Radionuclide Hazards Informationz No external exposure hazard--radiation from this radionuclide will barely penetrate the dead layer of skin INTERNAL EXPOSURES z ALI (based on 5 rems

University of California, Irvine

RADIONUCLIDE

HAZARDS

INFORMATION

For 3H, 14C, 22Na, 32P, 33P, 35S

36Cl, 45Ca, 51Cr, 99mTc, 125I & 131I

February 2004

3H -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA

RADIATION: Beta, 18 keV (max) 6 keV (ave)

HALF LIFE: 12.3 years

RANGE IN AIR: 4.5 mm

RANGE IN TISSUE: 0.006 mm DOSE RATES

No external exposure hazard--radiation from this radionuclide will not penetrate the dead layer of skin

INTERNAL EXPOSURES

ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 80 mCi--inhalation 80 mCi--oral ingestion

SPECIAL COMMENTS 3H-water is volatile and may release tritiated water vapor 3H-borohydrides are reactive and may generate tritium gas Most 3H compounds are distributed in body water with ~10 day Effective T1/2 3H-nucleotides/nucleosides may become incorporated into the cellular DNA,

resulting in a higher dose to the DNA than to all other organs and tissues INDIVIDUAL MONITORING Urine bioassays may be needed for the use of very large quantities of 3H, such as labeling procedures with 3H-water or 3H-borohydrides. Individual monitoring procedures for 3H will be specified when necessary in the Precautions Section of the Radiation Use Authorization. 3H DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 12.3 years

# of Days Decay Correction # of Days Decay Correction

0 1.00 90 0.99

180 0.97 270 0.96

360 0.95

2

14C -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA


HALF LIFE: 5,730 years

RANGE IN AIR: 22 cm

RANGE IN TISSUE: 0.28 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES

No external exposure hazard--radiation from this radionuclide will barely penetrate the dead layer of skin

INTERNAL EXPOSURES


SPECIAL COMMENTS Most 14C compounds are rapidly metabolized to 14CO2 and are then exhaled with

the very short Effective T1/2 of a few days 14C-nucleotides/nucleosides may become incorporated into the cellular DNA,

resulting in a higher dose to the DNA than to all other organs and tissues

3

22Na -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA

RADIATION: Gamma, 1.27 Mev, 511 keV Positron, 545 kev, 1.82 MeV (max) 215 kev, 834 kev (ave)

HALF LIFE: 2.6 years

HALF VALUE LAYERS In air: 90 m In tissue: 10 cm In lead: 9 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES

GAMMA DOSE RATES FROM 1 mCi POINT SOURCE @ 5 centimeters: 540 mrem/h @ 1 meter: 1.4 mrem/h

SPECIAL COMMENTS Annihilation of positrons produces 511 keV gammas 2 inches or more of lead is needed to shield high energy gammas INTERNAL EXPOSURES

ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 600 uCi--inhalation 400 uCi--oral ingestion

4

22Na (CONTINUED) INDIVIDUAL MONITORING

EXTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, a TLD RING BADGE and a TLD BODY BADGE will be

worn when handling the following quantities, or more, of 22Na at any one time: FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 0.1 mCi under Age 18 FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 0.1 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 0.01 mCi under Age 18 22Na DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 2.6 days

# of Days Decay Correction # of Days Decay Correction

0 1.00 90 0.94

180 0.88 270 0.82

360 0.77 450 0.72

540 0.67 630 0.63

720 0.59 810 0.55

900 0.52

5

32P -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA

RADIATION: Beta, 1.71 MeV (max) 694 keV (ave)

HALF LIFE: 14.3 days

RANGE IN AIR: 610 cm

RANGE IN TISSUE: 0.8 cm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES

BETA DOSE RATES FROM 1 mCi POINT SOURCE @ 1 centimeter: 1.2 krem/h @ 1 meter: 33 mrem/h

SPECIAL COMMENTS Hazard to the lens of the eye and skin without general shielding Hazard to the extremities (fingers) without vial shielding Recommend 0.5 inch of Lucite for shielding to eliminate betas Can have significant x-ray production in heavy shields (such as lead or steel) INTERNAL EXPOSURES


SPECIAL COMMENTS 30% of soluble 32P ingested will be deposited in bone 32P-nucleotides/nucleosides are not considered to have a greater hazard than other

32P compounds

6

32P (CONTINUED) INDIVIDUAL MONITORING For administrative purposes, a TLD RING BADGE will be worn when handling the following quantities, or more, of 32P at any one time:

FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, Adults, including Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi Minors under Age 18 1 mCi

FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, Adults, including Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi Minors under Age 18 0.1 mCi 32P DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 14.3 days

Days 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 1.00 0.95 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.65

10 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.40

20 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25

30 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15

40 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09

50 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06

60 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

70 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02

80 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

90 0.01

7

33P -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA

RADIATION: Beta, 249 keV (max) 80 kev (ave)


RANGE IN AIR: 45 cm



INTERNAL EXPOSURES


SPECIAL COMMENTS 30% of soluble 33P ingested will be deposited in bone 33P-nucleotides/nucleosides are not considered to have a greater hazard than other

33P compounds 33P DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 25.4 days

# of Days 0 2 4 6 8

0 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80

10 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.61

20 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.49 0.47

30 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.37 0.36

40 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.27

50 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21

60 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16

70 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12

80 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09

90 0.09 8

35S -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA

RADIATION: Beta, 167 keV (max) 48 kev (ave)


RANGE IN AIR: 24.5 cm



INTERNAL EXPOSURES

ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 8 mCi--oral ingestion

ALI (based on 50 rems CDE): 20 mCi--inhalation 10 mCi--oral ingestion

SPECIAL COMMENTS The ALI (based on 50 rems CDE to the organ or tissue receiving the highest

internal dose) applies to the lower large intestine wall 35S-nucleotides/nucleosides are not considered to have a greater hazard than other

35S compounds 35S DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 87.4 days

# of Weeks Decay Correction # of Weeks Decay Correction

0 1.00 1 0.95

2 0.89 3 0.85

4 0.80 5 0.76

6 0.72 7 0.68

8 0.64 9 0.61

10 0.57 11 0.54

12 0.51 13 0.49

9

36Cl -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA


HALF LIFE: 3 x 105 years

RANGE IN AIR: 200 cm

RANGE IN TISSUE: 0.3 cm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES

BETA DOSE RATES FROM 1 mCi POINT SOURCE @ 1 centimeter: 600 rem/h @ 1 meter: 13 mrem/h

SPECIAL COMMENTS Hazard to the lens of the eye and skin without general shielding Hazard to the extremities (fingers) without vial shielding Recommend 0.5 inch of Lucite for shielding to eliminate betas Can have significant x-ray production in heavy shields (such as lead or steel) INTERNAL EXPOSURES

FOR CHLORIDES OF H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 2 mCi--inhalation 2 mCi--oral ingestion

FOR OTHER CHLORIDES ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 200 uCi--inhalation

10

36Cl (CONTINUED) INDIVIDUAL MONITORING For administrative purposes, a TLD RING BADGE will be worn when handling the following quantities, or more, of 36Cl at any one time:

FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, Adults, including Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi Minors under Age 18 1 mCi

FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, Adults, including Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi Minors under Age 18 0.1 mCi

11

45Ca -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA

RADIATION: Beta, 257 keV (max) 86 (ave)

HALF LIFE: 163 days

RANGE IN AIR: 48 cm



INTERNAL EXPOSURES

ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 800 uCi--inhalation 2 mCi--oral ingestion

Most of 45Ca intake is deposited in bone with a long Effective T1/2 approaching the Physical T1/2

45Ca DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 163 days

# of Weeks Decay Correction # of Weeks Decay Correction

0 1.00 1 0.97

2 0.94 3 0.91

4 0.89 5 0.86

6 0.84 7 0.81

8 0.79 9 0.77

10 0.74 11 0.72

12 0.70 13 0.68

12

51Cr -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA

RADIATION: Gamma, 320 keV


HALF VALUE LAYERS In air: 54 m In tissue: 6 cm In lead: 2 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES

DOSE RATES FROM 1 mCi POINT SOURCE @ 5 centimeters: 6.4 mrem/h @ 1 meter: 0.02 mrem/h

SPECIAL COMMENTS 1/2 inch of lead is adequate to shield medium energy gammas INTERNAL EXPOSURES

ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 50 mCi--inhalation 40 mCi--oral ingestion INDIVIDUAL MONITORING

EXTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, a RING BADGE will be worn when handling the following

quantities, or more, of 51Cr at any one time: FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 1 mCi under Age 18

13

51Cr (CONTINUED) FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 0.1 mCi under Age 18 51Cr DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 27.7 days

Days 0 2 4 6 8

0 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.82

10 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.64

20 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50

30 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39

40 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.30

50 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.23

60 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18

70 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14

80 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11

90 0.11

14

99mTc -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA

RADIATION: Gamma, 140 keV

HALF LIFE: 6 hours

HALF VALUE LAYERS In air: 37.6 m In tissue: 4.5 cm In lead: 0.25 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES

DOSE RATES FROM 1 mCi POINT SOURCE @ 5 centimeters: 50 mrem/h @ 1 meter: 0.12 mrem/h

SPECIAL COMMENTS 1/2 inch of lead is adequate to shield medium energy gammas INTERNAL EXPOSURES

FOR OXIDES, HYDROXIDES, HALIDES AND NITRATES ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 200 mCi--inhalation

FOR ALL OTHER COMPOUNDS ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 200 mCi--inhalation 80 mCi--oral ingestion

15

99mTc (CONTINUED) INDIVIDUAL MONITORING

EXTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, a TLD RING BADGE will be worn when handling the

following quantities, or more, of 99mTc at any one time: FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 1 mCi under Age 18 FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 0.1 mCi under Age 18 99mTc DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 6.0 hours

# of Hours 0 2 4 6 8

0 1.00 0.79 0.63 0.50 0.40

10 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.13

20 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.04

30 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01

40 0.01

16

125I -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA

RADIATION: Gamma & EC X-Ray, 35 keV


HALF VALUE LAYERS In air: 24 m In tissue: 2.3 cm In lead: 0.02 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES


SPECIAL COMMENTS Thin lead foil is adequate to shield low energy gammas and electron capture x-

rays INTERNAL EXPOSURES


ALI (based on 50 rems CDE): 60 uCi--inhalation 40 uCi--oral ingestion


internal dose) applies to the thyroid gland

17

125I (CONTINUED) 125I-sodium iodide is very volatile * The process of opening a vial of this labeled compound outside of a fume

hood can result in significant airborne radioactive contamination * Reducing the pH of this labeled compound to less than 7 may result in a

much increased release of airborne radioactivity 125I-sodium iodide or other volatile forms must be handled in an EH&S approved

fume hood with * An inner pair of shoulder-length impervious gloves, and * An outer pair of standard-length impervious gloves 125I-nucleotides/nucleosides may become incorporated into the cellular DNA,

resulting in a higher dose to the DNA than to all other organs and tissues 125I in RIA kits is not volatile and such kits only contain small quantities of

radioiodine INDIVIDUAL MONITORING

EXTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, a RING BADGE will be worn when handling the following

quantities, or more, of 125I at any one time: FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 1 mCi under Age 18 FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 0.1 mCi under Age 18

18

125I (CONTINUED)

INTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, confirmatory THYROID COUNTS will be performed at the

indicated frequencies (given in parentheses below) for individuals performing iodinations, labeling or experimental procedures with the following quantities, or more, of 125I at any one time in an EH&S approved fume hood:

FOR SODIUM IODIDE OR OTHER VOLATILE FORMS * Adults, Except Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi (Quarterly) * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 1 mCi under Age 18 (Monthly) FOR ALL NONVOLATILE FORMS * Adults, Except Declared Pregnant Women 100 mCi (Every 2 Weeks) * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 10 mCi under Age 18 (Weekly) 125I DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 60.2 days

Days 0 2 4 6 8

0 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.91

10 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81

20 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72

30 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.65

40 0.63 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.58

50 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.51

60 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.46

70 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41

80 0.40 0.44 0.38 0.37 0.36

90 0.35

19

131I -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA

RADIATION: Gamma, 364 keV, 637 keV, 284 keV Beta, 606 kev, 334 keV, 247 keV (max) 191 kev, 97 kev, 69 kev (ave)


HALF VALUE LAYERS In air: 55 m In tissue: 6.2 cm In lead: 2 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES


SPECIAL COMMENTS 2 inches of lead is needed to shield high energy gammas INTERNAL EXPOSURES


ALI (based on 50 rems CDE): 50 uCi--inhalation 30 uCi--oral ingestion


internal dose) applies to the thyroid gland 131I-nucleotides/nucleosides are not considered to have a greater hazard than other

131I compounds

20

131I (CONTINUED) 131I-sodium iodide is very volatile * The process of opening a vial of this labeled compound outside of a fume

hood can result in significant airborne radioactive contamination * Reducing the pH of this labeled compound to less than 7 may result in a

much increased release of airborne radioactivity 131I-sodium iodide or other volatile forms must be handled in an EH&S approved

fume hood with * An inner pair of shoulder-length impervious gloves, and * An outer pair of standard-length impervious gloves INDIVIDUAL MONITORING

EXTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, a TLD RING BADGE and a TLD BODY BADGE will be

worn for handling the following quantities, or more, of 131I at any one time: FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi * Declared pregnant Women and Minors 0.1 mCi under Age 18 FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 0.1 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 0.01 mCi under Age 18

21

131I (CONTINUED)

INTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, confirmatory THYROID COUNTS will be performed at the

indicated frequencies (given in the parentheses below) for individuals performing iodinations, labeling or experimental procedures with the following quantities, or more, of 131I at any one time in an EH&S approved fume hood:

FOR SODIUM IODIDE OR OTHER VOLATILE FORMS * Adults, Except Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi (Monthly) * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 1 mCi under Age 18 (Every 2 Weeks) FOR ALL NONVOLATILE FORMS * Adults, Except Declared Pregnant Women 100 mCi (Every 2 Weeks) * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 10 mCi under Age 18 (Weekly) 131I DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 8.05 days

Days 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 1.00 0.92 0.84 0.77 0.71 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.46

10 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19

20 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08

30 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03

40 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01

50 0.01

22

Radionuclide Hazards Informationz No external exposure hazard--radiation from this radionuclide will barely penetrate the dead layer of skin INTERNAL EXPOSURES z ALI (based on 5 rems

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