Rain Water Harvesting - e Technical Volume

CURRICULUM VITAE

1. NAME: - JYOTI PANSE.Comprehensive Water Management Solution Pvt. Ltd. (CWMS)

M. D.

2. CURRENT/OFFICE ADDRESS: - Comprehensive Water Management Solutions Pvt. Ltd. (CWMS)

820 / 2, Runanubandh, Manas Lane Bhandarkar Institute Road, Pune – 411 004, India.

www.cwms.co.in

3. TEL. NO. :- 91 – 20 2567 2994 91 – 20 6500 1518

4. FAX NO. :- 91 – 20 2565 5545.

http://www.cwms.co.in/

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5. E-mail :- [email protected], [email protected]

[email protected]. Academic Qualification:-

DegreeMajor field of Specialisation

Institution Year

G.D.Arch ArchitectureAbhinavakala

Mahavidyalaya, Pune.1975 – 80

M.E.(Town & Country

planning)Urban Planning

College of Engineering, Pune.

(C.O.E.P.)1980 – 82

7. SHORT COURSES:-

SR.NO. INSTITUTION SUBJECT YEAR

1. Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad.

Excellence in Services –The course was focused on project management, assessment and planning, timely delivery, quality of work, bar chart etc.

1999

2. Centre of Science and Environment, New Delhi.

Rain Water Harvesting –Method of roof water harvesting, Calculating water potential, surface water harvesting, Plumbing network, Water quality.

2006

3. Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management Supported by the FORD FOUNDATION.

Planning, Development and Management of groundwater with special reference to Watershed Management.

2008

4. Centre of Science and Environment, New Delhi.

Training Programme on Wastewater and Reuse –Details on Conventional technologies, Emerging technologies, Monitoring and regulations.

2008

5. Course on ‘Decentralized water supply and sanitation’ in UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The

Measures in decentralized water supply, its purification, distribution along with sanitation systems

2009

mailto:[email protected]


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Netherlands6. Short course on River Basin

Management (IRBM) at UNESCO-IHE, The Netherlands, Holland

Training on river basin management with its issues on economic and development aspects.

2009

While doing course in ‘Integrated River Basin Management’ actively involved in the study of ‘Sao Francisco, Brasil, Brantas Basin in Indonesia, Makong basin Loas & Combodia and Yellow reiver, China along with UNESCO-IHE river basin team. In addition exhaustive study on ‘Ganga-river basin management’ with detailed report.

8. MEMBERSHIPS: -

1. The core-group member of ‘Women Entrepreneur Wing’ of Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture.

2. The core group member of ‘Environmental Forum’ of M.C.C.I.A.

3. Associate Member of Forum for Exchange and Excellence in Design (FEED).

4.

9. AWARDS AND FELICITATION: -

Builders Association Award for ‘Rain Water Harvesting Project’ at Bhugaon.

10. ARTICLE & PAPER PRESENTATION : -

The knowledge and insight thus acquired was put to use on the sites. Alongside she presented papers at International Conferences on various projects of ‘Water Management’ done by her –

1. World Aqua Congress, New Delhi – 2008.2. Maharashtra Knowledge Corporation Ltd. – International workshop on Rain water

harvesting and Ground water recharge in developing countries – HRD and technology transfer partially sponsored by PGTF of G-77 countries.

3. Published articles in various newspapers on water management issues. 4. Our project on National Media circulation. 5. Siyaram Foundation, Murtijapur – Seminar on Rain Water Harvesting – 2010s

11. SOCIAL PROJECTS : -

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1. It started with canal development project in my community, where I live. A group called ‘Hirvaee’ was instrumental in developing ‘canal-garden’ with public initiative. We developed a plan, convinced the Pune Municipal Corporation and got it sanctioned. It got delayed by some political intervention. But now the work is in progress. (Yr 2004)

2. Worked with Sakal Rehabilitation Program for Flood- affected people. (Yr. 2004)3. The group called ‘Citizens ’Development Society of India’ who were planning to

take active role in Pune’s development, approached me to work with them. The subject given to me was ‘proposed river development in Pune city’. My report along with others was submitted to Pune Municipal Corporation.

4. After a year I joined a group called ‘save river committee’ (Nadir Bachau Samiti) engaged in development of Mutha River in Pune city.

5. Thereafter I started writing on this topic in the news-paper .About six months back, The State Resource Centre asked me to write on ‘river pollution’ under ‘adult education scheme’. It is an organization, work under ‘Ministry of Human Resource Development’, Department of Education, Government of India. I wrote a small book-let for them.

12. WATER MANAGEMENT WORKS : -

A new company is formed under the name – Comprehensive Water Management Solutions Pvt.Ltd. (CWMS) on 7th May 2008, where we work on turn-key as well as consultation jobs on ‘water management’. We audit the entire water, plan the available water, give plumbing layouts and implement the project. It is a team of people such as architects, civil engineers, geologists, water quality experts, environmental engineers, waste water management experts.

13. AIM : -

1. To assess, capture and collect the total water available in the land through different sources as rain water, ground water, storm water and waste water.

2. To plan, execute and put to use the available water for different usage after studying its quantity and quality.

3. Make water available for drinking, hand wash, sanitation after the detailed water audit, so as to reduce the water dependency from external sources. The entire exercise will be planned and executed in a sustainable way, without disturbing the ‘natural balance’.

14. CONCEPT : -

‘Integrated water management’ means managing our water resources in a sustainable way, that is taking into account the needs of present and future users. Water management is a practice of planning, development, distribution and optimum utilization of water resources. It is based on available supply and demand, without disturbing the

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‘natural balance’. In this, four major sources are considered - rain water, ground water, storm water and waste water .If we consider all this water together and put to use for different purposes like for drinking, washing, hand wash, sanitation, landscaping as per its available quantity and quality, we will never face water shortage.

Rain water is in abundance in India. However we get a huge quantity in a short spell of time. This water can be used by direct storing as well as for ground water recharge. Ground water is used for various purposes, such as drinking, other usage as per the quality. It can also be used for storing the excess rain water through the ‘recharge bore-wells’. The locations of these bore-wells will be on the basis of ‘hydrogeological mapping’. The survey gives complete picture of rock type, water-table, shallow aquifers, deep aquifers, water recharge rate of the strata. As per these findings, the location of recharge bore-wells can be finalized. The collection of storm water and its use for secondary usage after treatment is possible. Similarly use of waste water is now inevitable.Water is a scarce resource. Now the time has come to plan our ‘water’ carefully’. Check with the supply and demand and plan it accordingly & recharge, reuse and recycle.

15. METHODOLOGY : -

1. Studying rock type, soil type, water table, ground recharge rate and such other Hydrogeology study. The experts will be consulted and report will be submitted to you.

2. On the basis of experts findings, planning desilting chamber, recharge bore well and main bore well location as per the site slope, storm water and flow study.

3. Considering the roof water, its desilting, storage and usage.

4. Planning to channelise storm water, collect and use.

5. Also considering the recycling of waste and plant location and its plumbing.

6. Water softening and purification plant its location, underground storage (UG tank) & overhead storage (OH tank).

7. The entire plumbing layout according to all storages of water – through rain, ground, storm and waste water.

8. Quality of all water collected & stored. The experts will be consulted and their report will be submitted and as per the experts recommendation – planning remedial measures on water quality.

FEW OF OUR SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS – Our Award Winning RESIDENTIAL PROJECT AT BHUGAON, Awarded by

‘BUILDERS ASSSOCIATION OF INDIA’. Ramamani Iyengar Memorial Yoga Institute, Pune. Panse Autocomp Pvt. Ltd. at Moshi. – Turnkey project Rain Water Harvesting Autocomp Corporation Panse Pvt. Ltd. at Chakan - Turnkey project Rain Water

Harvesting

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Farm house at Bhugaon, Pune – 3 Nos. - Turnkey project Rain Water Harvesting

Rain water harvesting at Endurance Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Pune (Alloy Wheel Divison)

Siemens Kalawa, Thane - Storm Water Management Siemens , Goa – Rain water harvesting Rain Water harvesting project of Nyati Environs at Vishrantwadi, Pune Rain Water Harvesting & Landscaping project of Deshpande Builders at

Bellflower Apartment, Baner, Pune Rain water harvesting project for Kamakshi Construction, Pune. Rain water harvesting project for Kumar Builder, Pune Rain water harvesting for Supriya Garden, Pune Storm water management for Archivista Engineering (Tetra Pak), Pune Rain water harvesting project for FDC Limited, Goa Rain water harvesting project for Indoco Remedies, Goa Construction of reservoirs for Tata Motors, Pune Integrated water management for Amcor Rigid Plastics India Pvt. Ltd., Pune

FEW PROJECTS UNDER ACTIVE CONSIDERATION – Rain water harvesting and Crystallization Plant for Deepak Fertilisers &

Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd., Taloja, Mumbai Rain water harvesting and Crystallization Plant for BILT graphics, Bhigwan Rain water harvesting and Crystallization Plant for Lupin Pharma, Goa Rain water harvesting and Crystallization Plant for Colgate Palmolive, Goa Rain water harvesting for JCB Manufacturing ltd., Talegaon. Rain water harvesting project for Kumar Properties, Pune Integrated water management for Synefra (Suzlon group) Integrated water management for Shreyas Builders Rain water harvesting for Taco group

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http://www.cwms.co.in/Rain Water harvesting project of Nyati environs at Vishrantwadi.html

http://www.cwms.co.in/project of Deshpande Builders.html

http://www.cwms.co.in/project of Deshpande Builders.html

http://www.cwms.co.in/Rain Water Harvesting and Crystallization Plant for Deepak Fertilisers.html

http://www.cwms.co.in/Rain Water Harvesting and Crystallization Plant for Deepak Fertilisers.html

Make Every Drop Count . . .

COMPREHENSIVE WATER MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD. (CWMS)

PRESENTSPRESENTATION ON

‘I N T E G R A T E D W A T E R

PRESENTS

‘I N T E G R A T E D W A T E R

M A N A G E M E N T’M A N A G E M E N TFOR

BUILDERS’ ASSOCIATION OF INDIA PUNE BUILDERS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA, PUNE

WE NEED WATER FOR -Make Every Drop Count . . .

For Agriculture

F C lt l A ti it

For Living

For Cultural Activity

Comprehensive Water Management Solutions Pvt. Ltd.

For Industries



STANDARD OF WATER USAGE IN URBAN AREAS


O S

UseLits/person

/dayUse

Lits/person/day

U.N. STD. OUR STD.

/day

Drinking 3

Cooking 7

/day

Drinking 4

Cooking 10Cooking 7

Handwash 10

Bathing 20

Cooking 10

Handwash 13

Bathing 27Bathing 20

Washing-clothes 20

Washing Utensils 20

Bathing 27

Washing-clothes 27

Washing Utensils 27Washing Utensils 20

Flushing 20

Total 100

Washing Utensils 27

Flushing 27

Total 135Total 100 Total 135



The population of Pune (including Pimpri Chinchwad) The population of Pune (including Pimpri-Chinchwad) as per 2011 census is around 45,00,000.

As per the population the daily consumption of Pune region is –

45 00 000 135 li /d= 45,00,000 x 135 lits/day= 60,75,00,000 lits/day= 607 5 MLD= 607.5 MLD.



S O M E F A C T S . . .S O M E F A C T S . . .


WATER IS IMPORTANTMORE THAN 71% IS WATER...

29% IS LAND


Content

29% IS LAND...

BUT ONLY 0.8% OF THAT IS POTABLE !...Content

Comprehensive Water Management Solutions Pvt Ltd


3%

97%9 %



WATER CANNOT

BE MANUFACTURED...



WE GET POTABLE WATER FROM THE . . .


Water comes from water cycleMake Every Drop Count . . .

Water comes from water cycle


O O G C O


NATURE IN FOLLOWING THE PRINCIPAL OF -

RECHARGING

REUSINGREUSING

RECYCLING



REUSE

RECYCLERECHARGE

RECYCLE



THAT IS… ‘INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT…’

TODAY IN ENTIRE WORLD THIS IDEA IS BEING PROMOTED TODAY IN ENTIRE WORLD THIS IDEA IS BEING PROMOTED

TO OVERCOME THE SHORTAGE OF WATER…


MAJOR WATER SOURCES ARE - Make Every Drop Count . . .

THE PRIMARY SOURCE – RAIN

GROUND WATERGROUND WATER

SURFACE WATER

WASTE WATER



INDIA’S AVERAGE RAINFALL IS 1170 MM.

AGAINSTAGAINST

WORLD AVERAGE OF 860 MM.



RAINFALL PATTERN IN MAHARASHTRA

PUNE - 60 cm.

KOLHAPUR 105 cmKOLHAPUR – 105 cm.

SOLAPUR – 55 cm.

NAGPUR – 120 cm.

NASHIK – 280 cm.NASHIK 280 cm.

MUMBAI - 225 cm.

GOA- 325 cms.



SURFACE WATER (RIVERS AND LAKES)

LOW LYING SURFACE WATER FORMS RIVERS, WE RELY ON THEM THE MOST.

IF WE SEE OUR MAJOR CITIES GETS WATER FROM RIVERS –J

PUNE- MULA/MUTHAKOLHAPUR – PANCHGANGASOLAPUR HUGLISOLAPUR- HUGLINAGPUR – WAINGANGANASHIK- GODAVARIGOA - MANDAVIMUMBAI – POWAI LAKE, VIHAR LAKE, TULSI LAKE, BHATSA LAKE,

TANSA LAKE



GROUND WATER

ABOUT 30 % OF SWEET WATER IS BELOW THE GROUND

AVAILABILITY OF GROUND WATER DEPENDS ON -AVAILABILITY OF GROUND WATER DEPENDS ON

LOCATIONSOIL AND ROCK TYPESOIL AND ROCK TYPEPRECIPITATION PATTERN


Make Every Drop Count . . .WASTE WATER


Make Every Drop Count . . .TODAY'S PICTURE…



RAIN WATER IS NOT UNATTENDED SO FLOWS AS RUNOFF

BECAUSE OF INCREASING HARD SURFACES

CLOGGING OF WATER ON ROADSCLOGGING OF WATER ON ROADS

RESULTING IN FREQUENT FLOODING OF RIVERS

FLOODING PROBLEMS IN URBAN AREAS SUCH AS FACTORIES FLOODING PROBLEMS IN URBAN AREAS SUCH AS FACTORIES,

HOUSING AREAS, ROADS ETC

UNTREATED WASTE IS LAID IN THE RIVERS AFFECTING THE UNTREATED WASTE IS LAID IN THE RIVERS AFFECTING THE

AQUATIC LIFE IN RIVERS

UNTREATED WATER GOES TO DOWNSTREAM CITIES AND UNTREATED WATER GOES TO DOWNSTREAM CITIES AND

TOWNSComprehensive Water Management Solutions Pvt. Ltd.


WE MUST ATTEND

Eff i i i i i h i Effectiveness in water saving, equity in water sharing and delivery efficiency are essential for the sustainable use of available water resources. There should be an integrated policy for appropriate use of river, rain, ground, sea, sewage and other water resources. For achieving these goals integrated ware management is achieving these goals integrated ware management is the right approach. It includes –

Rain Water Harvesting Watershed Management Micro-irrigation,



R A I N W A T E R H A R V E S T I N G I S N O TR A I N W A T E R H A R V E S T I N G I S N O T

A N E W S U B J E C T F O R W E I N D I A N S . . .A N E W S U B J E C T F O R W E I N D I A N S . . .



FOR AGES PEOPLE FROM RAJASTHAN STORE WATER IN TANKAS



WE SEE THESE PERCOLATION PONDSWE SEE THESE PERCOLATION PONDS

IN ALL THE TEMPLES…


Rain Water Harvesting at Changi Airport, SingaporeRain Water Harvesting at Domed Stadium in Japan

Up-Down umbrellas to harvest rain water irrigation and to shade the Papago Buttes Corporate Plaza in Tempe, Arizona, USA

Rain Water Harvesting in Presidential Estate, Rain Water Harvesting at Millennium Dome, New Delhi London



RAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTING IS SIMPLY


RAIN WATER HARVESTINGCATCHING WATER WHERE IT FALLS

RAIN WATER HARVESTING IS SIMPLY

CATCHING WATER WHERE IT FALLS...



EVERY ROOF A CATCHMENT



We get ample quantity of water which otherwise flows unattended

We get purest form of water – soft water

It is free of cost



DIRECT STORAGE METHOD

GROUND WATER RECHARGE

DEVELOPING WATER LAGOONS

Methods of ‘Rain Water Harvesting’ varies as per available rainfall and the need.



1 : DIRECT STORAGE METHOD -

In direct storage method In direct storage method,

the roof water will flow from

down take pipe through

sand filters. Sand filters to

be installed on every down

take pipe and then will flow take pipe and then will flow

to the storage tank. Though

it is costly preposition we

can store some part by this

method.



2 : GROUND WATER RECHARGE -

Storm water can be collected through channel and gutters Storm water can be collected through channel and gutters

according to the existing topography. This water can be used for

ground water recharge by putting it in auxiliary bore well. Other

elements -

Recharge PitsRecharge Pits

Infiltration Trenches

Oil & Grit seperatorsOil & Grit seperators

Desilting Chambers

Recharge Bore wells

Soakaways Pits



3 : DEVELOPING WATER LAGOONS

W l b Water lagoons can be prepared by using HDPE sheets. Laying HDPE sheets will require sheets will require murum filling. Due to HDPE sheets, there will be less water seepage in be less water seepage in the ground surface. Therefore more water will be retained in the water lagoons.



(Roof area) sq m x Rainfall X 0 85 (Roof area) sq.m. x Rainfall X 0.85

(Note – Annual rainfall – in the area mm, run off coefficient is 0.85, as we can not collect the entire water but some will be lost in evaporation can not collect the entire water, but some will be lost in evaporation, spillage, hence considered as just 0.85)

The element of roof water harvesting is catchments, down take pipes, The element of roof water harvesting is catchments, down take pipes, sand filters and storage facility. The types of storage tanks available - are RCC tank, masonary or plastic tanks etc.

For example – If we have roof area 1000 sq.m., Rainfall in Pune – 0.6 m., The roof water potential comes at Roof area = 1000 sq.m. x 0.6 M. x 0.85 = 510 cu.m = 5,10,000 Lits.


ELEMENTS OF ROOF WATER HARVESTING –

CHANNELIZING THROUGH DOWN TAKE PIPEINSTALLATION OF SAND FILTERS TO


INSTALLATION OF SAND FILTERS TO REMOVE SILT

DOWN TAKE PIPE WITH SAND FILTER

COLLECTING AND STORING FOR DIRECT USE


OR USE IT FOR GROUND WATER RECHARGE

ELEMENTS OF ROOF WATER COLLECTION


PIPE FOR COLLECTION OF ROOF WATER DOWN TAKE FILTER

ELEMENTS OF ROOF WATER COLLECTION



Guide to sizing of gutters and downpipes for Rain Water Harvesting systems in Tropical Regions . . .

Roof area (Sq.m.) served by one gutter

Gutter width (mm)

Minimumdiameter of

downpipe (mm)

17 60 40

25 70 50

34 80 50

46 90 63

66 100 63

128 125 75128 125 75

208 150 90


OTHER ELEMENTS OF ROOF WATER HARVESTINGMake Every Drop Count . . .

TANK FOR COLLECTION OF ROOF WATER

M. S. JALI ROOF WATER GUTTER

DESILTINGCHAMBER


DIFFERENT TYPES OF TANKS


DOME SHAPED METAL TANKS

POLYETHYLENE TANKS

SLIMLINE METAL TANKS

RCC TANKS


RCC TANKS

FERRO-CEMENT TANK

SINTEX TANKS


RAIN & STORM WATER RECHARGE WELL FILTER

UNDERDRAINS SYSTEM

RECHARGE WELL FILTER

UNDERDRAINS SYSTEM

SELF CLEANING RWH FILTER


WATER ANALYSIS OF RAIN WATER


WATER ANALYSIS OF RAIN WATER



(Open space) sq.m x Rainfall x 0.50

(Note – Runoff coefficient is 0.5, because in surface water the losses are ff i d h f l h lf f h b runoff, evaporation and seepage, therefore only half of the water can be

caught)

Elements of storm water harvesting channelisation recharge pits soak Elements of storm water harvesting – channelisation, recharge pits, soak away pits, infiltration trenches, oil & grit separators, desilting chambers, recharge bore wells. Use of bioretention basins, bioswales (grassed channels, wet swales, and dry swales)y

For example – If we have open area 10000 sq.m., Rainfall in Pune – 0.6 m., The storm water potential comes at Open Area = 10000 sq.m. x 0.6 M. x 0.5 = 3000 cu.m = 30,00,000 Lits.


ELEMENTS OF STORM WATER COLLECTION


DESILTING CHAMBER&

RECHARGE BORE WELLRECHARGE BORE WELL



STORM WATER –

Channelising thro gh g ttersChannelising through gutters

Desilting chambers to remove lsilt

Direct usage or use it for ground water recharge

We can use this to water our We can use this to water our garden or road side bushes and tress


STORM WATER MANAGEMENT WITH LANDSCAPE ELEMENTSMake Every Drop Count . . .

BIO FILTERBIO FILTERINFILTRATION BEDVEGETATED FILTER STRIPSGRASSED SWALESPOROUS PAVEMENT


Reduce impervious surfaces

Methods to minimize Storm Water volumes

surfaces

Detension ponds can be designed to remove designed to remove contaminants

Use of constructed Use of constructed wetland, bioswales, bio-retension on basin and vegetated filter strips vegetated filter strips

D E S I G N O F F I L T E R P I T A R O U N DT U B E W E L L F O R I N D I R E C T R E C H A R G E

D R A W I N G - 2


C O A R S E S A N D

B R I C K L I N I N G2 0 0 M M T H I C K

P E B B L E S

1 0 0 . 02 0 0 . 0 G . L .

P E R F O R A T I O N S

C O I R R O P E T I E D S P I R A L L Y

TUBE WELL RECAHRGING

3 0 0 0 . 03 6 0 0 . 0

S A N D / S T O N E D U S T 1 0 0 M M

B O U L D E R S

U N S E A L E D B O T T O MR C C 3 0 0 m m x 2 0 0 m m

T U B E W E L L 1 5 0 M M d i a

TUBE WELL RECAHRGING

GROUND WATER –

T U B E W E L L 1 5 0 M M d i a .

N O T Ed = D E P T H O F W E A T H E R E D Z O N E

P R E P A R E D B Y :

S . S . E X P L O R A T I O N E N T E R P R I S E SB - 1 1 7 , S A N G A M C O L O N Y , N E A R K I L A M A I D A N I N D O R E P . H . N O . 6 1 3 0 4 1 , 6 1 0 7 4 4 RECHARGE BORE WELL

Constant pumping out the ground water may result in depletion of the yieldExcess pumping may result in occurrence of chlorides and fluorides Therefore every bore well needs recharging



WHY GROUND WATER IS IMPORTANT ?

Ground water is the safest source of clean waterGround water is the safest source of clean water

Ground Water is available at point of use

Ground Water plays a vital role in hydrological cycle as well as in the ecological cycleas well as in the ecological cycle

Extremely important for the areas where precipitation is limited (regions of lesser rainfall)


WATER PURIFICATION

W t P ifi ti S tWater Purification Systems -

• Filtering• Boiling• Boiling• Carbon Filters• Distilling• Reverse OsmosisReverse Osmosis• ION Exchange



SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT –

Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment as per the requirementrequirement

Location as per the natural colourscolours

Cost effective design

We can use this water for landscaping and reflushing



CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS


1. Bar screen & oil trap2. Equalization tank3. Sewage Lifting pump4. Air Blower5. Aeration tank


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6. Settling tank7. Clarified water tank8. Chlorine dosing system9. Filter feed pump10. Sand Filter11 Activated Carbon Filter

11. Activated Carbon Filter 12.Sludge Drying Bed (not required if sludge

dewatering system installed )13. Treated Water Storage tank

3 1 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 22@

12 12 2 13


TYPES OF TREATMENTS ON WASTE WATERMake Every Drop Count . . .

CONVENTIONAL -CONVENTIONAL -STP/ETPAEROBIC METHODREED-BED SYSTEMREED BED SYSTEMOZONATIONCRYSTALLIZATIONBIO-DISK FILTERBIO DISK FILTER


I N T E G R A T E D W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T I N T E G R A T E D W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T


I N T E G R A T E D W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T I N T E G R A T E D W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T

F O R A U T O I N D U S T R Y F O R A U T O I N D U S T R Y



AIM WAS TO ACHIEVE

‘SELF SUFFICIENCY’ IN WATER

No tap water source

Water demand was 33,000 lits/day



TOTAL MANPOWER OF FACTORY : 500 NOS.

WATER DEMAND

REQUIREMENT AS PER NORMS:

Drinking 500 x 2 lits = 1,000 lits./day (1.0 cu.m/day)Drinking 500 x 2 lits 1,000 lits./day (1.0 cu.m/day)Hand wash 500 x 10 lits = 5,000 lits./day (5.0 cu.m/day)Sanitation 500 x 30 lits. = 15,000lits./day (15.0 cu.m/dayWater for processing = 2,000 lits./day (2.0 cu.m/day)Water for landscaping = 10,000 lits./day (10.0 cu.m/day)

HENCE THE TOTAL WATER NEED WAS 33,000 LITS./DAY (33.0 cu.m/day)

NOTE: 1 cu.m = 1,000 lits



H O W T O A RH O W T O A R RR A N G E T H I S W I T H O U TA N G E T H I S W I T H O U TH O W T O A R H O W T O A R RR A N G E T H I S W I T H O U TA N G E T H I S W I T H O U T

A N Y T A P W A T E R S O U R C E . . .A N Y T A P W A T E R S O U R C E . . .


PLOT AREA : 12,000.00 SQ.M. SLOPE FROM : SOUTH TO NORTH WITH A DIFF. OF 3.0 M

NO TAP WATER SOURCE.



BUILT UP AREA DETAILS

BUILT UP AREA OF MAIN FACTORY : 4,800.00 SQ.M


UTILITY BUILDING : 200.00 SQ.M TOTAL BUILT UP AREA : 5,000.00 SQ.M


WATER POTENTIAL OF SITE


WATER POTENTIAL OF SITE

ROOF WATER : 2,400.0 cu.m/day (4,800 X 0.6 X 0.85 = 2,448 cu.m)

STORM WATER : 2,100.0 cu.m/day(7,200 X 0.60 X 0.50 = 2,160 cu.m)

GROUND WATER : 15 .0 cu.m/day

WASTE WATER : 16.0 cu.m/day(500 X 40 X 0.80 = 16.0 cu.m)( )

AGAINST THE DEMAND OF 33,000 lits/day i.e. 33 cu.m/day


NOTE: 1 cu.m = 1000 lts.


CONCEPTUAL WATER USAGE PLAN

ROOF WATER STORM AND

GROUND WATERWASTE WATER

DRINKING WATER HAND WASHSANITATIONPROCESSING

LANDSCAPEPROCESSING


ROOF WATER FOR DRINKING – 2,100 cu.m/day

ROOF WATER - DOWN TAKE PIPE - SAND FILTER - UG TANK - R O FILTER -


ROOF WATER DOWN TAKE PIPE SAND FILTER UG TANK R.O. FILTER DRINKING WATER POINTS & OVERFLOW TO DRY BORE WELL while drinking water requirement is 3,00,000 lits.


RAIN WATER TESTING REPORTMake Every Drop Count . . .


Make Every Drop Count . . .STORM WATER FOR GROUND WATER RECHARGE – 2,100 cu.m/day7200 x 0.6 x 0.5 = 2,160 cu.m

S C C G S O OSURFACE WATER – CHANNEL – GUTTERS - RAW WATER FROM BORE WELL -U.G.TANK - SOFTENING PLANT - TOILETS & PROCESSINGBecause of recharging treatment the borewells started giving more yield every yearyield every year


IT WAS FOUND THAT DUE TO CONTINUOUS RECHARGING THE


IT WAS FOUND THAT DUE TO CONTINUOUS RECHARGING THE GROUND WATER YIELD HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY

SECTION OF RECHARGE BOREWELL


GROUND WATER TESTING REPORT Make Every Drop Count . . .


WASTE WATER RECYCLING


WASTE WATER RECYCLING

WASTE WATER - STP PLANT - COLLECTION TANK - WATER FOR LANDSCAPING



DISTRIBUTION NETWORK



WATER USAGE TABLE

USUAGE SOURCE DEMAND POTENTIAL BALANCE

1 DRINKING WATER

ROOF WATER 1 cu.m/day 2400 cu.m FOR RECHARGING

2 HAND WASH SANITATION

STORM WATER &

20.0 cu.m/day.

2100 cu.m FOR RECHARGING

AND PROCESSING

GROUND WATER

2.0 cu.m/day

3 WASTE WATER STP PLANT 20.0 cu.m/day16.0

REUSED FOR LANDSCAPING

cu.m/daySC G

NOTE: 1 cu.m = 1,000 lits.


NOTE: 1 cu.m 1,000 lits.


ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS FOR MAXIMUM COLLECTION OF WATER

NORTH LIGHT ROOF TRUSS WITH GUTTER SLOPE ON BOTH SIDES .

ROADS SLOPED ON ONE SIDE WITH CAMBER.

PUSH COCKS IN TOILET.

ALLOCATION OF SERVICES AS PER NATURAL GROUND SLOPE.

EMPHASIS ON METICULOUS EXECUTION.



WATER COST WITHOUT ANY WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN WOULD HAVE BEEN

Rs. 312,000/yr.

312 x 1,000/- = Rs. 312,000/-

312= actual working daysRs. 500/tanker and 2 tankers/day/ / y



AS AGAINST

Actual project cost was Rs. 675,000/-p j

so the payback timep ywas little more than two years



RESULTS

The entire plan of ‘Integrated Water Management’ was

achieved by – detail augmentation plan, collection, purification

and plumbing net-working plan.

Every year the water yield is increasing as ground water table

is also improved substantially because of the treatments.

No external source of water is needed.


[email protected]

COMPREHENSIVE WATER MANAGEMENT

www.cwms.co.inSOLUTIONS PVT. LTD.



OUR AIM

To provide sustainable integrated water To provide sustainable integrated water management solutions at optimal cost to ensure water availability.

To understand the water availability and usage in comprehensive manner for any given situation comprehensive manner for any given situation, audit water and give cost effective solution.

To design, plan and implement water management solutions by integrating various water resources by appropriate technology and at optimal cost appropriate technology and at optimal cost.



WE ARE A GROUP OF PROFESSIONALS

CIVIL ENGINEERS /ARCHITECTS/LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTSCHEMICAL ENGINEERSENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERSENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS

ASSOCIATES –

GEOLOGISTSGEOLOGISTSWATER QUALITY EXPERTS STRUCTURAL ENGINEERSPLUMBING CONSULTANTSELECTRICAL CONSULTANTS


METHODOLOGY


METHODOLOGY

Calculate and measure existing water sources –Water audit

Assess the demand

Arrive at appropriate and cost effective solutions

Execution

Evaluation

Monitoring and after sales service


OUR FLAGSHIP PROJECTSMake Every Drop Count . . .

FEW OF OUR SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS FEW OF OUR SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS –

• Our Award Winning RESIDENTIAL PROJECT AT BHUGAON, Awarded by ‘BUILDERS ASSSOCIATION OF INDIA’.

• Ramamani Iyengar Memorial Yoga Institute Pune • Ramamani Iyengar Memorial Yoga Institute, Pune. • Panse Autocomp Pvt. Ltd.at Moshi. – Turnkey project RWH• Autocomp Corporation Panse Pvt. Ltd. at Chakan. Turnkey project RWH• Rain water harvesting at Endurance Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (Alloy Wheel Divison) • Siemens Kalawa Thane Storm water management • Siemens Kalawa, Thane - Storm water management • Siemens , Goa – Rain water harvesting• Rain Water Harvesting project of Nyati Environs at Vishrantwadi, Pune• Rain water harvesting project for Kumar Builder, Pune• Rain water harvesting for Supriya Garden Pune• Rain water harvesting for Supriya Garden, Pune• Storm water management for Archivista Engineering (Tetra Pak), Pune• Rain water harvesting project for FDC Limited, Goa• Rain water harvesting project for Indoco Remedies, Goa• Integrated water management for Amcor Rigid Plastics Alandi Pune• Integrated water management for Amcor Rigid Plastics, Alandi, Pune

FEW PROJECTS UNDER ACTIVE CONSIDERATION –• Rain water harvesting and Crstallization plant for Deepak Fertilisers &

Petrochemicals Coproration Ltd Mumbai


Petrochemicals Coproration Ltd., Mumbai• Rain water harvesting and Crystallization Plant for Lupin Pharma, Goa• Integrated water management for Synefra (Suzlon Group)


Our mission is to promote sustainable

WATER MANAGEMENT as per the supply WATER MANAGEMENT as per the supply

and demand without disturbing the

natural balance and make it available for

everyone everyone.


M A K E M A K E

E V E R YE V E R YE V E R YE V E R Y

D R O P C O U N T D R O P C O U N T D R O P C O U N T …D R O P C O U N T …



THANK YOU THANK YOU


ARTIFICIAL AQUIFERS ARTIFICIAL AQUIFERS ARTIFICIAL AQUIFERS ARTIFICIAL AQUIFERS bybybyby JALODAYJALODAYJALODAYJALODAY METHODMETHODMETHODMETHOD No top to bottom but bottom to top A National A National A National A National Program forProgram forProgram forProgram for Rain Water HarvestingRain Water HarvestingRain Water HarvestingRain Water Harvesting

Almost every day, we read news about water, be it Tsunami or flood or drought. Mostly rural or backward areas are affected by these problems. The urban people, who are more organized and privileged due to their economic power, have easy access to most of the comforts including drinking water. But, this may not be the case after few years. There may be more wars for water in future. Last year, Andhra and Karnataka farmers attacked dams in Maharashtra for water. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are fighting for years for Cauvery water. Andhra and Tamil Nadu have feud over Almatti Dam. The statesmen and wise men must rise. Otherwise we have big problem on hand. Let’s see how the water has been handled so far and at what cost. The construction of Ganga Cauvery canal. This project was seriously under consideration, for last 60 years. Had this project been completed, it would have saved people from future floods, create employment for millions, boost agricultural produce, and provide easy transport to millions. This would have also been a constant source of revenue to local and national govt. To achieve this we needed political willpower and nationalistic view. Today we don’t have either. Our government spends billions to construct dams. Dams and canals are constructed with misplaced priority and order. Plantation is carried out after the soil has eroded and washed into backwaters. The dam will be called ‘damn’ thing after few years.

About the author: Prof. Uday Chipalkatty teaches design at B.N. College of Arch. Pune. After graduating in 1964, he spent many years in Kolkata and Middle East, before settling down in Pune, in 1986. For last 9 years he has been working on rain water harvesting. He has developed a simple method called ‘JALODAY’ to create artificial aquifers. He has presented his work at International Conferences at many places in many countries as well as in India. Architect, Interior Designer. C-38, Kumar Elixir,Baner Road, Pune 41104520-27292628 M – 9822089993email – [email protected]

Pumping of ground water has resulted in

this problem.

Construction of lakes. This is other option, but, not practical in urban reference for many reasons. The cost per liter of storage is high; land required is huge and expensive. And the transportation is costly. Also, possibly the lake will dry in summer. A constructed well (bavdi). Well for community, of the size of 15mX15mX20 m depth is not possible for obvious reasons. The rulers of past era are no more there to construct such wells for their subjects. Construction of open wells. Deep well for individual use, also, are not practical due to cost and hygiene issues. A 5 mtr.X 15 mtr deep well will cost Rs. 3,00,000/- or more. This will give water only until water table is higher than 15 meters. In most of the cases, these well will have a dry summer. Construction of underground water tanks. To collect and store rain water, is very expensive and costly. The cost of tank is in the range of Rs.5 to Rs.8 per liter storage. A family of four members need (500 liters/day x 60 days) = 30,000 liters of water during summer. To store this water, the investment needed is Rs.150, 000/- to 240,000/-. No average family can afford this. This will also lead to recurring expenses on maintenance, cleaning and protection of tank and water. If the tank is over head, then it will be a structural liability! Soak pits. This is a popular concept. But this has limited success. Water seeps thro’ the top layers of earth, as per porosity of soil. The rate is very slow and water does not percolate beyond first 4 to 5 meters of depth. Percolated water runs horizontally and merges with streams and runs away. A New Way. The main concern in this article is, to show, a new way to harvest rainwater in urban areas without disturbing urban-rural balance and, that too in a cheapest possible manner. Any rain fall in urban areas adds to rivers and benefit rural areas. Generally, in urban areas, the land, needed for the buildings of various usages, is approximately 55% to 60% of the city area or town. The rest is occupied by roads, services, grounds, parks etc. This percentage is likely to vary from city to city. In short, harvest 55% of urban rain fall.

As per the study and available statistics, up to 80% of river water flows in to the sea. We can save this water without depriving any farmer. We can store this water that falls on urban land which holds the buildings. This is possible by a new method called…………………………….

JALODAYJALODAYJALODAYJALODAY YOJANAYOJANAYOJANAYOJANA No top to bottom but bottom to top

Such soak pits Such soak pits Such soak pits Such soak pits

allows water to allows water to allows water to allows water to

disappear, but disappear, but disappear, but disappear, but

does not percolate does not percolate does not percolate does not percolate

deep in ground. deep in ground. deep in ground. deep in ground.

As water spreadsAs water spreadsAs water spreadsAs water spreads

horizontally into horizontally into horizontally into horizontally into

the ground.the ground.the ground.the ground.

The natural process of water seepage is very slow and depends on soil / murrum / rock strata. The percolation depends on the soil strata where porosity of rocks and murrum play a big role. The underground water veins also keep changing due to water, air and movement of creatures. Rainfall on one area may benefit other area. Also, the water percolated through ground joins running streams at a lower level and merge with nullas, rivulets, rivers and flow away to sea. When the rain water falls on the ground and disappears, we think it is going down and down. Whereas, it is only trying to find slope and run away. It is easy to travel horizontally than vertically. Upper layers are softer, and, due to compaction, lower layers are harder. The vertical travel of water under the soil takes years to reach depth of 30 meters and bellow. In the mean time, most of the water runs away to rivers and the sea. There has to be a method to send the water deeper in earth, in a short time. All this led the author to think about individual participation. To a great extent, collectively, we can solve our problems of drinking water. And limit the involvement and dependence on state or local governing bodies. Any residential / commercial / public development project can participate in this national program.

The idea is ‘EACH ONE CELL, ONE BORE WELL.

Any human settlement always starts on the banks of the river or the lakes. For most of the towns and cities, the land gradient is in the range of 5 to 50 meters. In urban areas we build thousands of residential / commercial buildings (units) for millions of people by spending billions of rupees. Each one cell has to bear the cost of one bore well. The bore well may be dug on every 300 to 500 square meters area of land, to a depth of 100 meters, as per vicinity to river or lake as well as rain fall.

All the rain fall in urban area flows into the river, until it can. Because the land is extremely compact due to thousands of buildings. The flooding of river is seen during rainy season, because water flows speedily over the ground. Later, during winter with underground flow of water, river flow full banks. As the soil water dries up by end of winter, the river too dries up and, then, the dry summer follows. If the water is stored below the river or lake bed level, then, it will stay there for good. The 100 meters deep bore well will pass through many strata of soil during its vertical travel. This will include many porous / non-porous strata of different heights. The rain water sent through such bore well will first reach the bottom of the well and then slowly reach the top as the rainy season progresses. Thus, the filling of bore well is-… No top to bottom but bottom to top It will also keep spreading horizontally and thus enrich all water zones. These underground water bulbs will merge with one another in later years and the whole city-town will float on water. This is exactly opposite of natural process. What it takes years is done in seconds. EVEN WITH 50% RAIN FALL HARVESTING IS 100%

Average rain fall calculations

Rain fall in India 900mm

Duration of rainy season 120 days

No. of rainy days 35 to 60 days

No. of heavy shower in a season 5 to 7 days

Volume of heavy shower 10mm to 15mm

Heavy Rainfall in one hour 10mm

Total water accumulated During heavy rains in one hour

3000 liters. (on 300sq.meters land)

Bore well calculations

150mm.X100meter = 1767 Liters.

Add 30% Swing Of Drill Bit = 530 Liters.

Volume Of Bore Well =2297 Liters.

Each aquifer can store water up to 500,000 liters per year.

The size and depth of the bore well, as shown in the table above, shall store every drop of rain, even during heavy showers.

Practical implementation All the bores of one project may be linked by a grid of plumbing pipes for charging and discharging water. The grid, so developed, shall be connected to filter tanks made for collecting rainwater. Filter tanks are essential to harvest clean rain water. Each piece of land so punctured, shall be benefited by the water. If everyone contributes to this project, then everyone will benefit. Once this contribution is made mandatory, everyone shall bore the well or bear the cost of the bore well. As this is a national program, the government should form suitable law.

The rainwater collected from vertical pipes, roadside gutters shall be channeled to bore wells after proper physical filtration. The water so collected, will enrich the soil to the depth of 100 meters. And in few years, the water table will rise to earlier levels. The depleting water tables is due to nonwater table in 1950 was 3 to 8The modern machines draw water from soilunwanted growth of vegetation and As per site conditions, chamber may be replaced by perforated metal cone. It also helps to use perforated casing pipes. Each housing society, apartment block, roadside individual building of residential / commercial / public usage should be asked by the local authorities to dig bore wells. The number of bores / depth may be decided by experts after studying the size of the plot, the land strata, the contours, the heights and the availability of rainfall. The state / national government can do this with a single stroke of G.R. (government resolution)

collected from vertical pipes, roadside gutters shall be channeled to bore wells after proper physical filtration. The water so collected, will enrich the soil to the depth of 100

s. And in few years, the water table will rise to earlier levels. The main reason for depleting water tables is due to non-charging of water sources compared to usage. The

8 meters. Today it varies from 40 to 200 meters.s draw water from soil, and dry the earth. This results in

vegetation and underground creatures. As per site conditions, chamber may be replaced by perforated metal cone. It also helps to

apartment block, roadside individual building of residential / commercial / public usage should be asked by the local authorities to dig bore wells. The number of bores / depth may be decided by experts after studying the size of the plot, the

the contours, the heights and the availability of rainfall. The state / national government can do this with a single stroke of G.R. (government resolution)

collected from vertical pipes, roadside gutters shall be channeled to bore wells after proper physical filtration. The water so collected, will enrich the soil to the depth of 100

main reason for charging of water sources compared to usage. The

meters. Today it varies from 40 to 200 meters. and dry the earth. This results in arid land,

As per site conditions, chamber may be replaced by perforated metal cone. It also helps to

apartment block, roadside individual building of residential / commercial / public usage should be asked by the local authorities to dig bore wells. The number of bores / depth may be decided by experts after studying the size of the plot, the

the contours, the heights and the availability of rainfall. The state / national government can do this with a single stroke of G.R. (government resolution)

UNDP can play vital role in this matter. They should ask the governments to constitute suitable law. People may stop cheating themselves after realizing the advantages. The authorities may control the usage of water. Drawing water from bore wells may not be allowed until reasonable water table is reached. The right time for digging bore can be any time of the year and at any locations on the plot. Generally, it is done during the months of April and May. This brings pressure on the industry and results in high rates. If the bore is dug during any time of the year, the industry shall have uniform work, enough work and the rates shall be brought down by the market forces. This will also create employment to thousands, revenue to Governments, and guarantee water.

Cost and economics The cost factor is of great importance. Presently cost of 6” dia bore is Rs.190/- per running meter. So the cost of 6” x 100 mts shall be Rs. 19000/-.Add Rs. 5000/- for the filtration chamber and casing pipe. The average cost thus comes to about Rs. 24,000/- as opposed to the investment of Rs.150,000/- to 240,000/- which was limited to drinking water for a family of four and limited to summer. This proposal is far better and acceptable. There is still more! 300 sq. meters of land, results in construction of minimum 350 sq. meters to 450 sq. meters as per local bylaws. In urban areas this FSI is suitable for 6 nos. 1 BHK units or 4nos. 2 BHK units. The selling price of these units is approximately Rs.15, 00,000/- to 50, 00,000/-. The above 6 or 4 units shall share the cost of one bore well. Maximum cost per unit shall be Rs. 3,000/- to 4,500/-This is just about 0.25 % of the unit cost. We know that in urban areas, people spend Rs.500, 000 to 5,000,000 or even more for a residential cell and similar amount for a commercial cell. If each one is made to spend the cost of one bore well (approx. Rs.5000), the entire urban area shall be floating on water in a short time.

The builders who guarantee water may even sell their products faster. The entire money is spent by the user and/or recovered from the user. The results being guaranteed, the builders will find it attractive to invest. The government need not spend any money for this project,

This school at Nirvi on Nagar road faced severe water problem which resulted in lack of students’ attendance. Today not only students love to come to school, even the villagers come to school to fetch water. They have even started summer activities as plenty of water is made available as a result of JALODAY YOJANA. This project was sponsored by Rotary Club of Pune Shivajinagar.

This is a project of the people, by the people and for the people. The author has created artificial aquifers at 40 places in different parts of India. The available results are shown in the following chart.

RESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTS:::: Work Work Work Work

completed completed completed completed

at Site at Site at Site at Site

Results of Artificial Aquifer in the yearResults of Artificial Aquifer in the yearResults of Artificial Aquifer in the yearResults of Artificial Aquifer in the year

2002200220022002 2003200320032003 2004200420042004 2005200520052005 2006200620062006 2007200720072007 2008200820082008 2009200920092009 2010201020102010

BhugaonBhugaonBhugaonBhugaon 30%30%30%30% 50%50%50%50% 50%50%50%50% 70%70%70%70% Not knownNot knownNot knownNot known

HyderabadHyderabadHyderabadHyderabad---- 1111 ---- 70%70%70%70% 80%80%80%80% 80%80%80%80% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90%

HyderabadHyderabadHyderabadHyderabad---- 2222 50%50%50%50% 50%50%50%50% 60%60%60%60% 70%70%70%70% 80%80%80%80% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90%

MumbaiMumbaiMumbaiMumbai ---- ---- ---- 60%60%60%60% 70%70%70%70% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90%

YelhankaYelhankaYelhankaYelhanka ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90%

BangaluruBangaluruBangaluruBangaluru ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90% 90%90%90%90%

ChakanChakanChakanChakan ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 95%95%95%95% 95%95%95%95%

Mann, Mann, Mann, Mann,

HinjewadiHinjewadiHinjewadiHinjewadi

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 100%100%100%100% 100%100%100%100% 100%100%100%100% 100%100%100%100%

Nirvi, PuneNirvi, PuneNirvi, PuneNirvi, Pune ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 100%100%100%100% 100%100%100%100%

PunePunePunePune ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 90%90%90%90% 100%100%100%100%

SataraSataraSataraSatara----1111 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

- Results Results Results Results

still still still still

expectedexpectedexpectedexpected ShirvalShirvalShirvalShirval----1111 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- - -

ShirvalShirvalShirvalShirval----2222 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- - -

Collective wisdom must prevail. The wise men in the government and politics must come together and support this concept. In addition to Rain Water Harvesting we must also learn to reuse waste water. With SBR technology, which is available in India, we can get back 95% of water for reuse. This water is as clean as any river water. Due to mental block we are not able to consume this water. Time will force us to clean this water further and use it. Once we learn to recycle and reuse the same water for many times, none of us will ever face the problem of water shortage. We have plenty of water and let us not be ashamed of using it lavishly.

I strongly believe my suggestions can solve the drinking water problem of the future, to a great extent. We must implement the bore well project through ‘Jaloday Method’. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A r K a n c h a n S i d h a y e

(IGBC AP,Teri Griha Trainer)Environmental Project Architect at VK:e environmental

Kanchan has 3 years professional experience in core Architecture, having graduated from University of Pune. She has pursued her post graduation in the area of environmental design and is a top ranked M.Arch in Environmental Architecture from the University of Pune.

Kanchan strongly believes and envisages the integration of architecture with environment, energy and ecology. With this zeal she is working as an Environmental Project Architect with the VK:e environmental team. She is currently working on Facilitation of Green Building rating systems such as LEED, IGBC Green Homes, Green Townships, Green Factories, Griha, Eco Housing etc. energy simulation and environmental performance of designs in architecture.

Energy efficient Building design and its performance analysis are her key areas of interest. Kanchan further wants to develop expertise in energy efficient technologies for Building design and Construction.

Rain Water Harvesting – What for ???

...legal requirements, , necessity for water conservation .... Sustainability of water resource, fear of future water

costs...whatever reasons... bottom line you gotta do it... and you gotta do it the right way!!!

The write up highlights the purpose of Rain water harvesting, the issues involved, the possible integrations as an

effort to create more awareness and consciousness amongst us all.

Kanchan Sarbhukan – Sidhaye (VK:e environmental)

Email – [email protected]

Rohit Bhagwat (VK:e environmental)

M.M.Sarbhukan (Former Director GSDA)

The urban demand for Water – “a life sustaining resource”, is continually escalating with

development. It is worth noting that water is not only a human need, but part of a larger natural

system. Water use in India has been prioritized with Drinking water as the top priority and

environmental flows as the last priority.

Urban water resource development is predominantly dependent on surface water resource in

Pune. Additional resources including ground water, storm water, and reuse of treated waste

water have not been developed as mainstream water resources. This absence of integration of

water resources and reliance or dependability only on one type of water source, has caused over

exploitation of the available resource and encroached upon the so called low priority water

requirements like environmental flows (natural drainage systems).

The ultimate source of the water – ‘the rain’ has not fully been appreciated in urban scenario.

Even though urban settlements require the highest quantities of the water per unit space, rain

water has always been looked as the necessity of the rural / forest requirement rather than the

requirement of urban settlements as well. Capturing of this rainwater for the benefit of the urban

population resulting in the conservation of precious natural resource is utmost important.

Rain water harvesting is linked with the human environment in a dual manner – firstly with

integrated planning, development and management of surface, ground and run-off water and

secondly; the integration of anthropogenic and ecological interfaces of the water environment.

The possibilities of these integrations can be worked on at different scales – site, society, township

and city level. The anthropogenic factors include regulating water demand, water reuse,

exploring development of surface, ground and storm water as an integrated resource,

recharging, economics of water and energy. The ecological aspects include soil, biodiversity and

natural water drainage. It is observed that appreciable water savings can be achieved with

simple planning interventions.

RWH meaning Rain water harvesting is one of the age old techniques to collect water during the

monsoons and store it for use during non-monsoon periods or as required. Traditionally the kunds

of the Thar Desert, the bamboo drip irrigation of the Northeastern region, Kul irrigation of the Trans-

Himalayan region, the stepped wells etc are fine examples of rain water harvesting structures

designed conducive to the respective local environments.

In urban agglomerations successful RWH has become a challenge. Rain water harvesting has to

be based on simple but technical methods. The details of How to harvest, how much to harvest

and where to harvest need to be worked out keeping in mind the water balance of the projects,

the geological conditions, run-off calculations and so on.

In order to actually undertake rain water harvesting, there are 2 options - Either the harvested

water is stored for use or it is used for recharging ground water.

RWH involves simple steps:

1) Collection from a dedicated catchment

2) Conveyance of the rain water run-off from catchment to filter

3) Primary Filtration (can be online or off line)

4) Conveyance of the rain water run-off from filter to RWH Tank

5) The RWH Tank can be sized to either store water for per-decided usage or to convey the

same to recharge structures to bring about artificial recharge.

Design considerations:

Based on the size of the catchment, the intensity

of rainfall and the finish/type of the catchment,

the rain water harvesting potential is calculated.

This RWH Potential enables to size the

conveyance system. Depending on the

properties of the catchment areas and the

expected water quality, the primary filtration

system is designed. For example when

catchment is a roof top, the filtration required is

different from when the catchment is a parking

lot over the podium; where additional filters like

oil and grease traps, grit filters etc may be

additionally required.

Photo 1: Water from roof top down-takes led to

recharge bores

Further, the gathered rain water can either be stored in water tanks for use or can be led to

artificial recharge structures. The stored water may be used up during the monsoons itself; in

which case it can be a common water tank or could be used in the dry periods or water scarcity

periods, depending on specific requirements. These recharge structures can be designed in form

of pits, trenches, bores etc based on the aquifer conditions and hydro-geological conditions.

The RWH system can be designed creatively as a landscaping feature using bio-retentions

techniques for filtration, as water streams etc thereby not only enabling RWH but also enhancing

bio-diversity of the site. The challenge in open RWH systems are evaporation losses that need to

be reflected back in designs.

Image Ref: http://www.smithgroup.com

So in-spite of being an age-old and simple water conservation measure of – “catch water where

it falls”, what issues does RWH faces at individual site level?

Design level Issues:

1. In the first place the insensitivity about more and more hard areas amongst architects and

planners. The designs do not always consider the site as a live unit having natural systems

within it.

2. Large podium areas have added to increased run-offs

Issues involved in Collection of rain water:

1) Mixing of roof-top water and podium or ground level run-off

2) Pre-planning of services so that rather than a problem solving approach. Generally RWH is

done as an afterthought. Incorporating RWH in the design documents from initial stages,

shall ensure the implementation appropriately on site.

Issues involved in Storage of harvested rainwater:

1. The storage tank capacity works out to be too high and hence uneconomical to be

constructed in RCC. Further the stored water may get exhausted in a few months

depending on frequency and intensity of usage; beyond which the RWH Tank is rendered

useless. This discourages the storage option for Rain water harvesting.

2. Other low cost measures like storage – open ponds, etc that can be integrated as

landscaped features etc need conscious land-planning.

Issues involved in Recharge of harvested rainwater:

1. The sizing and recharging capacity of the aquifer can be challenging and needs meticulous

technical information. Non-availability of such hydro-geological information can hinder the

design development of artificial recharge structures. If the structures are not sized appropriately,

most of the harvested water shall overflow from the recharge structures; thereby defeating the

purpose. This may occur as in the monsoons the sub-surface and aquifer may already be

saturated.

Issues involved in Filtration of harvested rainwater:

The filtration system needs to correspond to the catchment type and conveyance (open or

closed). If the rain water from different catchment areas is mixed, the filtration system would land

up either being under-designed or over-designed.

Beyond the Site – Rain water Harvesting Concepts:

Rain water harvesting can not only be undertaken at individual site level, but also at a City or

Ward level – based on the Water Banking concepts – planned as a mini-watershed. This can be

done by superimposing the political sub-divisions over the hydrological data such as basin map or

ground water map of the city. Based on this further smaller planning modules for rain water

harvesting can be strategized. Within a ward common spaces such as garden or space allotted

for infrastructure could incorporate the common storage tanks for harvested rainwater of that

particular planning module; while the zones which are geologically conducive to ground water

recharging can also be identified. Thus each planning unit can have their own Rain water bank,

from which the water users can withdraw as required. It is definite that the ground water or natural

water systems will not follow the political sub-divisions, but it seems to be the best chance to

undertake mass level RWH in a coordinated manner – including all stake holders – water users

group, local authorities – PMC, Irrigation department, GSDA, NGO’s and so on.

Pune City – Prority wise Stormwater base map

Source: PMC website

Policy level Interventions:

Just like any new development is based on Land-use zoning – the project follows the proposed

land use and seeks building permissions from the local authorities. Similarly, more specific

calculations and RWH design based on the Geo-Hydrological settings of the site should be

included in the sanction plan. This can be a step towards ensuring that correct RWH approach is

included in mainstream during sanctioning, rather than standard approach. For example – if the

site is not apt for recharging, then the project has to consider storage or vice versa.

Policies should also include regulations on limiting the hard areas within site and have vegetated

open spaces.

Awareness:

As citizens we need to ask the developer about such environmentally conscious measures that

the project has undertaken… should get involved in maintaining and ensuring that these systems

are operational once the societies are handed over. The action of buying house not only involves

accountability but also contributes to the environment in small or big ways - example if one buys

a house with maintained green amenities such as rain water harvesting, vermi-composting, solar

water heating, renewable energy, energy efficient lighting etc. shall be contributing to the

environment in a good way as against someone, who does not buy a house which does not have

any of these.

Mandatory or Voluntary compliances:

With gradually increasing awareness on green buildings and environment, the development

projects get clearances and green ratings from MoEF, Pollution Control Boards, LEED, IGBC GH,

GRIHA etc. These organizations - whether public or private should incorporate more stringent

inspections and compliance requirements to ensure working conditions of the proposed green

measures such as rain water harvesting.

On these lines, a notification has been issued by the Urban development section, Govt. of

Maharashtra on the 23rd of March 2011, specifying that in event of non-maintenance of the Rain

water harvesting structures/system a fine of ` 1000/- per 100 sqm of built space shall be levied

from the owner.

To conclude, it must be not be forgotten that we need to reduce our potable water demands so

as to make RWH more effective. Water demands can be reduced by using low flow taps, faucets,

dual flushing, reuse of treated waste water, reducing distribution losses, water metering and so on.

With Integrated water management, RWH can work in a brilliant way if implemented in its true

sense, thereby not only fulfilling human needs, but also ensuring environmental flows in our major

natural drainages or rivers… giving water to the natural systems.

NILESH A GANDHIProprietor M/s Ace Consultants

PHE & FP Services Consultants

• B.E Civil, Pune University • Life Member, Indian Plumbing Association• Life Member, Institute of Engineers, Pune Chapter• Member, Institute of Fire Engineers• Member of Juries Panel for Builders Association of India, Pune Chapter

Mr. Nilesh Gandhi is a Civil Engineer from MIT, Pune in 1995.He brings with him, rich experience which he gathered while working with some of thePrestigious companies like Tata Electric Company, Shapoorji Pallonji & Co Ltd.

After this he also has worked with a Services Consultancy company in Pune & then started his own company M/s Ace Consultant in Dec 2002

Ace Consultants has been in the field of Engineering Consultancy for PHE & FPfor the better part of the decade and has worked with several International HotelChains like Marriott, Radisson Group, Oakwood as well as with Multinationalcompanies like John Deere, IBM, Syntel Software, KPIT Software, Barclays Bank,Cognizant and Tech Mahindra.

The Company has Projects going on PAN India.

The company adheres to all the Codes (both National and International) such as NBC,UPCI, NFPA (American) and FM Global, thus providing Customized services to all itsClients.

We have been a part of the Designer team ( PHE & FP ) for the Platinum certified LEED project Yamuna, Corporate office for the KBL.

Mr.Nilesh Gandhi is also associated with many Institutions as below1) Life Member of Indian Plumbing Association2) Life Member of Institute of Fire Engineers3) Life Member of Institute of Engineers

PROJECT EXPERIENCE

I.T Parks:

28,00,000 sq.ft. Software Park “EON”, at MIDC Kharadi for M/s Panchshil ( SEZ project with MOEF approval)

5,50,000 sq.ft Tech Mahindra Campus at MIDC, Hinjewadi, Pune

18,50,000 sq.ft. for M/s Wadhawa Developers, Pune

5,50,000 sq.ft.Techpark-1 M/s IBM, for M/s Panchshil

2,00,000 sq.ft. for M/s Cognizant Technologies

1,25,000 sq.ft. Campus for KPIT-Cummins ph-1, Hinjewadi

1,15,000 sq.ft. for Kanbay Software, Talewade MIDC, Pune

2,25,000 sq.ft for KPIT Cummins ph-2, Hinjewadi

4,00,000 sq.ft. for UGS Software at Hinjewadi for M/s Panchshil

1,80,000 sq.ft. EON Hinjewadi I.T.Project.

3,00,000 sq.ft. COB IT Software Park for M/s Deepak Nitrate Group

1,70,000 sq.ft. I.T. Park for Sathe Thirth JV at Baner

Mass Housing Projects:

78,00,000 sq.ft. ‘Dwarka’ Township at Chakan for M/s Naik Navare Associates

50,00,000 sq.ft. Premier Township for Shapoorji Pallonji at Manjari Pune

Park Street Phase-1, 2, 3 about 80 acres of township development

‘UK Valley, Lonavala’ about 50 acre premium township development inclusive of villas, shopping malls, multiplex, club house etc.

5,00,000 sq.ft. Swiss County project at Wakad

7,00,000 sq.ft Cross Over County project.

5,00,000 sq.ft. Green County project at Narhe, Pune

'Pratham' a 250 Bungalow project at Wakad, 34 acres

Infra-structure planning for Kirti Developer’s at Balewadi Stadium for 70 bungalow plots

'Alstom Project' Colony for French Engineers at Uttranchal state

9,50,000 sq.ft ‘Eagles Nest’ Townships at Wadgaon Maval for Naiknavare Associates

Hotels & Hospital:

Court Yard Marriott a 156 rooms 3 - Star Hotel at Hinjewadi.

Marriott International at ICC Pune, 430 rooms 5 - Star Hotel

110 rooms, 4 Star Hotel @ Pune for Raddison Group

Seasons-III, 4 star 100 room’s service apartment Hotel at Pune.

289 Beds, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya Hospital @ Delhi

Commercial Complexes & Malls:

Nucleus Commercial complex in Camp Pune, for M/s Vascon Eng. Pvt. Ltd. (This project has received the Best commercial complex for 2006 )

7,00,000 sq.ft. Commercial mall at ICC Pune

Offices & Institutions:

Offices for Barclays in Pune, Chennai & Noida. (We are doing Barclays projects on pan India basis.)

Aker Power Gas (APG) Corporate office, Mumbai

KBL Corporate office, Pune. (The first Platinum rated LEED certified project in Maharashtra.)

Global Design Centre for M/s John Deere at Magarpatta – Phase 1,2 & 3

Honeywell (I) Pvt. Ltd. at Hadapsar

2,00,000 sq.ft. Academic building for I2IT @ Hinjewadi for Finolex.

Hostel building for I2IT @ Hinjewadi.

Pharmacy College for D.Y.Patil @ Nigdi, Pune

Hostel building for VIT College @ Pune.

High Rise Buildings:

Modibaug Project at Pune

Kastur-Kunj project at ICS Bhosale Nagar

Ved- Vihar project, a 3,50,000 sq.ft. for M/s Amit Enterprises

Various residential projects with M/s B.K.Pate group

Residential projects with M/s Darode Jog Group

Kapil Abhijat for M/s Bal Developers

Sankul Condominium, 300000 sq.ft. project in Pune.

A 16 storey residental tower at Khar, Mumbai

Industrial:

Jabil Circuit Phase II at Ranjangaon, Pune

Liebherr CMCtec India Pvt. Ltd. at Chaufula, Pune

L’OREAL India Pvt. Ltd. at Talegaon, Pune

ACC Cement Plant, Chandrapur

Wirtgen Plant at Yavat, Pune

Logistic Park for Real Term

Cummins India Projects

ETP for Crude Oil Terminals at Mundra & Bhatinda refineries for Hindustan Dorr – Oliver Ltd.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING : A CASE STUDY

NILESH GANDHI

� Definition of Rain water Harvesting

� Basic Hydrological Cycle

� Requirement of RWH

� Method of Rain water Harvesting

� Rain water harvesting illustration for a Residential project.

� Advantages & disadvantages of RWH

� Overview of RWH.

In principle, rainwater harvesting consists of intercepting rainfall where it occurs, storing the water in various storage structures, which can be natural or manmade, percolating it in ground to raise water table level, prevention of losses through evaporation & and beneficially using stored water locally. The principle behind RWH is to prevent excess loss of water by evaporation which occurs in open lakes, river, sea etc.

In the universe, life is known to exist nowhere except the Earth. Modern science unequivocally believes that life cannot exist without water. Life has sustained on our Earth for 3.5 billion years because of some extraordinary attributes of the Earth. One such attribute is the hydrological cycle, by which a small fraction of one per cent of all freshwater in the Earth is circulated over and over again. One part of rain falling on land flows in rivers and streams towards the ocean, and one part of it goes back to atmosphere as evaporation, and as transpiration by plants. The remaining part circulates underground as soil water and groundwater. It is within this simple, and yet profound framework that rain harvest needs to be understood.

Definition of Rain water Harvesting :

RWH is the need of time today for following reasons :

� Growing population

� Modernization / Industrialization & ill effect associated with it.

� Global warming, abnormal changes in hydrological cycle.

� Growing difference between availability & requirement of water globally

You will be surprised to know that the Cherapunji in Assam which receives highest rain fall in India to the tune of 11000 mm per year also suffer from acute shortage of drinking water not because rain water is not consumed but allowed to be drained away. This has also resulted into over exploitation of surface sources like wells for drinking and industrial use, resulting to dropping of water levels and drying up of bore wells.

Any rainwater harvesting system will typically have following four elements

1) Catchments area

2) Conduits

3) Settlement Tank

4) Recharge facility or storage facility.

The simplest way to start doing Rain water harvesting

1) Catchment area :-

The catchment is the area or surface, which receives rainfall directly. It can be any surface such as paved area like a terrace or courtyard of building or an unpaved area, like Lawn or open ground. Temporary structures like sloping sheds can also act as catchments. Run-off factor determines the quantity of water which will be available from the catchment. Run-off factors for wooded or grassy land is very less say 10% rest is absorbed by percolation, whereas run-off factor for paved or terraced area is 70 to 90% as most of the rainwater is available for recharge or storage except for water lost due to evaporation.

2) Conduits : -

Conduits or the pipes carry rainwater from the catchments or roof tops to harvesting/storage system. The conduits may be of any materials like PVC, HDPE , galvanized or locally available metal like earthen pipes, RCC pipes .

3) Settlement Tank :-

For rural areas , rain water carries lot of dust, mud, dirt along with it, all this matter is removed by introducing a settlement tank with mud filter. Water settles there & overflow is connected to recharge facility. These settlement tanks are required to be cleaned from time to time.

Recharge facility or storage facility:-

Whenever we try to store the rain water from terrace directly, we provide grating at the inlet of down take pipes. Also we flush out the first rain to storm water drain & then clean water from further rains are collected in storage tanks. As volume of water generated by RWH is very large it becomes uneconomical to store all the water in tanks, then we try to percolate this water in the nearby aquifer by connecting harvested water to dry bore, existing well, hand pump etc. A typical arrangement of recharge is shown in the sketch below.

There is major difference between methods adopted for RWH in Urban area & rural area. In urban areas you have lot of hard terraced area, paved pathways & roads, so you get a good quantity & reasonably pure water from collection. But problem is limited & costly space for storage. So we store bare minimum & try to percolate maximum water to underground aquifer. In case of rural area we do not have much of water from paved or terrace area, but we have major quantity from surface runoff. So we do contour terracing of land & rain water is held at intermediate intervals for percolation.Finally it is diverted to deep wells / ponds.

Rain water recharge (percolation in ground)

Rain water storage for direct use

Rain Water Harvesting for Rural Areas :

Case study of the RWH project for one of Case study of the RWH project for one of the Residential scheme the Residential scheme

Rain water discharge calculation after development

Sr.No. Type of area Area in m2 Area in Ha 'C' value Avg Rain fall Discharge

mm/day m3/day

1 Terrace area of all buildings 8100.69 0.810069 0.95 18 138.52

2 Parking slab area 7754.9 0.77549 0.95 18 132.61

3 Paved area 3595 0.3595 0.65 18 42.06

4 Open space 3793 0.3793 0.55 18 37.55

5 Landscape gardens 1290 0.129 0.5 18 11.61

6 Road in open area 3554 0.3554 0.75 18 47.98

Total of area 28087.6

Total rain water discharge after development 410.33

Rain water discharge calculation before development

Sr.No. Type of area Area in m2 Area in Ha 'C' value Avg Rain fall Discharge

mm/day m3/day

1 Barran land before development 28087.4 2.808743 0.5 18 252.79

Heavily countoured

Total rain water discharge before development m3/day 252.79

(m3/min)

Total rain water discharge after development 410.3318

Rain water discharge calculation before development 252.7869

We propose to recharge the same 157.5449 m3/day

through percolation borewells, pits.

�� GEOLOGICAL SET UP AND TERRAIN CONDITIONS:GEOLOGICAL SET UP AND TERRAIN CONDITIONS:

�� The area under investigation forms the part of the volcanic The area under investigation forms the part of the volcanic sequence of basaltic rocks belonging to the Deccan Volcanic sequence of basaltic rocks belonging to the Deccan Volcanic activity, which is one of the largest known geological formations in activity, which is one of the largest known geological formations in India, covering over 80 percent area of the state of Maharashtra. India, covering over 80 percent area of the state of Maharashtra. The flows exposed in the area are compound type and has limited The flows exposed in the area are compound type and has limited thickness of 4 to 6 meters. The rock exposed is highly amygdaloidal thickness of 4 to 6 meters. The rock exposed is highly amygdaloidal in nature, the upper flow is mantled by a soil horizon which is in nature, the upper flow is mantled by a soil horizon which is followed by weathered basalt (followed by weathered basalt (MurumMurum). The area has undulating ). The area has undulating topography. Subtopography. Sub--horizontal and horizontal sheethorizontal and horizontal sheet--joints are joints are ubiquitous in the lava flows. They are normally restricted to the ubiquitous in the lava flows. They are normally restricted to the amygdaloidal (top and base) portions of the flow and to the amygdaloidal (top and base) portions of the flow and to the interflow horizons. Vertical and inclined cooling joints are not as interflow horizons. Vertical and inclined cooling joints are not as prolific in the flows and are restricted to individual flows only that prolific in the flows and are restricted to individual flows only that are unevenly spaced. are unevenly spaced.

��

�� Methodology :Methodology :�� Electrical Resistivity Method (IS: 1892Electrical Resistivity Method (IS: 1892--1979 Appendix B clause 1979 Appendix B clause

3.3 B3.3 B--2):2):�� By By applying this method the resistance to the flow of an electric applying this method the resistance to the flow of an electric

current through the subsurface materials is measured at intervals current through the subsurface materials is measured at intervals on the ground surface. The resistivity is usually defined as the on the ground surface. The resistivity is usually defined as the resistance between opposite phases of a unit cube of the material. resistance between opposite phases of a unit cube of the material. Each material has its own resistivity depending upon the water Each material has its own resistivity depending upon the water content, compaction and composition. The test is conducted by content, compaction and composition. The test is conducted by driving four metal spikes to serve as electrodes in to the ground driving four metal spikes to serve as electrodes in to the ground along a straight line at equal distances. A direct voltage is imposed along a straight line at equal distances. A direct voltage is imposed between the two outer potentiometer electrodes and the potential between the two outer potentiometer electrodes and the potential drop is measured between the inner electrodes. To interpret the drop is measured between the inner electrodes. To interpret the resistivityresistivity data for knowing the nature and distribution of the data for knowing the nature and distribution of the subsurface formations, it is necessary to make preliminary trial on subsurface formations, it is necessary to make preliminary trial on known formations. The potential ‘V’ thus obtained divided by the known formations. The potential ‘V’ thus obtained divided by the current ‘I’ applied gives the resistance ‘R’ of the ground. The current ‘I’ applied gives the resistance ‘R’ of the ground. The product of the resistance and the spacing factor, which is product of the resistance and the spacing factor, which is depending upon the disposition of the electrodes, is the resistivity depending upon the disposition of the electrodes, is the resistivity of the ground.of the ground.

This method is routinely used for:1. Determining the sub-surface strata classification2. Determination of hard rock foundation3. Estimation of overburden thickness and hard rock quantities and4. Determination of the suitability of the area for quarrying and excavation

A great variety of electrode arrangements have been used to measure the earth resistivity but essentially they may be grouped into three classes.

1. Arrangements in which the potential differences between two widely spaced measuring electrodes are recorded.

2. Arrangements in which a potential gradient or electric field intensity is measured using closely spaced pair of measuring electrodes.

3. Arrangements in which the curvature of the potential function is measured using a closely spaced current electrode pair as well as a closely spaced measuring electrode pair.

RESULTS AND DATA PROCESSING:

In the area to understand the shallow subsurface geological andaquifer conditions extending up to 70-90 meters depth, verticalelectrical soundings were conducted at seven different locations.Using IPI2 WINDOW based software the data obtained from field wasprocessed. This software helps in interactive semi-automatedinterpretation of the field data. All the sounding data were modeledfor the existing sections. The VES data on apparent resistivity valueswas modeled by using IPI2 WINDOW based software to get differentlayers depicting their thickness, depth and true resistivity (seeappendix I). In nutshell, the above interpretation gives generalizedgeological situation with depth-wise variations. As discussed abovethe sounding points with typical curves at selected sites give pointinformation, which was further utilized to build comprehensivepicture of subsurface geological situation depth-wise by preparing 2-Dgeoelectrical sections.

Any one of these arrays may be used to study variations in resistivity with depth or in lateral condition. In studying the variation of resistivity with depth, as in the case of a layered medium the spacing between the various electrodes is gradually increased. With larger spacing, the effect of material at depth on the measurements becomes more pronounced.

In studying the lateral as well as vertical variations, various electrode configurations are adopted and the array is moved as a whole along a traverse line. The first type of measurement is called as ‘Vertical Electrical Sounding’ (VES) and the second one is ‘Horizontal Profiling’ (HP). In the present work both VES and HP were conducted at 10 different locations at Chakan-Dwaraka. The L sections generated on the basis of values of electrical resistivity for the site have been used to depict 2-D subsurface images of the strata that are also included in this report.

ProfilesProfiles

Weathered basaltic aquifer Weathered basaltic aquifer

AquicludeAquiclude (Hard and Compact basalt)(Hard and Compact basalt)33-- 5 5 --8 8

Weathered basaltic aquifer

Aquiclude (Hard and Compact basalt)

�� The The geoelectricalgeoelectrical crosscross--sections passing through various points sections passing through various points have been presented in the above figures. It is to be noted that have been presented in the above figures. It is to be noted that these are apparent resistivity L sections, which broadly match the these are apparent resistivity L sections, which broadly match the true resistivity of formations. The values of true resistivity have true resistivity of formations. The values of true resistivity have been computed and thickness, depth and true resistivity have been been computed and thickness, depth and true resistivity have been presented in appendix. Using IPI2 software, the values of true presented in appendix. Using IPI2 software, the values of true resistivity of strata (ρ), its thickness (h) and depth (d) have been resistivity of strata (ρ), its thickness (h) and depth (d) have been obtained after obtained after modelingmodeling of data and are depicted in table form of data and are depicted in table form besides each curve. It can be seen that at besides each curve. It can be seen that at atat VES point 1 and 2, VES point 1 and 2, and 5 the rock strata is conducive as potential aquifer up to and 5 the rock strata is conducive as potential aquifer up to variable depth, at point 1 the strata is favourable for occurrence variable depth, at point 1 the strata is favourable for occurrence of Ground water beyond 12 meters depth while at point 2 it is of Ground water beyond 12 meters depth while at point 2 it is good beyond 45 meters and at point 5 it is favourable beyond 12 good beyond 45 meters and at point 5 it is favourable beyond 12 meters only, as beyond these depths there is sudden drop in the meters only, as beyond these depths there is sudden drop in the reistivityreistivity values indicating highly fractured and therefore more values indicating highly fractured and therefore more porous strata. porous strata.

��

��

At point 3, 4, and 6 although strata is conducive but of limited nature i.e the strata has limited thickness and so is the aquifer thickness. At point 3it is favourable up to 32 meters, at point 4 up to a depth of 68 meters while at point 6 between the depth of 14 and 80 meters. Of these points point 4 and 6 can be utilized for siting the bore well for the exploration of groundwater, while point three can be used for recharging the aquifer, may be by taking a bore well or by constructing a suitable recharging structure like the recharging pit. Similarly point 7 and 8 also shows presence of favourable hydrgeological conditions but of variable thickness. At point 7 the rock strata is conducive beyond 46 meters and this zone continues up to 64 meters depth, whereas at point 8 the conditions are favourable beyond 50 meters. The point 8 therefore has priority over point 7 for locating the bore well for the exploration of groundwater while point 7 can best utilized for the purpose of groundwater recharging. Point 9 is not recommended for either purpose while point 10 is favourable for the purpose of locating recharging bore well where the strata between depth 15 and 30 meters is favourable for the storage of groundwater.

If we want RWH to become a real success story then it has to be implemented phase wise starting from Government offices & institutions, Corporate world, Public places , large scale residential scheme etc. Government shall encourage people by passing subsidiary & rebates in taxes.

If RWH is made compulsory overnight then there are more chances that we will have strong reaction & it might become a political issue like ban on helmet compulsion.

Appendix: Modelled electrical resistivity data output

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

Advantages & Disadvantages of RWH :Advantages & Disadvantages of RWH :--

We have seen above the different methods of RWH, now let us see We have seen above the different methods of RWH, now let us see Pro & Cons of Rain Water Harvesting.Pro & Cons of Rain Water Harvesting.

Advantages are as below :Advantages are as below :--

Water which will runoff & join ocean is not useful directly for human Water which will runoff & join ocean is not useful directly for human consumption; with the help of RWH we can use this water for consumption; with the help of RWH we can use this water for mankind.mankind.

2) We can not generate water artificially on such large scale, RWH is 2) We can not generate water artificially on such large scale, RWH is the best way one can capture large volume of water.the best way one can capture large volume of water.

3) Hot & arid places like Rajasthan in India where there is huge 3) Hot & arid places like Rajasthan in India where there is huge scarcity of water. Whatever rain falls in desert is absorbed in soil or scarcity of water. Whatever rain falls in desert is absorbed in soil or evaporates, there RWH is a boon.evaporates, there RWH is a boon.

4) RWH provided of self sufficiency of water supply.4) RWH provided of self sufficiency of water supply.

Disadvantages are as below :Disadvantages are as below :--

RWH on a very large scale will reduce the flow of streams to river, RWH on a very large scale will reduce the flow of streams to river, which plays important role in transporting sediments & nutrients as which plays important role in transporting sediments & nutrients as well as sustaining the habitats of many plants and animals, well as sustaining the habitats of many plants and animals, collectively referred to as ecosystems. This also had an illcollectively referred to as ecosystems. This also had an ill--effect effect on hydrological cycle.on hydrological cycle.

2) If the catchments area is polluted with any biological / chemical 2) If the catchments area is polluted with any biological / chemical material then it will have major impact on quality of underground material then it will have major impact on quality of underground water storage. Also it takes many years to purify these water storage. Also it takes many years to purify these underground resources by natural means.underground resources by natural means.

3) Some time overflow of septic tank is not properly connected to 3) Some time overflow of septic tank is not properly connected to nallanalla or or sulagesulage line. In such cases, during rains line. In such cases, during rains sulagesulage water gets water gets mixed with storm water & pollute under ground water mixed with storm water & pollute under ground water

�� Overview of Rain Water Harvesting :Overview of Rain Water Harvesting :--

�� One of the oldest water harvesting systems is found about One of the oldest water harvesting systems is found about 130 km from Pune along 130 km from Pune along NaneghatNaneghat in the Western Ghats. A in the Western Ghats. A large number of tanks were cut in the rocks to provide drinking large number of tanks were cut in the rocks to provide drinking water to tradesmen who used to travel along this ancient water to tradesmen who used to travel along this ancient trade route. trade route.

�� Each fort in the area had its own water harvesting and Each fort in the area had its own water harvesting and storage system in the form of rockstorage system in the form of rock--cut cisterns, ponds, tanks cut cisterns, ponds, tanks and wells that are still in use today. A large number of forts and wells that are still in use today. A large number of forts like like RaigadRaigad had tanks that supplied water. had tanks that supplied water.

�� In ancient times, houses in parts of western Rajasthan were In ancient times, houses in parts of western Rajasthan were built so that each had a rooftop water harvesting system. built so that each had a rooftop water harvesting system. Rainwater from these rooftops was directed into underground Rainwater from these rooftops was directed into underground tanks. This system can be seen even today in all the forts, tanks. This system can be seen even today in all the forts,

palaces and houses of the regionpalaces and houses of the region. .

�� Overview of Rain Water Harvesting :Overview of Rain Water Harvesting :--

�� One of the oldest water harvesting systems is found about One of the oldest water harvesting systems is found about 130 km from Pune along 130 km from Pune along NaneghatNaneghat in the Western Ghats. A in the Western Ghats. A large number of tanks were cut in the rocks to provide drinking large number of tanks were cut in the rocks to provide drinking water to tradesmen who used to travel along this ancient trade water to tradesmen who used to travel along this ancient trade route. route.

�� Each fort in the area had its own water harvesting and storage Each fort in the area had its own water harvesting and storage system in the form of rocksystem in the form of rock--cut cisterns, ponds, tanks and wells cut cisterns, ponds, tanks and wells that are still in use today. A large number of forts like that are still in use today. A large number of forts like RaigadRaigadhad tanks that supplied water. had tanks that supplied water.

�� In ancient times, houses in parts of western Rajasthan were In ancient times, houses in parts of western Rajasthan were built so that each had a rooftop water harvesting system. built so that each had a rooftop water harvesting system. Rainwater from these rooftops was directed into underground Rainwater from these rooftops was directed into underground tanks. This system can be seen even today in all the forts, tanks. This system can be seen even today in all the forts,

palaces and houses of the regionpalaces and houses of the region. .

Formation of Rain Center :Formation of Rain Center :--

Rain Center is like a working laboratory. People can walk in, learn Rain Center is like a working laboratory. People can walk in, learn about RWH, see actual field installations of the different RWH about RWH, see actual field installations of the different RWH methods. They display the urban RWH systems. India's FIRST Rain methods. They display the urban RWH systems. India's FIRST Rain center opened in August 2002 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. center opened in August 2002 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

It is reported that the CM It is reported that the CM JayalalithaJayalalitha insisted on installing a RWH insisted on installing a RWH system in her own official residence, prior to inaugurating the Rain system in her own official residence, prior to inaugurating the Rain Centre. It is conceived that this Rain Centre and many related Centre. It is conceived that this Rain Centre and many related activities played a role in the new ordinance passed across the activities played a role in the new ordinance passed across the State of Tamil Nadu, making it mandatory to install RWH in all State of Tamil Nadu, making it mandatory to install RWH in all buildings . buildings .

Recent Rain Centers have come up in Recent Rain Centers have come up in TrichurTrichur Kerala and Meerut Kerala and Meerut U.P There is a possibility of a Rain Center at Nature Park in U.P There is a possibility of a Rain Center at Nature Park in MahimMahimMumbai in coming year Mumbai in coming year

Even as rainEven as rain--harvesting is implemented to meet the water crisis in harvesting is implemented to meet the water crisis in the shortthe short--term, governments at various levels need to formulate term, governments at various levels need to formulate longlong--term plans for integrated water development. Carefully term plans for integrated water development. Carefully chosen watersheds of suitable size would constitute ideal units of chosen watersheds of suitable size would constitute ideal units of management. management.

Based on climatic, stream flow, soil, groundwater, and other data, Based on climatic, stream flow, soil, groundwater, and other data, a water budget would help assess overall water availability over a water budget would help assess overall water availability over the watershed. To beneficially manage the available water, the watershed. To beneficially manage the available water, surface water, artificial recharge, groundwater withdrawal, and surface water, artificial recharge, groundwater withdrawal, and water conservation practices will become components of water conservation practices will become components of integrated water management. integrated water management.

Such management cannot be based exclusively on science, Such management cannot be based exclusively on science, technology, or economics. It has to be guided by local values, technology, or economics. It has to be guided by local values, traditions, and institutions. One should be able to make local traditions, and institutions. One should be able to make local people participate in this work. people participate in this work.

This coming together of science and human values, in a situation This coming together of science and human values, in a situation of limited resources, presents extraordinary challenges and of limited resources, presents extraordinary challenges and unprecedented opportunities for shared living.unprecedented opportunities for shared living.

Sr.No. Type of area Area in m2 Area in Ha 'C' value Avg Rain fall Dischargemm/day m3/day

1 Terrace area of all buildings 8100.69 0.810069 0.95 18 138.52

2 Parking slab area 7754.9 0.77549 0.95 18 132.61

3 Pav ed area 3595 0.3595 0.65 18 42.06

4 Open space 3793 0.3793 0.55 18 37.55

5 Landscape gardens 1290 0.129 0.5 18 11.61

6 Road in open area 3554 0.3554 0.75 18 47.98

Total of area 28087.6410.33

Sr.No. Type of area Area in m2 Area in Ha 'C' value Avg Rain fall Dischargemm/day m3/day

1 Barran land bef ore dev elopment 28087.4 2.808743 0.5 18 252.79Heav ily countoured

252.79

(m3/min)

Total rain water discharge after development 410.3318Rain water discharge calculation before development 252.7869

We propose to recharge the same 157.5449 m3/daythrough percolation borewells, pits.

Total rain water discharge af ter dev elopmentRain water discharge calculation before development

Total rain water discharge bef ore dev elopment m3/day

Rain water discharge calculation after development

THANK YOU

M/s Ace Consultant

Mr. Nilesh Gandhi

Email:- [email protected]

Downloaded & Compiled by

Er. M. B. Nambiar

WATER HARVESTINOverview

CSE started its work on water issues way back in the 80s, when it was

becoming apparent that the water management paradigm based on exploitation

of surface and groundwater resources even as it neglected capturing rain to

recharge or for direct use would lead the country to a huge water crisis. CSE

first focused on pushing for policy reforms in the water sector to mainstream

harvesting rainwater in both urban and rural areas.

To support this policy advocacy, CSE undertook intensive and extensive

awareness campaigns, capacity building workshops and informational materials.

The outcome of this work was that there were supportive policy initiatives in

urban and rural areas to promote water harvesting and all this was met with

public support.

CSE has been promoting the concept of water harvesting, particularly in urban

areas, as a technological solution that can be adopted by all. CSE’s campaign to

promote water harvesting began with its in-depth research on India’s rich

traditions in using rainwater for a sustainable, participatory and equitable

management of water. The research culminated in the book, DYING WISDOM:

Rise, Fall and Potential of India’s Traditional Water Harvesting Systems. The

central message of the book was that harvesting rainwater makes eminent

sense in a monsoon-type climate (where most rain occurs in less than 200

hours in a year and engenders community participation. Indians can learn from

their traditions to develop new approaches for sustainable water management

and meet the water crisis of today. The report provided a comprehensive

overview of India’s traditions in community-based water harvesting, their

decline and relevance in the modern context. The report was released at 15

different places in India in collaboration with the country's civil society to take

the message across India and to establish a network of people interested in

promoting community-based water management systems.

Internalizing the message, CSE initiated an advocacy programme to promote

the concept of community-based water harvesting and make it a national

movement. It produced simple literature and organized dozens of meetings to

explain the principles and practice of rainwater harvesting. For urban audiences

CSE’s programme to build model institutions shows people how rainwater

harvesting is done. The CSE building, for instance, captures every drop of rain

that falls on its premises. In order to create awareness among opinion and

decision-makers, CSE provided them with easily understandable briefing papers

that explained how policy options can be developed and implemented.

CSE’s special website, rainwaterharvesting.org, provides interested people

comprehensive information on rainwater harvesting – on water crisis, conflicts,

solutions, technologies, water crusaders and policy, including a database of

different technologies for rural and urban contexts. To provide information on

resource persons and experts, CSE has compiled a database of NGOs and

individuals knowledgeable about water harvesting across the country. In 2001,

CSE published another book, Making Water Everybody’s Business: Policy and

Practice of Water Harvesting, which captures numerous case studies of village

communities involved in water harvesting both in India and abroad.

Technical advice for planning and designing rainwater harvesting

Every Friday between 2:00pm to 6:00pm Centre for Science and Environment

(CSE) provides detailed technical guidance to interested individuals, RWAs and

institutions to implement rain water harvesting. The technical assistance will be

provided on every Friday at CSE office at 41, Tughlakabad institutional area. If

you are interested in setting up a water harvesting system at your place, Please

get a prior appointment.

Water Programme UnitCenter for Science and Environment,41, Tughlakabad institutional area, New Delhi 110062.Phone : 011 29955124, 29956110, 29956394, 29955879Email : [email protected]. Mobile : 91 9013338906


What is RWH? Rain water harvesting is collection and storage of rain water

that runs off from roof tops, parks, roads, open grounds, etc. This water run off

can be either stored or recharged into the ground water. A rainwater harvesting

systems consists of the following components:

1. catchment from where water is captured and stored or recharged,2. conveyance system that carries the water harvested from the catchment

to the storage/recharge zone,3. first flush that is used to flush out the first spell of rain,4. filter used to remove pollutants,5. Storage tanks and/or various recharge structures.

Why do RWH? Rain may soon be the only source of clean water. Rainwater

harvesting systems use the principle of conserving rainwater where it falls and

have the following benefits:

• Helps meet ever increasing demand of water. • Improves quality and quantity of groundwater. • Reduces flooding.

Where?

– Individual homes

– Colonies

– Apartments

– Institutions

– Schools/colleges/universities

– Clubs

– Hospitals

– Industries

– Slums

– Everywhere……the potential for rainwater harvesting is huge

How? Setting up a rainwater harvesting is not difficult but requires some sort of

understanding of hydrology and architecture and as a result most people find it

too complicated to do it themselves. In order to make it simple and convenient

for everyone to set up a rainwater harvesting system suitable for their needs,

we have prepared a set of guidelines which will help you to set up your own

rainwater harvesting system quickly and efficiently.

RAINFALL DATA FOR PUNE

25 years average (1982-2006)

Months Av. Annual Rainfall (mm) Rainy Days

Jan 1.7 0.2

Feb 1.5 0.1

Mar 0.6 0.1

Apr 9.8 0.9

May 30.0 2.2

Jun 171.4 9.6

Jul 171.0 12.2

Aug 139.5 9.8

Sep 141.7 7.9

Oct 85.8 4.7

Nov 21.5 1.2

Dec 7.4 0.4

Total 781.9 49.4

CRISIS

Inhumanly Mismanaged

In India, from the 19th century onward, the paradigm of managing water has

followed two interconnected routes.

One, the state took upon itself the role of sole provider of water. (It was the

colonial state that centralized control over water resources. The post-

independent state inherited this role, and continued with it.) Among other

things, this led to communities and households being no longer the primary

agents of water provision and management.

Two, the earlier use of rainwater and floodwater declined. In its place, there

came a growing reliance on surface water (primarily rivers) and groundwater.

Today, the effects of this way of managing water are clearly visible:

There is complete dependence on the state for any kind of water

provision. It is a kind of fostered parasitism since the state, via its

bureaucratic machinery, does not seem to possess the will to alter such a

situation.

Such has been the level of extraction from rivers that most of India's river

basins have degraded and the rivers are polluted.

Large dams are the major source of water storage, and canals are the

major distributory route. The former have caused large-scale community

displacement and ecological havoc. The latter, large-scale degradation of

land via soil salinisation.

Groundwater resources have been heavily over-used.

Thus water availability, both in terms of quality and quantity, has declined to

such an extent that many parts of India, rural and urban, today face a drought-

like situation. And when drought actually sets in, as it did in Gujarat and other

parts of the country most recently in the year 2000, scarcity takes on a

frightening visage. An already bleak reality seems even more grim...

WATER CONFLICTS

Summer comes to India every year. Along with it comes water crisis

As wells, ponds and taps dry up, women begin to walk the village streets and

city roads with pots and pitchers looking for a water-point. As municipality

water-tankers and government-run water trains begin to traverse the length

and breadth of the country, people gather on street corners, village squares

and in front of municipality offices. They murmur, growl, throw stones, and

fight...

Water is becoming a cause for social conflicts

Protests, demonstrations, road-blockades, riots. City-dwellers against farmers.

Villages against towns. Towns against cities. Citizens against the government.

People against people. Increasingly, these (usually local) conflicts are taking on

the general shape of a bitter war for water.

Is there a way out? What should we do? Hang down our heads in shame?

Or, should we look up?

SOLUTIONS

What is the source of all water?

Rain, of course

River water; water in lakes, ponds and wells; water that seeps into the ground,

collecting in the belly of the earth; tapwater; even bottled water! The source of

all water is rain.

Let us understand this: Supply comes from the sky.

Let us apply this understanding: in order to meet demand, then, what we

actually need to do is harvest the rain. Not dam a river, and block its flow. Not

boost water out the ground, and suck the earth dry. Not build canals, lay

kilometers of pipes. But merely harvest the rain.

In essence, harvesting water means harvesting the rain.

In India, the monsoon is a deluge. Flash floods churn up dry river beds. Dry

wells come to life; lakes and ponds brim with water.

In India the monsoon is brief. We get about 100 hours of rain in a year. It is

this 100-hour bounty that must be caught, stored, and used over the other

8,660 hours that make up a year.

The water harvesting rationale: extend the fruits of the monsoon.

The water-harvesting basis: catch water where it falls.

The water harvesting method: build systems that enable such an extension,

and create a structure to manage the extension. These structures are eco-

region specific.

The water harvesting experience: millennial and born of local wisdom; scientific

and still in use; participatory and the basis of people's movements; the focus of

innovation in the present and the best way to a non-scarce future.

But, what is the potential of rainwater harvesting? Understand the water

arithmetic.

http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/eco/eco-region.htm

http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/eco/eco-region.htm

http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Solution/Water-Arithmetic.htm

http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Solution/Water-Arithmetic.htm

A Lesson

There was a thirsty crow. It peered into an earthen pitcher. There was water at

the bottom. "Dregs," it cawed alarmed. But it was thirsty. It began to drop

pebbles into the pitcher. Drop by drop, the water rose to the top. The crow

drank and flew away sated. It could have used a pneumatic drill to smash

through to the water. It didn't.

This water harvester of a crow could teach us a thing or two.

The water arithmetic.

We stare at the dregs of our ingenuity, at a resource scientifically misutilized.

We are cawing alarmed. But we only keep cawing, raucously at that. Lets get

on, like the crow. Fashion a pebble-by-pebble approach to meet our needs.

First recognize that the source of all water on earth is not the river, is not the

underground aquifer, is not the lake, well or stream. Rain is the source of all

water.

Second, recognize that in India the monsoon is a deluge. Rain spatters the

earth. Fills ponds. Lakes brim. Rivers heave. But the monsoon is also brief. We

receive most of its rainfall in just 100 hours out of 8,760 hours in a year. But

this is enough to meet our water needs, provide food security and eradicate

rural poverty.

Water Balance in India

According to a study, India receives 400 million hectare meters (mham) of rain

and snowfall. Another 20 mham flow in as surface water from outside the

country. This total 420 mham provide the country with river flows of 180

mham. Another 67 mham is available as groundwater. About 173 mham is lost

as evaporation or becomes soil moisture - which can be captured directly as

rainwater or as runoff from small catchments in and near villages or towns. If

even 20 - 3- mham can be captured through rainwater harvesting, tremendous

pressure can greatly extend the availability of clean water. Why is Cherrapunji

today short of drinking water when it gets more than 11 meters of rainfall

annually? Simply because it does not capture the rain that falls over it.

Third, recognise the rainwater needs to be harvested through capturing,

storing and recharging it and later using it during prolonged parched periods.

The key component of water management is 'storage' especially in India. Small

means even more water. Michael Evenari, an Israeli scientist's study clearly

demonstrates that ten dams with one hectare catchment will store more water

than one dam of ten hectare. Several other studies conducted by the Central

Soil and Water Conservation Research Institute in different parts of the country

revealed similar results.

Any land can be used to harvest rainwater. (See potential) In tune with the

terrain, with nothing imposed. It is just a matter of using material locally

abundant - stones, mud, bamboo etc.

The hidden link: The most beautiful thing about water harvesting is that there

is a human-rain-land synergy. What the table shows clearly is that rainwater

harvesting is possible in all human-land-rain scenarios.

Synergies exist between rainfall, human population density and land availability

Region

Annual

level of

rainfall

Rain yield

potential

from one

hectare of

land (*)

Human

population

density

Land

availabili

ty for

water

harvesti

ng

Surface

quality

for

water

collecti

on

efficien

cy

Number

of people

whose

water

needs

can be

met at

100 litres

per

person

per day

from one

hectare

of land

Rural-

arid100 mm

1 million

litresLow High - 27

Rural-

humid

2,000

mm

20 million

litresHigh Low - 553

Urban - - Very high Very low

More

rooftops

and

built-up

surfaces

available

with

high

runoff

(*)Assuming rainwater collection efficiency of 100 per cent

URBAN HARVESTING

Urban rainwater harvesting

Urban centre’s in India are facing an ironical situation today. On one hand there

is the acute water scarcity and on the other, the streets are often flooded

during the monsoons. This has led to serious problems with quality and quantity

of groundwater. This is despite the fact that all these cities receive good rainfall.

However, this rainfall occurs during short spells of high intensity. (Most of the

rain falls in just 100 hours out of 8,760 hours in a year). Because of such short

duration of heavy rain, most of the rain falling on the surface tends to flow

away rapidly leaving very little for recharge of groundwater. Most of the

traditional water harvesting systems in cities have been neglected and fallen

into disuse, worsening the urban water scenario. One of the solutions to the

urban water crisis is rainwater harvesting - capturing the runoff.

This is practiced on a large scale in cities like Chennai, Bangalore and Delhi

where rainwater harvesting is a part of the state policy. Elsewhere, countries

like Germany, Japan, United States, and Singapore are also adopting rainwater

harvesting.

Why to harvest rain?

In areas where there is inadequate groundwater supply or surface

resources are either lacking or insufficient, rainwater harvesting offers

an ideal solution.

Helps in utilising the primary source of water and prevent the runoff from

going into sewer or storm drains, thereby reducing the load on treatment

plants.

Reduces urban flooding.

http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Crisis/Urbanwater-scenario.htm

Recharging water into the aquifers help in improving the quality of

existing groundwater through dilution.

Influencing factors

Among the several factors that influence the rainwater harvesting potential of a

site, eco-climatic conditions and the catchment characteristics are considered to

be the most important.

a. Rainfall

i)Quantity: Rainfall is the most unpredictable variable in the calculation and

hence, to determine the potential rainwater supply for a given catchment,

reliable rainfall data are required, preferably for a period of at least10 years.

Also, it would be far better to use rainfall data from the nearest station with

comparable conditions.

ii) Pattern: The number of annual rainy days also influences the need and

design for rainwater harvesting. The fewer the annual rainy days or longer the

dry period, the more the need for rainwater collection in a region. However, if

the dry period is too long, big storage tanks would be needed to store

rainwater. Hence in such regions, it is more feasible to use rainwater to

recharge groundwater aquifers rather than for storage.

b. Catchment area characteristics

Runoff depends upon the area and type of the catchment over which it falls as

well as surface features.

All calculations relating to the performance of rainwater catchment systems

involve the use of runoff coefficient to account for losses due to spillage,

leakage, infiltration, catchment surface wetting and evaporation, which will all

contribute to reducing the amount of runoff. (Runoff coefficient for any

catchment is the ratio of the volume of water that runs off a surface to the

volume of rainfall that falls on the surface).

POLICY

From now to the future

Sometimes, you have to grab an existing problem by the scruff of its neck. It

will cringe and cry. It will bring tears to your eyes. Give it a hard shake. To its

demands, say "NO!"

In this way, you stop focusing on the problem, and move on to the solution.

You say: "YES!"

You move from "NO!" to "YES!". From despair to problem-solving. From now to

the future.

This is what the CSE water campaign is about.

Think rain, people. Catch water where it falls.

From rain will come local food security. From rain will come biomass-wealth

that will eradicate ecological poverty. From rain will come social harmony.

Rainwater harvesting is what nations can choose.

The CSE water campaign, when it looks into the future, sees only hope. It sees

a world as an agglomeration of ecological - water harvesting - democracies.

We promise you, the future is bound to look up

WATER HARVESTINGOverall Objective of the National Water Harvesters Network (NWHN)

To promote a people’s water management programme based on water harvesting.

Rationale of the Formation of a NWHN:

One of the main recommendations of the CSE conference on water harvesting was the setting

up of a national water harvesters’ network to promote water harvesting. The need for a forum

was strongly felt, and it was recommended that CSE take the lead and provide leadership.

Accordingly the National Water Harvesters’ Network was set up in CSE.

The objectives of the network is to create awareness, undertake policy research and lobby to

bring about change in policy as required so that water management is decentralized and water

availability increased.

The Mission of the Network

To harness the power and knowledge of individuals and communities to revive and develop

the ancient techniques of water harvesting together with modern inputs from scientific

knowledge for conservation and better management of freshwater resources.

To serve as a forum for advocacy for appropriate change in policies, programmes and

institutional structures to help the civil society to act as affective pressure group

Goals of the Network

To accomplish this overreaching objective, the network proposes to achieve the following

goals:

• Build coalitions by bringing like-minded people together

• Promote communication amongst them by providing a forum that facilitates the coming

together of people and exchange of ideas and perspectives.

• Create and disseminate information on exemplary action and technologies

• The network seeks to create water literacy and provide informational support to the

researcher, writer and practitioner of water harvesting. It also seeks to work towards

improving access to information by serving as a clearinghouse for information on activities,

issues and technological developments related to water harvesting

• Educate the public and policy makers.

• Empower the marginalized people and their knowledge systems in order to help them

consolidate their power and efforts.

• Advocate relevant changes in policy and legislations.

• Provide information about technical, legal and financial support and , if possible provide

these different types of support directly.

• Provide support to local initiatives to overcome obstacle and impediments in

implementation.

• Work with all levels of the government, especially Panchayati Raj institutions to promote

water harvesting at the local level.

The network will take special care to reinforce and not replace existing local initiatives.

Activities of the Network

In order to accomplish these goals the network will undertake the following activities:

• Produce a newsletter

• Create and maintain a database on people, projects, organizations and technologies related

to water harvesting

• Create a network website

• Establishing a clearinghouse to provide technical, legal and financial information.

• Document on an on-going basis the experiences and lessons learnt of outstanding

government and non-government efforts.

• Establish a documentation centre of educational and training materials prepared by field

action groups for easy dissemination.

• Promote active links between field action groups and research, professional and academic

institutions.

• Promote cultural connections an d rituals associated with water and water harvesting

• Organize public meetings, workshops and exhibitions around the theme of water harvesting.

• Organize a volunteer network in support of water harvesting.

• Develop links with people involved in water harvesting in South Asia and other parts of the

world.

• Organize training workshops

• Set up investigates missions/working groups on important issues raised by local initiatives.

• Documentation of on-going research and study on specific issues of relevance

• Organize regional and national conferences.

• Organize interactions with government and other policy makers.

Membership of the Network

The membership fee for joining the national water harvesters network is free. (refer : www.

cseindia.org) to register yourself as a member.

Structure of the Network

The structure of the network should be one that fosters promotion of water harvesting. The

structure should be one that is flexible and evolves as the needs, aspirations and the capacity of

the network grows. It should also be a structure that can balance the need for infrastructure

(and financial requirement for it) with that of accountability.

Small regional level networks should be invited to become a formal part of the proposed Water

Harvesters Network.

Secretariat of the Network

The Centre for Science and Environment has been appointed the Central Secretariat of the

National Water Harvesters Network.

Institutional Members and Individuals of the National Rain Water Harvesting Network

1 ACADEMY OF HUMAN ENVIRONMENT & DEVELOPMENT2 ACTION FOR FOOD PRODUCTION AFPRO3 ACTION FOR SOCIAL ADVANCEMENT (ASA)4 ADCSW SOCIETY5 AGRAGAMEE6 ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE RESOURCE CENTRE7 ANDHRA PRADESH POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD8 ASSOCIATION FOR RURAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT9 BAIF DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH FOUNDATION10 BHORUKA CHARITABLE TRUST11 CENTRAL SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION RESEARCH12 CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTIONRESEARCH & DEVP.13 CENTRL GROUND WATER BOARD14 CHAITANYA RURAL EDUCATION & DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY15 CHARAK PHARMACEUTICALS16 CRISPINO LOBO17 CROP18 DALBARI GAON UNNAYAN SOMITY19 DEVELOPMENT PROMOTION GROUP20 DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT CENTRE21 DEVIKA BEVERAGES Pvt.Ltd22 DHAN FOUNDATION23 ELGITREAD (INDIA) Ltd.24 ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH FOUNDATION (INDIA)25 GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA GAVIPURAM26 GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH27 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA28 GRAM VIKAS NAVYUG MANDAL LAPOTIA29 GRAM VIKAS NAVYUVAK MANDAL30 HBLNIFE POWER SYSTEMS LIMITED31 INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE32 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF FOREST MANAGEMENT33 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT34 INSTITUTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERS INDIA35 INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOP. OF WEAKER SECTIONS INDIA36 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISES37 ION EXCHANGE (INDIA) Ltd38 K.R.G. RAIN WATER HARVESTING Co.39 KERALA WATER AUTHORITY40 LAYA41 MADRAS INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES42 MAHARASHTRA WATER & IRRIGATION COMMISSION43 MANAV KALYAN TRUST

44 MEHRANGARH MUSEUM TRUST45 MEWAD KRISHAK VIKAS SAMIT46 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE DEPTT. OF AGRICULTURE AND47 NAGARIKA SEVA TRUST48 NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE49 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WOMEN CHILD & YOUTH DEVE.50 NATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY OF THE BAHAI`S51 NATIONAL TREE GROWERS' COOPERATIVE FEDERATION LTD52 NAVA JYOTHI53 NORTH EASTERN REGIONAL INST OF WATER & LAND MGT.54 OFFICE OF THE CONTROLLER OF DEFENCE`55 P.H.E.D.56 PARTNERS IN CHANGE57 PRABHAT PRINTING WORKS58 PROJECT SWARAJYA59 PUNE CONSTRUCTION ENGG. RESEARCH FOUNDATION60 RAJPARIS CIVIL CONSTRUCTIONS LTD.61 RAMAKRISHNA MISSION ASHRAMA62 READ CENTRE63 ROYAL DANISH EMBASSY64 RURAL EDUCATION FOR ACTION AND DEVELOPMENT65 S.P.E.Q.L.66 S.V.U. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING67 SAHABHAGI VIKASH ABHIYAN68 SEBA.69 SHREE VIVEKANAND RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE70 SIRDI PROJECT71 SOCIO-ECONOMIC UNIT FOUNDATION72 SWISS DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION73 TANTRY & ASSOCIATES74 THE ASSOCIATION OF BENGAL75 THE JUDGE`S COURT76 THE SOCIAL WORK & RESEARCH CENTRE (SWRC)77 THODAYA78 TIMES SYNDICATION SERVICES79 UNICEF INDIA COUNTRY OFFICE80 UNITED NGO MISSION81 UNIVERSAL SUBSCRIPTION AGENCY82 UTKAL ALUMINA INTERNATIONAL LIMITED83 VANARAI TRUST.84 VASUNDHARA85 VIKSAT86 WATER & LAND MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE87 WATER AND POWER CONSULTANCY88 WATERAID89 YOUTH WELFARE CLUB90 YUSUF MEHERALLY CENTRE

Individuals

1V. HARANATHA BABU, A.P.STATE IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

2 K. KISHORE, AICRP ON WATER MANAGEMENT (ICARD)3 V.C. JACOB, BETHEL4 M.K. MAITRA, INDIA CANADA ENVIRONMENT FACILITY5 PRAKASH KESKAR, C/O. MANGAL MURTI STD BOOTH6 K.C. NAIK, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD7 SURESH CHAND SHARMA, CENTRAL GROUND WATER AUTHORITY8 M.K. GARG, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD9 S. DAS, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD10 S. DAS, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD11 S.C. BEHERA, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD12 G.K. ROY, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD13 P. BALAMURUGAN, CENTRE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT14 JANARDAN CHOUBEY, CHAKRIYA VIKAS NIWAS (SHRMS)15 KISHOR D SHROFF, CHARAK PHARMA Pvt. Ltd.16 V.P. JACOB, COMET MEDIA FOUNDATION17 MADHAV D. NANDESHWAR, CWRDM18 SUNIL BHATT, DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS19 T.S. ANURAGA, ECOPATH

20C.S. RADHAKRISHNAN, GOA INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ADMIN.

21 C.D. KHOCHE, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA22 Y.B. KAUSHIK, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA23 M.K. GARG, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA24 LIBY T JOHNSON, GRAM VIKAS25 M.S. KODARKAR, INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF AQUATIC BIOLOGY (IAAB)26 P.B.S. SARMA, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY27 B.S THANDAVESWARA, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY28 S.N. PANDA, INDIAN ISNTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY29 B.N. CHETTY, JANA VIKAS SOCIETY30 C.N. MALPANI, JANAKEE NURSING HOME31 KAPIL SHAH, JATAN32 R.R. SHUKLA, KERALA FOREST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION33 MANUBHAI K MEHTA, KUNDLA TALUKA GRAM SEWA34 VINOD SRIVASTAVA, LARSEN & TOURBO LIMITED35 N GOVINDAN, MARGO BIOCONTROLS PVT.LTD36 S.A. CHAR, MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES37 R.N. ATHAVALE, NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE38 D. MURALIDHARAN , NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

39OM PRAKASH MATHUR, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC FINANCE AND POLICY

40 ASHOK KUMAR DWIVEDI, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY41 BLAISE MIRANDA, NEW INDIAN COOPERATIVE

42 DUNGLENA , P.H.E.D.43 JURGEN PUTZ, PALMYRA44 TEJ RAZDAN, PAMPOSH NURSING HOME45 J. PAUL BHASKAR, PEACE TRUST46 JACOB THUNDYIL, PEOPLE`S RURAL EDUCATION MOVEMENT47 S.K. GUPTA, PHYSICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY48 ASHOK C TANURKAR, RELEGAN SIDDHI PARIVAR49 V. TAMILARASAN, REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS AREA50 UDAY BHAT, ROTARY CLUB OF PUTTUR51 DEBASIS RATH, RUSH52 G. RAMPRASAD , S.V.U. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING53 NEELIMA KHETAN, SEVA MANDIR54 I.J. SINGH, SITECH CONSULTANTS55 T.V. KRISHNA REDDY, SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY56 N. RAMACHANDRAN, TOTAL WATER MANAGEMENT SERVICES INDIA Ltd.57 MANOJ MISHRA, TRAFFIC (INDIA)58 Y. NARASIMHAIAH, TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT CENTRE59 A.K. SINHA, UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN60 SALIL MEHTA, UTTHAN TRUST61 SWAMI KRISHNANANDA, VIVEKANANDA KENRA NARDEP62 B.J. VASOYA, WATER MANAGEMENT FORUM63 A. ACHYUTHAN64 A.G. RAODI65 AKSHAY KAUL66 ALMITRA PATEL67 AMAR HEBLEKAR68 ARIJIT DEY69 ARVIND A BOAZ70 ASHOK GHOSH71 B. PRASAD RAO72 BHARAT KUMAR BAWEJA73 BHASKAR SHARMA74 BINOD C SHARMA75 C. LALLUNGHNEMA76 C. SARVOTHAM RAO77 CAMELLIA SATIJA78 D. CHAKRABORTY79 D.V. SUBRAMANIAN80 DILIP RANGACHARI81 EKKEHARD SCHWEHN82 G SAMPATHRAO83 G.S. PANDIAN84 G.T. BHIMTE85 GANESH PANGARE86 H. A. B. PARPIA87 HARISH L. DAWARE88 JAYA ELLAPPAN89 JAYACHANDRAN B.A

90 K. NARAYANA SWAMY91 K. SUBBARAO IFS92 K.G. MEHTA93 K.S. RAMAN94 KUMAR SHUBNURTHI95 M.D. SREENIVAS96 M.L. LATH97 M.SRIMAN NARAYAN98 MOHAN RAO99 MOHO CHATURVEDI

100 N.K. CHOUDHARY101 N.N. MEHROTRA102 N.V. PUNDARIKANTHAN103 P.C. SHARMA104 P.P. BHATT105 PANKAJ KUMAR106 POONAM MULCHANDANI107 PRADEEP MUNOT108 PUNEET KUMAR109 R. RAMANI110 R. RANGARAJAN111 R.K. GUPTA112 R.K. SIVANAPPAN113 R.S. VERMA114 RAJENDRAN115 RAMESH MURDESHWAR116 RANA CHATTERJEE117 RANBIR SINGH118 RITU BATRA119 ROBERT D COSTA120 S. CHANDRA SHEKHAR121 S. VISWANATH122 S.P. VASUDEVA123 S.R. MENDIRATTA124 S.S. KHOBRAGAR125 SACHIN K TENDULKAR126 SANDEEP JADHAV127 SANJAY P. BANSAL128 SANJIV G PANDYA129 SARVAGYA KUMAR SRIVASTAVA130 SATISH GHALI131 SEHBA FAROOQUI132 SEKHAR RAGHAVAN133 SHAMJIBHAI ANTALA134 SHREE PADRE135 SNEHANSHU MUKHERJEE136 SRINIVAS137 SUBBAYYA VARMUDI

138 SUJIT PATWARDHAN139 SURENDRA KUMAR JAIN140 SURESH MISHRA141 SURESH PATEL142 SWAMY THAYAMMAL143 U. RANA RAO144 UDAYA SHANKARA. D145 V.HARANATHA BABU146 VARGHESE V DEVASIA147 VIJAY SHINGARE148 VIKRAM SINGH RAJAVAT

Rain Water Harvesting - e Technical Volume

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