Rah Eel

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DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGYUNIVERSITY OF SINDH, JAMSHORO, PAKISTAN

Submitted ByDR.RAHEEL LAGHARI S/O MOHAMMAD AYOUBAS A COMPULSORY PART TO COMPLETE THE

DEGREE OF M.A (FINAL) SOCIOLOGY UNDER SEAT NO: 335.

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 20.02.2008

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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THANKS ARE ACKNOWLEDGED TO ALL THOSE

WHO OFFERED THEIR ASSISTANCE IN BRINGING BLACK AND WHITE, THE ROOT “PROBLEMS OF RURAL AREA REGARDING

ANIMAL HUSBANDARY”.SPECIALLY,

PROF.AMIR ALI KAIMKHANIFACULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,

S.A.U, TANDO JAM.

DR.RUKHSANA VIGHIO,DIRECTOR HEADQUATERS,

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANADRY,SINDH.

DR.MOOMAL PANHWAR,VETERINARY.OFFICER,

DIGRI ANIMAL HOSPITAL,DIGRI, DISTT: MIRPURKHAS

PREFACE

Being a qualified doctor of veterinary medicine, I am interested in exploring the causes of deterioration of rural economy so as to find the remedy to that .Facts already available are gathered, and the most common problems mentioned by different authors are

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compiled in sequence. Pakistan, in 2005 had milk production more

than 29 million tonnes, which made it the worlds’fourth largest milk producer. Dairying is by far the largest livestock sector in Pakistan, valued in at Rp360 billion pas (An$8 billion). Supply has increased by >5% pa over the past 15 years, but demand is anticipated to more than triple by 2020, requiring an even faster boost in production. Per capita milk availability is about 240 litre per annum that is much higher than most of the developing countries. We are still far backward with respect to the original capacity due to continuous ignorance of the problems faced by our rural farmers.

Available annual animal protein per capita is 18 kg of meat, and 44 eggs. Although, it is among ,one of the highest in South-East Asia, but is still far below requirements. Demand for livestock products exceeds supply and milk powder, baby foods and live sheep are imported. The dairying shows rural subsistence orientation with no major economic benefit to the dairy farming community even when operated on large scale in rural and peri-urban areas. Likewise the newly emerging meat & other livestock by-product technologies such as leather, wool and dairy industry which have a big scope for absorption of technical people and giving entry to common rural man in this field can ultimately boost rural economy and country’s GDP. To train and transfer knowledge of scientific ways to these people is the essence of the era. When a cow in India has an average carcass weight about 103 Kg and in

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Pakistan the average carcass weight is about 185 Kg. The following differences in the per capita income are due to variation in number and intensity of different animal husbandry problems in rural areas.

TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER HEADING PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION CONTRIBUTION OF RURAL ANIMAL HUSBANDRY WHY IS THE PROBLEM? PURPOSE AHEAD TO STUDY PROBLEMS VARIATION OF MILK PRODUCTION & INTENSITY OF THE PROBLEMS AREA OF STUDY INFORMATION SOURCE

778888

89

2 RURAL ANIMAL HUSBANDRY LIVESTOCK AND RURAL PAKISTAN SYSTEMS OF DAIRY PRODUCTION TRADITIONAL SYSTEM RURAL COMMERCIAL FARMS DAIRY FARMS IN PAKISTAN POPULATION OF RURAL MILCH ANIMALS IN PAKISTAN SHARE OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS IN MILK PRODUCTION CAMEL MILK IN DESERT RURAL SMALL ANIMALS AND RURAL LIFE HOUSING SYSTEMS OF SMALL ANIMAL FLOCKS AT VILLAGES

101010

10101010111111

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POULTARY AND RURAL LIFE COMMERCIAL POULTARY FARMS ARE ALSO RURAL BASED

121212

3 LIVESTOCK ECONOMICS ECONOMICS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY CHANGE IN DYNAMICS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ECONOMICS CONVERSION OF FEED INTO VALUABLE PRODUCTS FOOD PRODUCTION DRAUGHT POWER FORIGN EXCHANGE SOIL FERTILITY EMPLOYMENT PHARMACEUTICALS MISCELLANOUS

141414

1414141414141415

4 RESEARCH REGARDING PROBLEMS AIM OF RESEARCH REMOVING PROBLEMS INCREASED PRODUCTION HYPOTHESIS

16161617

5 DEFINIG PROBLEMS PROBLEMS WITH LIVESTOCK AND DAIRY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT PROBLEMS WITH MILK PRODUCTION IN RURAL AREAS BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, TECHNICAL and SOCIAL PROBLEMS (INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PARASITES ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE & MONITORING SYSTEM SOURCE OF ANIMAL FEED MILK MARKETTING PROBLEMS PRICES OF MILK PRESERVATION OF MILK TRANSPORTATION MODE ACCESS TO CREDIT LACK OF ORGANIZTION WASTAGE OF BY-PRODUCTS TECHNICAL EDUCATION ANIMAL THEFT RELIGIOUS FACTORS IN HINDU RURAL COMMUNITY IN SINDH NON-AVAILIBILITY OF TECHNICAL STAFF LANDLESS FARMERS RELY ON CROP RESIDUES NON_TECHNICAL PEOPLES PROBLEMS OF WATER SHORTAGE FEW FARM-TO-MARKET ROADS ANIMAL PRODUCTS SITUATION OF FEED SUPPLY LAND AND GOOD CULTIVATION

18

181818

18 19

191919191919191919202020202020

6 PROCEDURE OF RESEARCH TECHNICAL TOOLS OF COLLECTION DATA PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA TESTING VALIDITY OF THE DATA DATA VERIFICATION

22222222222426

7 CONCLUSION FINAL RESULT OF THE INVESTIGATION HYPOTHESIS PROVED RANGE OF APPLICABILITY

292930

30

8RECOMMENDATIONS

HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEM STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT AND NGO'S ALTERNATE SOURCE OF INCOME

3232323333

9 NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCHRESEARCH PRIORITYRESEARCH CAPACITY IN SAME TOPIC

343435

APPENDIX

(i)BIBLIOGRAPHY 36

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(ii) REFERENCES 36

(iii) GLOSSARY 37

(iv) ABBREVATIONS 37

(v) INETRVIEWS 38

(vi) QUESTIONAIRE 39

(vii) CERTIFICATE 40

LISTS TABLES AND FIGURES

ListType No Title PageList 6.1 Problems Gathered Through Articles, Journals

And Books Which Will Be Re-Investigated23

List 6.2 Frequency Of Problems Out Of 100 Cases 25List 7.1 Most Frequent Problems 29

FigureType No Title PageFigure 6.1 Comparison of Dairy diseases. 27Figure 6.2 Comparison of Milk preservation Methods 28Figure 7.1 Income/Milking Buffalo/Time 30

TablesType No Title PageTable 6.1 Destruction Caused By Diseases Out Of 100 27Table 6.2 Frequency of Transport available out of 100

farmers27

Table 6.3 Frequency of Milk Sold by 100 farmers 27

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Animals have got a very crucial value in rural areas world over. The solution to rural economical problems lie in the strengthening of animal husbandry as animal convert useless plants into rich source of food like milk, egg and meat .Their wastes products like dung and urine are the rich source of nitrogen to fertile land. Therefore, addressing the problems of animal

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husbandry in rural areas can bring up a socio-economic revolution in the development of our folks and the country. Desertification of income is also a cause of extreme poverty in riverain area of Sindh.

To solve the problems of animal husbandry we will have to identify and classify these problems and then set a priority to solve the problems hindering projects of rural poverty alleviation in our country .As a sample study, we will cover Animal production systems and characteristics of animal husbandry. Milk for example is consumed 90 percent as fresh milk which contains many zoonotic pathogens and a number of adulterants that can cause many human health problems right from tuberculosis to cancer. The milk collected through cold chain after pasteurization offers no human health risk. Pollution of natural resources of sea and destroying fragile land of desert area by the government and the rich in the hope of development has deprived poor fishermen and animal husbandry folks of their lively-hood. Animals moving stray on road cow often eat polythene bags and die a painful death. Scarcity of food can be a potential source of conflicts and incidence of socio-economic and political instability.

Animal production is closely integrated with crop production. Most farms are fully integrated mixed units with cattle, buffaloes and sometimes sheep or goats or both. In this report we will concentrate over most common problems which have direct influence over rural economy in general and formers income in particular.

CONTRIBUTION OF RURAL ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: The livestock sector contributes about 50% to the value addition in the agriculture sector, and almost 11 % to Pakistan's GDP. (Economic Survey of Pakistan 2005-06).

WHY IS PROBLEM IMPORTANT ? Government of Pakistan is giving high priority to the livestock sector and in identifying the problems in rural based population has designed a framework to increase the animal protein sources (Milk, Meat & Eggs) manifolds

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to meet the increasing domestic demand and for export purposes. Keeping in view all these uprising trends, sufficient number of veterinary graduates are expected to be absorbed in public & private sector such as the livestock/poultry farms, dairy industry, hatcheries and livestock/ poultry feed.

VARIATION OF MILK PRODUCTION:Per capita availability of milk in India in 1997 was just about 58.5 Kg per annum. The corresponding figure for Pakistan is 116.3 Kg, Germany - 238.8 Kg, Russia - 145.1 Kg, USA - 251.3 Kg. Per capita availability of milk in Pakistan is just about double of that in India.

PURPOSE AHEAD TO STUDY PROBLEMS: To up grade socio-economic conditions in rural areas and development of dairy cooperatives to receive first hand knowledge about sufferings of rural people. The "perishable nature of milk and the range of skills involved in its production and marketing; dairying requires a number of services that can best be provided by cooperative action. The cooperative movement has featured prominently in the development of the dairy industry worldwide. There is a close nexus among food insecurity, poverty and disease.

AREA OF STUDY: Major obstacles in development of smallholder dairy production in Pakistan

INFORMATION SOURCE: Newspapers, websites, research journals, books ,personal observation, sample research study conducted in rural areas of sindh and framing the most common problems together for further study.

CHAPTER 2

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RURAL ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

LIVESTOCK AND RURAL PAKISTAN: Livestock, especially the milk animals is the major economic activity of small and landless farmers. Over 6.5 million families are involved in raising dairy animals and more than 30-40 million rural populations is engaged in raising of livestock having a herd size varying mostly from 1-2 and 2-3 cattle/buffaloes per family earning and 30-40 % of their household income.

SYSTEMS OF DAIRY PRODUCTION: There are four main types of system (FAO 1987) for the production of milk from cows or buffaloes: Rural subsistence smallholdings, producing milk for the family at minimal cost. The average subsistence unit consists of three buffaloes, including one or two adults. Grazing provides more than half of the feed requirement. Some green fodder and straw is provided and a small quantity of concentrate is given to milking cows.

TRADITIONAL SYSTEM: It makes heavy demands on family labour. Rural, market-oriented smallholdings, with satisfactory access to milk markets, producing milk in excess of family requirements is for sale. These farmers usually keep better quality animals. A typical unit consists of fewer than six buffaloes and cattle, with two or three in milk. Milking animals are generally stall fed with seasonal green fodder, straw and concentrate, and dry cows and herd followers are grazed. There is usually no adult bull in the herd. Calves are retained during lactation, and then the males are disposed of and females are kept as replacements. This system is the main source of milk in Pakistan.

PERI-URBAN COMMERCIAL FARM : Peri_urban commercial farms with more than 40 animals, 90% buffaloes and 10% cattle, on mixed crop–livestock farms or specialised farms for breeding and milk production.Fodder crops are grown and straw may be home grown or purchased. Concentrates are fed and dry

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females and heifers are grazed, if possible. There is usually a bull for natural mating and the government artificial insemination service is also used. These farms are well organised and good records are kept, but their contribution to the total milk supply is small.

DAIRY FARMS IN PAKISTAN: There are nearly 300 dairy farms of varying sizes from 50 to over 3000 milch animals are located across the country. The Landhi cattle colony in Karachi is the largest of its facing lots of problems such as lack of high yielding milch animals, health, inadequate feed and fodder problems, adulterated or poor quality milk supplied from villages, its distance and transport problem.

Pakistan with high yielding buffaloes breeds such as Nili-Ravi and Kunndi with potential of giving over 5000 litres of milk per lactation .Through efficient breeding, feeding and health care program milk yields of Sahiwal and Red Sindhi cows can be increased.

POPULATION OF RURAL MILCH ANIMALS IN PAKISTAN: The overall population of milch animals is 125.5 million. Out of which that of cattle is 18.9 %, Buffaloes 19.7 %, goats 40 % and sheep 19.7 %.

SHARE OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS IN MILK PRODUCTION : It is 66 % in buffaloes, 32 % in cows, 2 % Is of sheep and goats.

CAMEL MILK IN DESERT RURAL: She camel is an important source of milk for desert dwellers. (1)Under extremely harsh desert environments the average yield of a she camel varies from 9-16 litres per day.(2)A good camel milker can yield 20-40 litres of milk per day.(3) The average lactation period of a she camel varies from 8-18 months depending upon the variations of environments, breed, management and feed supply. (4) She camels’ milk can be kept wholesome under refrigeration up-to 2 years. (5) Cow requires 2kg of dry vegetation to produce one litre of milk, while a typical desert region cow will

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need more than 9 kg to produce the same quantity. SMALL ANIMALS AND RURAL LIFE:The vast majority of

small ruminant flock owners are small-scale farmers, sometimes landless.(1) Mixed flocks are common, although separate flocks of sheep or goats can also be seen. (2)The production systems (Ishaque 1993) are nomadic, found mostly in parts of Sindh and Baluchistan. (3) Most of the lambs and kids are born between January and April, when flocks are at lower elevations. (4)Females are retained for flock replacement or enlargement, but males are sold before they are one year old. Grazing is mainly free, but in some areas grazing or fodder may have to be purchased. (5)Sheep are mostly shorn twice. (6)There is some milking to provide for family consumption and for sale in the local market. (7)Somewhere, the flock owners have a fixed base but move with their families to another grazing area for a major part of the year. This system is prevalent in tribal areas in parts of the North West Frontier Province and Punjab, in parts of Sindh and Baluchistan and throughout the northern areas.(8) Average flock size is about 100 animals.(9) Grazing is mainly on rangeland or crop residues, and sometimes areas have to be rented.(10) The flock owners have easy access to the market and sell the male progeny, often at low weight.

HOUSING SYSTEMS OF SMALL ANIMAL FLOCKS AT VILLAGES:

(i)Intensive system: The goat are grouped according to sex and age and separately confined to a shed, where owner supply nutrition packages to the breed, the rate of death is highest under this system.

(ii)Semi-Intensive system: In this system animals are kept under confinement for a limited time, but animals have freedom to move freely in a restricted area, this system is economically costly due to need of capital investment in sheds, fencing

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and management.(iii)Tethering: In this case animals are kept on

public ground, having enough vegetation. Goat are not segregated on the basis of age and sex.

(iv)Semi-extensive system: In this system, animals are grazed on public pasture land in the night they are kept in the fenced shelter. (v)Extensive system: During dry summer season, when grasses and wild plant disappears and water becomes scarce, many herdsmen join together and migrate to the area, in search of pasture and water.

POULTARY AND RURAL LIFE: Rural poultry contributes 56% of total egg production and 25% of poultry meat (Government of Pakistan 1997).(1) There is strong preference for eggs and meat from rural poultry and market prices for these are high compared with commercial eggs and broiler meat. (2)There are two distinct production systems: the traditional rural system, where almost all rural and about 20% of urban households keep flocks of between 5 and 10 birds, with a cock. (3)These birds are scavengers, living on crop residues and kitchen waste, and are confined to the house at night. Common breeds are Desi, Lyallpur Silver Black, Aseel, Fayoumi, Rhode Island Red and crosses. (4)Cockerels and old hens are eventually eaten or sold. (5)Raising poultry is traditionally women’s work, which not only provides eggs and meat for family consumption but also meat for guests.

COMMERCIAL POULTARY FARMS ARE ALSO RURAL BASED: Started in 1963 to supply the Karachi market and now has an investment of over 23 billion rupees. (1)The average size of a layer flock is 2500 and a broiler flock 2200 birds.(2) Concrete and brick houses are used, often with cooling during summer in hotter areas. (3)Both broilers and layers are reared on a deep litter of rice husk or sawdust.(4) About 10% of farmers use battery cages for

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layers.(5) Broiler farms rise between four and six batches per year. (6)Day-old chicks are purchased and reared for 5-7 weeks for sale at 1.25 to 1.5 kg live weight. (7)Layers start egg production at 20 weeks and are usually kept for a further 45 weeks. (7)Commercial poultry feed is usually purchased, although some farmers use home-mixed feed.(8)Most of the by-products like blood, bones, egg, shells, urine, poultry faeces and feathers are wasted without further utilization.

CHAPTER 3

LIVESTOCK ECONOMY

ECONOMICS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: The economics of animal rearing is based on milk as well as meat. Whenever any cow or buffalo gives birth, there is an almost equal probability of a male or female calf. A dairy farmer rears a female calf in expectation of milk, while a male is reared for either meat or for use as a draught animal. It is the combined economics of milk, meat and harness that makes investments possible in dairy industry.

CHANGE IN DYNAMICS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ECONOMICS: In ancient sub-continent, extensive use of bullocks as draught animals made rural dairy farming viable even without the use of meat. In modern Pakistan, on one hand, subsidies on electricity for farming, tractors, diesel etc. have eliminated the need to use animals for ploughing and carriage of goods in rural areas. This has rendered

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male bovine animals completely useless thereby affecting the economics and growth of the Pakistan dairy industry. Hence, the solution of rural problems ups a revolution in whole the country.

CONVERSION OF FEED INTO VALUABLE PRODUCTS:Most animal feeds are inedible to human being, buffalo, cattle, goats, sheep, camel, poultry and others eat dry forages, crop production, damaged grains, agro-industrial wastages, fruit pulps and peeling, vegetables/fruit market wastage are converted into edible products by them.

FOOD PRODUCTION:For example: Milk, meat and eggs .

DRAUGHT POWER:Bullock, camel, horses and donkeys are used for traction.

FORIGN EXCHANGE:Livestock export and its by products like leather, woollen, fabric, carpet and rugs add a lot of foreign exchange to national economy.

SOIL FERTILITY:One tone of FYM give 4.5 kg of Nitrogen, 0.8 kg of Phosphorus, 3.0 kg Potassium and 230 kg of organic matter.

EMPLOYMENT:In Pakistan 51% employment is in agriculture out of which 35-40 are involved in animal husbandry.

PHARMACEUTICALS: Medicines and related products like rennet, epinephrine, cortisone, insulin, thrombin, and heparin are received from animals.

MISCELLANOUS: Animals are also reared for Eid-ul- uza slaughtering, bio-gas plant, skin, hides, and medical research and for gift show.

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CHAPTER 4

RESEARCH REGARDING PROBLEMS

AIM OF RESEARCH: To find out problems;(1) To raise milk production, thereby increasing

the availability of milk products for home consumption and improving household income through

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greater milk sales in rural areas.(2)To put stress on dairy science, including

animal breeding and genetics, dairy nutrition, dairy management, and dairy technology to support and develop dairy industry.

(3)Provide support to the animal industry developed on the animal production science principles.

(4)To provide infrastructure for the development of dairy cooperates, restructuring of extension, research and educational institutions could perk up rural oriented dairy sector to market oriented dairy industry that guaranteed food security social and economic growth in Pakistan.

(5)To introduce modern management, feeding and marketing systems to make it viable for investment and to assure food security.

(6)Livestock feed research will improve the cropping patterns, hybrid seed and grass varieties and fodder practices.

REMOVING PROBLEMS INCREASED PRODUCTION: In 2003 Pakistan is the fifth largest milk producing country in the world. In spite of that the import bill of milk and its by-products have increased from Rs.0.34 million to Rs.770 million during the decade ending in 2003, while the milk production had increased from 18 million tons to 27 .8 million tons during this period. This has further increased to 32.9 million tons in 2004. This increase in national milk production is still far below the achievable potential. For instance, the average yield of Nili-Ravi buffalo is 2000-2005 litres per lactation period of 305 days and that of Sahiwal cow is 1800-2000 litres.

HYPOTHESIS: (please refer list: 6.1 ) Following 25 problems

(scores) are the most common problems of animal husbandry in Rural area. All of them have relationship with the buffalo’s income of milk per day per time.

1

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More problems Profit.

CHAPTER 5

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DEFINING PROBLEM

Let us classify problems confronting rural peoples which are explored in previous chapters.

PROBLEMS WITH LIVESTOCK AND DAIRY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT: The technical and financial problems faced by the livestock department should be removed to make it more effective.

PROBLEMS WITH MILK PRODUCTION IN RURAL AREAS : In 2005, Government of Pakistan identified:

(1)About 50-60% of buffalo and cattle are in rural subsistence.

(2) Over 70% of buffalo and cattle are in herds of less than 10 animals;

(3) 70% of households with milking animals have herds of less than 5 animals.

(3)20 to 25% of households have 5 to 10 animals. (4) Milk production per lactation for both

buffalo and cattle is well below the genetic potential of the breeds used, ranging from 500kg to 2400kg per annum.

(5)Typically the subsistence and market-oriented rural farmers achieve production levels of 500-1200kg/annum, with production primarily limited by poor nutrition. particularly the style of communication between farmers and extension staff, information available to extension staff that can be used to address farmer problems, skills and numbers of extension staff and a failure to consider problems and solutions in a whole-of-farm systems.

BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, TECHNICAL and SOCIAL PROBLEMS: Akhtar (1986) identified the following biological, technical, social and problems of livestock in rural Pakistan.

(i)BIOLOGICAL: The lack of proven bulls and a good artificial insemination service have resulted in a large number of animals with low genetic potential. This is a major problem in setting up dairy and small

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ruminant development projects.(ii)CHEMICAL: Sprays vastly used on crops cause

food poisoning in animals and most animal suffered die without finding a veterinary help.

(iii)FEED AND FODDER RESOURCES: It meets only 70% of the calculated feed requirements of the livestock population. Quantity, and the quality of poultry feed is questionable.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PARASITES: Vaccination against infectious diseases ranges from 0.5% to 10% and the quality of available vaccines needs to be improved.

ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND MONITORING SYSTEM : inadequate and poor diagnostic facilities.

SOURCE OF ANIMAL FEED: Traditional feed resources and midsummer forages, non-awareness regarding increase the use of improved seeds.

MILK MARKETTING PROBLEMS:The lack of milk-marketing strategies.

PRICES OF MILK: Low winter prices, to increase sustainability and to give producers improved bargaining power, due to the availability of an alternative outlet for milk sales.

PRESERVATION OF MILK: To support the development of bulk milk outlets, with credit for chilling units, bulk milk tankers, cream separators and handling equipment.

TRANSPORTATION MODE: Transport units (motorcycles, horses and horses-and-carts).

ACCESS TO CREDIT: For the supply of good-quality milk and support the provision of credit facilities to finance village milk collection kits.

LACK OF ORGANIZTION: Establishment of a milk pasteurization plant owned and operated by a producers' organization.

WASTAGE OF BY-PRODUCTS: Most of the by-products like blood, bones, egg, shells, urine, poultry faeces, dung and feathers are wasted without further utilization.

TECHNICAL EDUCATION: Majority have very little

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or no technical education.ANIMAL THEFT: Most animal owners are careless.

There animal wander here and there, and eat every thing good or bad. Most such animals suffer theft.

RELIGIOUS FACTORS IN HINDU RURAL COMMUNITY IN SINDH: Cow is sacred and has an important place in Hindus social and economic life.

NON-AVAILIBILITY OF TECHNICAL STAFF: The professional staff and technical and farm support staff; and provide research facilities. Training centre for operators of milk collecting and chilling centres for hygienic milk handling be made and equipped. Unit to measure milk volume and determine fat content be made. The village milk producers' associations are established.

LANDLESS FARMERS RELY ON CROP RESIDUES: It was found that small farmers and the landless relied on crop residues, low-cost feed and grazing.

NON_TECHNICAL PEOPLES: Deficiency of skilled manpower.

PROBLEMS OF WATER SHORTAGE: This is about 2 million acres area along River Indus that is inundated when the Indus floods. Shortage of water deprives this area from river inundation. This area is rich in forests, grazing lands, poultry, animal husbandry, agriculture, and fishing.

FEW FARM-TO-MARKET ROADS ANIMAL PRODUCTS: No good infrastructure of roads was identified as a factor contributing to low milk production in the project area. The poor condition of farm-to-market roads seriously constrained the delivery of agricultural inputs and market access. SITUATION OF FEED SUPPLY LAND AND GOOD CULTIVATION: (1)Its growth rate over the last five decades has remained at around 4% per annum.

(2)The Indus Basin, the largest continuous irrigation system in the world, provides most of the canal irrigation. Summer monsoons in July and August and winter rains in January and February provide

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additional water for both irrigated and rainfed, or Barani, land (PARC 1997). (3) Cash crops on 17%, pulses on 7%, oilseeds on 3%, fruits on 2%, vegetables and condiments on 1% each, and other crops, including fodder, on 13% (MINFAL 1995).

(4) There are two main crop seasons: cotton, rice, sugarcane, maize, jawar and bajra grown during kharif, which starts between April and June and ends between October and December, and wheat, gram, barley, tobacco, rape seed and mustard during rabi, which starts between October and December and ends between April and May. Minor crops include pulses, potatoes, onions, chillies and garlic. Punjab Province alone produces about 65% of cereals, 85% of cotton, 50% of sugarcane and 68% of pulses (MINFAL 1995). There is also two fodder lean periods namely November-December and May-June. However, a lactating cow needs about 50 percent of her feed from cereal. Food and Agriculture Organization estimates, the dairy animals in Pakistan have less than 10 per cent of such ingredients in their daily diets.

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CHAPETR 6

PROCEDURE OF RESEARCH

TECHNICAL TOOLS OF COLLECTION DATA:

PRIMARY DATA: SURVEYS/ INTERVIEWS QUESTIONAIRE

SECONDARY DATA: BOOKS JOURNAL

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REPORTS WEBSITES

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA:

LIST 6.1: PROBLEMS GATHERED THROUGH ARTICLES, JOURNALS AND BOOKS WHICH WILL BE RE-INVESTIGATED:1)VETERINARY SERVICES: Most people have no access to veterinarian. Majority do not have access to vaccine against diseases. Majority have no External/ Internal Parasites Remedy Majority have no access to cheap medicines Occurrence of Mastitis destroys income the most. Majority of farmers use unbalanced and expensive feed. Milk Production in majority is below average breed Milk

Yield potential.2)LITERACY:

Majority of Farmers are untrained. Staff in work field is also untrained. Poultry is mostly reared to meat domestic food. Majority have no Disease awareness. Milk drawn from udder and other conditions are not fit

for human being even for animals. Majority do not have any plan to upgrade their animal

genetically.3)COMMERCIAL:

Marketing milk is not preserved for longer period. Some of them sell milk without preservation.

Majority of people produce milk small enough to be sold. Majority do not receive good price of milk. Majority lack cheap transport.

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At some places there is no farm to market road Majority sale milk to middle man. Majority do not sell animal by products. In most cases utility is not added to milk. Majority do not have access to credit for expansion of

their business or deal crises. Majority areas lack proper markets or it’s product/by-

product market. 4)INFRASTRUCTURE

Most area lake clean plenty water. Most people are land less.

TESTING VALIDITY OF THE DATA:

RESULT OF INETRVEIWS WITH 50 TECHNICAL PERSONS OF VETERINARY SERVICES DEPARTMENT CONCLUDED:(The structured interview Performa available to appendix was used to collect the basic problems in the eyes of technical persons.)

Communication with rural people is not easy as they use their own terminology in describing problems.

Milk production per lactation for both buffalo and cattle is not up to standard, because roughages like wheat straw and rice straw those have a little nutritive value especially for lactating cows are usually fed in rural areas.

The requirement of a lactating cow is about 50 percent of her feed from cereal grains and their by-products and oil seed meals. Other reason is that our breeds are not genetically improved. Lack of proven bulls and a good artificial insemination service have not been tried as well as balance ration is not provided.

The expenditure on feed is more than 80%.Quantity, and the quality feed is not up the standard.

The effect of mastitis and parasites on the milk downfall is the most.

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Vaccination against infectious diseases ranges from 0.5% to 10% and the quality of available vaccines needs to be improved.

Animal disease surveillance and monitoring system is not up to the world standard due to inadequate and poor diagnostic facilities.

The usual source of animal feed in rural areas is traditional feed resources and midsummer forages, no-awareness regarding use of improved seeds prevail the most.

Utilization of land specified for feed growth including land rental, tillage, fertilizer, water and seeds are not up to the standard.

The farmers of sindh, use indigenous knowledge, like they spread goat dropping in the field, apply flood irrigation, to the field, when goat dropping absorbed water, they start smelling, which keeps the goats away from a particular field, Goats are allowed to certain areas, where they graze. growing fields.

In our villages animal purchased is soon introduced into flock which is the cause of epidemics and heavy loss to our farmer.

score

LIST 6.2: FREQUENCY OF PROBLEMSout of 100 CASES

%tage

1 No access to cheap medicines 952 Mastitis occurrence. 353 No system of breeding 924 Unbalanced and expensive feed 885 No Farmers Training program 756 No Training to vet staff 657 No awareness regarding diseases/toxic plants 668 Milk marketed without preservation 179 Product small enough to be sold 6310 Product sold on fewer prices than market. 8511 Lack of cheap transport 9012 Lack of farm to market road 5213 Milk Sold To Middle Man 7814 Low/no by- products sold 9115 No utility added to products/by-products 8516 Below average breed milk yield 96

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17 Less/no access to credit 8818 No Access To Clean Water 5719 No land to Cultivate feed 7920 No dairy/farm hygienic environment 7721 No Product/by-product Market(Milk/Meat/Eggs) 9322 No economical aid from poultry 8723 No Access to Vet/Vet Health Unit 7024 No Access to vaccine 5525 No internal parasites awareness/remedy 89

DATA VERIFICATION:Data received from interviews of animal husbandry technical staff we prepared a Questionnaire for 100 farmers of different rural locality to be filled in by mediator which revealed that.

o Majority have no access to veterinary staff.o Few of them have attended any course or workshop

on animal husbandry. o Pleuropneumonia and peste des petits ruminants

in small ruminants along with mastitis and FMD in large animals destroy their business.

o The landless relied on crop residues, low-cost feed and grazing.

o No or very little credit facility is available.o Have no facilities to make products like butter,

ghee or separate cream.

o Water to drink, bath animals and cultivate their feed is not easily available.

o Cow is sacred and has an important place in Hindus social and economic life.

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Table 6.1:Destruction caused by diseases out of 100

Table 6.2: Frequency of Transport available out of 100 farmers

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Table 6.3:Frequency of Milk Sold by 100 farmers

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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSIONINVESTIGATION RESULT

LIST 7.1: MOST FREQUENT PROLEMS(1)Most people have no access to veterinarian.(2)Majority do not have access to vaccine against diseases.(3)Very little or no Internal /External parasites awareness/remedy(4)Majority have no access to cheap medicines.(5)Mastitis destroys income, as no awareness prevails for its prevention.(6)Majority of farmers use unbalanced and expensive feed.(7)Majority of Farmers are untrained.(8)Staff in work field is also untrained.(9)Majority have no awareness regarding Disease/toxins. (10)Marketing milk is not preserved for longer period; Some milk is sold without preservation.(11)Majority of people produce milk small enough to be sold.

(12)Majority do not receive good price of milk.(13)Majority lack cheap transport.(14)At some place there is no farm to market road(15)Majority sell Milk to Middle Man.(16)Majority do not sell by products like dung.(17)In most cases utility is not added to milk.(18)Milk production in majority is below average Breed yield potential.(19)Majority do not have access to credit. For expansion of their businesses or to cope critical situation.(20)Most area lake Clean plenty water.(21)Most people are land less.(22)Milk drawn from udder and other conditions are not fit for human being even for animals.

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(23) No Market (Milk/Meat/product/by-product) (24) Poultry is mostly reared to meat domestic food.(25) Majority do not have any plan to upgrade their animal genetically. HYPOTHESIS PROVED: Most of the following 25(scores) problems have been proved to have relationship with the buffalos income of milk per day per time. The most common problems faced by rural people (ref: Table 7.1) have direct impact on farm dairy income.GENERALIZED FORMULA 1 More problems Profit.

Hence, to empower the rural people we will have to get rid of these problems.RANGE OF APPLICABILITY

(1)With no price premiums for quality milk and meat, the viability of the commercial dairy and meat industries is questionable.

(2)Most livestock raised on smallholdings by poor, landless farmers, who are not organised and have no political voice.

(3)In many areas, keeping livestock is a matter of prestige rather than an economic activity.

(4) An unplanned marketing system with too many middlemen reduces producers’ profits.

(5)The mandates of research and development institutions lack clarity and are too broad in relation to available resources.

(6)There is a lack of well-documented, site-specific management guidelines for different livestock operations.

(7)Rangelands are deteriorating because of unplanned and excessive grazing.

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(8) There is no land tenure and no investment in the common rangeland.

CHAPTER 8

RECOMMENDATIONS

HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEM(1)Development of a milk-marketing system(2)Adaptation of proven livestock and fodder-

crop production technology to local conditions.(3)Provision of credit packages for tube wells,

inputs, equipment, transport and land rental.(4)Provide farm-to-market roads to link remote

areas with high milk production potential to organize marketing channels.

(5)Provision of technical assistance to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for the promotion of participation and community action.

(6)Establishment of a development fund to enhance milk production and increase participation.

(7)To provide field equipment, consisting of milk and crop measuring equipment, mastitis test kits, vaccination kits, drenches, ecto-parasite spraying equipment, data recording items and basic

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office facilities for Veterinary Health units.(8)Animal Attendants training courses must be

organized by different national organizations on livestock production, extension, parasite and mastitis control, milk production, and processing and marketing.

STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT AND NGO'S:(1)Development of feed lot fattening to maximize

bio-economic and sustainable meat production and its value addition through meat processing and quality control.

(2)Feedlot fattening with the participation of farmers and investors (To assist in the development of slaughter houses and butcheries in the private sector) is necessary.

(3)To create linkages among the meat producers and processors.

(4)Capacity building of stakeholders for meat production, processing and quality control.

(5)A Company need to be established for supply of milk cooling tanks and establishment of model dairy farms in private sector.

(6)Need to study milk marketing by consultant and studies for consumers? Preference for milk & milk products; milk quality control and possible replication of model and Controlling Animal Diseases transmitted to human by milk and meat.

(7)Need to study epidemiology Animal diseases like Foot and Mouth disease and Mastitis.

(8)Establishment of diagnostic laboratories in every Veterinary unit in rural areas and surveillance network coordination for control and prevention of Avian Influenza and Bird flu.

(9) Teaching farmers about Animal Quarantine and regularization of Animal Quarantine department for import and export of livestock and livestock products. Animal health Certificates in respect of each consignment regarding import/export of animal and animal products must be issued to assure disease free transfer.

ALTERNATE SOURCE OF INCOME: Farm by-products in

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following ways can help farmer of rural area as an alternate use of income:

(a)Biogas: Foundation of biogas unit operating on dung of buffaloes and cattle can help rural people for availability of gas for cooking and after gas fermentation the same dung can also be utilized for fertilizer as well.

(b)Inedible fats: Are used in the production of soap, lubricant, printing ink, cosmetic and waxes.

(c)Hooves, horns, feathers and bones: Are used in production of glue, buttons, wall papers and sand paper.

(d)Feeds: Made from animal by-products include meat meal, blood meal, bone meal and meat and bone scraps. Also perfume, fertilizers, candles, lanolin and glycerine.

(e)Utilization of dung for electricity production. Consumption of dung for the production of electict power generation.

CHAPTER 9

NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

RESEARCH PRIORITY:In the following areas of great concern further research is needed.

(1)Selection and breeding models for the different livestock production systems

(2)Identification of special traits of different breeds and conservation of animal genetic resources.

(3)Availability of feed in different production

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systems throughout the year .(4)Economic nutrition strategies for rearing

calves from the rural system. (5)Economic rations for small ruminants in

feedlots.(6)Development of methods for accurate heat

detection in buffaloes in smallholdings .(7)Suitable extender and freezing protocol for

buffalo semen (8)Improvement in superovulatory response and

embryo recovery in Sahiwal cattle and in buffaloes.(9)Working models for disease surveillance and

monitoring (10)Diagnosis and control of pleuropneumonia and

peste des petites ruminants in small ruminants .(11)Usage of by-products for alternate income. (12)Development of temperature-resistant dietary

or oral vaccines. (13)Methods for inducing milk ejection in

buffaloes without using calves or oxytocin .(14)Milk preservation methods suitable for local

conditions.(15)No information is available on the provision

of transport facilities and field equipment.(16)How to reduce the dominance of the

traditional milk traders (middlemen)? So as to increase farmers’ income and provide urban consumers with better quality dairy products.

RESEARCH CAPACITY IN THE SAME TOPIC:

The formula can further be tested for intensity of the problem.

TAKE GENERALIZED FORMULA 1 More problems Profit.

Allot 1-4 category (intensity) to problems, lactation problem for example may be categorized as ;

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Category I: 4-6 litre/time Category II: 6-8 litre/time Category III: 8-10 litre/time Category IV: 10-12 litre/time

Then calculate average intensity

Average intensity=sum of all categories/total no of problems.

Then plot a graph between average intensity and profit to check their relationship.

Appendix (i)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Isani G.B. and Baloch M.N. 1996. Sheep and Goat Breeds of Pakistan, Press Corporation of Pakistan, Karachi.

Ensminger, M.E,Dairy Cattle science. Danville, Illinois (USA), interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc; 1980.

Gillespic, JR Modern Livestock and Poultary Production.Delmer Publishers.inc; 1989.

Ewer,T.K, Practical animal Husbandry, London: English Language Book society/wright Scientechnica,1982.

S.Iqbal Shah, Animal Husbandry, National Book Foundation, Word Mate, Islamabad, inc; 1994.

Appendix (ii)REFERENCES

Akhtar A.S. 1986. Livestock Development: Issues and Policy Options. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad.

Amir P., Akhtar A.S. and Dawson M.D. (eds). 1987. Livestock in Pakistan Farming Systems Research. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad.

FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). 1987. Pakistan, Livestock Sector Study. Report of the FAO/ADB Cooperative Programme

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Investment Centre, vol. 1 & 2. FAO, Rome.

Government of Pakistan. 1997. Economic Survey 1996–97 and Economic Survey of Pakistan 2005-06. Finance Division, Economic Adviser’s Wing, Islamabad.

Ishaque S.M. 1993. Sheep management systems. In: Mackintosh J.B. (ed), Sheep Production in Pakistan. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad.

Livestock Wing. 1997. Livestock Distribution in Pakistan. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

MINFAL (Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock). 1995. Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 1994–95. MINIFAL, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

PARC (Pakistan Agricultural Research Council). 1980. Agro-ecological Regions of Pakistan. PARC, Islamabad.

PARC (Pakistan Agricultural Research Council). 1997. National Master Agricultural Research Plan 1996–2005. PARC, Islamabad.

Shah S.K. 1991. Buffaloes of Pakistan. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad

Dr. A. N. Naqvi of the Karakurum International University in Gilgit, Northern Areas, Pakistan and reflect her opinions on goat breeding in Pakistan and not necessarily those of the IAEA. [email protected]

Dr Sardar riaz (http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/feb-2005/28/bnews10.php)

Dr Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Published in Daily “Dawn” Newspaper On Monday the August 22, 2005 available on Website:http://www.dawn.com/2005/08/22/ebr7.htm

Appendix (iii)

GLOSSARY

Animal Husbandry: It is the branch of biological science which deals with the systemic feeding, breeding, housing, management and health of animals.

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Artificial Insemination: Deposition of semen into the cervix by artificial means.Breed: A Group of animals, the individual of which possess certain well-defined characteristics in common and which are able to reproduce these characteristic in their offspring with reasonable degree of surety.Draught: Work

Fodder: Cultivated pasture species.

Forage: Naturally-growing pasture species

Progeny Testing: The selection of an individual based on the performance of its offspring

Roughages: Plant material in a fresh, dried, or ensiled state.Straw: The mature dried stem left after removing the grain portion of wheat, barely, etc

Appendix (iv)

ABBREVATIONS

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ADBP: Asian Development Bank.

FMD: Foot and Mouth Disease.

FYM: Farmyard Manure.

PARC: Pakistan Agriculture Development Bank.

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

Appendix (v)Interviews (To be filled in by a Vet Doctor/ an stock assistant of animal husbandry department and be returned through same mediator before 02.02.2008)Name:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Qualification:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Current posting& Designation:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cell No:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Email address:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.)Can you communicate with rural people easily, if not why? 2.)Do you think milk production per lactation for both buffalo and cattle is up to standard, if not why?

3.) What is the nutrient requirement for a cow in lactation?

4.) How do you think the problem of mal- nutrition can be solved? 5.) How much should be the expenditure on feed?

6) Are you satisfied with the quality and quantity of ration provided to animals in rural areas?

7.) How much do you feel is the effect of parasites on the milk downfall?

8. Do you think that our rural livestock is protected against diseases in time?

9.) Do you think animal disease surveillance and monitoring system is up to the world standard?

10.) What is the usual source of animal feed in rural areas?

11.) Do you think utilization of land specified for feed growth including land rental, tillage, fertilizer, water and seeds are up to the standard?

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12.) Do you think the housing provided to animals is scientifically helpful in prevention of diseases?

13.) What are the other problems you face when you visit villages?

Thanks

Appendix (vi)QUESTIONAIRE

(To be answered by translator/mediator by asking questions to 100 farmers and return back to the issuing office before 11.02.2008)

Name of the farmer:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

No of animals:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Type of farming:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Breed:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Deh:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Taluka:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

District:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Contact:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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1. Approximate income per animal per time?------------------------------------------------------------

2. Do you have your own land?(yes/No)3. Is water to feed /bath animals and cultivate its feed

is easily available?(yes/No)4. Do you have access to any veterinary consultant?

(yes/No)5. Why don’t you make products like butter, ghee or

separate cream? (yes/No) 6. Do you have any credit facility to expand business

/to meet crises?(yes/No)7. Do you have any alternate option then selling milk to

gawala or local market (yes/No) 8. Do you have any dairy association?(yes/No) 9. Do you have access to vaccine/Medicine?(yes/No)10. Method used for preservation of

milk?-----------------------------------------------------------------11. How many times you are being invited on any

course or workshop on animal husbandry?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12. What transport do you use to carry milk and other things?-------------------------------------

13. If you do not have land to grow feed, what do you offer to your animal? --------------------

14. Can you name any of the five diseases which destroy your business?-------------------------

ThanksAppendix (vii)

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.Raheel laghari s/o mohammad Ayoub laghari ,seat no 335,is an external candidate for M.A (final) sociology degree from Govt: Saacal Sarmast Arts College, Hyderabad ,in academic session 2007-2008.He has completed and submitted the research thesis/report on “Problems of Rural areas regarding Animal Husbandry”, assigned to him by the Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts, University of Sindh,Jamshoro.

This 20th of Feb, 2008Controller of examination office,University of Sindh

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