark extract and propionic acid extract @ 0.1 to 0.5% were found effective in control of aflatoxinproducing fungus in oil meal based poultry and livestock feeds. A simple laboratory scale detoxificationtechnology was developed to reduce the ricin content in castor cake. Composite feed sample involvingsunflower heads and castor cake were found promising in the preliminary trials on in vitro digestibility.


x

The success of this approach can open up new vistas in the utilization of sunflower heads and castorcakes as animal feed.

Pulse Based Production SystemIn the pulse based production system, integrated pest management, post-harvest technology

and integrated crop management were covered in the network research involving cropping systemsbased on pigeonpea, chickpea, mungbean, urdbean and lentil.

A bio-intensive pest and disease management module for pigeonpea consisting ofintercropping with sorghum (2:2), seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum, spraying of250 LE Ha NPV + spraying of 5% Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) and 0.03% dimethoatewas on par with chemical pesticide based module for pest management and significantly superior tofarmers practice at Sehore, Gulbarga and Kanpur. The returns from pigeonpea and the costbenefit ratio were marginally higher with chemo-intensive module at Kanpur and Gulbarga as comparedto bio-intensive module, but similar at Sehore. Farmers field trials on nematode control strategiesindicated that neem seed powder @ 50 kg/ha as quite effective in control of root knot and cyst nematodesin chickpea.

A new bio fertilizer formulation for Bradyrhizobium was developed using liquid medium ascarrier instead of peat to minimize the problem of contaminants and increase the efficiency of thecultures. The liquid rhizobium inoculant (LRI) showed better shelf life upto one year and also superiorfield performance in terms of seed yield of soybean.

The INM package combined with soil moisture conservation resulted in higher benefit costratio of 2.2 to 3.1 as compared to farmers practice in pigeonpea based cropping systems at severallocations in Maharashtra, M.P., U.P., Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.

Among 3 dal mills evaluated for their milling efficiency for pigeonpea, chickpea, mungbean,urdbean and lentil, the IIPR Dal mill showed the best performance with highest dal recovery of 57%with treated pigeonpea, 86% with soaked chickpea, 73% with soaked urdbean, 68% with untreatedmungbean and 60% with untreated lentil. The mill therefore has high potential for popularizationamong small entrepreneurs.

Cotton Based Production System

In view of the continued problem of high cultivation cost with tetraploid hirsutums, two majorprojects were taken up to evaluate the performance of desi cottons like arboreum and herbaceumon farmers fields at several locations in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat and A.P. The qualityarboreums PA-402, PA-255 and MDL-2463 performed significantly superior to hirsutum checks atmost of the locations. The participating farmers were quite happy with the performance of arboreumtype which produced stable yields even under moderate to low input conditions. In order to find

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out the most stable species and genotypes, for different soil types and rainfall situations extensiveon-farm trials were conducted with G. arboreum and G. herbaceum, G. hirsutum and hirsutum hybrids.The data indicated that G. arboreum species excelled in production of seed cotton under most of theconditions except under heavy rainfall conditions. These results open up enormous possibilities ofreworking the total strategy of cotton cultivation and species choice across the major production zones.

G.Cot 19 and MDL-2463 among G. arboreum and RAHS-4 and Jayadhar among G. herbaceumwere found to be tolerant to sodicity, while PA-183, AK-235 and MDL-2463 varieties of G. arboreumwere found tolerant to salinity.

A multilocational on-farm trial on rain water management in cotton based cropping systemsrevealed that all moisture conservation measures increased seed cotton yield over flat bed sowing.In upper plains, planting in ridge and furrow system improved the yield by about 3 q over flat bedsowing owing to increased in situ conservation of moisture. The raised and sunken beds systemincreased the seed cotton yield by about 5 q/ha over flat sowing in the lower plains, mainly due tocontrol of water congestion.

Efforts were initiated to develop transformation and regeneration protocols for diploid cotton.AKH-4, AKA-5, RG-18 and AKA-8401, from G. arboreum could be successfully regenerated openingup the possibility of Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation for boll worm resistance evenin desi cottons.

Nutritious Cereal Based Production System

Sorghum, pearlmillet and fingermillet are the major nutritious cereals covered in this productionsystem. Due to falling demand, the area under kharif sorghum is on the decline, while the area ofrabi sorghum increased but productivity remained stagnant. Since these crops are grown both as solecrops and in intercropping systems, mostly in drought prone areas efforts were directed to addressissues like IPNS, IPM and post-harvested technology.

An integrated package involving use of improved cultivar, CSV-216R, compartmental bundingand INM significantly improved the yield level of rabi sorghum over farmers practice of usingM-35-1 with traditional management. This package was tested on several farmers fields across themajor vertisols region in the Peninsular India and found promising in improving the productivityin shallow and medium black soils of Maharashtra and Karnataka, but the farmers’ preference is stillfor M-35-1 because of its better grain and fodder quality.

Fingermillet based intercropping and sequence cropping systems in largely tribal dominatedareas of Orissa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh clearly showed thatthe gross monetory returns can be doubled from an average of 2,000 to 6,000/ha with fingermilletalone, to 8,000 to 12,000/ha with fingermillet + grain legumes like pigeonpea, black gram and fieldbean. This opens up possibilities of increasing income of the tribal farmers.


xii

A network project on integrated management of blast in fingermillet was taken up at 3 centresviz. Bangalore, Coimbatore and Ranichauri. At Bangalore 2000 lines were screened for resistance,out of which 150 were found promising. On farm trials on 22 farmers fields in 5 districts on integrateddisease management indicated that improved management consisting of resistant variety (GPU-28)+ seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2 g/kg seed gave 30-100% increased yields over farmer’spractice with local variety.

Adoption of in situ moisture conservation and INM combined with improved cultivars showedthe clear advantage in pearlmillet in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat on the farmersfields.

To enhance the value addition to kharif sorghum, a major project was taken up on productionof alcohol from grain sorghum. Pilot studies revealed that fuel grade alcohol can be produced fromthe stalks and grains of sweet sorghum. The recovery of ethanol (80%) from sweet sorghum juicewas found to be 8%. On an average 400 l of alcohol can be produced from one tonne of sorghumgrain and 90 l from one tonne of stocks. Overall, 4,000 l of alcohol can be produced from crop raisedon one hectare of land. The net returns for the farmer from growing sweet sorghum for alcohol worksout to be approximately Rs.20,000 per hectare. This technology offers great promise for commercializationand thus improve the farmers income in the context of Government of India’s decision to permitadmixture of 5% alcohol in petrol. Among various cultivars tried at three locations in Andhra Pradesh,Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, NSS-104 and RSSV-9 exhibited highest biomass and juice extractability.

Variety of health foods for diabetics were prepared from sorghum, pearlmillet and fingermillet.Laboratory techniques were standardized to improve the quality and acceptability. More than 200women in four states were exposed to these products. The results from organoleptic evaluation werequite promising. There is good scope for commercialisation of these products through entrepreneurshipdevelopment programme. In a separate effort, glutenin gene from wheat was isolated and characterisedwith the ultimate objective of transferring to sorghum to improve the roti making quality.

A number of alternate land use systems have been evaluated in kharif sorghum areas as adiversification strategy. These include, horticulture, agro forestry, silvipasture and industrial biomassproduction. Agri-horticulture systems involving fruit trees like mango, guava and ber indicated thepossibility of achieving higher returns in traditionally sorghum growing drought prone areas.

NATP – CRIDA

ContentsSl.No. Item Page #

1. The Rainfed Agro Ecosystem 1

2. Production systems research under rainfed AES 3

3. Salient achievements under PSR projects 4

3.1 Rainfed rice based production system 4

3.2 Oilseeds based production system 19

3.3 Pulses based production system 29

3.4 Cotton based production system 39

3.5 Nutritious cereals based production system 46

4. Monitoring and evaluation 59

5. Linkages 62

6. Training and human resource development 64

7. Promising technologies/products/processes with potential forscale up, wider testing/application 65

8. Farmers training and awareness generation activities 67

9. Publications 69

Annexure-I Institution wise classification of PSR projectsapproved under Rainfed AES 74

Annexure-II List of projects, PIs and budget 75

Annexure-III On-farm trials conducted, number of farmers andarea covered under PSR 86

Annexure-IV Meetings of the scientific advisory panel 87

Annexure-V Details of state-wise review of PSR projects by PRTs 88

Annexure-VI Other important meetings organised by AED 89

Annexure-VII Members of scientific advisory panel (SAP) and facilitators 90

Annexure-VIII Staff of Agro-ecosystem Directorate 91

Annexure-IX Budget of AED at a glance for 2001-02 92

1

Rainfed Agro Ecosystem occupies an important

place in Indian agriculture. It covers nearly

67% of the net cultivated area in arid, semi-arid

and sub-humid climatic zones. However, under

NATP, the scope of PSR research under rainfed

ago ecosystem is confined to semi-arid and sub-

humid parts of the country while arid areas are

addressed by a separate agro ecosystem. Rainfed

agriculture supports 40% of the India’s 1000 million

population and contributes 44% to the national

food basket. It covers the cultivation of 91%

coarse cereals, 90% pulses, 85% oilseeds, 65%

cotton and 55% rice. The rainfed agro ecosystem

also supports two thirds of India’s livestock

population. Farmers’ dependence on livestock as

an alternative source of income is very high. The

farming systems are quite complex with a wide

variety of crops and cropping systems, agroforestry

and livestock production. The farmers are generally

resource poor with significantly lower income

levels mainly due to weather aberrations and

poor economic and natural resource base leading

to low crop and livestock productivity.

Semi arid tropical (SAT) area forms bulk of

the rainfed agro ecosystem covering a number of

states with diverse cropping systems and soil types.

The SAT areas are further classified into dry and

wet. Dry SAT areas form 16.7% of the rainfed

area and 10% of the geographical area. The mean

annual rainfall ranges from 500-750 mm with a

growing season of 75-100 days. This ecosystem

is characterized by loamy sands, light sandy loams

and medium black soils in Agro Ecological Sub-

Regions (AESR) 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1 and 8.1.

The peninsular AESR viz. 6.1, 7.1 and 8.1 have

shallow and medium black soils. The moist semi

arid AESR viz., 4.3, 5.2, 5.3, 6.2, 7.2, 7.3, 8.2 8.3,

9.1 and 18.2 constituting 23.2% of the total

geographical area and 35.5% of rainfed area receive

a mean annual rainfall ranging between 750-1100

mm with a growing season upto 120-150 days.

These sub regions have sandy loams and loams in

the north, medium to deep black soils in the

central and red and medium to deep black soils

in the southern region. The crops and cropping

systems are diverse depending on the soil type and

1

The Rainfed Agro Ecosystem

2

the Length of Growing Period (LGP). Sorghum,

cotton, soybean, groundnut and pulses are the major

crops grown in this region. The dry sub-humid

areas that constitute 7.6% of the geographical

area and 25.1% of rainfed area, receive a mean

annual rainfall of 1100 to 1600 mm. The soils are

red loams, laterites, alluvial and deep black soils.

Rainfed rice is the predominant crop followed

by pulses and oilseeds, fruits crops and vegetables.

The Production Systems Research was

taken up in the on-farm participatory mode in

225 districts covering 13 states. There has been

a marked shift from the past commodity research

to total production system including the related

cropping systems, horticulture, agroforestry,

livestock, poultry and fisheries.

Agro Ecological Sub Regions in Rainfed Agro Ecosystem

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3

Under Rainfed Agro Eco System, 103 sub

projects were implemented during 2001-02

under five production systems viz. Rainfed Rice

(35), Oilseeds (18), Pulses (12), Cotton (11) and

Nutritious Cereals (27). Majority (66%) of the

experiments are conducted on farmers fields in

order to generate reliable data on the viability and

feasibility of improved technologies under

farmers conditions. The remaining projects have

addressed issues related to natural resources

assessment, data base on changes in production,

Thematic and production system wise classification of the PSR projects approved under rainfed AES

Production Rainfed Oilseeds Pulses Cotton Nutritious TotalTheme area System Rice Cereals

Natural Resource 11 1 1 3 10 26Management

Integrated Pest Management 3 3 4 0 2 12

Post Harvest Technology/ 3 6 3 0 7 19Value Addition

Biotech/ Crop Improvement 5 2 0 5 2 14

Water Management 3 2 1 0 2 8

Integrated Plant Nutrient 6 1 2 1 1 11Management

Agro-Biodiversity 1 1 0 1 0 3

Socio Economics 3 2 1 1 3 10

Total 35 18 12 11 27 103

cropping pattern, price trends and crop-livestock

interface. The highest number of projects were

taken up under rainfed rice based production system

followed by nutritious cereals, oilseeds, pulses and

cotton. Natural resources management received

the highest priority among the thrust areas followed

by post harvest technology, crop improvement,

IPM, INM and socio economic issues. Most projects

are multi-disciplinary and involve many institutions.

A detailed breakup of the PSR projects in different

thrust areas is given in the following table.

2

Production Systems Researchunder Rainfed AES

4

3.1 Rainfed Rice BasedProduction System

Rainfed rice is the lifeline in eastern states

covering 24 m.ha. which is 54% of the

total area under rice. Of this 6 m.ha. and 7

m.ha. are under uplands and medium lands

respectively, which are most affected by the

uncertainties of rainfall. People in majority

of districts in Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand

and Assam depend on the rainfed rice based

production system for their livelihood. Any

improvement in the productivity of this

system will have a significant impact on

income, employment and livelihoods of

millions of people in these states. Important

issues related to adoption of HYV, rain

water management, IPM, INM, post harvest

processing, crop diversification etc. were

addressed by conducting experiments on

farmers’ fields. The target districts

covered for the on-farm trials are shown

in the map. Salient achievements are as

follows:

Rainwater Harvesting andRecycling

Managing ra inwater i s cruc ia l for

stabilizing rice production in the states of

Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and

Jharkhand. Some of these states receive

relatively high rainfall (>1200 mm) and yet

khar i f r i ce suffers f rom dry spe l l s

mainly due to poor water management.

3

Production Systems Research :Salient Achievements

Target districts for rainfed rice based production systemresearch

65656666

3636

6

50503939

49495656

25258

5959

52526464

62621818

36464

58587 2222

1212 5555 3838 303043434646

2828

24246363

14145757

27273737

2020

44445353

15155454

4747 2323

5151

34344141

423333

4242

5

40403232

2121

6161

1919

1616

4848 94545

1

2929

13131010

3535

6060

26263131

1717

1111

6566

36

6

5039

4956

258

59

5264

6218

364

587 22

12 55 38 304346

28

2463

1457

2737

20

4453

1554

47 23

51

3441

4233

42

5

4032

21

61

19

16

48 945

1

29

1310

35

60

2631

17

11

1. 24 Paraganas North

2. Badrak

3. Bahraich

4. Balasore

5. Bankura

6. Bastar

7. Basti

8. Bhopal

9. Burdwan

10. Cutack

11. Darbhanga

12. Deoria

13. Dhenkanal

14. Dibrugharh

15. Dindori

16. Dumka

17. Durg

18. Faizabad

19. Godda

20. Golaghat

21. Golapara

22. Gorakhpur

23. Hazaribagh

24. Imphal

25. Jabalpur

26. Jagatsinghpur

27. Jorhat

28. K.Anglong

29. Kalahandi

30. Kamrup

31. Kandhamal

32. Katiahar

33. Kendrapara

34. Keonjhar

35. Khurda

36. Koraput

37. Lakhimpur North

38. Madhubani

39. Mahasamund

40. Malda

41. Mayurbhanj

42. Midnapur

43. Morigaon

44. Muzaffarpur

45. Nadia

46. Nawagon

47. Palamau

48. Purulia

49. Raigarh

50. Raipur

51. Ranchi

52. Rewa

53. Samastipur

54. Sarguja

55. Sitamarhi

56. Seoni

57. Sibsagar

58. Siddardhanagar

59. Sidhi

60. Sighbhum (East)

61. South Dhinajpur

62. Sultanpur

63. Thoubal

64. Varanasi

65. Visakhapatnam

66. Warangal

5

Conservation and utilization of harvested

ra inwater dur ing dry spe l l s or for a

second crop and stor ing of excess

rainwater outside the farm for aquaculture

are considered as important strategies in

these states.

A comprehensive project on water

harvesting and recycling by construction of

water harvest ing dev ices l ike on-farm

reservoirs (OFR), wells and ditches was

taken up on farmers fields in three states.

OFRs are small farm ponds of 1000-2000 m3

capac i ty dug on indiv idual holdings in

such a way that the excess runoff water

along the slope is collected in the ponds

and recycled for use during dry periods for

raising the rabi crop. Studies at different

locations revealed that 40-60% of the surplus

runoff could be collected and recycled for

rice crop. A 1000 cu-m OFR saved about 1

ha rice area from drought. The additional

rice yields due to the use of harvested water

ranged from 55-200% at Bhaghbhara

(Chhattisgarh) and 11-29% at Dindori (M.P.)

on farmers’ fields. Greater moisture storage

in so i l enabled to take up rabi c rops

successfully at all locations. The cropping

intensity increased by 139% at Bhaghbhara

and 149% at Dindor i . A d iagramat ic

representat ion of the water harvest ing

system is depicted in Fig.1.

Open well constructed in recharge area of OFR 2.1 of theproject site in Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh. Thewell irrigates 2 ha of rice after September when the waterlevel goes down

Fig. 1 : Diagramatic representation of On-Farm Reservoirs(OFR) to harvest surplus rain water during kharif seasonin Chhattisgarh


6

Economics worked out at Dindori on the

returns accrued from the construction of WHS

and use of the harvested water revealed about

101% increase in returns on investment

(Table 1). The project has motivated about 200

farmers in the district to adopt this technology

on a community basis. The Governments of

M.P. and Chhattisgarh have evinced keen interest

on further replication of this technology to

other areas.

Excess rainwater also causes problem of

drainage in medium and low lands of Orissa and

Jharkhand. Through an on-farm participatory

project taken up in Orissa, Jharkhand and M.P,

optimum size dykes around the farmers fields

were designed and constructed to store excess

Table 1 : Performance of different water harvesting structures in terms of crop area served andreturns on investment at Dindori, M.P. (The data pertains to 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 kharifand rabi seasons)

Kharif or Rabi crops & their Net returns overService / irrigated area (ha) control (000’ Rs,)

Kharif Rabi 2001-02 2001-02 2000-01

Rice Rabi Crop Area Crop Area Kharif Rabi Kharif +Crops Rabi

1. OFR 1.1* 70.4 1905 NR 1400 Rice 6.6 Wheat 2.00 50.0 13.8 33.9 138.0Lentil 0.40Pea 0.4

Well 1.1 20.0 NR 1680 Rice 0.4 Vegetable 0.4 9.5 15.6 - 125.5

OFR 1.2 45.0 1400 NR 1400 Rice 3.8 Wheat 2.00 34.0 8.8 28.9 159.3

Well 1.2 18.2 - 840 - 0.4 Vegetable 0.2 4.7 12.0 4.5 116.0

Ditch 1.1 14.2 - NR 350 Rice 2.1 Wheat 0.50 20.3 4.5 4.5 206.8Lentil 0.20Gram 0.10Linseed 0.10

2. OFR 2.1 59.9 1620 NR 140 Rice 2.6 Wheat 0.20 29.3 18.5 16.2 106.9Lentil 0.30Gram 0.20Linseed 0.20

OFR 2.2 53.2 2240 NR 1400 Rice 4.6 Wheat 2.00 41.2 14.4 19.5 139.8Pea 0.20Linseed 0.20

3. OFR 3.1 67.7 984 - Rice 2.8 - - 17.0 - - 25.2

OFR 3.2 64.1 1210 NR - Rice 3.4 - - 32.9 - - 51.3

OFR 3.3 64.4 2255 2450 Rice 3.0 Wheat 3.50 29.9 19.4 - 76.4Lentil 0.20Gram 0.60

Total 477.5 29.6 14.5 268.6 107.0 107.6 101.2

WHS: Water harvesting structure, OFR = On-farm reservoir* Denotes replication followed by the serial number for the structure. NR = Rice did not require irrigation due to continuous

supply of seepage from the given experimental OFR or OFR(s) at higher elevation in the series.

Repl

icat

ion

WH

S#(O

FR,

Wel

lor

Ditc

h

Con

stru

ctio

n co

stof

WH

S (0

00’ R

s.)

Volu

me

of O

FR o

rD

itch

(m3 )

Water usedfor irrigation

(m3)

Retu

rns

toin

vest

men

t (%

)( 2

001-

02)

NATP – CRIDA

7

water. This enabled diverting and storing the

surplus water during kharif season which helped

in raising rabi crops. In Orissa, the excess water

stored in ponds could be successfully used for

fish culture. For the first time, in Orissa and

Jharkhand states, oil seed crops and wheat

could be raised on such lands during rabi

using stored water and this resulted in additional

income. At Ranchi, Jharkhand it was possible to

harvest about 16-27 q/ha wheat from the farmers

fields during rabi season by using the excess

water stored in various refugees and drains during

kharif season (Fig. 2). This technology of

storing water was well received by more than 200

farmers who participated in the training cum

exposure visit in Dhenkanal district of Orissa

during kharif 2001.

in rainfed rice system. Studies carried out

on farmers fields in different rainfed rice

growing areas in Orissa revealed that varieties

Vandana in uplands; CR-691-475 in medium

lands and Savitri and Sarala in low lands are

most promising in terms of yield and water

use efficiency (Table 2). In uplands, Parijat

performed better in terms of yield and water

use efficiency. In medium lands, the popular

variety Swarna out yielded the improved

varieties. However, better performance of

improved varieties was realized only with

improved management practices. These trials

indicate that in short term, yield gains may

be possible on farmers f ields by better

management, even with existing varieties.

On-farm trials in Bhadrak district, Orissa

revealed that improved practices (line sowing,

balanced fertilization, timely pest control

and harvest) and improved variety (Vandana)

resulted in higher yield and water use efficiency

as compared to farmers practice (broadcasting

of seeds, low/ imbalanced fertilization, no

water management pract ices and la te

harvesting) and farmers variety (Parijat) under

upland conditions (Table 3). The same trend

was also recorded in medium lands.

In addition, trials were conducted on

farmers fields in Orissa, West Bengal, Assam

and Bihar for evaluating a number of improved

rice varieties for deep water conditions in

Identification of Rice Varietieswith High Yield and WaterUse Efficiency

Identifying suitable cultivar(s) having

high water use efficiency is a major objective

Fig. 2 : Grain yield of 4 wheat cultivars grown after ricein rabi (2000-2001) using the excess water stored in therefugees of paddy fields at Ranchi.


8

Table 2: Yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of different rice varieties under low, medium and uplandsin the OFT’s in Bhadrak & Balasore districts of Orissa, 2001-2002 (Data represent the mean of allfarmers in two districts)

Situation Variety Yield (t/ha) WUE(kg/ha-mm)

Low land Savithri 4.11 4.81

Sarala 2.83 3.18

Bibishan (local) 2.15 2.47

Medium land CR-691-475 4.60 6.24

Naveen 4.54 5.99

Swarna 4.52 5.75

Upland Vandana 3.16 6.27

Parijat 2.78 5.52

Kandhagiri 2.67 5.29

Table 3 : Grain yield (t/ha) and water use efficiency (WUE) under various management practices inupland & medium lands in OFT’s at Bhadrak district, Orissa, 2001-2002.

Variety +Treatment Mean yield (t/ha) WUE (kg/ha-mm) Returns (Rs.) perrupee invested*

Uplands

Parijat +FP 1.98 6.78 0.17

Parijat + IP 2.78 9.53 0.23

Vandana + FP 1.79 5.81 -0.07

Vandana +IP 3.16 10.25 1.27

Medium lands

Swarna + FP 2.94 6.59 2.23

Swarna + IP 4.52 10.1 2.27

CR-691-475 + FP 2.62 6.35 1.78

CR-691-475 +IP 4.60 11.2 2.15

FP = Farmers practice; IP = Improved practice

Farmer’s variety (Parijat for upland, Swarna for medium land)

Improved variety (Vandana for upland, CR-691-475 for medium land)

* The low profit obtained during the year was due to distress sale of rice in the absence of proper marketing facilities.

comparison to the local checks. Sarala and Durga

in Orissa, Rajshree and Mahananda in Bihar,

Ranjit and Bahadur in Assam and West Bengal

were found as most promising (Table 4).

Rice Based Sequence Cropping

Results from on-farm trials in Orissa,

Chhattisgarh and West Bengal revealed that

sequence cropping can be successfully

NATP – CRIDA

9

carried out in several districts, which hither

grow single crop. Studies were also carried out

for utilizing the stored water or residual soil

moisture for cultivating rabi crops like mustard,

sesame, green gram, groundnut, sunflower and

vegetables in lowlands, uplands and medium

lands. In Bhadrak and Balasore districts of

Orissa, cultivation of chilli and tomato after

rice resulted in highest net profit per rupee

invested as compared to other crops (Table 5).

Table 4 : Grain yield (t/ha) of improved vs. local varieties of deep water rice on farmers fields in fourstates of Eastern India.

District Orissa Assam Bihar West BengalVariety

Durga 3.27 (2) 4.06 (3) 3.05 (3) 2.68 (7)

Local 2.18 4.17 2.8 2.54

Sarala 3.48 (1) 3.74 (6) 2.91 (4) 2.74 (5)

Local 2.17 4.20 2.69 2.61

Rajshree 2.79 (3) 3.65 (8) 3.94 (1) 3.18 (4)

Local 2.23 3.5 2.8 3.25

Ranjit 2.60 (4) 4.86 (1) 1.84 (9) 3.59 (1)

Local 1.98 3.86 2.35 3.45

Bahadur 2.22 (7) 4.65 (2) 2.42 (5) 3.55 (2)

Local 2.04 4.02 2.66 3.25

Jal Lahari 2.44 (5) 3.72 (7) 2.03 (7) 3.55 (2)

Local 2.04 3.93 2.60 3.39

Barh Avarodhi 1.96 (8) 3.44 (9) 2.23 (6) 3.24 (3)

Local 2.11 3.49 2.27 3.42

Bhudev 2.25 (6) 3.77 (4) 1.97 (8) 2.72 (6)

Local 1.94 3.73 2.71 2.95

Mahananda 1.86 (9) 3.75 (5) 3.47 (2) 2.33 (8)

Local 1.83 3.93 2.78 2.53

Figures in parentheses indicate the rank in the state.

Promising performance of rice variety Sarala on farmer’sfields in Orissa


10

Increasing Cropping Intensity

The current cropping intensity in

Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand, is low.

Cropping is restricted to kharif season and hardly

any rabi crop is taken because of inadequate

carry over moisture. Increasing cropping intensity

even in 25% of such monocropped (rice) area

would have good impact in augmenting farmer’s

income and provide off-season employment. A

comprehensive strategy of manipulation of sowing

time of rice and moisture conservation practices

was tried to address this problem. Advancement

of rice seeding by 9-12 days enabled raising successful

rabi crops like gram in Chhattisgarh and lentil

and gram in Orissa. At Rewa, seeding of lentil

crop after harvest of early sown rice resulted in

highest net return of Rs.8670/ha and a B:C ratio

Table 5 : Yield (t/ha) and net profit per rupeeinvested for different rabi/summer crops atBhadrak & Balasore districts of Orissa.

Crops grown after Yield B : Ckharif rice (t/ha) ratio

Mustard 0.66 1.93

Sesame 0.53 2.39

Mung 0.72 2.54

Tomato 46.9 3.02

Cabbage 51.1 1.21

Okra 6.8 1.28

Chilli 12.9 4.15

Table 6 : Benefits of mulching on yield (q/ha) of rabi crops on farmers fields in target districts of MadhyaPradesh, Chhattisgarh and Orissa 2001-2002.

Target districts

Crops Mahasamund Rewa/Kathuha Dhenkanal

No mulch Soil and Rice No mulch Soil and Rice No mulch Soil and Rice(Farmer’s stubble straw (Farmer’s stubble straw (Farmer’s stubble strawpractice) mulch mulch practice) mulch mulch practice) mulch mulch

Gram 4.84 5.64 6.08 5.53 8.27 9.67 3.8 4.9 6.2

Lentil 2.45 3.12 3.21 6.94 8.02 7.93 NA NA NA

Lathyrus 2.14 2.56 2.81 NA NA NA 4.1 4.2 4.6

Linseed NA NA NA 3.72 4.43 4.48 NA NA NA

Safflower 5.83 7.89 8.26 NA NA NA 5.6 7.2 9.5

Rabi crop (gram) on farmers fields in Mahasamunddistrict – Dr. Prem Sai Singh, Agriculture Minister andofficials of the Department of Agriculture, Government ofChhattisgarh visiting the on-farm trial

NATP – CRIDA

11

of 1.99. Rice straw mulching resulted in assured

yields from rabi crops which were 25-35% higher

than farmers practice (Table 6). These on-farm

experiments helped in evaluating the potential

of rabi crops for rice fallows in Orissa, Chhattisgarh

and M.P.

manure cum mulch produced significantly higher

yield of rice (25.2 and 36.4 q/ha at Phulbani and

Darisai, respectively) as compared to farmers

practice. At Darisai, application of soil test based

fertilizer recommendation i.e. NPK (100: 60: 40)

+ 20kg S/ha and FYM @ 5t/ha + intercropping

with green gram resulted in significantly higher

grain yield (40 q/ha; Table 7). In medium lands,

transplanted rice produced significantly higher

grain yield and higher B:C ratio with integrated

use of 100% RDF + 5 tonnes FYM and in situ

green manure as compared to farmers practice

and 100% RDF. Two farmers meetings in each

district were organized by the Zonal Research

Gram and tomato being grown during rabi on farmersfields in Chhattisgarh

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)

Fertilizer use in Orissa and Jharkhand is

quite low which is one of the major constraints

limiting rice productivity. Chemical fertilizers at

recommended doses are rarely applied by the

farmers due to their poor resource base. Therefore

in a network project involving 10 farmers from

five villages in Udayagiri (Orissa), Darisai

(Jharkhand) and Raipur (Chhattisgarh) districts,

integrated nutrient management package for

rainfed rice was compared with the farmers practice

and Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF). In

uplands, application of 75% RDF + 5t/ha FYM

and incorporation of intercropped greengram as

Table 7: Grain yield of rice in Phulbani (Orissa)and Darisai (Jharkhand) on farmers fields underintegrated nutrient management practices

Treatments Grain yield (q/ha)

Phulbani* Darisai**

T1: Farmers practice 12.9 14.2(2t FYM + 20kgN)

T2: 100% RDF 21.2 23.6

T3: 75% RDF + 22.5 30.0FYM @ 5t/ha

T4: 75% RDF + FYM 25.2 36.4@ 5t/ha + intercroppedgreengram (incorporated)

T5 : 100% RDF + FYM 25.8 39.9@ 5t/ha + intercroppedgreen gram (incorporated)

CD (P = 0.05) 0.72 2.9

* Mean yield of 6 on-farm trials. ** Mean yield of 7on-farm trials, RDF = 60:30:20

At Darisai T1: farmers practice (2t/FYM + 10kg N/ha);T2:100% RDF (60:30:30) ; T5 : NPK (100:60:40) +20kg S/ha + FYM @ 5t/ha + Intercropped greengram.T3, T4 are same as at Phulbani.


12

Stations involving 150 farmers each, which helped

in highlighting the advantages of IPNS module

in rice based cropping system particularly using

the local green manure resources by the farmers.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Weeds and pests are major constraints in

rainfed rice production in eastern India. Resource

poor farmers rarely use expensive chemicals like

weedicides and pesticides. Therefore an integrated

pest management module was evaluated on the

fields of more than 150 paddy farmers in the

states of Orissa, West Bengal, Assam, Manipur

and Andhra Pradesh. At each site, a set of three

treatments were tried which included farmers

practice (FP), schedule treatment (ST) involving

application of regular pest control chemicals and

integrated pest management (IPM) which

included a set of optimized location specific

pest control components like resistant variety,

cultural methods, use of natural enemies etc. The

grain yield ranged from 3768 to 5870 kg/ha in

ST plots followed by IPM plots (3315 to 5620

kg/ha) and FP (2476 to 5312 kg/ha) across the

locations. Though scheduled based treatment

gave highest yield across the centres, the cost

Table 8 : Grain Yield (t ha-1) and Cost Benefit Ratio (CBR) of rice as influenced by different pestmanagement treatments on farmers fields in target districts of Orissa, Assam and West Bengal, 2001-02.

Treatment Cuttack Titabar Bankura

Grain yield CBR Grain yield CBR Grain yield CBR

Integrated pest management 5.62 1:5.4 4.57 1:4.4 4.43 1:1.74

Schedule based application 5.87 1:6.3 3.77 1:3.6 4.57 1:1.54

Farmers practice 3.46 - 2.48 1:2.8 3.91 1:1.52

IPM treatment on farmers field in Titabar, Assam involvingpheromone mediated mass trapping against yellow stemborer

CAU selection – 1, a variety resistant to gall midge andblast used in IPM treatment, Imphal

NATP – CRIDA

13

benefit ratios were higher in IPM treatment. The

population of natural enemies like predatory

spiders, coccinellids, ground beetles, dragon flies

and wasp were higher in IPM and FP treatments.

However, there is a need to identify the reasons

for lower yields in IPM module. Field visits by

farmers in the target districts helped in awareness

generation on IPM.

Improving Productivity of UteraCropping

Utera or piara cropping is the relay cropping

of pulse/fibre cum oilseed crops like lathyrus,

lentil or linseed following kharif rice. It is based

on the utilization of residual soil moisture after

rice for the relay crop which gives supplementary

income to millions of farmers in eastern states.

This system currently suffers from a number of

constraints like long duration of rice cultivars,

inadequate carry over soil moisture and low

productivity of utera crop due to lack of standard

agronomic package. A network project was taken

up in Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya

Pradesh to address this problem. It helped in

identifying cultivars like IR-36 and Poornima in

utera areas of M.P, which matured in about 120

days, whereas medium duration varieties of 125-

130 days were found suitable in Chhattisgarh

and Jharkhand. Among the utera crops tried for

different locations, linseed proved most remunerative

for the district of Burdwan and Midnapore in

West Bengal, Cuttack in Orissa, Nagaon and

Morigaon in Assam and Seoni and Balaghat in

M.P. Field pea and lathyrus performed better at

Dindori (M.P), Mahasamund (Chhattisgarh),

Dumka and Godda (Jharkhand) districts,

respectively. Maintaining 20 cm stubble height

of rice crop at harvest resulted in optimum growth

of utera crops. The net monetory returns of utera

cropping system under various sowing times in

M.P. and Chhattisgarh are presented in Fig. 3.

Linseed cv. JL-29 as Utera crop on farmers field in Seoni district of M.P.


14

Improvement of Traditional Biasi

Biasi is a traditional system of rainfed rice

cultivation, which suffers from low productivity.

An improved biasi system consisting of improved

rice variety and a biasi plough (Tifal) was tried

on farmer’s field at Raipur, Ambikapur and Jagdalpur

in Chhattisgarh, Keonjhar in Orissa and Darisai

in Jharkhand. Variety Mahamaya gave the

highest yield in medium and low lands with

improved and traditional biasi system in

Chhattisgarh. The biasi plough Tifal has generated

good interest among farmers in all states. The

0

5000

10000

15000

Ne

t M

on

eta

y

Re

turn

s (R

s./h

a)

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

(Chhattisgarh)

Mahasamund

0

5000

10000

15000

Net M

oneto

ry

Retu

rns (

Rs./ha)

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

(Madhya Pradesh)

Dindori

T1 : Farmers practice of sowing Utera cropT2 : Sowing of Utera crop one week after flowering of riceT3 : Sowing of Utera crop two weeks after flowering of rice

T4 : Sowing of Utera crop three weeks after flowering of riceT5 : Sowing of Utera crop after minimum tillage

Fig. 3 : Net monetary returns from rice based Utera cropping systems under various sowing times on farmers’ fieldsin M.P. and Chhattisgarh

Rainfed rice crop under improved biasi system on farmer’s field at Bhaghbhara inChhattisgarh, kharif, 2001

NATP – CRIDA

15

improved biasi resulted in higher net returns

(Rs.12,097/ha) with a B:C ratio of 2.6 as

compared to farmer’s practice (Table 9). For

direct seeded paddy (dry), Indira seed cum

fertilizer drill and Ambika paddy weeder were

found superior with a significant increase in yields

and reduction in cost of operation by 24%.

power tiller and tractor drawn seed drill were

found superior to conventional broadcasting

method with significantly higher yield of 4.06,

10.85 and 12.30 per cent, respectively. Use of

fertilizer broadcaster in upland condition

increased the rice yield by 5-8 q/ha. Self-propelled

8 row rice transplanter was found to be

superior to local practice in terms of cost,

timeliness of operation and yield. The yield

advantage from different locations ranged

between 10 – 15 per cent. Systematic survey

of the local manufacturers and artisans was

first carried out to diagnose the technical defects

in the implements being produced. Extensive

interaction with the farmers also resulted in

identification of constraints in the adoption of

recommended implements.

In M.P. extensive demonstrations and

adaptive trials on rotavator, improved

puddlers, self propelled rice transplanter,

sprouted rice seeder, mat seedlings production,

crop and cono weeder/wheel hoe were

conducted on farmers fields. The list of trials

and the number of farmers involved is given

in the Table 10. The unique feature of the

demonstration was the involvement of large

number of women farmers who evinced keen

interest in using the improved farm machinery

to reduce the drudgery. Efforts are under way

to identify entrepreneurs for manufacturing

these prototypes.

Table 9: Production economics of Improvedand Traditional Biasi Rice cultivation on farmersfields in Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh.

Parameter Traditional ImprovedBiasi system Biasi system

Grain yield (t/ha) 3.2 4.1

Gross income (Rs/ha) 15360 19680

Cost production (Rs/ha) 9573 7583

Net income (Rs/ha) 5787 12097

Benefit cost ratio 1.6 2.59

Improved machinery for plantingand post-harvest processing

A number of animal and tractor drawn

equipments have been designed for tillage, sowing

and transplanting of rainfed paddy. However,

such equipments have rarely been evaluated on

farmers fields in a participatory mode. Under

a network project in five districts i.e., Raipur,

Bhopal, Faizabad, Pusa and Jorhat, a large number

of improved farm equipments have been evaluated

on the farmers fields. Better quality of seedbed

at lower cost of operation was achieved both

for dry seeding and transplanting by using

power tiller/tractor operated rotavator. Animal,


16

Low cost storage methods

To minimize the losses of rice during storage

and milling and improve the head rice recovery,

simple and low cost interventions were tried in

Orissa, Jharkhand, Assam, Manipur and Chhattisgarh

with the participation of selected farm households.

Table 10 : Coverage of demonstrations of improved tillage and seeding equipment for rainfed rice inBhopal district 2001-2002.

Name of equipment/ machine demonstrated No. of Areas No. ofdemonstrations covered (ha) farmers

Rotavator for tillage 12 32 240

Rotavator for secondary tillage and 02 01 45 straw incorporation

Sowing of mat-type rice nursery 08 05 200

Tractor-cage wheel-puddler 05 08 25

Self propelled rice transplanter 06 05 140

Manually operated rice seeder 01 0.4 50

Manually operated cono weeder 02 02 18

Manually operated wheel hoe 03 04 24

Zero-till seed cum fertilizer drill 04 12 80

Strip-till seed cum fertilizer drill 06 14 60

Total 49 83.4 882

Farm women in Bhopal district being trained on use of wheel hoe for weeding in rainfed directseeded rice

NATP – CRIDA

17

In each case, alternative methods of drying, storage

and milling were compared for efficiency and economics

with farmers traditional practice. At most centres,

the metal bins and RCC ring bins were found superior

to the farmers practice of bag storage and mud

kothis. Preliminary studies on the milling indicated

that the performance of the traditional hullers can

be improved significantly by rubber shellers.

Paddy Based Farming System inTribal Areas

In the tribal areas of Jharkhand and

Chhattisgarh, the yields of paddy are quite low

due to low input use. Since the holdings are

small, the tribals are unable to eke out livelihood

from cropping alone. Therefore, paddy based

farming system models, rice-fish-duck and rice-

fish-pig were tested in tribal areas of Jharkhand

and Chhattisgarh. Three farmers in Ranchi

(including one women based self help group)

and three farmers in Midnapore districts of West

Bengal and five farmers in Mahasamund district

of Chhattisgarh participated in the trial. The

paddy-cum-fish culture (in the ponds) was

integrated where in the fish and duck manure

was used for the rice crop. Initial results from

the project and the mid term impact assessment

by NCAP indicated that up to 100% increase

in income to the tribals is possible by adopting

farming systems approach over cultivation of

paddy crop alone or duck rearing. The paddy

crop benefited from the duck manure. The local

races of ducks were found to survive better than

the introduced Khaki Campbell ducks. This project

has high possibility of being replicated in tribal

belts of eastern states to improve their livelihoods.

The development departments of the State

Governments in the region have evinced

interest in extending this system with the support

of financial institutions.

Agro-forestry, Horticulture andLivestock Farming

Horticulture, agro-forestry and livestock

production offer additional income and

employment opportunities in the rainfed rice

growing areas if properly integrated with the

rice based production system. Various models

have been tried through farmers participation

to introduce relevant components of the above

systems in Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Eastern

U.P. In Nayagharh and Dhenkanal districts of

Orissa, Mahasamund and Durg districts of

Chhattisgarh and Basti and Barabanki districts

of U.P, field surveys have been conducted and

the major crops currently grown on paddy

field bunds were identified. Trees like Acacia

mangium and Glyricidia sepium, Gmelina arborea

and Glyricidia sepium and Dalbergia sissoo and

Sesbania sesban were found promising in Orissa,

Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh, respectively

for timber and hedge row planting. Pulse crops

like arhar and blackgram were successfully

grown between the trees on the field bunds of

kharif rice followed by greengram and lathyrus

etc. in the rabi.


18

In a major initiative on watershed

management, suitable land use practices have

been designed based on the land capability by

introduction of trees, grasses and crops in micro

watersheds at Bhawanipatna, Jagdalpur and

Chintapally. Interventions in terms of conservation

practices, water harvesting systems and

improved crop husbandry generated good

interest among the participating farmers,

majority of whom are tribals.

Suitable nursery management technologies

for horticulture crops like brinjal, tomato, chilli,

onion, cabbage and cauliflower were also

standardized for homestead gardens to

supplement the income of the rice farmers.

Moisture conservation practices by paddy straw

mulching were introduced for commercial crops

like ginger. Improved vegetable production

techniques were tested on farmers fields in the

tribal areas of Ranchi, Dumka, Jagdalpur and

Khurda.

In the tribal areas of Orissa, Jharkhand

and Chhattisgarh intercrops in the existing

mango orchards were introduced to increase

the income of the people. Besides the arable

crops like rice, blackgram, cowpea, filler crops

like litchi and guava were also planted in the

mango orchards. The advantages of agri

horticultural system was demonstrated at all

the centres to the participating farmers.

A number of training programmes and

exposure visits were organized for the tribal

farmers at Semiliguda and Gopalput generating

high enthusiasm.

Fodder is crucial for efficient livestock

production. Capitalising on the high rainfall

available in the eastern states, a number of annual

and perennial fodder species were evaluated on

cows and buffaloes through farmers participation.

Deenanath and Guenia grass were found promising

to be raised as green fodders after harvesting of

paddy. A survey on prevalence of parasitic

diseases in cattle and buffaloes revealed that the

incidence of gastro-intestinal helminthes was 54%

in Orissa, 65% in Jharkhand and 48% in

Chhattisgarh. Endo parasitic infection in goats

was 43%, 63% and 55% in Kandhmahal, Ranchi

and Durg districts, respectively.

Jute-Rice Cropping SystemIn order to optimize the productivity of

the jute-rice cropping system, on-farm trials were

conducted to find out the suitable varieties of

rice and jute that can fit into this cropping system.

Efforts were also made to improve the jute

germplasm for earliness and fibre quality. Rice

variety Naveen was found superior in West Bengal,

Bihar and Assam as compared to the existing

long duration varieties. On-farm trials on jute

revealed that JRO-524, JRO-8432 and JRC-321

gave the highest yield in West Bengal, Assam and

Bihar, respectively.

• In C.capsularis, 24 germplasm lines were

evaluated at different locations and Branca,

NATP – CRIDA

19

BZ-1-3, BZ-2-2 and THA/Y/086C were identified

as high yielders coupled with high cellulose

content and moderately low lignin content.

• In F1 of 11 x 11 diallel set, Lisa x JRC-212,

Solimos x CHN/FJ/052C, JRC-321 x NPL/

KDC/093C, were found promising specific

combiners for yield and its attributes.

• In F2 4 x 4 diallel set conducted at multi locations,

the superiority in yield for Branca x CHN/FJ/

052C and JRC-321 x CHN/FJ/052C was revealed.

Quality parameters were also estimated.

• In Olitorius, F2 progenies were grown by

different centres. Interestingly the THA/YA/

064C x KEN/SM/024C and TAN/X/112C x

KEN/DS/053C, which are top rankers for

fibre yield also posseses good quality fibre

with high cellulose and low lignin contents.

3.2 Oilseeds BasedProduction System

Oilseed crops are grown both during

kharif and rabi seasons under sole, inter and

sequence cropping systems. Due to biotic and

abiotic stresses and absence of major break

through in varietal development, oilseeds

productivity continues to remain low.

Though price fluctuations have an impact on

input use and productivity, the non adoption

of improved practices is also responsible

for lower yields. Therefore, under NATP,

important issues like varietal performance,

moisture conservation, IPM, INM and post

harvest processing have been addressed.

The target districts covered are shown in the

following map.

Integrated Pest Management inOilseed based Cropping Systems

Pests and diseases cause serious yield losses

in oilseed crops. A number of IPM modules

were evolved by the research institutes based

on on-station research but they have been rarely

tested on farmers fields and cost benefits worked

out. For greater adoption of IPM technology,

the farmers have to be convinced on the

effectiveness and feasibility of implementing

Target districts for rainfed oilseeds based productionsystem research


20

the module and its cost effectiveness. Accordingly,

the recommended IPM modules specific to

each location and cropping system were tried

in five states involving crops/cropping

systems like mustard, groundnut, sunflower +

groundnut, mungbean – safflower and safflower

+ chickpea. Bio-intensive and chemo-intensive

modules were evaluated and the merits and

demerits of each modules were explained to

the farmers.

In case of mustard, seed treatment with

Trichoderma viride @ of 2 g/kg seeds and soil

application @ 1 kg/acre (mixed with 25 kg FYM

and spread on 1 acre land) was effective for

controlling Alternaria leaf blight and white rust

diseases. For castor, a bio-intensive module

consisting of crop rotation, summer ploughing,

use of resistant variety, removal of alternate hosts,

seed treatment, hand picking of larval masses and

use of NSKE (5%) was found effective for control

of semilooper in alfisols of Telangana, Andhra

Pradesh. The recommended location specific IPM

modules were validated under farmers conditions

for mustard at Gurgaon and Hisar, groundnut

at Anantapur, sunflower+ groundnut at Raichur,

mungbean – safflower at Parbhani, sunflower +

chickpea at Solapur and castor at Hyderabad and

Palem. PDBC at Bangalore undertook mass

production of bio-agents for the trials across the

country.

The yield and economics of IPM on

groundnut + sunflower cropping system on

farmers fields in Raichur district are given in

Table 1. Highest yields were obtained in M2

module with higher net profit and higher B:C

ratio of 1.60. Yields were lowest in M3 module

(farmers practice) which lead to lower net profit

and lower B:C ratio (1.28). Net profit in M1

was less compared to M2 because of higher

cost of neem based insecticides. Module (M1)

consists of deep summer ploughing, application

of FYM @ 10 t/ha, seed treatment with

Trichoderma viridae @ 4 g/kg, foliar spray of

NSKE 5% or neem oil (2%), sorghum leaf

extract at 20 and 30 DAS, Ha-NPV@ 250 LE/

ha and Bt @ 300 g/ha and installation of

Table 1: Yield and economics of IPM modules and farmers practice in groundnut + sunflower basedcropping system on farmers fields in 5 villages of Raichur district, Karnataka, kharif 2001

Modules* Yield (kg/ha) Gross Total Net B:C

GN SF returns (Rs.) cost (Rs.) profit (Rs.)

M1 (Bio-intensive) 815 372 14,102 9,255 4,847 1.52

M2 (Chemo intensive) 859 370 14,510 9,030 5,480 1.60

M3 (Farmer’s practice) 643 292 11,102 8,665 2,437 1.28

* See text for details.

NATP – CRIDA

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Pheromone traps @ 10/ha and bird perches @

60/ha, whereas the module II consists of deep

summer ploughing, application of FYM @ 10

t/ha, seed treatment with Trichoderma viridae

@ 4 g/kg, foliar spray of systemic insecticides

based on ETL, quinolphos 2 ml/l, poison bait

with monocrotophos and spray of chlorothalonil

0.1%. Module III involves farmers practice. Except

the farmer’s practice, all the modules recorded

better control of leaf hoppers, defoliators, root

disease and peanut bud necrosis. The trial helped

in creation of awareness among farmers in the

district. Based on feedback it is realised that the

modules are to be further simplified.

Similarly on the farmers fields in Takli

and Zari villages of Parbhani district with

safflower crop, the IPM package given in Module

1 which included timely sowing, seed treatment

with carbendazim, ETL based 1st application of

NSKE 5% followed by dimethoate 0.05% against

aphid, installing bird perches and pheromone

traps for Helicoverpa resulted in significantly

lower incidence of aphid (9.5 aphid/5 cm apical

shoot length) followed by Module 3 (seed treatment

with carbendazim and border spraying followed

by complete coverage with dimethoate 0.05%),

Module 2 (timely sowing, seed treatment with

Trichoderma viridae for wilt and application of

NSKE 5% against aphid and Helicoverpa) and

Module 4 i.e. farmer’s practice (without plant

protection).

In general, it is revealed that the IPM package

(Module-1) comprising timely sowing, seed

treatment with carbendazim, ETL based 1st

application of NSKE 5% and 2nd with dimethoate

0.05%, installing bird perches and pheromone

traps proved equally or more effective as compared

to Module 2, 3 and 4 (Farmers’ practice). The

yield and cost benefit ratio are given in Table 2.

Farmer collecting trapped moths in pheromone traps underIPM module in groundnut + sunflower cropping systemon farmers fields in Raichur district of Karnataka

Table 2: Yield and cost benefit ratio of safflowercrop on farmers fields in two villages of Parbhanidistrict, Maharashtra, 2001-02

Modules* Yield q/ha C:B Ratio

Module 1 13.47 1:6.01

Module 2 10.30 1:1.68

Module 3 10.61 1:2.9

Module 4 7.92 -

* See text for details

Improving Seed Viability in Soybean

Soybean seed looses viability rapidly within

few months after harvesting which is a serious

constraint in storing the seed at the farmers


22

level. A project was taken up to improve the

viability by using simple low cost methods

which can be adopted at the farmer/village

level. Moisture control, vacuumisation and

storing in specially designed containers were

some of the approaches tried. Maintaining the

moisture content in the seed at 6% retained

74% germination after 6 months. Low pressure

storage (5 mm) showed better viability than

normal atmosphere pressure. Storage in metalised

polymer bags retained higher vacuum and better

viability of seeds (60%) up to 6 months but

mud lined bamboo baskets which are relatively

inexpensive also retained 52% germination

(Table 3). This could be further improved

upto 60% by mixing sand @ of 30% in the

bamboo baskets.

Varieties for Salt Affected Soils

Soil salinity is an important constraint for

oilseed production in several districts of Andhra

Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, U.P. and Gujarat.

A number of interventions have been tried across

these states for over coming the salinity constraint

and improve the production of crops like castor,

sunflower, linseed, mustard and safflower. Based

on on-farm trials, castor varieties 48-1 and Kranti

were found to be relatively tolerant to salinity.

Safflower genotype S-13-5 was most effective

under saline environment with recommended

practices like row placement of FYM @ 2t/ha

and sowing on side of the ridge (Table 4). P64A43

and KBSH-1 were among the effective genotypes

in sunflower. In linseed Padmini and Sweta

were found promising. Application of FYM

@ 2 t/ha, seed soaking in 1% NaCl solution for

Table 3: Performance of storage structures in retaining viability of soybean seed

Storage Structure Average Germination (%)

After 6 months After 9 months After 12 months

Mud lined Bamboo basket 52 46 42

HDPE bags 52 48 43

Gunny bags 46 40 38

G.I.bins 49 45 42

HDPE lined gunny bags 53 49 47

A low cost mud plastered bamboo baskets for storageof soybean seeds to retain viability

NATP – CRIDA

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Table 4: Performance of 3 safflower genotypes under farmers practice and improved management on-farmers fields with different salinity levels in 6 villages in Akola district of Maharashtra, 2001-02

Name of ECe Recommended Practice* Farmers Practice

the village dS/m S-13-5 A-1 Sharada S-13-5 A-1 Sharada

Zari 2.36 17.0 16.0 14.3 15.3 14.5 12.3Danithna 2.92 14.0 13.3 10.5 11.0 11.0 10.0Danithna 2.96 12.5 12.5 10.5 11.9 11.0 10.0Danithna 3.01 12.5 12.0 9.66 11.1 11.0 9.16Parva 4.52 15.2 14.9 11.2 13.0 12.6 11.0Allapur 4.80 11.5 11.6 9.76 10.0 10.3 7.63Asola 4.83 11.5 11.2 8.05 10.0 9.8 7.0Allapur 4.99 11.0 10.5 7.50 9.5 9.27 6.68Parva 7.83 10.9 10.5 6.8 7.0 6.56 4.68Jam 8.39 8.32 8.0 6.2 6.5 6.0 4.0Parva 8.68 7.6 7.3 5.3 5.33 4.33 3.33Allapur 9.08 7.8 7.6 5.3 5.60 4.38 3.50

Mean 11.6 11.3 8.8 9.77 9.23 7.44(10.6) (8.81)

*See text for details. Figures in parenthesis are means of 3 varieties.

SE ± CD at 5%

Management (M) 0.145 0.401

Variety (V) 0.079 0.221

M x V 0.113 0.312

A farm woman happy with luxuriant KBSH-1 sunflower grown on her saline field at Iliganur village (Karnataka)


24

3 hours and sowing on the side of the ridge

(recommended practice) resulted in higher yield

as compared to farmers practice in salt affected

soils across the locations. Application of castor

cake improved the performance of mustard varieties

by 15% over control in saline soils.

Natural Dye and Herbal Drinkfrom Safflower Petals

There is a revival of interest on natural dyes

of plant origin in view of the negative effects of

synthetic dyes. Rainfed areas offer good niches

for cultivation of such species. Safflower, an

important oilseed crop is a source of yellow dye

from its coloured petals. A project was taken up

to extract this natural yellow dye, and work out

its commercial potential at three locations (MAU,

Parbhani; Central Institute for Research on

Cotton Technology, Mumbai and University

Department of Chemical Technology, Mumbai.

An efficient extraction method for recovery of

yellow dye was standardized and scaled up to

pilot level at CIRCOT. The results showed that

2.5 kg of cotton cloth can be dyed with good

colour reproducibility and uniformity by using

1 kg of petals. Harvesting of petals 15-20 days

before final harvest was the optimum time for

highest dye recovery. Non spiny varieties (NARI-

6, JS1-7, JS1-97, JS1-103) were found to be more

suitable for dye production enabling the

collection of 800-900 g of petals per worker/day

as compared to spiny varieties (Sharda, Bhima),

where only 230-240/g/worker/day could be

collected (Table 5).

A unique herbal health drink known as

saffo-tea was also made from safflower petals.

Organoleptic evaluation showed a score ranging

from 6-8 for different attributes like taste, colour

and flavour. It has a potential to become a prominent

Performance of Bio-902 variety of mustard raised with application of castor cake on farmers fields on saline soils inDantiwada district of Gujarat

NATP – CRIDA

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Table 5: Average petal collection, petal and seed yield of spiny and non spiny varieties of safflower inParbhani district, Maharashtra, 2001-02.

Name of the variety Colour Average petal Average petal Average seedcollection yield (kg/ha) yield (kg/ha)

(gm/day/worker)

NARI-6 Dark red 800 201.65 1530.3JSI-7 Reddish Yellow 820 169.24 1602.4JSI-97 Light red 830 256.17 1959.9JSI-103 Red 840 218.62 1785.0Sharda Light red 240 84.36 2070.5Bhima Yellow 230 74.59 2093.6S.E. 11.06 186.0C.D. at 5% 32.82 551.9

health drink with good therapeutic value. It is

rich in vitamins B complex, essential minerals

and 16 amino acids. Preliminary studies also showed

the potential of safflower stalks to be used to

make good quality writing and raft paper. Efforts

are on to commercialise these findings with the

industry in Maharashtra.

Prototype Harvester for Safflower

Harvesting of safflower is difficult in view

of the spiny nature. Difficulty in harvesting is

one of the many reasons for the decline in the

Field evaluation of prototype safflower harvester at Raichur,Karnataka

Spectrum of shades generated from safflower yellow dye

Colour shades from safflower pink dye


26

area under this crop. An effort was made at UAS,

Raichur to develop prototype harvestor for safflower

which could be used as a multi crop harvestor.

A cost effective power operated prototype was

designed successfully and field tested. The field

capacity of prototype was 0.17 ha/hr. The field

losses were also minimum at 0.86% and the

comfort of physical work with the harvestor was

quite high in terms of avoidance of thorn pricking

and tiring work. The harvesting efficiency and

field efficiency were 98.2 and 87.1%, respectively.

Due to the presence of spines, manual

harvesting in safflower is difficult and the workers

have to use hand gloves. The comparative cost

of harvesting with sickle and hand gloves and

mechanical harvesting is given in the Fig.1. It

Aflatoxin Control in Groundnutand Oil Meal based Poultry Feeds

India though the second largest producer

of groundnuts could not tap the export market.

The stringent regulations for aflatoxins by

importing nations has been the major non-

tariff barrier that led to decline in exports.

Hence a project was taken up to study the

aflatoxin contamination in groundnut. Extensive

diagnostic surveys covering analysis of 2000

pod and soil samples were carried out for the

incidence of aflatoxin in groundnut kernels in

Junagadh, Rajkot, Porbandar and Amreli districts

of Gujarat and Anantapur district of Andhra

Pradesh.

The incidence of aflatoxin in seeds varied

between 0-67% in randomly analysed samples

in target districts. In Gujarat, out of 1189

samples analysed, 870 were infected, while in

Andhra Pradesh, 518 samples were positive out

of 597. A composite package consisting of

summer ploughing, use of resistant variety,

seed treatment, furrow application of

Trichoderma, castor cake @ 500kg/ha and quick

drying of pods was compared with farmers

practice on 40 on-farm trials in 4 districts.

Seed infection, seed colonization and

population of Aspergillus were lower in majority

of trials under composite packages as compared

to farmers practice.

Aflatoxin contamination is also a major

problem in oil meal based poultry and livestock

Co

st

of

op

era

tio

n

(Rs

/ha

)

Harvesting methods

Harvesting with sickle

Harvesting with sickle andhand gloves

Harvesting with machine(diesel engine)

Harvesting with machine(kerosene engine)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Fig.1 : Comparative cost of harvesting of safflower bydifferent methods in Bijapur district, Karnataka

is obvious from the data that harvesting with

kerosene engine driven machine is the cheapest,

which can also be adopted at the village level,

in view of the simplicity of maintenance and

availability of fuel.

NATP – CRIDA

27

feeds. Chicks are highly sensitive to aflatoxicosis.

Aflatoxin contamination is also one of the

impediments for export of oil meals as poultry

feed. This problem was addressed by developing

of suitable storage methods of feed ingredients

and cost effective methods of detoxification of

affected feeds. Extensive surveys were conducted

at Khanapara (Assam), Bangalore and Hisar on

the incidence of aflatoxin contamination in the

feed ingredients. In Assam, of the 79 samples,

54% were found positive. The aflatoxin ranged

between 25-292 ppb. At Hisar 36% of the oil

meal based animal feed samples were found positive

with an average content of 168 ppb. Composite

feed samples contained more aflatoxin than cereal

ingredients.

Efforts were made to control the fungal

infestation by using low cost chemical and herbal

agents. Different volumes of the extract viz. 2, 5

and 10 ml were mixed in freshly autoclaved

250 ml of Potato Dextrose Rose Bengal Agar (PDRBA)

in three different conical flasks along with one for

control i.e. without extract. The plates were prepared

immediately and kept for 24 hrs. One thousand

µl of the freshly prepared spore suspension of A.

parasiticus was spread uniformly on these plates

and kept for two days and the number of fungal

colonies in each treatment were counted. The number

of fungal colonies varied from 12 to 16 in control

plates of different experiments. Best results were

obtained by the neem bark water extract (10%)

inhibiting the development of A. parasiticus to the

tune of 63.3 per cent. This was followed by propionic

acid @ 0.1-0.5%, sodium benzoate and citric acid

(Table 6).

Oilseed By-products as Animal Feed

Some of the by-products from the oilseed

crops like sunflower heads are not currently being

used for any productive purpose. Using such by-

products for animal feed not only can help in

meeting shortage of concentrates but also can

augment the farmers’ income. Extensive surveys

in Karnataka and Gujarat indicated vast potential

of using sunflower heads and castor cake as animal

feed. However to prepare a balanced feed

formulation, the chemical composition of the

different varieties and hybrids needs to be

assessed. Data on in vitro digestibility of different

varieties of sunflower heads is given in Table 7.

Lack of suitable processing techniques and

presence of metabolic toxins are the constraints

in utilizing sunflower heads and castor cakes as

feed. Accordingly, a network project led by NIANP,

The effect of aflatoxin containing feed on 5 week oldbroilers (L to R: 0, 100, 200 and 400 PPb)


28

Table 6: Number of colonies of Aspergillus parasiticus in treated and untreated PDRBA plates usingvarious herbal extracts.

Herbal agents No. of spores (c.f.u. perml)

Amount of herbal extract added

Control 2 ml 5 ml 10 ml

Annona seeds (methanol extract) 15 12 (20) 9 (40) 10 (33.3)

Annona seeds (Water extract) 14 7 (50) 5 (64.2) 4 (28.0)

Annona seeds (Chloroform methanol extract) 15 14 (6.6) 11 (26.6) 12 (20)

Neem bark (Water extract) 16 8 (50) 6 (62.5) 6 (62.5)

Neem seeds (methanol extract) 14 13 (7.1) 12 (14.2) 12 (14.2)

Neem leaves (methanol extract) 13 13 (0) 12 (7.6) 13 (0)

Rai (Water extract) 12 10 (16.6) 8 (33.3) 7 (41.6)

Eucalyptus leaves (Methanol extract) 15 14 (6.6) 13 (13.3) 14 (6.6)

Tulsi leaves (Methanol chloroform extract) 16 15 (6.2) 14 (12.5) 15 (6.2)

Figures in parenthesis represent the percentage of inhibition.

Table 7: Chemical composition and invitro digestibility of sunflower heads (% DM basis)

Variety OM CP CF EE Ash NDF ADF Lignin IVOMD

Morden 86–90.5 5.2–8.2 14.2–22.3 4.5–6.0 9.5–14.2 32–38 26–33 5.3–7.5 75.8

Sandoz hybrid 87–90 10.5–2.3 15.6–17 3.9–5.2 10.1–12.6 30–32 24.9–25.3 8–8.5 78.3

Mahyco hybrid 88–90 6.1 14–16 5.7–8.1 10.3–11.7 34.5–35.7 23–32.6 2–9.3 78.0

Nimbkar 87–89 4.0–8.0 17–20 4.5–5.3 10.3–10.7 30–34 23–29 4–4.8 75.0

Hybrid SF 88–90 6.9–7.3 15–17 5.7–8.1 10.3–11.5 34–42 21–29 3.4–6.8 77.0

Mahabeej 87.7 12.3 17.5 3.4 12.3 34.1 29.9 5.5 77.2

ITC hybrid 87.7 4.8 19.3 4.8 14.3 34.7 29.5 5.5 64.4

Unknown 82.9–91.8 4.8–12.3 14–21.5 3.2–9.6 7.6–14.3 33–44.4 22–35.5 5–11.8 68.3

Bangalore was taken up. During the year, fifteen

complete feed formulations with sunflower head

were made and evaluated for their digestibility.

A total of 12 samples of complete feeds were

tried. Sample No.1 containing 30% of sunflower

heads and sample No.9 containing 40% of sunflower

heads as main ingredient have shown highest

IVOMD i.e. 82 and 84%, respectively. A laboratory

scale detoxification technology was developed

to reduce the ricin content in castor cake. Of

the various methods tried for detoxifying castor

cake, autoclaving (15 psi for 20 min.) and dry

heating (100o C for 30 min.) were more effective.

The in vitro digestibility of the treated cake

NATP – CRIDA

29

improved significantly when autoclaved for 20

minutes. The chemical treatment was found superior

to other methods for removal of the ricin content.

Ricin content varied from 23mg% in solvent

extracted cake to 58 mg% in dust deoiled castor

pellet. Based on the reduction in ricin content,

promising detoxification methods would be

selected and their efficacy would be ascertained

by conducting livestock trials.

Oilseed based Apiary forIncreasing Pollination

Apiary has potential for income generation

for small and marginal farmers. When apiary is

integrated with oilseed cropping, there is a

possibility of increasing their pollination and

yield. Particularly in crops like sunflower, bees

improve the seed fill and hundred seed weight.

The beneficial effects of honeybees resulted in

increased yield of 27, 12, and 21% in sunflower,

niger and safflower at Dharwad, Bangalore and

Parbhani centres, respectively. In Dharwad district,

the effect of 1 and 2 colonies of Apis mellifera

per one acre on seed fill and yield of sunflower

was tried in micro plots. There was a higher seed

filling of 93.8% with two colonies per acre

followed by 86.6% with one colony and 78.5%

in control. There was also a significant increase

in the yield. Considering the additional seed

yield due to better seed fill and the income from

the honey an additional income of Rs.1,000/- to

Rs.2,000/- can be obtained per acre in case of

sunflower. Similarly higher number of seeds per

capitulum were observed. In case of safflower,

the yield increase over control was 22.3 and 38%

with one and two colonies, respectively. From

preliminary results, it seems that the benefits of

bee pollination are more with sunflower than

safflower.

Complete animal feed pellets containing sunflowerheads (30%)

3.3 Pulses BasedProduction System

Pulses are grown in about 23 m.ha. These

crops are mostly grown in inter and sequence

cropping systems all over the country under

different rainfall and soil conditions. Pulse

production has remained more or less stagnant

for the last many decades. The impact of improved

technologies has not been quite evident as in case

of cereals and commercial crops. Poor adoption

of HYVs and severe losses due to pests and

diseases are the main constraints. In the pulse


30

based production system, technologies and

management practices in the areas of integrated

pest and disease management, IPNS and

rainwater management were evaluated on

farmers fields. Issues related to post harvest

processing have also been addressed. The

location of the target districts where on-farm

trials have been conducted are shown in the

following map.

were advocated in the past but are rarely adopted

by the farmers because of the multiplicity of the

interventions. Therefore an integrated module

for control of pests and diseases was tested on

farmers fields in U.P., M.P. and Karnataka. The

bio intensive and chemo intensive IPM modules

were compared with the farmers practice in 10

on-farm trials in each district.

In Sehore district of M.P., the bio-intensive

module consisting of intercropping with sorghum

(2:2), seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum,

spraying of 250 LE Ha NPV + spraying of 5%

NSKE and 0.03% dimethoate was on par with

chemical pesticide based module for pest

management but significantly superior to farmers

practice which included pigeonpea + maize mixed

cropping or sole pigeonpea. Bio-intensive IPM

package gave 1619 kg, pesticide intensive IPM

gave 1538 kg, sole pigeonpea without IPM 1070

kg and farmers practice 1294 kg pigeonpea equivalent

yield. The cost benefit ratio was 1:3.01, 1:2.91,

1:2.19 and 1:2.41 respectively (Table 1). In Gulbarga

district of Karnataka, the chemo-intensive package

involving pigeonpea + sorghum intercropping

(1:2), seed treatment with carbendazim + thiram,

spraying of 0.07% endosulfan, spraying of 0.04%

monocrotophos and 0.03% dimethoate showed

least insect pest problem and highest pigeonpea

equivalent yield with a cost benefit ratio of 1:4.8.

Biobased IPM comprising of seed treatment with

T. viridae, spraying of methomyl, sprays of 5%

NSKE, 250 LE ha NPV, Bt @ 1 kg/ha and spray

Management of Pests andDiseases Complex in Pigeonpea

Pigeonpea is the most important pulse crop

in the country. Some of the key pests/diseases

like pod borer, pod fly, wilt, blight etc. account

for nearly 15-20% yield losses at national

level. Control measures for individual pests/diseases

Target districts for rainfed pulses based productionsystem research

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31

Table 1: Components of IPM modules tried and its performance on farmers fields in Kanpur, Gulbargaand Sehore districts, 2001-02

Locations Components of modules

Farmers practice Bio-intensive IPM Chemo-intensive IPM

Kanpur Pigeonpea+sorghum Pigeonpea+sorghum (2:1), Pigeonpea+sorghum (2:1),mixed cropping No IPM bioagent seed treatment fungicide seed treatment

and one spray each of and 2 sprays of pesticidedimethoate and NSKE

Gulbarga Pigeonpea+sorghum Pigeonpea+sorghum (1:2) Pigeonpea+sorghum (1:2),(1:2), 7 sprays of seed treatment with seed treatment withpesticides. bioagent, 3 sprays of fungicide, 3 sprays of

biobased products and pesticide2 sprays of pesticide

Sehore Pigeonpea sole or Pigeonpea+sorghum (2:1), Pigeonpea+sorghum (2:1),pigeonpea+maize seed treatment with seed treatment withmixed cropping No IPM bioagent 2 sprays of fungicide and 3 sprays of

pesticide and one spray pesticideof bio product.

Important pests, yield and economics

Kanpur

Choenephora blight (%) 6.7 6.7 6.6

Phytophthora blight (%) 3.5 3.4 3.1

Wilt (%) 1.2 0.6 0.8

Grain damage by podfly (%) 24.5 19.9 11.8

Pigeonpea equivalent 956 1310 1578yield (kg/ha)

CBR 1:1.99 1:2.23 1:2.75

Gulbarga

Wilt (%) 2.6 0.3 0.6

Pod damage by 41.9 36.0 30.0pod borer (%)


CBR 1:2.09 1:3.07 1:4.78

Sehore

Phytophthora blight (%) 2.1 0.5 0.4

Wilt (%) 1.2 0.3 0.3

Grain damage by pod borer (%) 6.2 3.3 3.3

Grain damage by podfly (%) 5.1 1.8 1.8


CBR 1:1.24 1:3.01 1:2.91

CBR: Cost benefit ratio


32

of acephate 0.075% had least wilt, 2nd best for

pod borer management and pigeonpea

equivalent yield with cost benefit ratio of

1:3.07. Pigeonpea sole+local IPM package had

higher pests, lower yield but on par cost

benefit ratio (1:3.20) to bio based IPM (1:3.07).

In Kanpur district also highest pigeonpea

equivalent yield was obtained with chemo

intensive IPM module.

These data reveal that bio-intensive IPM

modules are quite effective as compared to farmers

practice but still do not completely protect the

crop from pests.

Control of Nematodes byNon Chemical Methods

Nematode incidence in pulses cause

significant yield losses. Village level surveys in

Ghaziabad, Kanpur, Jaipur and Dharwad districts

indicated high population levels of root knot and

cyst nematodes in the soil at all stages, more so

during flowering and harvesting stages of pigeonpea

and chickpea. Results from farmers field experiments

at Ghaziabad on pigeonpea and at Jaipur and

Kanpur on chickpea indicated that soil application

of neem seed powder @ of 50 kg/ha was found

quite effective both for control of nematodes

and significant increase in yields. It is evident

that instead of the expensive chemicals like

carbofuran, farmers can use the locally available

neem seed powder which can offer viable and

environmental friendly alternative for control of

nematodes. There was a significant interaction

between nematode infestation and Fusarium wilt.

Studies conducted on wilt resistant varieties of

chickpea and pigeonpea against wilt causing fungi

at New Delhi indicated that they did not show

resistant behaviour in presence of root-knot and

cyst nematode, respectively. However, chickpea

cultivar KPG 59 performed well with only 10%

of wilted plants. Pigeonpea cultivars ICP 12745,

AWR 75/15 and BWR 370 showed wilting only

with combined inoculation of nematode and F.

udum.

At Kanpur, out of 13 wilt resistant varieties

of chickpea screened against nematodes and

fungus (singly and simultaneously), Avrodhi, KPG

59, H 86-72 and Phule G-5 had broken the reported

resistance against wilt in presence of root-knot

nematode, while IPC 97-7, IPCK 96-3, ICCV 10,

KWR 108, JG 315, ICCV 2, H 82-2, BG 372 and

GCP 105 showed enhanced wilting incidence in

presence of nematode.

Data on nematode population, plant growth

and yield of pigeonpea on farmers fields in

Ghaziabad district is given in Table 2.

Control of Mosaic Virus in Mungbean and Urd bean

Mung bean and urd bean are important short

duration pulses, which ideally fit into the cropping

systems in many rainfed areas of the country.

Viral diseases cause severe yield losses in these

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crops every year. A network project in the states

of Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu

and Orissa was undertaken to survey the extent

of the disease incidence, assess yield losses and

work out the possible control measures. Surveys

in Andhra Pradesh revealed that mungbean yellow

mosaic virus (MYMV) incidence ranged between

10-42%. The incidence was found in all the three

seasons. In Uttar Pradesh, the infestation ranged

between 56-88% during kharif season, while in

Tamil Nadu and Orissa it was relatively lower

at 35 and 15%. Overall, the yield losses across

the states were between 15-20%. An integrated

package consisting of resistant variety, seed

treatment, vector control and intercropping was

tested on 10 farmers fields in each of the these

states and compared with the farmers practice.

The results were quite variable at different locations

showing significant interaction with local agro-

ecological conditions. However as of now, use

of resistant cultivar emerged as the cost effective

means of disease control.

On the farmers fields in Venkataramannagudem

village of West Godavari district in A.P. it was

Table 2: Effect of biopesticides, chemicals and bio-agents on Heterodera cajani infecting pigeonpeaunder field conditions in Ghaziabad district.

Treatment Total No. of Root- Nemeatode Grain-plant cysts/ population/ population/ yield

weight (g) plants plant kg soil (g/m2)

Dimethoate 30 EC@ 8ml/kg seed 10.1 24 32 61.6 92

Triazophos 40 EC @ 1% w/w 11.6 15 40 58.2 102

Chlorpyriphos @ 10 ml/kg seed 11.2 13 28 55.4 98

Neemark @ 5% w/w 10.8 18 32 75.7 88

Latex of C. procera @ 1% w/w 9.5 24 34 72.3 96

Neem seed powder @ 5% w/w 11.9 15 20 69. 102

Paecilomyces lilacinus @ 10 ml/100 g seed 10.6 27 24 62.1 90

Aspergillus niger @ 200 g/kg seed 11.9 18 30 62.8 104

Carbofuran @ 2 kg a.i./ha 13.8 14 24 52.4 122

Neem seed powder @ 50 kg/ha 13.6 20 32 65.4 114

Check 7.2 67 112 150 54

CD at 5% level 1.14 1.35 5.48 6.57 8.72

Mung bean yellow mosaic virus resistant and susceptiblegenotypes of urdbean at IIPR, Kanpur


34

found that the package consisting of host resistance,

intercropping with sorghum (1:3), seed treatment

with Gauch and spray of imidacloprid after 30

DAS was most effective IPM package for managing

MYMV and Peanut Bud Necrosis Virus (PBNV)

in urdbean (Table 3). Effect of IPM package was

more pronounced in susceptible genotype, T 9

as indicated by 25-50% increase in yield.

New Bio-fertiliser Formulation

Bio-fertilizers like Rhizobium and PSB are

important components of the IPNS for pulse

cultivation. However, the current carrier (lignite)

based rhizobium inoculants (CRI) suffer from

poor quality and low shelf life due to contaminants.

Liquid rhizobium inoculants are now being used

world wide as alternatives to avoid the problem

of contaminants and improve the shelf life. A

new Rhizobium formulation based on liquid

inoculant was standardized at UAS, Bangalore

for major pulse and oilseed crops. This is based

on use of cell protectants to prolong the shelf

life. This formulation proved superior in terms

of quality, shelf life (upto one year) and field

efficacy as compared to the commercial carrier

based inoculants. On-farm trials at 140 locations

in 7 states during kharif 2001 revealed a mean

pod yield increase with liquid inoculants by about

2-15% over the carrier based inoculant with

maximum advantage found in soybean (20%)

and least in pigeonpea (2%). However, there was

a significant increase in the nodulation in all the

crops due to LRI as compared to control and

even more than CRI particularly in soybean and

chickpea (Table 4).

Integration of ComponentTechnologies for YieldMaximisation

Moisture conservation, nutrient management

and pest control are important components of

the improved technology for pulse cultivation

Table 3: Integrated virus management package vs. farmers practice on disease incidence and yield ofblack gram in Venkataramannagudem village of West Godavari district in Andhra Pradesh, 2001-02

Variety Practice* Disease incidence (%) Yield (kg/ha)

PBNV MYMV

PU 30 Integrated package 13.56 22.30 510

Farmers practice 19.22 33.52 462

LBG 20 Integrated package 27.42 0.34 485


T 9 Integrated package 26.60 39.20 314


* See text for details.

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besides the use of HYV. However, these

components of the production technology

have rarely been integrated on farmers fields

and the agronomic and economic advantages

assessed. On-farm trials on pigeonpea in 8 target

districts in Maharashtra, A.P., Gujarat, M.P.,

Karnataka, U.P. and Jharkhand were taken up

where in all the component technologies as a

package were compared with the farmers

practice. The treatment involving soil moisture

conservation (SMC), integrated nutrient

management (INM) and integrated weed

management (IWM) recorded highest grain yields

and monetary benefits followed by moisture

conservation technique with INM at all locations

except in Bharuch (Gujarat) and Lam (A.P.)

(Table 5). In Bharuch, moisture conservation

technique along with 100% RDF was found

superior. In Lam, economic benefit were higher

due to moisture conservation technique and

application of 100% RDF. The overall data

revealed that integrated crop management

(ICM) was superior over farmers practice with

a BC ratio of 2.2 to 3.1 for different crops. Visit

of farmers to OFTs helped in creating awareness

on ICM and its advantages.

Table 4: Mean grain yield and nodulation as influenced by CRI (Carrier based Rhizobium inoculant)and LRI (Liquid based Rhizobium inoculant) on farmers’ field across several locations in the country,2001-02

Crop No. of OFT Mean grain yield (kg/ha) Mean no. of nodules per plant

Control CRI LRI Control CRI LRI

Groundnut* 39 1647 1772 1806 42 64 65(8-72) (16-99) (13-97)

Soybean 7 1287 1444 1857 29 42 63(27-30) (41-47) (62-70)

Pigeonpea 16 1026 1102 1138 11 20 27(8-14) (10-36) (13-54)

Chickpea 24 926 1018 1036 10** 25** 45**(4-14) (6-35) (7-66)

* Mean pod yield in kg/ha ** Mean number of nodules for 14 locations onlyFigures in parentheses indicate the range of nodule number

Improved nodulation and growth of groundnut inoculatedwith Liquid Rhizobium(T3) biofertilizer over the Lignitebased (T4) Rhizobium culture in the on-farm trial conductedduring kharif, 2001 at Sirohi, Rajasthan


36

In another project, the two important

component technologies for rainfed production

system i.e. moisture conservation and integrated

nutrient management were evaluated on farmers

fields in Kanpur, Bhopal and Rewa districts on

chickpea, soybean, mung bean and urd bean. The

treatments included T1: Farmers’ practice; T2:

Recommended NPKSZn; T3: 75% recommended

NPK + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha; T4: 75% recommended

NPK + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + soil moisture

conservation measure (SMC); T5: 100%

recommended NPK + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + SMC.

Data from on-farm trials in Bhopal district

revealed that irrespective of initial P fertility of

the fields, all nutrient management options

improved the seed yield over the farmers’ practice

(Table 6). The improvement was much higher in

cases where nutrient management treatment was

coupled with soil moisture conservation (T4 &

T5). Differences among nutrient management

treatments in terms of seed yield of chickpea

were not significant due to high moisture stress.

Economic analysis of soybean-chickpea and soybean-

lentil sequences indicated that on an average, the

highest benefit was obtained in T4, i.e. 75% NPK

+ FYM + SMC followed by T5, i.e. 100% NPK

+ FYM + SMC, T3, T1 and finally T2. The results

were variable at other centres but overall, integrated

nutrient and rainwater management consisting

of 75% RDF + FYM @ 2 t/ha + recommended

moisture conservation practice proved superior

and resulted in significantly higher benefit cost

ratio of 0.53 to 1.03 compared to 0.35 to 0.84

under farmers practice.

Table 5: List of best integrated management practices for maximum yields of pigeonpea on farmersfields in 8 districts under rainfed pulse based production system, 2001-02

Target Superior treatment Pigeonpea Net returnsdistrict Equivalent (Rs./ha)

Yield (q/ha)

Rahuri IC (Pigeonpea + Pearlmillet) +SMC+INM+IWM 12.50 9099

Sehore IC (Pigeonpea + Soybean) + SMC+INM+IWM 14.32 13117

Kanpur - - -

Lam IC (Pigeonpea + Mungbean) + 100% RDF + SMC 18.26 15138

Gulbarga IC (Pigeonpea + Sesamum) + SMC+INM+IWM 19.78 -

Amravati IC (Pigeonpea + Soybean) + SMC+INM+IWM 14.77 20820

Bharuch IC (Pigeonpea + Urdbean) + 100% RDF + SMC 16.87 -

Ranchi IC (Pigeonpea + Rice)+ SMC+INM+IWM 12.55 -

IC: Intercropping SMC: Soil Moisture Conservation

INM: Integrated Nutrient Management IWM: Integrated Weed Management

RDF: Recommended Dose of Fertilizers

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In a network project on identifying

indigenous moisture conservation and runoff

management practices and their assessment on

the farmers fields, conservation furrows in the

deccan plateau region resulted in 8-35% higher

moisture storage and 16% higher yield of castor

in the intercropping system. Similarly

compartmental bunding and wider row spacing

in the Bijapur area of Karnataka increased the

yields of sunflower and rabi sorghum significantly.

In the Varanasi region of U.P., off season tillage

in the form of criss-cross cultivation is being

practised as moisture conservation method by

farmers in moderately to gently sloping lands of

dry sub-humid region. Improving this practice

with mould board ploughing resulted in 10-12%

additional soil moisture storage. Besides, this

practice reduced the runoff by 8-10% and

increased pigeonpea yield by 20% in pigeonpea

+ sesame intercropping system. Rice yield was

also increased by 23% under rice-chickpea

cropping system.

Post Harvest Processing of Pulses :Upgradation of Mini Dal Mill

Three dal mills viz. IIPR dal chakki,

CIAE dal mill and CFTRI mini dal mill

were evaluated for milling efficiency on

pigeonpea, chickpea, mungbean, urdbean

Table 6: Seed yield of soybean-chickpea and soybean-lentil cropping systems on the farmers’fields (Bhopal)

Treatment Soybean yield (q/ha) Chickpea yield (q/ha) Lentil yield (q/ha)

Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean

T1 8.7-15.2 11.4 3.9-10.5 7.8 2.6-7.9 4.3

T2 9.0-18.5 12.9 4.5-11.6 8.8 2.5-9.2 4.9

T3 9.7-19.7 13.9 5.6-12.2 9.6 2.7-8.4 5.1

T4 11.5-19.6 15.2 5.3-12.7 9.4 2.9-9.1 5.5

T5 11.7-22.5 15.5 5.7-16.4 10.0 2.8-9.1 5.5

CD (0.05) - 0.7 - 0.7 - 0.5

Good crop stand of green gram on farmers fields inMahuasala village of Agra district by adopting indigenousmoisture conservation measures


38

Table 7 : Performance (%) of different dal mills on the basis of long run test as per recommended practice

Grain/ Parameters IIPR Dal CIAE CFTRI Minipre-milling Chakki Dal Mill Dal Milltreatment

Pigeonpea Dehusking efficiency (%) 71.40 58.00 —(small) NaHCO3 Dal Recovery (%) 56.86 36.73 —

Pigeonpea Dehusking efficiency(%) 99.67 77.15 99.89(Medium) NaHCO3 Dal Recovery (%) 76.57 62.58 75.21

Chickpea Dehusking efficiency(%) 97.30 65.80 85.30(Untreated) Dal Recovery (%) 74.30 47.50 67.00

Chickpea Dehusking efficiency(%) 93.89 84.19 89.0*Soaking (4h) Dal Recovery (%) 85.86 67.56 76.5*

Urdbean Dehusking efficiency(%) 90.28 53.92 —Soaking Dal Recovery (%) 73.34 31.44 70

Lentil Dal Recovery (%) 59.45 81.00 86.90Untreated Pitting & Soaking Water treatment

Mungbean Dal Recovery (%) 68.30 72.8 78.1Untreated Pitting & Soaking Water treatment

* 8 hour soaking

IIPR Dal Mill, 1.5 hp single phase with maximumcapacity of 150 kg raw material per hour

and lentil as per the recommendation of

the designer as well as other prevail ing

treatments at all the three locations of the

project. On- load test of all dal mills with

early pigeonpea grains (UPAS 120) were

carried out at Kanpur. It was observed

that CFTRI mini dal mill had low feed rate

(55-65 kg/hr) compared to CIAE dal mill

(90-105 kg/hr) and IIPR dal chakki (85-100

kg/hr). The milling recovery under long run

test with different pulses showed that the

performance of IIPR dal chakki and

CFTRI mini dal mills were comparable for

all pulses tested except in case of lentil where

dal recovery was 45 % more in CFTRI mini

dal mill (Table 7).

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3.4 Cotton BasedProduction System

The cotton based production system includes

the sole cotton extensively grown in black soils

of Deccan plateau and the intercropping systems

involving pulses and oilseeds. The production

constraints include water deficit, soil salinity,

pests and diseases and nutrient imbalances. The

high cost of pest management continues to pose

a challenge in areas with monoculture of hirsutums.

Therefore, a detailed assessment of quality arboreums

and herbaceums has been taken up across the

country. The target districts representing the

OFT locations are shown in the map below.

The salient findings from PSR projects

addressing these issues are summarized below:

Potential of Indigenous Cottons

To overcome the problem of high cost of

pest management on hirsutum cottons, there is

a need to revive the cultivation of quality G.

arboreum and G. herbaceum varieties, with high

yield and superior fibre quality acceptable to the

textile industry. On-farm trials conducted in

Maharashtra and Karnataka on G. arboreum revealed

good potential of several varieties under low

input farmers conditions. On-station trials at

four locations were conducted to evaluate the

quality arboreums over the local checks. On an

average (four locations), the strain MDL-2463

(9.79 q/ha) recorded higher seed cotton yield

followed by common check, PA-255 (9.72 q/ha)

and PA-464 (9.06 q/ha). The per cent increase

for seed cotton yield ranged from 3.5 (PA-464)

to 11.9 (MDL-2463) over local arboreum checks,

from 117 to 134 over local hirsutum checks and

from 106 to 123 per cent over local H x H hybrid

checks of respective centres.

Performance of the strains MDL-2463, PA-

464 and common check PA-255 was promising

for seed cotton yield. Fibre qualities were at par

with tetraploid cotton.

On-farm trials conducted during the year

at six locations indicated that the quality

arboreums like PA-402, PA-255, MDL-2463 and

DLSA-17 performed well across the centres

(Table 1). Based on the average of 80 OFTs over

six locations, there was 26% increase over hirsutum

varieties or hybrid hirsutum cottons.Target districts for rainfed cotton based productionsystem research


40

In view of the promising performance of

the quality arboreums, the seed production

activity was taken up during the year to meet the

requirement of the farmers in the region. Nearly

840 q of PA-255 and 100 q each of MDL-2463

and DLSA-17 seed was produced by different

centres (Table 2) which has been supplied to

interested farmers in the region and also made

available for FLDs being conducted by the

respective SAUs.

The project has already begun to make an

impact with 25% of the area under hirsutum

hybrids/ varieties replaced by quality arboreums

like PA-255 particularly in Parbhani district. A

number of farmers visits were organised to expose

them to this material. The farmers were convinced

on the advantage of producing quality fibre with

relatively lower inputs. Similarly, in the tribal

areas of Tamil Nadu, the participating farmers

in Kovilpatti district were quite happy with the

performance of PA-255 and MDL-2463. This is

likely to result in substantial increase in the area

under these strains during 2002-2003.

Cotton farmers in rainfed areas are resource

poor and generally do not adopt high input based

management practices. Therefore, suitable varieties

from traditional cottons which can give optimum

yields under farmers management are required.

Accordingly, experiments were conducted

in five states (Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat,

M.P. and A.P.) to compare the potentials of G.

Table 1 : Productivity of quality arboreum genotypes in comparison with hirsutum varieties/hybrids onfarmers fields in six districts of four cotton growing states, 2001-2002.

Genotypes Location yield (q/ha)

Parbhani Dharwad Mudhol Nagpur Kovilpatti Khandwa(13) (11) (31) (10) (5) (10)

Quality arboreum 6.61 9.27 8.08 3.80 12.82 8.29(PA-402) (DLSA-17) (MDL-2463- (PA-255) (PA-255) (pa-255)

1875)

Local arboreum 5.98 7.42 – 3.11 11.23 9.97check (PA-255) (AK-235) (AKA-8401) (K-11) (J.Tapati)

Local hirsutum hybrid/ 3.91 9.45 9.74 1.63 9.63 7.28varietal check (NHH-44) (Abhadita) (NHH-44) (LRK-44) (KG-2) (H-8)

Figures in parenthesis below location represent the number of on-farm trials conducted.

Table 2 : Seed production activity at threecentres of promising quality arboreums

Name of Name of the Quantity seedthe centre variety produced (kg)

Parbhani PA-255 585

PA-402 150

PAIG-801 20

PAIG-27 22

Mudhol MDL-2463 100

MDL-1875 80

PA-255 100

Dharwad DLSA-17 100

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arboreum, G. herbaceum, G. hirsutum, intra

hirsutum and inter specific cultivars under

different soil depths (deep, medium, low) and

varying rainfall pattern (low and high). The results

of the sixty OFTs conducted in these states

revealed that the G. arboreum cultivated species

excelled in production of seed cotton yield followed

by intra hisutum and G. hirsutum (Table 3). The

data in Table 3 also reveals that the genotypes

of G. arboreum produced higher seed cotton

yield in all the situations except in medium soil

and heavy rainfall. When the performance was

considered in different soil conditions, G. arboreum

performed better in shallow soils and hirsutum

cultivars in deep soils. However, in medium deep

soils interspecific hybrid exhibited very high yields

compared to all others.

In heavy rainfall conditions, the depth of

soil had profound influence on the yield of

cotton in all cultivated strains. The deep soils

MDL2463 (Left) and PA-255 (Right), the most promising arboreums on farmers fields in target district of Maharashtra

Table 3 : Seed cotton yield (kg/ha) of genotypes of different species under various soil and rainfallpattern (average of two years 2000-2001 & 2001-2002)

Situation Arboreum Herbaceum Hirsutum Intrahirsutum Interspecific Mean

Deep soil + high rainfall 1391 730 1023 1093 683 984

Deep soil + low rainfall 675 539 573 508 581 575

Medium deep + high rainfall 807 372 784 894 796 731

Medium deep + low rainfall 619 373 508 587 469 511

Shallow + high rainfall 787 389 618 642 407 567

Shallow + low rainfall 466 343 300 376 367 370

Mean 791 458 634 683 551 623


42

gave 73 per cent higher yield than the medium

deep soil and 131 per cent more than shallow

soil. Similar trend was also noticed in G.

herbaceum. Though such behaviour was also

seen in tetraploid cultivated cotton but the

extent of increase in yield was only around 30

per cent over medium deep soil and around 70

per cent over shallow soil. The interspecific

hybrids on the other hand did not show

considerable differences between deep and

medium soils. However, deep soil in general

gave 62 per cent higher yield over shallow soil.

The differences in kapas yield due to soil

depth in low rainfall situation was evident in all the

cultivated types except in intra hirsutum hybrids

where there was no difference between yield levels

under deep soil and medium soil conditions. The

extent of reduction of yield due to change in the

soil depth from deep to medium was more in interspecific

hybrids (58.4%) and from deep to shallow soil was

higher in G. hirsutum varieties (92%).

Salt Tolerant Genotypes

Black cotton soils occupy extensive area in

the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, M.P. and

Gujarat. Nearly 4 m ha area in these states is

affected with soil salinity/sodicity, which is affecting

the cotton production significantly. Identifying

salt tolerant cultivars is one of the viable and cost

effective options for improving the yield potential

in these soils. Some of the promising genotypes

of G. arboreum and G. herbaceum, which can withstand

various levels of salinity and sodicity without

drastic reduction in yield level have been identified

through on-station trials conducted in these states

and subsequently evaluated in on-farm trials during

2001-02. The most promising genotypes from

both the species are listed in Table 4.

There were significant differences between

the species for seed cotton yield at all levels of

salinity. G. herbaceum performed better than G.

arboreum at Koppal (Table 5). On the other hand

sodicity levels had a clear impact on the seed

cotton yield at Khargone and Surendranagar.

There was a drastic reduction in yield after 35

ESP in both the species at both the locations.

G Cot 19 in G. arboreum and Jayadhar in G.

herbaceum performed better over different sodicity

regimes at Khargone. G Cot 19 performed better

at Surendranagar too while in G. herbaceum

G Cot 21 and G Cot 13 gave better and consistent

MDL2463 - A high yielding quality arboreum strain onfarmers fields in Andra Pradesh (Yield-20 q/ha, Staplelength - 27 mm, GOT% 36-38)

NATP – CRIDA

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performance under different sodicity conditions.

Overall G Cot 19 and Gchv 350 in G. arboreum

and G. herbaceum, respectively, appeared better

over regions and sodicity regimes.

Some of the selected varieties have been

further evaluated on farmers fields at Koppal,

Khargone and Surendranagar districts involving

5, 10 and 10 farmers respectively. At each location

the promising genotypes were compared with

the local checks. Over all the germination percentage

of G. herbaceum genotypes was better at Koppal

and Khargone while G. arboreum was better at

Surendranagar. Significant differences among

genotypes were also found for number of bolls

Table 4 : Promising genotypes of cotton identified based on on-station trials with tolerance to salinityand sodicity.

Salinity levels (dS/m) G.arboreum genotypes G. herbaceum genotypes

4-6 PA 183, AK 235, MDL 2463 RAHS 14, DDHC 11, DB 3-12

6-8 PA 183,DLSA 17, MDL 2463 RAHS 14, DDHC 11, DB 3-12

Sodicity range (ESP)

20-25 G Cot 19, MDL 2463, PA 183, RAHS 4, Jayadhar, DB 3-12,AKA 9431, J Tapti Gchv 350, Gchv126,G Cot 13.

25-30 J. Tapti, AKA 235, G Cot 19, Jayadhar, RAHS 14, DDHC 11,AKA 9431, DLSA 17 G Cot 21, G Cot 13, Gchv 350

30-35 MDL 2463, J.Tapti, G Cot 19, Jayadhar, DDHC 11, DB 3-12,AKA 9431 G Cot 21, G Cot 13, Gchv 350

35-40 AK 35, G Cot 19, LDD 237, Jayadhar, DB 3-12, Gchv 350,J T apti, AKA 9431 G Cot 21, G Cot 13

Table 5 : Seed cotton yield (kg/ha) of G.herbaceum and G.arboreum genotypes on fields with differentsalinity levels at Koppal, Karnataka, 2001-02

G.herbaceum EC (dS/m) Mean G.arboreum EC (dS/m) Mean

genotypes 4-6 6-8 genotypes 4-6 6-8

RAHS 14 981 771 876 PA 183 910 708 809

DDHC –11 911 611 761 AK 235 802 434 618

DB 3-12 843 595 719 MDL 2463 776 520 648

Gchv-875 789 573 681 DLSA 17 736 524 630

Jayadhar 768 549 659 PA 255 726 466 596

Gchv – 350 722 428 575 J. Tapti 696 542 619

Gchv 149 697 387 542 CINA 310 693 490 591

G Cot 21 668 431 550 AK 9431 669 470 569

Mean 797 543 670 Mean 751 519 635


44

per plant, boll weight and seed cotton yield. The

performance of the genotypes as compared to

checks is given in Table 6. All genotypes except

AKA 9439 gave significantly higher seed cotton

yield at Koppal as compared to the local checks.

Rainwater Management in Cottonbased Production System

Soil moisture availability during the crop

growth period is a major determinant factor in

rainfed cotton production. Cotton is cultivated

on different toposequences (upper, middle and

lower plains) in the deccan plateau, which require

suitable land configurations for conservation of

moisture during deficit periods and removal of

excess water on the lower plains. A multi locational

experiment was carried out to work out suitable

rainwater management technology for cotton

based cropping systems involving Nagpur, Yavatmal,

Dharwad, Anand and Lam centers. Cotton as a

sole crop and intercropped/sequence cropped

with pulses and oilseeds was tried on flat bed +

RDF, ridges and furrows + RDF, raised and

sunken beds + RDF and farmers practice.

The results showed that all moisture

conservation measures increased the seed cotton

yield over flat bed sowing. On upper plains,

ridges and furrows over flat bed sowing improved

the yield by about 3 q, owing to increased in situ

conservation of moisture while raised and sunken

beds increased the seed cotton yield by about

Table 6: Seed cotton yield (kg/ha) of different varieties of G. arboreum and G. herbaceum and localcheck in OFAR trials in Karnataka, M.P. and Gujarat, 2001-02

Name of the district G. herbaceum G. arboreum Local check

Koppal (5) Gchv 1 49 DDHC-11 AKA-9431 AJ-235 Jayadhar

Yield 404 474 358 398 324

Khargone (10) Jayadhar DDHC-11 G Cot 19 J.Tapti Vikram/ Ankur/Bunny/ Sandoz 35

Yield 534 475 380 562 300

Surendranagar (10) G Cot 21 G Cot 13 AKA 9431 G Cot 19 G Cot 13/ V 797/Wagad

Yield 199 186 184 189 175

Figures in the parentheses indicate the number of farmers

Performance of G Cot 19 and DDHC 11 on farmers fieldin Khargone district, Madhya Pradesh

NATP – CRIDANATP – CRIDA

45

5 q over flat sowing on the lower plains, mainly

due to the removal of excess water. Intercropping

of arboreum cotton with sorghum on ridges and

furrows + application of recommended dose of

fertilizer (20:20:0) and providing supplemental

irrigation in upper toposequence; cotton grown

on contour + supplementing irrigation under

middle toposequence; cotton intercropped with

soybean and chickpea taken after harvest in lower

toposequence.

On-farm trials were conducted to

investigate the impact of tillage, land treatment

and organic residues on soil health at Kovilpatti

(TN). Different tillage practices like conventional

and reduced tillage, land treatments like flat

bed and broad bed and application of 100 and

150% RDF did not result in significant

change in soil physical properties (Table 7).

On the other hand, incorporation of green

manure, reduced tillage and application of

100 and 150% RDF (T3+T4) (Table 5) resulted

in significant improvement in available N and

P of 0-15 cm soil depth, over conventional

tillage and no incorporation of green manure.

There was also an improvement in porosity

and aggregation.

Cotton crop on farmers field at Pulladigunta village ofGuntur district, AP with recommended moistureconservation and integrated nutrient managementtreatment

Table 7 : Soil fertility parameters as influenced by different tillage, land treatment and green manuringin cotton at Kovilpatti, Tamil Nadu (Mean of 10 on-farm trials)

Treatments Available Available Available Infiltration Bulk Total Water stablein cotton N (kg/ha) P (kg/ha) K (kg/ha) rate (cm/h) Density Porosity aggregates

(Mg/m) (%)

T1 123 8.4 424 0.76 1.31 48.2 61.7

T2 127 8.5 425 0.76 1.30 48.3 61.6

T3 134 9.5 425 0.76 1.30 48.6 62.1

T4 136 9.7 433 0.76 1.30 48.8 62.3

CD (P:0.05) 3.0 0.4 2.3 NS NS NS NS

T1 : Farmers practice [conventional Tillage (CT) + Flat Bed (FB)]

T2 : CT +Broad Bed and Furrow (BBF)+ 100% RDF

T3 : Reduced Tillage (RT) + BBF + 100% RDF + Green Manure (GM)

T4 : RT + BBF + 150% RDF + GM + Deficient nutrient (MgSO4 spray @ 1% at 90 and 110 DAS)

RAINFED AGRO-ECOSYSTEMRAINFED AGRO-ECOSYSTEM

46

Genetic Transformation ofDiploid Cottons

Transgenic cotton hybrids recently

approved for commercial cultivation by the Govt.

of India mostly belong to the tetraploid species.

Extensive work on genetic transformation and

regeneration has been done both in the public

and private sector on tetraploid cottons. However,

under rainfed conditions diploid cottons offer

better promise from sustainability point of view

where abiotic stress and poor soils are encountered.

Owing to the increase in demand for high yielding

cultivars from diploid cotton, there is a need

to develop a genetic transformation and

regeneration system for such cultivars. At CICR,

Nagpur an efficient regeneration protocol was

standardised for 4 diploid cultivars of G. arboreum

viz. AKH-4, AKA-5, RG-8 and AKA-8401 to

enable genetic transformation of this species

with desired genes. Multiple shoots could be

induced from shoot explants from 5 varieties

with varying degree of response. The maximum

response was found with RG-8 (81.1%) followed

by AKA-8401 (80%). Multiple shoots were rooted

and regenerated whole plants were hardened

successfully. This protocol was used to regenerate

transformed explants. Cry I A b and Cry I A

c genes could be transferred into the shoot tip

explants through Agrobacterium and the putative

transformants were regenerated successfully. These

are under further evaluation to confirm the

transformation.

Germplasm evaluation forGossypol

Gossypol is an important chemical present

in cotton seed oil which causes toxicity to the

cotton seed oil and cake. But it also acts as a

natural insecticide against cotton boll worms.

It is therefore important to have genotypes

with an appropriate level of gossypol which

is not toxic in seed cake. A total of 1000

samples were collected from the field trails

during 2001-02 and analysed for gossypol. The

gossypol percentage in G. arboreum varieties

ranged from 0.79 to 2.80 in seeds while in

G.hirsutum it ranged from 0.53 to 2.44. In all

genotypes the concentration was more in seeds.

The gossypol content changes along with the

maturity of crop viz. least in squares and gradually

increases in flowers, bolls and seeds. The wide

variation in gossypol both within and between

species indicates that there is good possibility

of breeding for decreasing the gossypol content

in cultivated varieties.

3.5 Nutritious Cereals BasedProduction System

Nutritious cereals like sorghum, pearlmillet

and fingermillet are ideal crops for rainfed regions

because of their drought tolerance and high

adaptability. Maize is also grown in rainfed areas

of Rajasthan, Gujarat, M.P. and A.P. Due to the

changing consumption habits, the demand for

kharif sorghum and fingermillet is on the decrease,

NATP – CRIDA

47

whereas rabi sorghum demand is on increase as

people in Maharashtra and parts of Karnataka

continue to prefer rabi sorghum as staple food.

To increase the demands for these cereals, there

is an urgent need to promote them as health

foods in addition to utilizing the by-products as

animal feed. A total of 27 projects have been

approved under this production system. The major

goals addressed during the year relate to on-farm

testing of improved production technology, breaking

yield barriers in rabi sorghum, identification of

dual purpose varieties and post-harvest processing

of grain and straw for value added food products,

feed ingredients and fuel alcohol. The on-farm

trials were carried out in 70 target districts as

shown in the map below.

Enhancing Rabi SorghumProductivity

Rabi sorghum is the staple crop in large

tracts of black soils in north Karnataka and

Maharashtra. Although the area under kharif

sorghum is declining over the years, rabi sorghum

cultivation remained constant in these areas, mainly

due to its superior grain quality and fodder value.

However, unlike kharif sorghum, the productivity

of the rabi sorghum has not improved significantly

due to the lack of superior varieties and soil

related constraints. Therefore an effort was made

to improve the productivity of this crop by

integrating the component technologies like

improved variety, INM, soil and moisture

conservation on farmers fields in three districts

(Solapur, Sangli and Satara) in Maharashtra, three

districts (Bijapur, Bellary and Raichur) in Karnataka

and one district (Kurnool) in A.P. The trials

consisted of 12 treatments including two soil

moisture conservation measures (compartmental

bunding and flat sowing), two nutrient management

systems (INM i.e. 60 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 3

t FYM/ha + Azotobacter and farmers practice i.e.

3 t FYM/ha + 10 kg N/ha) and three cultivars

viz; CSV-216R, CSH-15R and M 35-1. About 15

trials were laid out in each district.

In the 3 targets districts of Maharashtra,

soil moisture conservation practice of

compartmental bunding significantly increased

grain yield of rabi sorghum in two districts

by 6.0 and 8.8 per cent compared to noTarget districts for rainfed nutritious cereals basedproduction system research


48

compartmental bunding (Table 1). Similarly

stover yield also increased due to compartmental

bunding. In Bellary and Kurnool districts,

compartmental bunding improved moisture

content in the soil, which increased the grain

yield to 1304 kg/ha compared to 1179 kg/ha

under control. Integrated nutrient management

consisting of 60 kg N/ha + 30 kg P2O5/ha +

3 t FYM/ha + Azotobactor significantly increased

grain yield of rabi sorghum. On an average there

was 10.6 to 43.3 percent increase in grain yield

of rabi sorghum due to INM compared to farmers

practice in different target districts.

The cultivar CSV-216R produced the

highest grain yield in all the priority districts

followed by CSH-15R and M 35-1 (Table 1).

This cultivar on an average produced 6.7 to 24.5

per cent higher grain yield compared to M 35-

1 in different districts. Over all, data indicated

that with a combination of improved variety ie.

CSV-216R and better moisture and nutrient

management practices, the productivity of rabi

Table 1 : Grain and stover yields of rabi sorghum on the farmers fields in the target districts as influencedby varieties, moisture conservation and INM.

Treatments Grain yield (kg/ha) Stover yield (kg/ha)

Solapur Sangli Satara Solapur Sangli Satara

Soil moisture conservation measures

Compartmental bunding 940 914 854 2137 2102 2177

No compartmental 887 840 811 1975 1916 2100bunding

SEm ± 8.4 24.5 15.3 48.1 61.7 36.9

CD 5% 24.4 71.5 NS 138.4 177.3 NS

Integrated Nutrient Management

Farmers practice 10 kg N + 852 802 747 1879 1779 19303 t FYM/ha

INM i.e. 60 kg N + 30 kg 975 951 918 2232 2238 2347P2O5 + 3 t FYM/ha +Azotobactor seed treatment

SEm ± 8.4 24.5 15.3 48.1 61.7 36.9

CD 5% 24.1 71.5 44.9 138.4 177.3 107.7

Cultivars

CSV-216R 1003 969 858 2207 2428 2325

CSH-15R 878 882 844 1875 1792 1993

M 35-1 857 778 797 2084 1805 2098

SEM ± 14 15.7 18.5 47.6 34.1 48.7

CD 5% 39.2 44.7 NS 133.7 95.9 136.8

NATP – CRIDA

49

sorghum can be enhanced in shallow and medium

black soils of Maharashtra and Karnataka.

Improved Fingermillet BasedCropping Systems in Tribal Areas

Fingermillet crop is generally grown in

tribal and remote areas with low yields and economic

returns to the farmers. In some states where this

crop is grown, the rainfall pattern can support

a long duration intercrop or a sequence crop. To

improve the livelihood of fingermillet farmers,

on-farm research was conducted in Karnataka,

Orissa and A.P. in predominantly tribal areas by

introducing legumes like pigeonpea, cowpea and

blackgram as inter/sequence crops in the fingermillet

based cropping system.

In Bangalore rural district, results from 10

farmers fields revealed that fingermillet grain

equivalent yield and gross monetory returns were

highest with fingermillet + pigeonpea intercropping

in 8:2 row ratio (Rs.22,743/ha) as compared to

farmers practice (Rs.14,844/ha) of fingermillet

+ akkadi. At Berhampur (Orissa) and Vizianagaram

(A.P) also, the intercropping of fingermillet +

pigeonpea resulted in 40% additional gross returns

over farmers practice of sole pearlmillet. At Dindori

(M.P.), intercropping of pigeonpea and black

gram in kodo millet on ten farmer’s fields revealed

that kodo millet + black gram in 2:1 (3004 kg/

ha) and kodo millet + pigeonpea in 2:1 (2973

kg/ha) were found to be more remunerative over

farmer’s practice (1163 kg/ha). Gross monetary

returns (Rs/ha) from on-farm trials with traditional

(farmer’s practice) and improved fingermillet

based cropping systems in Berhampur, Coimbatore

and Vizianagaram districts are given in fig. 1.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

Gro

ss M

one

tary

Ret

urns

(R

s./h

a)

FM(Sole)

FM+PP(8:2)

Berhampur

FM(Sole)

FM+ Cowpea

(8:2)

Coimbatore

FM(Sole)

FM+PP (TTB-7)

(8:2)

Vizianagaram

Fig.1 : Returns from improved cropping systems as comparedto traditional practice of fingermillet on farmers fields intribal areas of Berhampur, Coimbatore and Vizianagaramdistricts (FM=Fingermillet, PP = Pigeonpea)

Interactive sessions were organized involving

more than 100 farmers in each state to popularize

the cultivation of legumes in the fingermillet

based production system. The farmers were

convinced over the value of legumes in sustaining

On-farm trials on fingermillet based cropping system inDoddagangawadi watershed in Bangalore rural district,Karnataka


50

the productivity of fingermillet based cropping

system and also providing additional income.

Adoption of these simple interventions can have

significant impact on the nutritional security

(due to increased pulses availability) and income

of tribals in these districts.

Controlling Grain Deteriorationin Sorghum

Un-seasonal heavy rains during grain maturity

of kharif sorghum cause grain dis colouration and

thus considerably lower the market value in large

parts of Maharashtra. Therefore interventions in

terms of harvesting practices and grain drying

after harvest were tried to prevent the deterioration

in grain quality. One hundred and four on-farm

trials in six districts i.e. Mahaboobnagar, Parbhani,

Dharwad, Akola, Indore and Coimbatore were

conducted where sorghum was harvested at

physiological maturity instead of the normal

maturity. In addition, the grain harvested in normal

maturity was pearled. Harvesting at physiological

maturity followed by drying and pearling reduced

the grain dis colouration significantly and led to

54% increase in market value as compared to

normal harvest (Table 2). Four per cent acetic

acid spray improved the grain quality by reducing

grain mold grade from 4 to 2. This technique will

be evaluated on farmers fields next year. Varietal

differences were also found for grain quality and

yield with SVD 105, SVD 102, TNS 334, TNS

357, NRCSH 14, NRCSV 18, PKV 936 and

SPH 1182 recording superiority over others.

More than 400 farmers in two districts of

Maharashtra (Akola, Parbhani) were extensively

trained in these technologies through field days

and on-farm training programmes.

Demonstration of harvesting at physiological maturity ofsorghum crop to farmers in Maharashtra

Table 2: Influence of pearling and harvesting atphysiological maturity on market price of kharifsorghum

Harvesting Market Per centTreatment value increase

(Rs/q)* in priceover normalharvesting

Harvesting at 442 -normal maturity

Harvesting at normal 514 16maturity and pearling

Harvesting at 679 54physiological maturity

*Based on prices obtained by farmers in Mahaboobnagar and Coimbatore districts (Pooled)

Dual Purpose Sorghum

Since sorghum cultivation during kharif is

not profitable for grain purpose alone, an effort

NATP – CRIDA

51

was made to identify dual purpose sorghum

varieties with good grain and fodder yield for

the rainfed areas of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,

U.P. and Gujarat. Screening of large number of

cultivars on farmers fields in 58 trials in the

three states revealed that CSV-15 was most

promising across the states as grain cum fodder

variety. It yielded 2.25 t/ha of grain and 9.3 t/

ha of fodder which was on an average 49% and

27% more than the local checks. This variety

offers great promise for integrating dairying

with arable cropping in drought prone areas of

Rajasthan, Gujarat and M.P.

Sweet Sorghum as Source ofBiofuel

As stated earlier to the declining market

value of grain, the area under kharif sorghum is

decreasing in the traditional kharif sorghum belt.

Hence there is need to improve the value realization

for kharif sorghum grain and straw through alternate

uses/processing. A project was taken up to test

the feasibility of producing alcohol (for fuel

purpose), syrup, jaggery, starch etc. from sweet

sorghum grains and stalks; simultaneously

identifying the superior cultivars that produce

high biomass and extractable juice.

Laboratory level studies at NRCS,

Hyderabad revealed that alcohol can be produced

from the stalk and grain of sweet sorghum (Table

3). The recovery of ethanol (80%) from sweet

sorghum juice was found to 8%. On an average

400 l of alcohol can be produced from one tonne

of sorghum grain and 90 l from one tonne of

stalks. Overall 4000 litres of alcohol can be produced

from crop raised on one hectare. The net returns

for the farmer from growing sweet sorghum for

alcohol works out to be Rs.20,000 per hectare.

This technology offers great promise for

commercialization and improve the farmers income

in the context of Govt. of India decision to

Dual purpose sorghum (cv. GJ-39) on farmers fields atErthan village of Olpad taluk of Surat district, Gujarat

Table 3 : Mean yield of alcohol (%) from stalkjuice (v/v) and grain (v/w) of sweet sorghum,cultivars grown, A.P., Maharashtra andTamil Nadu, 2001-02.

Sorghum genotype Stalk Grain

NSS-04 8.5 43.83

NSS-104 9.05 43.93

Wray 8.23 44.91

Keller 8.4 44.58

BG-248 6.25 39.52

RSSV-9 7.73 41.54

Madhura 8.61 42.31

SSV-84 7.12 40.56

NSS-208 8.92 43.75

RSSV-47 7.52 41.62


52

permit admixture of 5% alcohol in petrol. Among

various cultivars tried at three locations in Andhra

Pradesh, Maharastra and Tamil Nadu, NSS-104

and RSSV-9 exhibited highest biomass and juice

extractability. Currently efforts are on to upscale

the alcohol production to pilot level in collaboration

with industry in Karnataka / Maharashtra.

Rainwater Management onWatershed Basis

Trials were conducted under different agro

ecological conditions on the impact of rainwater

management and INM on the productivity gains

on different toposequences of watersheds with

respect to pearlmillet, maize and sorghum.

Pearlmillet based Cropping System

On-farm trials on pearlmillet (involving 10

farmers from each location) in three states i.e.

Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu revealed

that among a number of soil and moisture

conservation options tried, paired row planting

at 30/60 cm and opening of furrows in wider

rows at 35 DAS along with the best INM package

(50% RDF + 12.5 t FYM/ha + biofertiliser)

registered highest gross (Rs.11,715/ha) and net

Various value added products developed from sweet sorghum

NATP – CRIDA

53

returns (Rs.4,914/ha) and B:C ratio (1.73) over

other treatment combinations. In Tamil Nadu

cultivars AIMP 92–901 and CoHcu-8 were

identified as promising for withstanding

moisture stress.

Maize based Cropping System

During kharif-2001, 15 on-farm trials, five

each in high, medium and low topo sequences

of selected watersheds were conducted at

different centres viz; Udaipur, Bhilwara, Nawanshar,

Jhabua, Panchamahal and Karimnagar, covering

important aspects of rainfed maize based

production system namely, improved cultivars,

in situ moisture conservation, integrated

nutrient management, cropping system, and

weed management.

Results of the trials conducted at different

centres during kharif-2001 showed the (Table 4)

highest mean maize equivalent grain yield

under treatment 100% recommended dose of

fertilizers with 5 tonnes FYM/ha and seed

inoculation of bio-fertilizers + in situ moisture

conservation + intercropping of legume with

maize (T4). The grain yield was higher by 47.7,

78.1 and 116.9% with T2 ( 50% recommended

dose of fertilizers with 2.5 tonnes FYM/ha and

seed inoculation of bio-fertilizers + in situ moisture

conservation along with improved seed and other

improved cultural practices), treatment T3 (100%

recommended dose of fertilizers with 5 tonnes

FYM/ha and seed inoculation of bio-fertilizers

+ in situ moisture conservation along with improved

seed and other cultural practices ) and treatment

T4 ( T3 + intercropping of legume with maize)

respectively over farmers practice (T1).

It is evident that improved rain water

management practices coupled with improved

cultural practices produced higher mean maize

equivalent yield and monetary returns on farmers

fields. The benefits were more at the high topo-

sequence with sloppy and the degraded lands.

On-farm trials on pearlmillet integrating variety, moistureconservation and INM treatments, Kovilpatti district,Tamil Nadu

Recommended in situ moisture conservation and INMpractices resulted in maximum productivity of rainfedmaize on farmers’ fields in Bhilwara district, Rajasthan


54

Similarly, in the sub mountain region of

Himachal Pradesh, efforts were made to harvest

runoff water and utilize for improving the

productivity of maize based cropping system.

The most significant impact was the participation

of people in management of water resources and

increase in the maize productivity by 50 per cent.

Increased water availability enabled cultivation

of vegetables like tomato, ginger, etc. Tomato

cultivation gave gross return of Rs.2.70 lakhs per

hectare with 2-3 supplemental irrigations from

the harvested water.

Health Foods from Nutritious Cereals

A network project for preparation of value

added nutritious foods and supplements from

pearlmillet, fingermillet, barnyard millet and

sorghum were taken up involving CCSHAU,

Hisar; UAS, Bangalore; MPKVV, Pune and

GBPUAT, Pantnagar. Data on consumption pattern

of these staples in raw and processed forms were

collected from rural and urban areas in four

states. The majority of urban population (86%)

consume millets during winter season whereas

the rural population consume through out the

year. However, there is a decline in use of millets

over the years. To improve the acceptability of

coarse cereal based products, appropriate processing

techniques such as acid treatment, heat treatment,

blanching and malting for pearlmillet; germination,

popping and roasting for fingermillet; popping

for barnyard and foxtail millet and popping and

paraboiling for sorghum were standarised.

A variety of micronutrient enriched nutritious

and health foods were prepared from sorghum,

pearlmillet and fingermillet flour. These include

diabetic biscuits, chapatti mix and cake from

pearlmillet, noodles and papads from finger

millet, cookies and bhakari from sorghum. Nearly

200 women in four states have been trained in

preparation of these health foods during the

Table 4 : Effect of different treatments and topo sequences on mean maize equivalent yield on farmersfields at different locations in 5 states.

Treatments Mean maize equivalent grain yield (q/ha)

Udaipur Bhilwara Nawanshahar Jhabua Panchmahal Karimnagar Mean

T1 11.32 11.65 16.36 11.29 12.26 20.40 13.88

T2 25.05 14.61 22.09 14.18 14.24 32.84 20.50

T3 29.28 17.66 25.39 18.72 17.79 39.46 24.72

T4 35.67 23.49 32.67 22.83 18.38 47.60 30.11

Topo sequences

S1 (High) 23.30 15.79 21.67 12.92 13.66 29.87 19.54

S2 (Medium) 25.06 16.49 23.97 17.55 15.76 34.80 22.27

S3 (Low) 27.63 18.26 26.74 19.80 17.59 40.56 25.10

NATP – CRIDA

55

year. Organoleptic evaluation indicated that

acceptability scores of colour and appearance

significantly enhanced with the advancement of

period of acid soaking along with simultaneous

increase in the overall acceptability of acid treated

pearlmillet flour and chapati as compared to

control values. Five types of products have been

prepared as diabetic foods and nine as supplementary

foods from pearlmillet alone. Three training

programs were conducted during the year covering

nearly 100 women, besides exhibiting the products

in trade fairs and Kisan Melas at Pantnagar,

Dehradun, Hisar and Bangalore. Large scale pilot

production and entrepreneurship development

will be taken up during 2003.

Nutritious Cereals By-productsas Animal and Poultry Feed

Although cereal straws are used as a traditional

feed for ruminants, the digestibility is low and

they are deficient in some of the major nutrients.

The major cause for low productivity of livestock

fed on low quality crop residues is imbalanced

nutrition. Studies conducted in the states of

Maharashtra, Karnataka, A.P. and Orissa revealed

that the digestibility of pearlmillet, sorghum and

fingermillet straws can be improved up to 20%

by supplementing with locally available feed

ingredients like subabool, groundnut cake, deoiled

rice bran, cotton seed cake and copra cake etc.

The main findings are:

Value added foods prepared from Pearlmillet


56

In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD)

was significantly increased for fingermillet straw

with the supplementation of maize gluten meal

followed by copra cake, groundnut cake, cotton

seed cake and de oiled rice bran; sorghum stover

by supplementation with groundnut cake

followed by cotton seed cake, subabool,

gliricidia and rice bran; paddy straw by

supplementation with groundnut cake followed

by mustard cake, wheat bran and subabool;

pearlmillet straw by supplementation with

groundnut cake followed by kokam cake, rice

polish, de oiled rice bran and subabool.

Maize is one of the principal ingredient

of the poultry feed. Due to its high cost and

frequent shortage, the poultry feed cost is on

the rise affecting the economic returns to the

farmers. An effort was made to substitute maize

grain with coarse cereals like pearlmillet and

sorghum. Experiments conducted on broilers

at Izatnagar, Hyderabad and Parbhani revealed

that whole pearlmillet grain could be safely

incorporated up to 32% (w/w) in the broiler

feed by replacing 50% of maize. Similarly, yellow

sorghum can replace up to 50% of maize whereas

white sorghum can substitute up to 75%. The

feed intake and weight gain in birds fed with

coarse cereals were normal except deficiency

of pigmentation. By substituting maize with

coarse cereals and millets, the cost of the

poultry feed can be reduced. Feeds with millets

as ingredients can be produced in areas where

these crops are mainly grown, thus reducing

the transport costs. Carcasses of commercial

broilers fed on maize acquire yellow pigmentation

due to xanthophyll. However, the pigmentation

of broilers fed on other grains can be improved

by adding coloring agents.

Integrated Management of BlastDisease in Fingermillet

Fingermillet is an important small millet

which occupies over 2 million ha. Blast is one

of the serious disease that limits the productivity

of this crop. Comprehensive research was taken

up at Bangalore, Coimbatore and Ranichauri on

management of this disease. Screening of over

200 lines from germplasm collection resulted in

identification of 150 resistant ones. On-farm

trials on disease management in Bangalore,

Chitradurga, Haveri, Kolar and Shimoga districts

in Karnataka and Coimbatore district in Tamil

Carcasses of commercial broilers (42 days) fed on Maize(1), Fingermillet (2), Foxtail millet (3) and Pearlmillet (4)

NATP – CRIDA

57

Nadu were conducted on 22 and 9 farmers fields,

respectively. In majority cases recommended

practice consisting of resistant variety (GPG-

28) + seed treatment with carbendazim

@ 2 g/kg + RDF was found to be superior in

terms of lower disease incidence and higher

yield (Table 5).

Diversification in Kharif SorghumAreas: Agroforestry, Horticultureand Silvipasture

A number of cropping/commodity

options are being evaluated as alternative land

uses in the kharif sorghum areas in view of the

declining profitability of this crop. These

include, agri-horticulture, agroforestry,

silvipasture, rainfed vegetables and industrial

biomass production. Results so far indicated

that these systems offer higher income and

stability in relatively better soils and assured

rainfall areas. On agri-horticulture, a survey

conducted in Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy

districts in A.P and Beed and Sangli district of

Maharashtra indicated a substantial shift towards

perennial horticultural fruit trees like mango,

custard apple, tamarind, sapota, ber, pomegranate,

aonla, etc. apart from timber yielding multi-

purpose trees. Interventions on rainwater harvesting

and nutrient management in existing farmer’s

orchards enabled the farmers achieving higher

fruit yields and income during 2001 which was

a low rainfall year.

Silvipasture systems involving locally

important multi-purose trees and pastures like

Cenchrus ciliaris, Panicum maximum, Stylosanthes

Table 5 : Blast incidence and yield of fingermillet on farmers’ fields in Coimbatore andBangalore districts

Treatment Coimbatore Treatment Bangalore

Leaf Neck Finger Grain Yield Leaf Neck Finger Grain Yieldblast blast blast (kg/ha) blast blast blast (kg/ha)

T1 4.5 9.4 9.1 1448 T1 0 0 0 4210

T2 3.5 8.3 7.9 1547 T2 0 21.7 28.4 2450

T3 2.6 5.7 6.1 2449 – – – –

T4 2.6 6.0 5.7 2985 – – – –

T5 2.5 4.5 4.7 3127 – – – –

T1 Farmer’s practice T1 Resistant variety (GPU-28 + Seed treatment with

T2 Farmer’s practice + seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2 g/kg + Recommended DoseTricyclozole @ 2 g/kg of seeds of Fertilizer (50:40:25 NPK kg/ha)

T3 Farmer’s practice + improved variety (Co-13) T2 Farmer variety + Farmer’s practice (Control)

T4 Farmer’s practice (Co-13) + Balancednutrition (50:40:25 kg of NPK)

T5 T2 + T3 + T4


58

hamata and Stylosanthes scabra have been

established on farmers fields in Mathura, Jhansi,

Junagadh, Akola and Mahaboobnagar districts.

Satisfactory growth and establishment of pasture

species was noted at most centres under reseeded

and sown conditions.

Intercropping with ragi (GPU-28) at Bangalore,

groundnut, green gram and black gram at Junagadh,

pigeonpea + tomato at Jabalpur in existing mango

orchards gave significantly higher income compared

to sole orchards or arable crops. Farmers in Junagadh

district of Gujarat were quite convinced on agri-

horticulture as a means of obtaining higher yields

and income in rainfed areas.

A number of improved vegetable varieties

of chillies, cluster bean, onion and okra have

been evaluated on farmers fields in Akola, Junagadh,

Hyderabad, Raichur and Coimbatore districts

and the most promising ones have been identified.

Resource Characterisationand Assessment

Under the net work project on development

of regional scale watershed plans and methodologies

for identifying critical areas for prioritized land

treatments, preliminary work on characterizing

the micro watersheds was completed using the

Survey of India topo sheets. Natural resources

such as soils, land use, hydrogeomorphology,

etc. were mapped at 1:50,000 scale using remote

sensing data. A digital database was created for

the test sites.

Cropping Systems and theirManagement for SequesteringCarbon

In a network project on resource

inventorisation and database development on

carbon sequestration in SAT areas, 17 benchmark

sites in 7 states were studied for initial site

characterization for morphological and chemical

parameters. There was high variability for all the

parameters depending on the soil type, rainfall

and the cropping system. The organic carbon

content (completed in about 10 series) showed

variability between 0.13 to 0.95 per cent. The

project when completed aims to identify land

use systems and management practices that can

sequester more carbon.

NATP – CRIDA

59

4

Monitoring and Evaluation

As per NATP guidelines on monitoring

and evaluation, M&E exercise was initiated

at the AED (RF) during September, 2001. Earlier,

SAP (Rainfed) in its 26th meeting held at CRIDA,

July 11-12, 2001 approved the constitution of

the Peer Review Teams (PRTs) to visit the

on-farm trials in different states involving

subject experts with one of the SAP members

heading the teams. Accordingly, the review began

in September, 2001 and continued up to January,

2002 (Annexure V).

The review covered the on-farm trials in

detail with the following criteria of evaluation:

� Whether the on-farm trials have been taken

up in target villages as approved by the SAP?

� Whether the treatments and replications were

imposed as per the lay out and approved technical

programme?

� Whether the data collection is carried out as

per the minimum data set required?

� Whether farmers’ participation was ensured

in the field experimentation?

� The extent of cooperation between the PIs

and CCPIs and internal monitoring mechanism

in the concerned Institutes/Universities.

� The progress on physical, financial indicators

and technical milestones.

The PRTs interacted with the specially

convened site committee meetings to have an

over view of all on-going projects under the

University/Institution and subsequently made

visits to the field trials for an on the spot assessment.

The reports of the PRTs were reviewed by the

subsequent SAP meetings held during November,

2001 and February, 2002 and the final project

specific comments on 59 sub projects including

changes in treatments, layout plan, suggestion

on mid course correction, aspects of coordination,

changes of PIs/CCPIs, shifting of sites etc. were

communicated to the concerned PI, controlling

officers of the SAU/Institutes, facilitators and

nodal officers.

In a five month duration, about 20% of the

randomly chosen projects were reviewed by the

PRTs. This provided a fairly clear picture of the

60

84Sub-Projects/Centres reviewed by

Peer Review Team

Total: 475 locations

under 103 sub projects

Fig.1 : Proportion of Sub-projects reviewed by PRTs inRainfed AES

overall performance of the projects and major

constraints. Fig. 1 gives the percentage of projects

reviewed out of the total cooperating centers /

sub projects. The reviewed projects covered all

the major production systems in important states.

About 10% projects were rated as excellent, 40%

good, 35% satisfactory and 15% unsatisfactory.

difficulties in conducting required number of

farmers field trials or due to revision of the

treatments following the advice of the concerned

Directors of Research/Site Committees. These

were reviewed by the SAP after the visits. In

few cases the farmers practice treatment was not

being followed as advised by SAP. In some (15%)

SAUs/institutes, the PRTs found that the site

committees are not playing a pro-active role in

monitoring of the projects, although reviews are

done regularly. In case of network projects involving

many SAUs, the PIs found difficulty in coordinating

with many CCPIs due to poor inter connectivity.

Synergy between the on-going programmes of

the SAUs and NATP projects in many cases is

found wanting.

Recommendations:

� On-farm trials should be conducted at least

in 5 villages with two farmers in each, so that

the data can be statistically analyzed.

� Each PI of the network project should visit

all the centres at least once in the crop season.

� Greater interaction is needed between AED.

PPSS, Nodal Officers and Senior Officers of

the SAUs on the financial and technical

management of the projects.

� The annual reports of the PSR projects should

contain statistically analysed crop data, which

can be presented and discussed at the annual

workshops.

Findings/Comments of thePeer Review Teams

Based on the evaluation of Peer Review

Teams (PRTs) between September 2001 to January

2002, the following general suggestions and

recommendations have emerged.

Observations/Comments:

Despite the constraints on mobility, majority

of the PIs/CCPIs are conducting adaptive trials

on farmers fields (even in remote areas) with

commitment and dedication. In 60 - 70% of the

cases, scientists have been able to fully implement

the technical programme approved by SAP. In

other cases there were some deviations in the

technical programme either due to logistic

NATP – CRIDA

61

� Greater awareness is needed among the PIs

on the methods and objectives of the monitoring

and evaluation (M&E) process.

� The scientists, concerned (PIs/CCPIs) should

be personally involved during planting time,

treatment imposition and data collection.

� In the treatments on recommended package

of practices, the recommended packages given

by the concerned ZRC should followed.

� In projects related to watershed development,

the ridge line of the watershed need to be

properly identified.

� The farmers in target villages should be chosen

in such a way as to represent different soil

type/micro farming situations.

� The list of villages and names of farmers and

bench mark data of experimental fields should

invariably be included in the annual reports.

� Farmers practice should be clearly defined

and included in the annual technical report.

� There should not be more than one replication

on same farmers field.

� The mechanism of internal monitoring should

be strengthened within each Institution/

University.

� The Associate Director of Research and other

scientists of the Zonal Agricultural Research

Station established under NARP should be

fully involved both in execution and

monitoring/evaluation of the NATP projects.

� The PI should be encouraged to organize field

days to successful trials so that a wider impact

is possible in the target district.

Other PME Activities

The following review meetings/workshops

were held on M&E under the Rainfed AED:

1. Sensitisation workshop on M&E for PIs,

Nodal Officers and Members of SAP on 27

August, 2001 at CRIDA, Hyderabad

2. Orientation workshop on PIMS software

for personnel under Rainfed AED on

17.1.2002 at Hydeerabad. Fifteen members

participated.


62

Effective linkages were established by the

AED (Rainfed) with other components of

the NATP as well as the regular programmes of

the Council in different research Institutes/SAUs.

A brief summary of these linkages is given below:

With the Regular Programmesof the Council

National Agricultural Technology Project

has been launched primarily to strengthen the on-

going research programmes of the Council,

particularly to bridge critical gaps in technology

generation, refinement and transfer. In case of

PSR (Rainfed Agro Ecosystem), a detailed bottom-

up approach was followed to identify the research

and adoption gaps and evolve research strategies

for a more effective technology development process.

During this exercise, it was found that often there

is a lack of conviction among the farmers on the

benefits of improved technologies. Therefore, it

was decided that under rainfed AED, most of the

research will be carried out on farmers fields with

their active participation. The performance of the

technology would thus be visible to the farmers

which can lead to better appreciation and adoption.

This element of on-farm research was lacking in

most of the on-going research programmes of the

NARS. Thus, NATP research is playing a vital

complementary role in taking the results forward,

many of which are generated by the past research.

It was ensured that the on-farm trials under PSR

and TAR-IVLP do not duplicate the regular

technical programme under the All India

Coordinated Projects. The Nodal Officers of

SAUs and ICAR institutes have been involving

the local cooperators of the coordinated projects

in the Site Committee meetings so that the

desired complimentarity is achieved. The

coordinators of relevant ICAR projects

(AICRPs)have been invited to the annual PSR

workshops so that the progress from these projects

is known to the key officers managing the regular

research programmes of the Council.

With TAR-IVLPSince TAR-IVLP and PSR have been initiated

simultaneously, most of the interventions under

IVLP were based on the existing set of recommended

technologies. However, during the year efforts

were made to list out some promising technologies

from the PSR research which can go for refinement

under TAR-IVLP. Accordingly, 15 recommendations

under Rainfed Rice, 5 each under Oilseeds, Pulses

and Cotton and 11 under Nutritious cereals have

5

Linkages

63

been identified for trying under TAR-IVLP at

the annual workshop. These technologies relate

to improved varieties, planting machinery, IPM

and INM. This exercise will be continued on

a regular basis.

With ATMAEfforts were also made to have strategic

linkages with other modes of NATP. Under

ATMA (NATP), Strategic Research and Extension

Plans (SREP) have been prepared for 24 districts

in 6 states. Till March, 2002, the AED received

reports for 15 districts (Adilabad, Kurnool,

Prakasam, Muzaffarpur, Hamirpur, Kangra, Shimla,

Dumka, Ahmednagar, Amravathi, Khurda, Koraput,

Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, Sangrur), out of which 8

districts (Adilabad, Prakasam, Kurnool, Khurda,

Koraput, Amravathi, Dumka, Ahmednagar) fall

under the Rainfed AES. After a preliminary

scrutiny of the SREPs, a meeting was held between

the ATMA representatives from MANAGE with

PPSS and AED on 17.11.2001 at CRIDA,

Hyderabad. It was resolved that a matrix paper

will be prepared at the AED to determine the

extent of matching in the macro level priorities

identified at the PS level and micro level (district)

issues found through SREP and identify gaps if

any. Similarly the extension/adoption gaps identified

in the SREP districts are also to be matched with

the activities and outputs of the IVLP projects

in the relevant districts.

This exercise was done for the districts of

Dumka (Jharkhand), Prakasam (A.P.) and

Ahmednagar (Maharashtra). These districts

represent rainfed rice, cotton and nutritious cereals

based production systems, respectively. Efforts

were made to relate these issues with the macro

level priorities identified at the production system

level in the initial prioritization exercise. Preliminary

analysis for the above districts indicated more

than 60% matching for research gaps and 75%

matching for extension/adoption gaps. Broadly,

the important issues in major crops were similar

at macro and micro level, however, the relative

significance of crops and livestock varied. The

lack of matching in case of some issues could be

due to the differences in prioritizing viz., based

on statistical analysis of the data base at the AES

level, whereas the micro level issues were identified

through PRA. Further analysis and matching

exercise will be done for each of the SREP districts

with greater involvement of the SAUs and the

district administration. Similarly, the technologies

being refined through TAR-IVLP were matched

against the issues identified through SREP in

three districts viz., Dumka, Adilabad, Aurangabad.

There was a 70% match in this case. Efforts are

being made to address the other issues in case

where the recommended technologies are available,

while in other cases, these will form the researchable

issues under PSR.

Two state level coordination committee

meetings were held during September and December,

2001 in Orissa where in the Project Directors

of ATMA in Khurda, Ganjam and Sambalpur,

officials from MANAGE and scientists from

CRRI, OUAT and WTCER participated. Issues

regarding choice of technologies to be taken up

in ATMA districts were discussed in detail.


64

For effective implementation of the projects

special practical trainings were organized to

the project staff and technicians during the year.

Some of the PIs/CCPIs have also attended advanced

training at other premier national institutions.

RRPS-17� Dr. S. Susama Sudhishri and Dr. Anchal

Das from CSWCRTI, Koraput attended

the training on “Appraisal couse on

remote sensing” between 29th October to

9th November, 2001.

RRPS-25� Dr. Trinath Pradhan from OUAT,

Bhubaneswar, Dr. Amlan Ghosh from Rice

Research Station, Chinsura, West Bengal and

Dr. P. Krishnan from CRRI, Cuttack have

attended summer school on modelling

growth and yield of crops at CASS, IARI,

New Delhi between 20th March to 9th April

2001 and 27th March to 17th April, 2002.

RPPS-03� Training on ELISA for vector identification

during March 2001 at NBPGR, Rajendranagar

for nine technical staff involved in the project.

RPPS-05

� Training programme on “Storage and Seed

Entomology” from November 2 to 22, 2001at

CCS, HAU, Hisar in which 15 project scientists

were trained.

ROPS-08

� Mr.Manoj Kumar from NCIPM attended

Training on Mass Production Technology of

Bio control Agents during January 19-28, 2002

at NCIPM, New Delhi.

RCPS-05

� Dr.V.K.Sood from GAU, Anand attended

Training Programme on Crop Modelling

from 13th Feb. 2002 to 14th March, 2002 at

CASAM, Pune.

RNPS-11

� Ms.Kiran Gaur from MPUAT, Udaipur

attended short term training on Statistical

quality control/SPC software at Indian

Institute of Quality Management, Jaipur,

February, 11-13, 2002.

6

Training and Human Resource Development

65

Majority of the projects under rainfed AED

have been implemented in on-farm research

mode. However, few projects in the area of post

harvest technology and utilization of agricultural

by products have demonstrated their potential

for upscaling to pilot level and subsequent

commercialization. Some of the most promising

ones are listed below:

1. RNPS-01 : Value added therapeutic foods and

diabetic supplements from fingermillet and

pearlmillet.

2. RNPS-16 : Nutritious cereal (pearlmillet, sorghum

and foxtail millet) based balanced feeds as

substitutes for maize based feed for broiler

production.

3. RNPS-23 : Technologies/methods to control

grain deterioration in Kharif sorghum. Low

cost methods of drying of grain harvested at

physiological maturity.

4. RNPS-24 : Production of fuel alcohol and

other value added products from sweet sorghum.

5. ROPS-01 : Technology for extraction of natural

dyes from safflower petals and preparation of

herbal tea.

6. ROPS-03 : Low cost method for enhancing

the viability of soybean seeds.

7. ROPS-05 : Prototype safflower harvester

to reduce drudgery/discomfort to human

labourers due to spines.

8. ROPS-07 : Extruded sunflower head based

feed pellets for livestock. This technology

allows utilisation of sunflower heads as nutritious

feed which otherwise goes as waste.

9. ROPS-15 : Low cost methods to detoxify

aflatoxins in oil meal based poultry fields.

10.RPPS-01 : A method of production of Liquid

Rhizobium Inoculant (LRI) for increased shelf

life and efficiency for pulse and oilseed crops.

7

Promising Technologies/Products/Processes with Potential for Scale up,

Wider Testing/Application

66

11. RPPS-04: Mini dal mill for higher feed rate

and improved recovery of dal for pigeonpea

and chick pea.

12. RPPS-07/08 : Bio-intensive IPM modules for

pest and disease management in pigeonpea

and chick pea.

13. RPPS-05 : Indicator device and pit fall trap

: Low cost devices for control of stored grain

pests in pulses.

14. RCPS-07/08 : Improved, quality arboreum

and herbaceum genotypes for low input cotton

production systems in peninsular India.

15. RCPS-10 : Regeneration and transformation

protocol for diploid cotton of G.arboreum.

16. RRPS-04 :Rainwater management strategies

through on-farm reseriors (OFR) for drought

mitigation and increasing crop intensity in

rainfed rice growing areas of Chhattisgarh,

M.P. and Orissa.

17. RRPS-10/23/35: Improved HYV of rainfed

rice with higher yield, WUE and adaptability

for different land types in eastern states.

18. RRPS–21 : Improved system of Biasi cultivation

of rainfed rice in Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.

19. RRPS-03 : Crop diversification and strategies

to increase cropping intensity in up lands of

the rainfed rice production system by sowing

date adjustment, change of variety and moisture

conservation during rabi.

NATP – CRIDA

67

RRPS-03: A Krishak diwas was organized at

Badgaon village of Raipur district, Chhattisgarh

on March 9, 2002. 150 farmers from neighboring

villages attended. Project team explained the

feasibility of double cropping under rainfed

conditions based on OFTs.

RRPS-05: A Krishi Mela was organised in

Sabubereni village under Mahishapat watershed

in Dhenkanal district, Orissa on 19.11.2001.

Nearly 500 farmers from the target village

and nearby villages participated. The

participants were exposed to integrated

rice-fish farming technology based on storage

of harvested water. An interaction session was

held between farmers and scientists.

RRPS-06: A farmers day was organized on

September 26, 2001 at Jharbelda of Keonjhar

district in Orissa. More than 600 farmers from

nearby villages participated. There was farmer-

scientist interaction on water conservation and

resource management issues on watershed area.

RRPS-08 : A field day was organized on 16.10.2001

at Gopalput, Orissa involving 250 farmers. The

farmers were exposed to on-farm trials on agri-

horticulture. The Department of Agriculture,

Government of Orissa and IFFCO actively

participated. The local press covered the event

extensively.

RRPS-09: A Kisan Mela was organized at Raipur

during August, 2001. An extension pamphlet on

“Fish cum duck culture” was distributed among

farmers. 150 farmers visited the Mela.

RRPS-18: An exposure visit was organized on

September 14, 2001 to CRURRS, Hazaribagh.

About 200 farmers attended. IPM and IWM

technologies were the major items covered in the

farmer-scientist interaction.

RRPS-33: A field day was organized on

November 27, 2001 in the village Panabaraja

of Khurda district Orissa. Nearly 200 local

farmers from nearby villages participated. An

exhibition of improved implements was organized

8

Farmers Training and AwarenessGeneration Activities

68

and field operation of power plough was

demonstrated.

ROPS-08:

1. A field day was organised on 28.8.2001 at

Karkalpahad village, Mahaboobnagar District,

Andhra Pradesh in which 300 farmers

participated. Farmers were exposed to IPM

technology for shoot fly management in sorghum

and IDM for grain molds. It was covered

extensively in local press and television.

2. A Kisan Mela was organised at Aurad village,

Maharashtra on 31.01.2002 to expose farmers

on IPM technologies for safflower. About

200 farmers participated.

RNPS-01

1. A training programme was conducted on

September 26, 2001 for 45 women on processed

products from fingermillet at Yashaswani Mahila

Mandal Federation, Bangalore.

2. Demonstration on fingermillet based processed

food was organized on November 22, 2001 at

Bakery training unit, UAS, Bangalore. About

100 women attended.

3. A demonstration was organized at FTI, UAS,

Bangalore on January 9, 2002 on baby foods

and value added products from fingermillet.

4. A bakery training programme was organized

for 30 rural women sponsored by Women

Development Corporation, Karnataka on

processed fingermillet products for 5 days

during February, 2002.

RNPS-05: A Field Day was organized at Banam

village, Srikakulam district, A.P on 7/11/2001.

Around 110 local farmers and surrounding villages

attended. Farmers were exposed to the OFTs on

fingermillet + field bean inter cropping system.

RNPS-11

1. A Vichargosthi was organized involving 100

farmers and scientists from Maize Research

Station at Mangaliyana, Gujarat on May 27,

2001.

2. A field day (Makka Diwas) was organised on

7th September, 2001 in the project area of

Jhabua district to popularise the rain water

management and intercropping system. About

150 farmers attended.

RNPS-15

1. A field day was organized on September 15,

2001 at Kanhadvas village of Bawal in Haryana.

About 150 farmers attended. Scientists from

various disciplines explained the cultivation

technology of bajra and the improved package

of practices adopted under the project

2. A farmers day was organized on September

13, 2002 at Samdari village of Jodhpur

district. About 60 farmers attended. The

advantage of wider row spacing (60 cm) with

improved variety ICMH-356 were explained

to the farmers.

NATP – CRIDA

69

Rainfed Rice basedProduction System

Research Articles in Journals

Pal, S., Nema, R.K., Mishra, O.P. and Roy, S.(2001) Efficacy of fenbendazole (Panacur)in goats naturally infected with Trichurisworm. Indian Veterinary Journal 78 (6) :515-517.

Pal, S., Roy, S. and Pathak, A.K. (2001) Prevalenceof gastrointestinal parasitic infection incattle and buffaloes from Durg andRajnandgaon districts of Chhattisgarh region.Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 15 (2) :155-156.

Pal, S., Ghosh, R.C., Nema, R.K. and Roy, S.(2001) Efficacy of Doramectin (Dectomax)against naturally infestation of Linognathusstenopsis in goats. Indian Veterinary Journal79 (10) : 941-942.

Pathak, A.K., Roy, S., Tiwari, S.K., Bhosle, V.P.and Tiwari, A. (2001). Efficacy of Doramectinagainst naturally occurring strongly infectionincattle. Indian Veterinary Medicine Journal25 (12) : 379-380.

Roy, S., Sharma, N. and Roy (Mrs) M. (2001).Efficacy of Doramectin in the treatmentof myiasis wound in canine. Indian Journalof Veterinary Medicine. 25 (9) : 301-302.

Sahoo N. (2001) Therapeutic control of Boophilusmicroplus ticks in cattle and buffalo withDeltamethrin spray. Journal of Research, B.A.U., 13 (1) : 83-84. (In Press)

Sahoo N. (2002) Assessment of Oxyclozanideefficacy against chronic natural fascioliasisor paramphistomiasis in cattle and buffaloes.Journal of Research, B.A.U. (In Press)

Sahoo N. (2001) Biochemical profiles of cattleand buffaloes infected with Paramphistomumspp. and Fasciola gigantica. Journal ofVeterinary Parasitology. 15 (2) : 149-151.

Sahoo N. (2002) Efficacy of Oxyclozanide,Closantel and Triclabendazole against Fasciolainfection in cattle: A field trial in a rainfedarea of Orissa. Indian Veterinary Journal(Accepted).

Sahoo N. (2002) Haematological observations incalves and cattle during gastrointestinalparasites infection and anthelmintictreatment. Indian Journal of Animal Health

9

Publications

70

Singh A.K., Ghosh, T.K., Chari, M.S., Jha, R.K.,Prasad, S. and Patel, R. (2001). Performanceof Duck-Fish Integrated Farming in ricefarming areas. Fishing Chimes. (Accepted)

Singh A.K., Ghosh, T.K., Chari, M.S., Jha, R.K.,Prasad, S. and Patel, R. (2001). Fish-cum-Duck Integrated farming in rainfed rice-farming area: A Boon. Indian Journal ofEnvironment and Ecoplanning (Accepted).

Singh A.K., Ghosh, T.K., Chari, M.S., Jha, R.K.,Prasad, S. and Patel, R. (2001). Fish-cum-Duck Integrated farming in rainfed rice-farming area. Journal of Research, BAU,Ranchi. (Accepted)

Popular Articles

Sahoo N. Dudharu pasuyon ke chamokaun yautthol se bachane ke upaya (Hindi article).Patthari Krishi, July-Dec., 2000 (1).

Sahoo N. Field trial on efficiency of anthelminticsagainst amphistome infection in cattle of arainfed district of Orissa. Blue Cross, 2002.

Sahoo N. Gai-gorumanka swasthya upare krumimanaka prabhaba otahara pratikara (Oriyaarticle). Chasira Sansara, 36, 2001.

Chapters in Books

Gangrade S.K. (2001) Status of medicinal plantsdiversity of Kymore Plateaus & Satpurahill region of M.P. and their utilization InEthno-medicine & Pharmacognosy, Part IIpp. 45-56 ( In Press).

Monographs/Bulletins/Brochures

Dash R. N., K. S. Rao, S. K. Nayak and P. Krishnan.(2001) Application of crop simulation models

to develop crop and nitrogen managementstrategies for increasing rice productivityunder rainfed favourable lowland situationsof eastern India. Technical Bulletin, CRRI,Cuttack.

Saha S., R. C. Dani, B. C. Patra, S. N. Tewari,P. Samal and B. N.Singh (2001) : Study onweed and pest incidence dynamics in relationto ecologies and its impact on ecomomiclosses for developing effective controlmeasures. Technical Bulletin, CRRI, Cuttack.

Singh A.K., (2001) Extension pamphlet “Fish-cum-duck culture” published on the occasionof “Kisan Mela” at Raipur.

Singh B.N., A. Ghosh, S.N. Sen, T. Ahmed,J.L. Dwivedi and S.B. Mishra (2001)Technology development for rice cultivationunder deep-water situation in eastern India.Technical Bulletin, CRRI, Cuttack.

Oilseed basedProduction System


Anandan, S., Anil Kumar, G.K., Rudraswamy,M.S., Ramana, J.V. and Ramachandra, K.S.(2002). Scope for utilization of sunflowerheads as animal feed in Karnataka state.Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. (In Press)

Bhat A.I., Anil Kumar, R.K. Jain, S. Chander Raoand M. Ramaiah. (2001) Development ofserological based assays for the diagnosisof sunflower necrosis disease. Annals ofPlant Protection Science. 9(2): 292-296

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Bhat, A.I., R.K. Jain, Anil Kumar, M. Ramaiahand A. Verma. (2002). Serological and coatprotein sequence studies suggest that necrosisdisease on sunflower in India is caused bya strain of Tobacco streak ilavirus. Arch.Virol. 147(3): 651-658

Ramaiah, M., A.I. Bhat, R.K. Jain, R.P. Pant, Y.S.Ahlawat, K. Prabhakar and A. Varma, (2001)Partial characterization of an isometric viruscausing sunflower necrosis disease. IndianPhytopathology 54: 246-250

Chapters in Books

Reddy, Y.V.R., Sastry, G. and Singh, H.P. (2001).Watershed approach for rural development.In Agricultural Situation in India. Min. ofAgriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi.Vol. LVIII No.7. pp 341-344.


Guruswamy, T. (2001). Analysis of farm poweravailability from different sources and studyof harvesting practices for safflower in Bijapurdistrict.

Guruswamy, T. (2001). Design of self propelledmulti-crop harvester for intercroppingsystem with safflower under rainfed farming.Part I- selection of suitable method of harvestingsystem.

Guruswamy, T. (2001). Design of self propelledmulti crop harvester for intercroppingsystem with safflower under rainfed farming.Part II- selection of optimum size of multicrop harvester.

Pulses basedProduction System


Ali, S.S. and Askary, T.H. (2001) Taxonomicstatus of Phytonematodes associated withpulse crops. Current Nematology 12 (1, 2):75-84.

Chakrabarti, U. and Mishra, S.D. (2001) Seedtreatment with neem products for integratedmanagement of Meloidogyne incognitainfecting chickpea. Current Nematology12 (1-2).

Chakrabarti, U. and Mishra, S.D. (2001) Economicmanagement package for root-knot nematodein chickpea. Annals of Plant ProtectionScience 9(2):268-271.

Chakrabarti, U. and Mishra, S.D. (2002) Evaluationof biochemical parameters for screeningresistance of chickpea cultivars againstMeloidogyne incognita. Indian Journal ofNematology 32 (1): 26-29.

Misra, S., Misra R.L. and Mishra, S.D. (2002).Sansevieria trifasciata prain a new hostrecord of root-knot nematode. Journal ofOrnamental Horticulture, New Series vol.5(2): 60.

Mohan, S., Devadas, C.T. and Mahendran., K.(2001). Pit fall trap for bruchid management.Pestology, 25 (7): 25-26.

Mohan, S., Devadas, C.T. and Mahendran., K.(2001). New devices for pulse beetlemanagement. Kisan World, 28 (5): 35

Mojumder, Vijayalaxmi. and Mishra, S.D (2001).


72

Seed coating of pigeonpea with neemformulations for the management ofHeterodera cajani and other phytoparasiticnematodes. Current Nematology 12 (1-2)

Mojumder, Vijayalaxmi. and Mishra, S.D. (2001).Effect of neem products as seed coating ofpigeonpea seed on Heterodera cajani. PesticideResearch Journal 13 (1): 103-105.

Popular Articles

Mohan, S., Devadas, C.T. and Mahendran., K.(2001). New devices for pulse beetlemanagement. In Telugu language and inEnglish language in Agri-gold SwarnaSedyam, 4 (9): 45-46

Mohan, S., Devadas, C.T. and Mahendran., K.(2001). Devices to manage pulse beetle,Hindu Agricultural News dt. 16.8.2001.

Sanjeeva Reddy, B. (2000). Ry tulaka Mela- DalarulaGunde Gubhelu Eenadu. Telgu NewspaperJanuary 13, 2002. All district editions of AP

Cotton basedProduction System

Popular Articles

Wasnik, S. M. Bhaskar, K. S., (2001). ‘ KoradvahuShetit Panni va Jamin vyvasthapan’ in DailyLokmat (Marathi) Nagpur, August 27, 2001.


Narula, A.M. and Deshpande, L.A.(2001) ParbhaniTurab(PA-255) : A productive quality desicotton. Directorate of Cotton Development,Government of India,Ministry of Agriculture,Mumbai – 38.

Nutritious Cereals basedProduction System


Archana, Sehegal S, Kawatra, A. and NijhawanD.C. (2000). Antinutrient and in vitrodigestibility of pearlmillet cultivars. HaryanaAgricultural University Journal of Research30: 45-47.

Archana, Sehegal, S. and Kawatra, A. (2001). Invitro protein and starch digestibility ofpearlmillet as affecting by processingtechniques. Die Narhung 45(1) Nr Is. 25-27.

Arora, P., Sehegal, S. and Kawatra, A. (2002).Bleaching of pearlmillet using acid treatment– A way to improve organolepticallyacceptability. Plant Food for Human Nutrition(In Press).

Arora, P., Sehegal, S. and Kawatra, A. (2002).Content and HCl-extractability of mineralsas affected by acid treatment of pearlmillet.Food Chemistry (In Press).

Arora, P., Sehegal, S. and Kawatra, A. (2002). Effectof acid treatment on antinutrient contentand in vitro digestibility of pearlmillet. PlantFood for Human Nutrition (In Press).

Arora, P., Sehegal, S. and Kawatra, A. (2002).Effect of acid treatment of pearlmillet onits proximate composition and sugar content.Cereal Chemistry (In Press).

Chandrasekaraiah, M., Sampath, K.T., Prakash,C. and Praveen, U.S. (2001). Effect ofsupplementation of different concentrate

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ingredients on in vitro NDF digestibilityof fingermillet straw. Animal Nutrition andFeed Technology, (In press).

Chandrasekaraiah, M., Sampath, K.T., Praveen,U.S. and Prakash, C. (2001). In vitro NDFdigestibility of ragi straw as affected bysupplementation of locally available fodders/top feeds. Indian Journal of Dairy Science.(In press).

Rathi, A., Kawathra, A. and Sehegal, S. (2002).Dietary fiber content of instant idly anddhokla prepared from pearlmillet. FoodChemistry (In Press).

Rathi, A., Kawatra, A. and Sehegal, S. (2002).Development and dietary fiber content ofbiscuits and chapattis (flat bread) preparedfrom pearlmillet. Plant Food for HumanNutrition (In Press).

Sarita Srivastava, Meeta Dhyani and GurumukhSingh (2002). Barnyard millet for food andnutritional security-a review. Beverage andFood World (In Press).

Popular Articles

Gaur, B.L., “Palwar (mulch) ka mrada prabandhanavum nami sarkshan me mahatva”, Apnapatra, Annual Special, 2001.

Gaur, B.L., S.K.Kumawat&Kiran Gaur, “Jal grahanpaddhti se varsa poshti makka ka adhikutpadan”. Apna Patra, Annual Special, 2001.

Gaur,B.L.“Barani phasal upadan mein garmi kijutai ka mahattav” Rajasthan Patrika. Daily,04.05.01 issue.

Gaur,B.L.“Varsha poshit makka se adhik utpaadankaise lein” Rajasthan Pathrika, daily, 08.06.01issue.

Gaur.B.L, S.K.Kumawat and Kiran Gaur “Khariffashlon ki samsya-samadhan ke khas gur”,Krishak Jagat, 25.06.01

Sahu, B. (2001) “Makka ki kheti se adik utpadankaise prapt Karen”, Krishak Jagat Jun.,11-17.


74

Organisation No. of Budget sanctionedsub projects (Rs. in lakhs)

ICAR Institutes 135 3634.79

State Agricultural Universities 309 6242.97

Departments of Government of India 04 117.37

State Government Departments 04 29.35

General Universities 05 67.57

Non Government Organisations 06 160.12

International Organisations 03 103.33

Total 466 10355.50

ANNEXURE I

Institution wise classification ofPSR projects approved under Rainfed AES

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ANNEXURE II

List of Projects, PIs and Budget

Rainfed Rice based Production System

(Rs. in lakhs)

Sl. Project Title with code & Budget Allocation Utilization *

No. Name of the PI Total 2001-2002

1 Georeferenced resource inventory preparation 77.11 0.00 16.74for rainfed rice ecosystem (RRPS-01)Dr. G.G.S.N. Rao, CRIDA, Hyderabad

2 Socio economic dynamics of charges in rice 102.19 22.09 21.45production system in Eastern India (RRPS-02)Dr. B.C. Barah, NCAP, New Delhi

3 Crop management strategies to increase 137.45 23.68 24.07cropping intensity (RRPS-03)Dr. R.S. Tripathi, IGKV, Raipur

4 Rain water management strategies for 129.85 23.25 18.41drought alleviation (RRPS-04)Dr. A.R. Pal, IGKV, Raipur

5 Management of excess water in medium and 59.43 9.75 9.68low lands for sustainable productivity anddelineation of problem area (RRPS-05)Dr. B.K. James, WTCER, Bhubaneswar

6 Study of production mix, resource utilization, risk 73.22 16.83 15.13management and technological intervention inwatershed development programmes (RRPS-06)Dr. P. Nanda, WTCER, Bhubaneswar

7 Strategies for restoration/rehabilitation of 41.64 3.85 5.00degraded watersheds (RRPS-07)Dr. K.N. Sharma, OUAT, Bhubaneswar

8 Development of fruit based land use systems 115.89 19.36 14.25in watersheds (RRPS-08)Dr. Sabyasachi Rath, RRTTS, OUAT, Koraput

9 Integrated management through fish, pig and 60.55 8.50 14.00duck culture in rice farming system (RRPS-09)Dr. A.K. Singh, BAU, Ranchi


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10 Evaluation of cultivars for Rainfed Rice 168.54 25.97 51.50Production System (RRPS-10)Dr. L.V. Subba Rao, DRR, Hyderabad

11 Integrated plant nutrient management strategies 112.18 24.29 17.25for different soil moisture regimes (RRPS-11)Dr. H.K. Senapati, OUAT, Bhubaneswar

12 Sustainable livestock production system for 183.73 19.86 23.61rainfed rice areas (RRPS-12)Dr. Rajagopal, IGKV, Durg

13 Control of parasitic diseases of grazing and 133.29 39.26 17.77stall-fed livestock in Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal andMadhya Pradesh (RRPS-13)Dr. N. Sahoo, OUAT, Bhubaneswar

14 Agro techniques for vegetable cultivation and 105.10 18.27 10.77storage (RRPS-14)Dr. P. Mahapatra, OUAT, Bhubaneswar

15 Identification of microbial inoculants for moisture 5.00 0.00 0.00and temperature stress to improve their survival inplough layers in order to enhance in order toenhance the productivity of legumes and cerealsin rainfed ecosystem (RRPS-15)Dr. S.B. Gupta, IGKV, Raipur

16 Soil tillage requirement for rainfed rice 171.43 22.21 29.35production system (RRPS-16)Dr. B.K. Mishra, OUAT, Bhubaneswar

17 Development of regional scale watershed plans 183.52 45.30 26.99and methodologies for identification of criticalareas for prioritised land treatment in thewatersheds (RRPS-17)Dr. B.R.M. Rao, NRSA, Hyderabad/Dr. Dipak Sarkar, NBSS & LUP, Kolkata

18 Study on weed and pest incidence dynamics in 45.73 8.30 6.99realation to ecologies and its impact oneconomic losses for developing (RRPS-18)Dr. G.N. Mishra, CRURRS, Hazaribagh

19 Organic pools and dynamics in relation to land 166.50 26.46 17.79use tillage and agronomic practices formaintenance of soil (RRPS-19)Dr. M.V. Singh, IISS, Bhopal

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20 Assessment and improvement of soil quality and 141.33 23.18 34.81resilience for rainfed production system (RRPS-20)Dr. Biswapati Mandal, BCKV, Kalyani

21 Improving the traditional biasi system (RRPS-21) 115.55 22.56 17.41Dr. P. Mishra, IGKV, Raipur

22 New approaches to integrated pest management 136.78 27.74 18.80in rainfed rice based production system (RRPS-22)Dr. I.C. Pasalu, DRR, Hyderabad

23 Evaluation of cultivars of major crops of rainfed 139.09 38.54 22.88eco system for increased water useefficiency (RRPS-23)Dr. P.C. Mohapatra, CRRI, Cuttack

24 Participatory and integrated assessment of natural 151.18 22.75 25.49resources and evolution of alternated sustainableland management options for tribal dominantwatershed (RRPS-24)Dr. V.S. Patnaik, CSWCRTI, Koraput

25 Application of crop simulation models to develop 56.04 18.10 8.22crop and nitrogen management strategies forincreasing rice productivity under rainfedfavourable low land situations of EasternIndia (RRPS-25)Dr. R.N. Dash, CRRI, Cuttack

26 Improvement of jute through rice necrosis mosaic 92.61 7.81 36.44virus technology for sustainable yield and qualityunder jute-rice production system (RRPS-26)Dr. S.K. Ghosh, CRIJAF, Barrackpore

27 Development of improved jute cultivars in rainfed 116.17 30.40 28.89agro ecosystem for quality textile fibre (RRPS-27)Dr. M.K. Sinha, CRIJAF, Barrackpore

28 Integrated nutrient management on yield targeting 108.33 17.31 14.44for jute-rice production system (RRPS-28)Dr. P.K. Roy, CRIJAF, Barrackpore

29 Development of rice based agroforestry systems 78.59 10.86 19.33and management practices for yield improvementon field bunds and fallow marginal lands usingMPTs (Sesbania/Glyricidia and other) and grasses(RRPS-29)Dr. D. Mishra, OUAT, Bhubaneswar


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30 Survey, evaluation and documentation of 45.70 9.35 10.94medicinal plants for their chemical profile ofactive ingredients having medicinal value usedby tribals of Madhya Pradesh (RRPS-30)Dr. S.K. Gangrade, JNKVV, Indore

31 Improve indigenous technology for milling, 126.82 27.47 17.43drying and storage of rice (RRPS-31)Dr. P. Mishra, CRRI, Cuttack

32 Near real-time monitoring of agrometeorological 58.07 16.98 15.36conditions for contingency planning inAndhra Pradesh (RRPS-32)Dr. A.V.R. Kesava Rao, CRIDA, Hyderabad

33 Develop and promote prototype of implements 124.67 18.91 22.75for tillage and seeding in participation withlocal manufactures/artisans (RRPS-33)Dr. S. Swain, OUAT, Bhubaneswar

34 Development of agrotechniques for sustainable 77.64 32.54 15.74productivity of rice based utera cropping system(RRPS-34)Dr. S.P. Kurchania, JNKVV, Jabalpur

35 On-farm evaluation of deep water rice varieties 52.33 20.56 11.00and production technologies in rainfedeco system of eastern India (RRPS-35)Dr. B.N. Singh, CRRI, Cuttack

Total 3693.25 702.29 660.68

Oilseeds based Production System

36 Value addition of safflower petals for natural dyes 100.42 22.58 10.68and herbal health care products (ROPS-01)Dr. P.V. Varadharajan, CIRCOT, Mumbai

37 Identification, characterisation and delineation of 55.41 7.59 12.12agroeconomic constraints of oilseed basedproduction system in rainfed eco systems (ROPS-02)Dr. P. Krishnan, NBSS & LUP, Bangalore

38 Retaining viability in soybean by providing 48.59 6.07 9.93appropriate physiological environment and seedstorage structures (ROPS-03)Dr. C.K. Teckchandani, JNKVV, Jabalpur

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39 Management of castor for rearing eri silk worm 83.71 14.61 22.52(ROPS-04)Dr. M. Premjit Singh, CAU, Imphal

40 Study of harvesting practices and development of 51.13 5.82 9.98multi crop harvester for inter cropping system withsafflower under rainfed farming (ROPS-05)Dr. T. Guruswamy, UAS (D), Raichur

41 Identification and management of sunflower 23.88 4.56 5.08necrosis disease (ROPS-06)Dr. R.K. Jain, IARI, New Delhi

42 Develop suitable technology to make use of 103.87 21.50 18.89sunflower heads and castor cake as animalfeed (ROPS-07)Dr. K.S. Ramachandra, NIANP, Bangalore

43 Development of IPM modules for oilseed 184.93 29.72 33.62based production system (ROPS-08)Dr. Saroj Singh, NCIPM, New Delhi

44 Promotion and development of apiary for 96.08 20.63 17.99improving the productivity of cross pollinatedoilseed crop systems (ROPS-09)Dr. N.S. Bhat, UAS, Bangalore

45 Identification of research gaps in intercropping 50.37 9.44 15.04systems under rainfed conditions in India(ROPS-10)Dr. J.V. Rao, CRIDA, Hyderabad

46 Nutrient management practices for important 190.32 29.83 42.03oilseed based cropping systems for improvingyield and oil output under rainfed conditions(ROPS-11)Dr. J.K. Saha, IISS, Bhopal

47 Evaluation of cultivars of major oilseed crops 126.26 23.89 23.39of the production system for moisture and nutrientconstraints in different soil types (ROPS-12)Dr. B.N. Reddy, DOR, Hyderabad

48 Documentation and analysis of indigenous 25.68 8.42 8.61methods of in situ moisture conservation andrunoff management (ROPS-13)Dr. P.K. Mishra, CRIDA, Hyderabad


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49 Impacts of watershed management on 87.59 48.84 22.80sustainability of land productivity and socioeconomic status (ROPS-14)Dr. G. Sastry, CRIDA, Hyderabad

50 Measures to counteract/detoxify aflatoxins in 148.32 21.50 40.42oilseeds and nutrition coarse cereals basedpoultry and livestock feeds (ROPS-15)Dr. M.V.L.N. Raju, PDP, Hyderabad

51 Improving oilseed productivity through 126.39 22.07 35.15identification of genotypes and managementunder saline conditions with farmersparticipations (ROPS-16)Dr. C.V. Raghavaiah, DOR, Hyderabad

52 Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut: Mapping 56.68 14.04 19.79and management in Gujarat,Andhra Pradesh andadjoining areas (ROPS-17)Dr. Susheelendra Desai, NRCG, Junagadh

53 An Integrated approach to control stem necrosis 42.57 18.77 7.72disease of groundnut (ROPS-18)Dr. S.N. Nigam, ICRISAT, Hyderabad

Total 1602.20 329.88 355.76

Pulses based Production System

54 Increasing the shelf life quality and effectiveness 35.82 5.96 9.18of rhizobial inoculant and optimising BNF inpulses (RPPS-01)Dr. S.V. Hedge, UAS, Bangalore

55 Integrated management of plant nematodes/soil 85.30 11.51 24.97pathogens in pulses based cropping system (RPPS-02)Dr. S.D. Mishra, IARI, New Delhi

56 Integrated management of the viral disease 80.29 15.59 8.60problems of mungbean (Vigna radiata) andurd bean (Vigna mungo) (RPPS-03)Dr. R.D.J.V. Prasada Rao, NBPGR, Hyderabad

57 Upgradation and evaluation of mini 60.01 10.81 10.53dal mill (RPPS-04)Dr. R.R. Lal, IIPR, Kanpur

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58 Low cost technology for safe storage of 53.47 11.90 14.49pulses (RPPS-05)Dr. S.D. Deshpande, CIAE, Bhopal

59 Improvement of components of agrotechnologies 158.18 23.39 24.89for management of intercrops (RPPS-06)Dr. Subhash Sinde, MPKV, Rahuri

60 Development of bio-intensive IPM modules 105.68 18.75 26.21in chickpea against Helicoverpa armigera,wilt and dry root rot (RPPS-07)Dr. R. Ahmed, IIPR, Kanpur

61 Development of bio-intensive IPM modules 77.70 13.29 19.08against pest complex, wilt and phytophthora blightin pigeonpea intercropping systems (RPPS-08)Dr. R.G. Chaudhary, IIPR, Kanpur

62 Agro-economic characterisation, constraint 32.00 15.06 6.58analysis and delineation of efficient ecozonesusing soil type and rainfall data in chickpea andpigeonpea based cropping systems (RPPS-09)Dr. G.R. Maruthi Sankar, CRIDA, Hyderabad

63 Evaluation and improvement of Indigenious 162.32 35.57 31.75methods of moisture conservation and runoffmanagement (RPPS-10)Dr. K.D. Sharma, CRIDA, Hyderabad

64 Integrated nutrient management in major pulse 72.23 11.65 14.93based cropping systems and identification of themost productive and remunerative systemsmanagement (RPPS-11)Dr. A.K. Biswas, IISS, Bhopal

65 Utilisation of by-products of pulses, oilseeds 123.29 20.51 35.89along with coarse cereal grains for intensivegoat production (RPPS-12)Dr. T.K. Dutta, CIRG, Mathura

Total 1046.29 193.99 227.10


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Cotton based Production System



66 Agro economic characterisation and constraint 36.87 12.21 11.23analysis of rainfed cotton based productionsystems in relation to soil, rainfall and socioeconomic factors (RCPS-01)Dr. O. Challa, NBSS & LUP, Nagpur

67 Optimising nutrient supply in relation to moisture 123.61 23.47 28.78availability for enhanced productivity and stabilityof rainfed cotton based production system(RCPS-02)Dr. Jagvir Singh, CICR, Nagpur

68 Assessment of gossypol content in cotton 24.47 3.40 6.61germplasm (RCPS-03)Dr. Mukta Chakrabarty, CICR, Nagpur

69 Delineating the efficient productive zones for 60.61 18.77 15.88cotton production system using GIS basedcrop models (RCPS-04)Dr. K.V. Rao, CRIDA, Hyderabad

70 Rain water conservation, harvesting and recycling/ 115.01 12.96 33.24recharging techniques for enhanced productivityof cotton based cropping system (RCPS-05)Dr. V.N. Deshmukh, PDKV, Yeotmal

71 Improving cotton productivity in salt affected soils 78.39 13.34 27.19through identification of species/genotypes andfarmers participation (RCPS-06)Dr. S.G. Patel, College of Agril., Dharwad

72 Promotion of productive high quality G.arboreum 99.39 20.41 24.57cotton to meet the needs of marginal cultivators ofrainfed ecosystem vis-à-vis textile industry (RCPS-07)Dr. L.A. Deshpande, MAU, Parbhani

73 Characterisation and identification of productive 141.42 31.43 21.53and high quality cotton species/genotypesincluding G.herbaceum suitable approachesadopting farmers participatory for differentrainfed agro ecological situations (RCPS-08)Dr. B.M. Khadi, UAS, Dharwad

74 Develop and evaluate production technology for 24.67 4.91 6.48the indigenous cotton of NE region (RCPS-09)Dr. Ashutosh Roy, RARS, AAU, Diphu

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75 Development of Bt transgenic diploid cotton 19.88 5.15 5.99against bollworm (RCPS-10)Dr. S.B. Nandeswar, CICR, Nagpur

76 Impact of tillage, land treatment and organic 93.42 14.67 15.38residue; management on soil health, drainageand crop productivity of rainfed cotton basedsystem (RCPS-11)Dr. R.S. Chaudhary, IISS, Bhopal

Total 817.74 160.72 196.88

Nutritious Cereals based Production System

77 Processing of millets for value addition and 102.85 17.57 19.48development of health foods (RNPS-01)Dr. Salil Sehgal, CCSHAU, Hisar

78 Development of regional scale watershed plans 149.59 24.07 18.54and methodologies for identification of criticalareas for prioritised land treatment in thewatersheds of oilseeds, pulses, cotton andnutritious cereals production systems (RNPS-02)Dr. B.R.M. Rao, NRSA, Hyderabad

79 Developing live fencing systems for soil and water 189.24 32.82 39.90conservation, crop diversification and sustainingproductivity in rainfed regions (RNPS-03)Dr. Prasidhi Rai, NRCAF, Jhansi

80 Strengthening of research on integrated 82.57 14.01 18.12management of blast of fingermillet(Eleusine coracana Gaertn) (RNPS-04)Dr. T.B. Anil Kumar, UAS, Bangalore

81 Refining small millets based cropping systems for 89.54 15.09 18.82augmenting supply of legumes (Grain/Vegetables)(RNPS-05)Dr. T.K. Krishna Gowda, UAS, Bangalore

82 Development of national data base on rainfed 34.29 18.39 8.13pearlmillet and fingermillet for research, planningand policy making (RNPS-06)Dr. B. Dayakar Rao, NRCS, Hyderabad

83 A Critical Analysis of changing scenario of 54.90 10.89 7.26sorghum in kharif sorghum growing areas(RNPS-07)Dr. B. Dayakar Rao, NRCS, Hyderabad


84



84 Evaluation/Improvement of dual types of sorghum 115.87 17.85 18.90and make available indigenous cultivars like byfarmers (RNPS-08)Dr. A.B. Mandal, CARI, Izatnagar

85 Develop agri-horticulture and agroforestry systems 113.77 23.87 17.40in kharif sorghum area decreasing region foroverall sustainablility of the production systems(RNPS-09)Dr. N.N. Reddy, CRIDA, Hyderabad

86 Management strategies for improving rabi 143.69 25.00 27.02sorghum productivity (RNPS-10)Dr. M.S. Raut, NRCS, Hyderabad

87 Improving productivity of rainfed maize based 127.40 29.08 32.93cropping system with rainwater management onwatershed (micro) basis (RNPS-11)Dr. B.L. Gaur, MPUAT, Udaipur

88 Studies on development of silvopasture system 150.89 27.14 28.39for improving livestock productivity in rainfedregion (RNPS-12)Dr. M.M. Roy, IGFRI, Jhansi

89 Forecasting and management of diseases and 25.87 25.87 4.60insects in sorghum cropping system perspectives(RNPS-13)Dr. N.D. Das, CRIDA, Hyderabad

90 On-farm research for enhancing productivity of 87.88 21.90 16.85pearlmillet in vertisol of semi-arid tropics (RNPS-14)Dr. V.S. Shinde, MAU, Aurangabad

91 On-farm research for enhancing productivity for 72.29 18.63 13.86pearlmillet in arid regions of India (RNPS-15)Dr. Makhan Lal, RAU, ARS, Jodhpur

92 Utilisation of coarse cereals and by-products of 148.20 27.13 39.70oilseed based cropping systems for poultryproduction (RNPS-16)Dr. A.B. Mandal, CARI, Izatnagar

93 Improving the utilization of coarse cereal crop 134.28 19.39 35.74residues by strategic supplementation forlivestock feeding (RNPS-17)Dr. K.T. Sampath, NIANP, Bangalore

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94 Resource characterisation and socio-economic 83.64 19.54 25.91constraint analysis of productivity in the maizebased crop production system (RNPS-18)Dr. P.C. Kanthaliya, MPUAT, Udaipur

95 Rainwater management on watershed (micro) 164.87 23.56 43.62basis in sub-montane region (RNPS-19)Dr. R.P. Yadav, CSWCRTI, Chandigarh

96 Improvement of roti making quality and shelf 151.65 20.76 42.18life of grain sorghum (RNPS-20)Dr. V.K. Khanna, GBPUAT, Pantnagar

97 Improving productivity and profitability of rainfed 166.54 24.81 27.70fruit based, production system based croppingsystem in low productive environments (RNPS-21)Dr. B. Prasanna Kumar, IIHR, Bangalore

98 Improving the productivity and profitability of 145.66 18.63 40.44vegetable crops under rainfed agro ecosystems(RNPS-22)Dr. M. Prabhakar, IIHR, Bangalore

99 Total grain quality management of kharif 199.73 39.99 51.22sorghum (RNPS-23)Dr. S. Audilaxmi, NRCS, Hyderabad

100 Developing sorghum as an efficient biomass and 188.83 34.49 39.91bio-energy crop and providing value addition tothe rain damaged kharif grain for creatingindustrial demand (RNPS-24)Dr. C.V. Ratnavati, NRCS, Hyderabad

101 Identifying systems for carbon sequestration and 179.38 37.09 27.55increased productivity in semi-arid tropicalenvironments (RNPS-25)Dr. S.P. Wani, ICRISAT, Hyderabad

102 Developing sustainable alternate land use systems 19.97 3.26 2.65for industrial biomass production from drylands(RNPS-26)Dr. J.V.N.S. Prasad, CRIDA, Hyderabad

103 Efficient clonal propagation of high value 71.13 18.62 20.27horticultural and forest species for drylandagriculture (RNPS-27)Dr. G.M. Reddy, G.M. Reddy Research Foundation,Hyderabad

Total 3194.52 609.45 687.09

* Expenditure is based on SoE and includes the carryover budget from 2000-01 also. All budget figures are rounded off to two decimals


86

ANNEXURE III

On-Farm Trials Conducted, Number of Farmers and AreaCovered under Production System Research

Production No. of on- No. of on- Area No. of No. ofSystem farm projects farm trials covered (ha) farmers villages

Rainfed Rice 24 89 412 1260 505

Rainfed Oilseeds 09 42 192 490 215

Rainfed Pulses 08 38 178 310 150

Rainfed Cotton 07 35 210 386 181

Rainfed Nutritious Cereals 17 68 318 890 475

Total 65 272 1310 3336 1526

NATP – CRIDA

87

ANNEXURE IV

Meetings of the Scientific Advisory Panel(From April 2001 to March 2002)

Serial No. Dates Major Agendaof the Meeting

22 April 10-12, 2001 Annual Review of oilseeds production system research

23 May 16-18, 2001 Discussion on technical programme and methodologyfor on-farm research

24 May 27-30, 2001 Finalisation of technical programme of OFAR projectsand interaction workshop

25 June 6-7, 2001 Revision and finalization of work plans forOFAR projects

26 July 11-12, 2001 Finanlisation of the monitoring and evaluationscheme for PSR projects

27 September 8, 2001 Selection of the PSR projects for peer review.

28 November, 23-24, 2001 Consideration of the feed back from the peer reviewof OFAR projects

29 Feb 18-19, 2002 Discussion of reports of the Peer Review Teamsof the second phase.


88

ANNEXURE V

Details of State-wise Review of PSR Projects by PRTsStates Covered Members of the PRT Review dates No. of sub

projects reviewed*

Karnataka and Dr.J.S.Kanwar, Chairman, SAP 24-28 Sept., 2001 9A.P. Dr.M.V.R.Prasad (Expert)

Dr.Vidhybushnam (Expert)Dr.B.R.Hegde (Expert)Dr.D.M.Hegde (Facilitator)

Chhattisgarh Dr.P.S.Reddy, Chairman, SAP 25-29 Sept., 2001 10Dr.KVGK Rao (Expert)Dr.U.Prasada Rao (Expert)Dr.U.S.Victor (Representative of AED)

Maharashtra Dr.N.G.P.Rao, Member, SAP 26-28 Sept., 2001 7Dr.J.Venkateshwarlu (Expert)Dr.N.K.Umrani (Expert)Dr.S.K.Banerjee (Facilitator, Cotton)Dr.M.H.Rao (Representative of Facilitator,Nutritious Cereals)

Jharkhand and Dr.I.C.Mahapata, Member, SAP 19-22 Sept., 2001 12Orissa Dr.J.K.Roy (Expert) 30 Sept., 2001

Dr.S.N.Pradhan (Expert) 1st Nov., 2001Dr.GGSN Rao (Representative of AED)

Orissa Dr.P.K.Mahapatra (Expert) 20-21 Sept., 2001 8Dr.S.N.Behera (Expert) 4-8 Oct., 2001Dr.S.K.Mohanty (Facilitator) 19 Oct., 2001

Gujarat Dr.R.K.Gupta, Member, SAP 13-18 Oct., 2001 5Dr.V.M.Bhan (Expert)Dr.K.D.Sharma (Representative of AED)

Punjab and Dr.J.S.Kanwar, Chairman, SAP 2-6 Oct., 2001 1Himachal Pradesh

Rajasthan Dr.J.S.Kanwar, Chairman, SAP 29 Oct. to 1 Nov., 2001 3

Data base projects Dr.S.Bisalaiah, Member, SAP 24 Nov., 2001 16reviewed at CRIDA Dr.M.A.Singlachar (Expert)

Dr.R.K.Aggarwal (Expert)Dr.B.V.Ramana Rao (Expert)

Delhi Dr.I.C.Mahapatra, Member, SAP 3-7 Dec., 2001 4Dr.H.C.Aggarwal (Expert)Dr.K.G.Mukherjee (Expert)

West Bengal Dr.N.N.Goswami, Member, SAP 4-9 Jan., 2002 9Dr.U.Prasada Rao (Expert)Dr.S.K.Mohanty (Expert)Dr.B.Venkateswarlu, PPSS

Total 84

*Some projects have been reviewed in two or more states, but the actual number of projects/sub projects reviewed are 59.

NATP – CRIDA

89

ANNEXURE VI

Other Important Meetings Organised by AED(From April 2001 to March 2002)

Name of the Meetings/ Workshop Dates

Review meeting of Rainfed Nutritious Cereals based PSR April 2-4, 2001at CRIDA, Hyderabad

Review meeting of Rainfed oilseed based PSR at DOR, Hyderabad April 10-12, 2001

Sensitization workshop on Monitoring and Evalaution of PI’s, Nodal August 27, 2001Officers and SAP members at CRIDA, Hyderabad

First AP State Level Coordination Committee Meeting at CRIDA, Hyderabad August 28, 2001

Third State Level Coordination Committee Meeting of Orissa September 4, 2001at CRRI, Cuttack

Coordination meeting with Officer in-charge, ATMA, MANAGE on November 17, 2001Linkages between PSR/IVLP and SREPs in rainfed districtsat CRIDA, Hyderabad

Fourth State level Coordination Committee of Orissa December 01, 2001at WTCER, Bhubaneswar

PIMS Workshop for AED Staff at CRIDA, Hyderabad January 16, 2002

AP State Level Workshop on “Innovations in technology dissemination (ITD) February 7, 2002component” at Jubilee Hall, Hyderabad

Annual Workshop on Rainfed Rice based PSR Projects March 19-21, 2002at CRRI, Cuttack


90

ANNEXURE VII

Members of Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP)and Facilitators (as on 31.3.2002)

Dr.J.S.Kanwar, DDG (Emeritus), ICRISAT Chairman

Dr.N.G.P.Rao, Ex-Chairman, ASRB and Former Vice-Chancellor, MAU, Parbhani Vice-Chairman

Dr.I.C.Mahapatra, Former Vice Chancellor, OUAT, Bhubaneswar Member

Dr.B.K.Soni, Ex-DDG, Animal Science (ICAR) Member

Dr.N.N.Goswami, Ex-Dean & Jt.Director, IARI and Member Former Vice Chancellor, CSAUAT, Kanpur

Dr.S.Bislaiah, Former Vice Chancellor, UAS, Bangalore and Chairman, Member Karnataka State Agril. Price Commission

Dr.S.N.Puri, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, MPKV, Rahuri Member

Dr.P.S.Reddy, Ex Director, DOR, Hyderabad Member

Dr.R.K.Gupta, Director of Research, JNKVV, Jabalpur Member

Dr.P.Das, Director, Regional Plant Resource Centre, Bhubaneshwar Member

Dr.H.P.Singh, Director, CRIDA and AED (RF) Member

Dr.Gurubachan Singh, ADG (Agronomy), ICAR Member

Dr.D.P.Singh, National Coordinator (PSR) Member

Nominee of Financial Advisor (DARE) Vacant

Dr.B.Venkateswarlu, Principal Production System Scientist Member Secretary

Facilitators for Different Production Systems

Dr.B.N.Singh, Director, CRRI, Cuttack Facilitator (Rice)

Dr.Masood Ali, Director, IIPR, Kanpur Facilitator (Pulses)

Dr.D.M.Hegde, Director, DOR, Hyderabad Facilitator (Oilseeds)

Dr.S.K.Banerjee, Principal Scientist, CICR, Nagpur Facilitator (Cotton)

Dr.B.S.Rana, Director, NRC Sorghum, Hyderabad Facilitator (NutritiousCereals)

NATP – CRIDA

91

ANNEXURE VIII

Staff of Agro Ecosystem Directorate

Sl.No. Name Designation

1. Dr. H.P. Singh Agro Ecosystem Director

2. Dr. K.P.R. Vittal (Upto August, 2001) Principal Production System Scientist

3. Dr. B. Venkateswarlu (From September, 2001) Principal Production System Scientist

4. Dr. G.Subba Reddy Principal Scientist (Agronomy) *

5. Dr. S.S. Balloli Senior Scientist

6. Sri S.K.C. Bose Finance and Accounts Officer

7. Sri G. Lakshminarayana Assistant Administrative Officer **

8. Sri I. Ram Mohan Technical Officer **

9. Smt. P. Lakshminarasamma Technical Officer

10. Sri R.V.V.S.G.K. Raju Technical Officer **

11. Sri P. Chandrashekar Technical Officer

12. Smt. M.A. Rekha Junior Stenographer **

13. Sri P. Nagabhushan Sharma Stenographer **

14. Sri K.R. Srinivas Rao Assistant

Contractual Staff

15. Sri G. Ramesh Research Associate

16. Sri K. Raghunath Senior Research Fellow

17. Sri V. Srinivas Senior Research Fellow

18. Sri Md. Mazharulla Stenographer –II

19. Sri V. Krishna Murthy Stenographer –II

20. Smt. Anita Soni Stenographer –III

21. Sri T. Ramaiah Stenographer –III

22. Sri Suresh Kanth Shukla Assistant

23. Sri D. Sridhar Driver

* Facilitating the coordination of TAR-IVLP programme under AED (Rainfed).** Staff of CRIDA assisting the NATP cell for the effective implementation of project.


92

(Rs. In lakhs)

Items Remitted Released by Expenditure incurredby PIU to AED AED during year based on SoE

PSR 2989.95 2985.55 2127.59

IVLP 169.25 138.27 126.29

0&M 65.44 – 63.64

Total 3224.64 3123.82 2317.52

ANNEXURE IX

Budget at a glance for 2001-02

NATP – CRIDA

Rainfed Agro-Ecosystem - krishi icar

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