Rainfall Trends and Pattern of Kongu Upland, Tamil …...The Kongu Upland is situated in North Western part of the Tamil Nadu, the region covering an area of 6806.10 sq.km falls between

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 1, No 2 ,2010

© 2010 Ishappa et al., licensee IPA- Open access - Distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 2.0

Review Article ISSN 0976 – 4402

109

Rainfall Trends and Pattern of Kongu Upland, Tamil Nadu, India using

GIS Techniques

Ishappa Muniyappa Rathod,. Aruchamy.S

Department of Geography, School of Geosciences, Bharathidasan University,

Tiruchirappalli-24

[email protected]

doi:10.6088/ijes.00102010001

ABSTRACT

The rainfall is the one of the fundamental physical parameter among the climate as for the

development of society is concern and it determines the drought as well as the environmental

factors for the particular region. The present study deals with the rainfall characteristics of the

Kongu Upland, which includes the spatial distribution and variability through different

seasons, and precipitation ratio. The study is based on 49 years of the monthly rainfall data

for 40 rain gauge stations. While analyzing the long term average of monthly and annual

rainfall, the annual rainfall of the region is 975.64 mm, of which the winter, summer,

southwest and northeast monsoon records 24.16, 160.55, 401.19 and 389.73 mm respectively.

The station Upper Niradam receives the highest rainfall of 4655.5 mm whereas

Krishnapuram records the lowest of 414.4 mm. The annual variability ranges from 19.69

percent to 56.59 percent. The west, North West, North East and southern part of the region

experience the heavy rainfall, whereas the east and central part of the region experiences the

lowest rainfall.

Key Words: Annual and seasonal rainfall, rainfall variability, precipitation ratio.

1. INTRODUCTION

The rainfall is a variable which changes both in space and time (A.Akabar 2006). The

relation between rainfall and space and time are varies that determines the environment and

development of the particular region. Rainfall is the crucial agro-climatic parameter to the

agricultural activities, and one of the designs for ground water recharge for potential ground

water. The rainfall processes is known to exhibits a high degree of variability both in space

and time (L.G.Lanza, 2001). Rainfall is key factor determining the sustainability and

conservation of living species on the earth. In dry farming areas, where rainfall is the sources

of water for crops, changes in both quantity and distribution of rainfall during the year could

affect the economy an area (M.C.Ramos, 2001). Climate change is very likely to have a

major impact on hydrological cycle and consequently on available of water resources, flood

and drought frequencies, natural and man made eco-system, society and economy (Evans,

1996).

Jagannadhasarma (2005) has analyzed the rainfall pattern of the coastal zone of Krishana-

Godavary River Basin Andhra Pradesh, India. He has made analysed the annual, monsoon

and non-monsoon rainfall and spatial and frequency distribution of rainfall intensity.

S.K.Tripathi (2009) has analyzed the rainfall analysis for crop planning a lesson from




110

Uttarakhand, he has made attempted to study the weekly rainfall for the critical growing

period for the rice, sugarcane, groundnut, fodder, potato, wheat, etc crops. Anup.K.Prasad

(2005). He has analyzed the extreme rainfall event of July 25-27, 2005 over Mumbai, West

coast, India.

2. Aim and Objective

The aim and objectives of the present paper is to review the rainfall trends and pattern of

Kongu Upland for report and scrutinize for agriculture planning and cropping pattern for

sustainable development.

3. Study Area

The Kongu Upland is situated in North Western part of the Tamil Nadu, the region covering

an area of 6806.10 sq.km falls between 10°16’ north to 11° 27' North latitude and 76° 40'

East to 77° 45' East longitude. Administratively the region consists of 5 districts and

comprises 20 taluks (Fig.1). The upland comprises two district head quarter is located in the

north central part of the region which is Coimbatore and Tiruppur located in the north eastern

part of the region. The temperature ranges between 18.32°C in the month of January and

36.42°C in the month of April. The area is bonded by Western Ghates on West, Nilagiri hills

in North West and Anaimalai and Palani hill in south. The upland gradient of slope gradually

decreases towards west to east, the upland region drain Bhavani, Noyal, Pallar and

Amaravathi rivers.

Figure1 Image showing the study area




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4. Methodology

The base map of Kongu Upland has been prepared from Survey of India Toposheet on

1:250000 scale. Monthly rainfall data for the period of 49 years from 1959 to 2008 has been

collected from Indian Meteorological Department Pune, and Economics and Statistical

Department Chennai. There are 40 in and around rainfall station have been taken into

consideration for analyzing long term mean monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall pattern has

been calculated. The co-efficient of variability where worked out. There are some rain gauge

stations have been established during 1980 and 1996. The collected data has been processed

and analyzed by preparing various charts maps and diagrams using GIS software.

5. Result and Discussion

5.1. Variation of Monthly Rainfall

The variation of rainfall of the Kongu upland inferred that the variation of rainfall is takes

every month and the intensity of rainfall gradually increasing from the January to July, and

suddenly decreasing trend shows in from July to September. The highly intensity of rainfall

trends depicts in the month of October and November and these months get maximum peak

of rainfall and it reaches its maximum in the month of October and decreasing trends shows

from month of December and lowest of rainfall in the month of January.(Fig.2). However

Upper Niradam records 1202.01mm in the month of July, 996.25mm in June, and 924.22 mm

in August and it experience lowest rainfall in the month of February which is 14.12mm. The

lowest rainfall recorded at Coimbatore town which is 4.1 mm in the month of February and

its maximum rainfall is 135mm in the month of October. The southern part of region such as

Upper niradam, Anaimalai, Kodaikanal, Aliyar nagar, Attakatti, Valaparai, and Nallar conony

experiences heavy rainfall in the months of June, July and September. The north western part

Anaikatti and Coonoor experiences good rainfall during these months. However the linear

trend shows the good increasing result in the every month

Figure 2: Monthly rainfall data of study area

Longterm mean monthly rainfall

y = 10.84x + 10.841

R2 = 0.5663

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months

Rain

fall

( M

M )

Series1

Linear (Series1)




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5.2. Mean Annual Rainfall

The long term mean annual rainfall of the region is 975.64mm. The region is characterized

with unique aerial topography because of Western Ghat. The western part of the region is

bounded with the Nilagiri hills and Palaghat gap and the south part of the region is bounded

with the Anaimalai and Palani hills. The most of the foot hills of the region will get the

maximum rainfall during all season. The most of the foot hill regions are in the wind ward for

the upland region such as Upper niradam, Valparai, Attakatti, Anaikatti, Anaimalai, Aliyar

nagar and Mettupalayam, the most of the foot hill of the regions will get more than 850 mm

rainfall. However the eastern Sulthanpet, Palladam, Krishnapuram are located at lee ward of

upland region naturally get very less rain which is less than 400 mm and some central part the

region will get good amount of rainfall. The central part and eastern part of the upland will

experiences the uniformity in rainfall but the most of the southern part of region which are

experiences maximum rainfall and these places are called wettest part of region (Fig.3) such

as Valaparai and Upper niradam.

5.3. Rainfall Zones

1. High rainfall zone: (above 850 mm): In the southern part Upper Niradam, Anaimalai,

Valaparai, Attakatti, Avanashi, Coonoor, Kodaikanal, Kothagiri.

2. Modarate rainfall zone (700-850mm) Pollachi, P.N.Palayam, Aliyar nagar,Negamam.

3. Normal rainfall zone :( 500-699mm):Amaravati nagar, Mettupalyam, Tirumoorthy

nagar, Nallar colony, Virupakshi.

4. Low rainfall zones: (400-499mm):Bhavani sagar, Kangyem, Palani, Vettaikarnpudur,

Podanur, Chitrachavadi, and Pongalur, and Udumalaipettai

5. Very low rainfall zones :( Below 400 mm): Annur, Pedamapatti, Coimbatore town,

Palladam, Peelamedu, Krrishanpuram, Poolankinar, Sultanpet and Sulur.

Figure 3 Rainfall zones in study area




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5.4. Winter Season Rainfall

The winter season average rainfall is 24 mm and it contributes 2.47% of annual rainfall. This

season heavily experiences low rainfall and it is driest among the all season in the upland

region as well in the Tamil Nadu. The upland will experiences the high pressure area during

this season due to the low temperature and the availability of moisture will be very less. The

maximum rainfall recorded at adjacent area of the region at Coonoor 163.3 mm and lowest

recorded at Kangayem which is 5.8mm rainfall. The amount of rainfall decreases in the north

east that is less than 10 mm rainfall and in the south the average 30 mm rainfall but in the

north western part such as Mettupalyam, Attakatti and adjacent area of upland which is

Coonoor will receives maximum rainfall during this season. The remaining area of the upland

receives uniformity of the rainfall and some eastern pockets of region will get least rainfall,

(Fig.4) because the eastern region are very for from the western ghat so the moisture air will

not reach up to eastern extent.

5.5. Summer Season Rainfall

Summer is hottest weather season the mount of rainfall gradually increases and however the

amount of rainfall occurrence in this season is largely due to convection effect. The

maximum rainfall 370.7mm at Upper niradam and minimum 69.8 mm at Krinshnapur, during

this season the area will experiences the low pressure due to high temperature and most of

rain will occurs with convection effect. The characteristic of this season is high humidity and

almost area deficits in the shortage of drinking water. The Upper niradam,Valparai and

Coonoor located at western ghat and it is tip of wind ward it will get maximum rain, however

the leeward places of the region are experiences low rainfall. The 95% of area under the

leeward (Fig.4) these area will get low rainfall, such as Krishnapuram, Kumarlingam,

Chitraichavadi, Coimbatore.

5.6. South West Monsoon Season Rainfall

The amount of rainfall during this season comparatively to winter and summer this season

experience good rainfall but huge amount rainfall variation can found during this season. The

upland and as well as Tamil Nadu will get good rain during the north east monsoon season

even though the influences of south west monsoon season of India the upland region will get

good rain. This is the unique characteristics of upland region, because the Palaghat gap and

western ghat will brings the monsoon wind to the upland region. The average rainfall of the

upland is 401.19mm and its contributes the 41.12% of annual rainfall, even though this

season will contribute good amount of rainfall but not in the uniformity, only some places

will get good amount of rainfall. However the south west monsoon gives huge amount of

rainfall variation comparatively to the other season, (Fig.4) the 20% of area will experiences

the heaviest rainfall during the season and rest of the area will get least amount of rainfall

such as the central part, eastern part and south and south eastern part of region will gives less

rain and it is in uniformity in the amount of rainfall, the eastern, central part, and Palghat gap

will get less than 150 mm rainfall and north western part, north eastern part and south

western part will get more than 300 mm rainfall.




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5.7. North East Monsoon Season Rainfall

The north east monsoon is major rainy season in Tamil Nadu as well in the region of Kongu

Upland. The north east monsoon gives maximum rainfall for the enter region, because in

other season the upland region will get heaviest rainfall but this season will gives maximum

rain for enter region. This season will get enter rain from retreat monsoon that is from

October to December and in this season the agricultural activities takes places due heavy rain

during this season, farmer are likely ready to start their showing activities to their field. This

season average rainfall 389.73 mm and it contributes 39.94% of annual rainfall,(Fig.4)

comparatively to the south west monsoon rainfall this season will get less rainfall, however

the entire region will uniformity in rainfall during this season. The most of north east

monsoon region it gives good rain for the upland due to the low pressure area will create

during this period, the minimum rainfall of this season is 250 mm and this result shows good

rainfall during this season. The eastern part of the region some pockets such as Krishnapuram,

Sultanpetai, Annur, Kallipalayam, and Avanashi rest of area will get uniformity and north

western and southern part of the region get heaviest rainfall during this season, the Coonoor,

Kodaikanal and Upper niradam these places are wettest places of the region.

Figure 4 Monsoon season details




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Table.1 Rainfall data in various regions in study area

S.No Station winter summer swm nem

1 Aliyar nagar 2.38 18.92 34.95 43.74

2 Amaravati nagar 3.05 14.33 18.89 63.73

3 Anaikatti 3.56 22.95 22.59 50.89

4 Anamalai 0.83 9.13 76.71 13.31

5 Annur 2.25 20.73 30 46.61

6 Attakatti 2.48 18.22 32.01 47.22

7 Avanashi 0.91 14.15 53.94 30.98

8 Bhavanisagar 3.44 22.27 24.88 49.39

9 Chatrapatti 2.67 16.06 26.42 54.81

10 Chitraichavadi 2.32 14.86 35.93 46.88

11 Coimbatore town 1.71 17.55 27.10 53.60

12 Coonoor 9.88 20.93 21.20 47.97

13 Dharapuram 2.88 21.06 18.43 57.61

14 Kallipalayam 2.15 23.56 16.96 57.32

15 Kangayem 0.95 19.35 29.33 50.35

16 Kodaikanal 4.57 20.11 33.60 41.70

17 Kothagiri 3.64 21.97 26.60 47.78

18 Krishnapuram 3.06 16.84 14.59 65.49

19 Kumarlingam 3.34 17.03 15.73 63.90

20 Mettupalayam 5.77 21.88 19.87 52.46

21 Nallar colony 2.96 16.58 26.29 54.15

22 Negamam 1.65 19.53 40.99 37.81

23 P.N.Palayam 2.94 20.91 24.54 51.59

24 Palani 3.00 16.01 20.63 60.35

25 Palladam 1.54 20.44 20.33 57.68

26 Pedamapatti 2.67 20.85 21.46 55.00

27 Peelamedu 2.35 20.30 24.80 52.54

28 Podanur 2.79 17.99 24.18 55.01

29 Pollachi 1.51 15.92 44.35 38.19

30 Pongalur 2.61 21.09 22.40 53.88

31 Poolankinar 3.26 18.64 17.99 60.09

32 Sultanpetai 1.54 25.56 23.62 49.26

33 Sulur 2.04 24.10 19.72 54.14

34 Sundakapalayam 1.72 19.28 30.97 48.01

35 Thirumurthinagar 3.15 16.77 21.75 58.32

36 Tiruppur 1.88 21.49 26.56 50.05

37 Udumalaipet 2.62 18.43 19.77 59.15

38 Upper niradam 0.63 7.96 78.52 12.87

39 Valparai 0.98 11.58 72.78 14.65

40 Virupakshi 2.75 15.78 28.59 52.86

Total 2.47 16.45 41.12 39.94




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5.8. Variability of Rainfall

“Variability defined as the deviation from mean” or “ratio of the standard deviation to the

mean rainfall” and in other words variability of co-efficient of variation.

5.9. Annual Variability of Rainfall

The annual rainfall variability of Kongu Upland is stretches between 19.69 % to above the

normal which is 224.5 % (Table.2). The maximum variability of rainfall recorded at

Avanashi which is 224.5% and lowest rainfall variability19.69% recorded at adjacent area of

upland which is Coonoor (Fig.5).The maximum variability concentrating in north western

part of upland and south central part of upland that is Chaitrachavadi and Podanur, where as

the southern part and central part of upland is experiences the low variability of rainfall. The

variability of rainfall distributed uniformly over the upland except north western part of

upland which is Avanashi, the result shows that the rainfall deviating from the normal.

Figure 5: Rainfall variability

5.9.1. Winter Season Rainfall Variability

The rainfall variability during this season is highly fluctuating because the low rainfall. The

minimum rainfall variability recorded at Coonoor 77.29% which is the adjacent area of

upland, and maximum rainfall variability recorded at Kangyem which is 248.02 % (Table.2).

However the result shows the uniformity in the variability of rainfall and over the upland but




117

the north western part shows good rainfall variability (Fig.6), the east, and south east and

north eastern shows the maximum rainfall variability. The variability of rainfall variation is

very high during this season only the Mettupalaya taluk only show good rainfall variability in

winter season.

5.9.2. Summer Season Variability of Rainfall

The rainfall variability of hot summer is well distributed and it is very less than winter season.

The maximum rainfall variability is recorded at 80.25% and (Table.2) minimum recorded at

Kangayem 48.64% (Fig.6), the eastern part such as Avanashi, Sultanpet, Palladam,

Kallipalayam, and Annur are resulting the good rainfall variability due to the moisture

availability during summer free monsoon the mostly rainfall occurred through convection

effect , most of the hot areas will get good rainfall. The western part such as Anaikatti and in

the south Palaghat gap, Pollachi and south of Tiruppur are maximum rainfall variability areas

and rest of the areas will get uniformity in the variability and north of upland resulting good

rainfall variability.

5.9.3. South West Monsoon Variability of Rainfall

This season will have some variations in rainfall variability due to the influences of south

west monsoon rainfall of India. In west and the west of south and north, most of western ghat

influences the good rainfall variability and some pocket such as Sundakapalayam and

Palladam resulting the good rainfall variability (Fig.6). The north western, north eastern,

southern part of upland and central part of upland resulting the maximum rainfall variability,

the maximum rainfall variability recorded at Avanashi 415.43% (Table.2) and minimum

rainfall variability recorded at the Valparai, Pollachi, and Anaimalai. The variability of

rainfall of the upland during this season is good comparatively to the winter and summer

season because of the rainfall during this season this season receives well from the south west

monsoon rainfall of India and most of north eastern part of upland will have some maximum

variability of rainfall.

5.9.4. North East Monsoon Variability Of Rainfall

The variability of rainfall in this season result shows the uniformly well distributed. The

variability of rainfall is very less than the other season even though the north western part of

the upland and Anaikatti are the experiences the higher the variability and in the eastern side

the Pongalur experiences the higher the rainfall variability due to the withdrawal of south

west monsoon. The south west monsoon will gives good rainfall for foot hill of upland areas.

The north eastern rainfall will not reach to that extant so the availability of moisture in very

less it won’t be reach up to the foot hills of western ghat areas, due to the areas rainfall

normally deviating from the mean. The rest of the area will have uniformity in variability of

rainfall (Fig.6). The maximum variability recorded at Podanur which is 68.02 and minimum

recorded at Coonoor which is 34.08 % (Table.2). The north east monsoon season giving the

good result than the other seasons.




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Figure 6: Monsoon based variability

5.9.5. Precipitation Ratio

Px - Pn x 100.

Px =Maximum rainfall minus Minimum rainfall =Pn x 100

Where Px and Pn, represent the maximum and minimum of rainfall over the series of year

and Pm is the mean annual rainfall.

The abnormalities of rainfall at any location may be brought by a simple ratio of precipitation.

It is the difference between maximum and minimum rainfall of over the series of expressed in

terms of mean. This ratio may give the stability of rainfall with special relationship. Higher

the ratio, higher in abnormality in rainfall and vice versa. The maximum abnormality

recorded at Avanshi 1617.01% and minimum abnormality recorded at adjacent area of region

which is Coonoor 53.66% (Fg.7), the rainfall ratio distributed well uniformly except in the

north eastern region of region results the very high in the abnormality in the rainfall. The rest

of the region uniformly distributed well in over the region.




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Table 2: Variation of rainfall in study area - 2

S.No Station winter summer swm nem annual

1 Aliyar nagar 149.95 63.71 41.91 51.13 27.6

2 Amaravati nagar 203.91 66.18 59.73 42.63 30.22

3 Anaikatti 115.34 65.19 74.07 46.51 29.23

4 Anamalai 130 62.82 31.99 43.56 26.13

5 Annur 174.36 65.08 58.25 76.63 48.47

6 Attakatti 143.5 79.93 68.69 47.24 32.33

7 Avanashi 204.74 54.08 415.43 42.75 224.5

8 Bhavanisagar 128.54 62.93 71.96 43.5 27.65

9 Chatrapatti 187.3 60.93 56.6 34.54 27.04

10 Chitraichavadi 190.65 63.78 42.69 52.87 32.63

11 Coimbatore town 209.68 67.35 49.06 53.61 33.69

12 Coonoor 77.29 48.88 38.71 34.08 19.69

13 Dharapuram 200.37 55.29 63.87 38.89 37.57

14 Kallipalayam 204.85 61.92 76.94 51.74 35.95

15 Kangayem 248.02 48.64 47.28 38.6 29.72

16 Kodaikanal 192.74 74.5 57.75 60.96 56.59

17 Kothagiri 120.94 74.77 34.99 35.89 28.03

18 Krishnapuram 231.65 76.07 73.71 52.77 42.2

19 Kumarlingam 226.58 70.86 75.24 50.51 39.69

20 Mettupalayam 139.06 56.6 62.99 46.77 31.63

21 Nallar colony 201.89 64.01 60.05 55.68 42.52

22 Negamam 227.51 78.34 42.11 54.25 31.81

23 P.N.Palayam 187.17 86.36 73.94 60.14 51.81

24 Palani 208.42 67.38 52.03 37.44 27.84

25 Palladam 232.2 80.25 67.52 42.2 31.51

26 Pedamapatti 182.94 63.53 67.45 50.32 32.25

27 Peelamedu 183.14 56.6 65.01 50.49 33.99

28 Podanur 201.11 63.36 82.72 68.02 52.28

29 Pollachi 181.42 58.06 31.62 54.9 29.26

30 Pongalur 198.91 49.72 82.47 57.92 37.62

31 Poolankinar 214.77 71.73 89.99 44.1 35.02

32 Sultanpetai 165.95 52.03 69.86 41.35 28.24

33 Sulur 180.5 77.86 75.98 57.01 42.71

34 Sundakapalayam 203.93 57.06 51.68 53.03 35.87

35 Thirumurthinagar 190.55 57.77 43.59 44.8 24.97

36 Tiruppur 216.27 66.61 50.32 52.18 32.96

37 Udumalaipet 211.17 58.76 67.6 51.56 35.91

38 Upper niradam 130.42 72.86 41.33 56.66 39.69

39 Valparai 128.05 62.3 31.022 46.51 26.87

40 Virupakshi 232.97 49.3 65.65 39.84 35.78




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Figure 7: Annual precipitation ratio

6. Conclusion

The prime focus of the study was to study the rainfall trends, variations and critical variability

of the rainfall for the Kongu Upland. The study used the GIS technique to assess the rainfall

trends and its variability, the study proven to the North West and North East monsoon are

paramount dominant but the North west monsoon will be the stabilized to be in foot hills are

permanent dominating every monsoon season, however the north east monsoon paramount

dominant to the eastern region of the upland region. The windward of the western gahat

region highly intensity in rainfall during monsoon season such as the Valparai, Upper

Niradam, Aliyar nagar, Attakatti, and Nallar colony these places are very highly intensity in

rainfall during North West monsoon season and Upper niradam may be treated as the wettest

point in the region and it is located in the tip of the Anaimalai hill of western ghat and the

Palaghat gap and eastern region experiences the highly deficits in the rainfall intensity. The

north east monsoon will gives complete stabilized rainfall for the entire region which helps to

take place for the agricultural activities in the region.




121

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Rainfall Trends and Pattern of Kongu Upland, Tamil …...The Kongu Upland is situated in North Western part of the Tamil Nadu, the region covering an area of 6806.10 sq.km falls between

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