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Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 1
- 1 -French-Slovak summer school decommissioning of NPP - Kocovce - 6th to 11 sept 09
Bernard ROTTNERTechnical DirectorOnet Technologies
FRENCH-SLOVAK SUMMER SCHOOL DECOMMISSIONING OF NPPKOCOVCE - 6th TO 11th SEPT 09
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 2
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1. General
2. Very Low Level Waste
3. Low Level Waste
4. Geological disposal
5. Measurement and conditioning processes
ContentContent
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 3
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• Law
• Nuclear facilities: INB and ICPE
• Others: NORM…
• Waste zoning and free release
• Comparison to European practices
• Different waste categories
• ANDRA
• Dismantling and waste inventory
1 - General1 - General
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 4
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• The French law (environment code article L541-1), defines waste as discarded matter or residual matter due to be discarded.
“Est un déchet au sens du présent chapitre tout résidu d'un processus de production, de transformation ou d'utilisation, toute substance, matériau, produit ou plus généralement
tout bien meuble abandonné ou que son détenteur destine à l'abandon.”
• Ultimate waste is waste that cannot be recycled nor treated to reduce its toxicity
“Est ultime au sens du présent chapitre un déchet, résultant ou non du traitement d'un déchet, qui n'est plus susceptible d'être traité dans les conditions techniques et économiques du moment, notamment par extraction de la part valorisable ou par
réduction de son caractère polluant ou dangereux.”
What is a RadWaste?What is a RadWaste?
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 5
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• Protection of health and environment when managing radwaste and dismantling
• Definition of a geological repository
• Strategy for:
– Tritiated waste– LLW-SL (graphite, residues of U ore)– Sealed sources– Re-enforced NORM’s– Mining residues
• No final disposal of foreign radwaste
• National program for radwaste– New version every 3 years (first end 2006)– Inventory– Need for repositories and interim storage facilities– Minimization of quantities and toxicity
• The operator of a nuclear facilitiy shall fund for the costs of waste and dismantling
Law 2006-739:Management of radioactive waste and matter
Law 2006-739:Management of radioactive waste and matter
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 6
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• Order (arrêté), 31th of December 99
• All waste coming from a « contaminating area » is radwaste, whatever the
level of activity
• All waste coming from a « non contaminating area » is conventional waste
Non contaminating area
Pipe with radioactive effluent
Contaminatingarea
Area without added radioactivity
Case of INB: major nuclear installation (NPP…) / Installation Nucléaire de BaseCase of INB: major nuclear installation
(NPP…) / Installation Nucléaire de Base
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 7
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Operational waste zoning
• Non contaminating area becomes contaminating
• The equipment containing radioactivity is dismantled
• The premises are cleaned
• And then they are classified as areas without added radioactivity
Waste zoning (zonage déchets):A method to limit the production of radwaste
Waste zoning (zonage déchets):A method to limit the production of radwaste
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 8
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• ICPE (Installation Classée pour la Protection de l’Environnement): small nuclear facility
• NORM: natural occurring radioactive materials
• Hospitals
• …
• Environment code article L542-1-1: a radioactive substance is defined as requiring radioprotection controls:
– Dose impact study
– The threshold is 1 mSv per year
– But it is required to show that the dose shall be far below
Our experience: radioactive alarm at the entrance of a conventional wastes
dump or of a steel works
Others casesOthers cases
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 9
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• In principle, release (but not free release) of radwaste is possible
– Dose impact study– Identified reuse of the material– Traceability– Appropriate only for large amounts of material– Few (or no) examples for the moment
• For instance (virtual example): use of radioactive steel for manufacturing new cars
Decontaminated scraps
Conventionalscraps
Dose to workers Dose to workers Dose to the driver, passengers…
Is free releasepossible in France?
Is free releasepossible in France?
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 10
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• European Commission recommendations RP89, RP113
– Nuclide specific thresholds
• Specific values adopted by individual countries
• Values specific to projects
Values from RP89(for metallic wastes)
Studsvik facilityin Sweden
Radwaste in EuropeRadwaste in Europe
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VL Vie longueLL Long life
VC Vie courteSL Short life
THA Très haute activitéVHLW Very high level waste
HA Haute activitéHLW High level waste
MA Moyenne activitéILW Intermediate level waste
FA Faible activitéLLW Low level waste
FTA Très faible activitéVLLW Very low level waste
Different categories of radwaste:Glossary
Different categories of radwaste:Glossary
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 12
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Activity
Half life
30 y
TFA = VLLW
CSTFA
650 000 m3
(*)
FA VL = LLW, LL
FA/MA VC = LLW/ILW, SL
CSM + CSA
1 500 000 m3 (*)
MA/HA VL = ILW/HLW, LL
HA VC = HLW, SL
Deep geological repository (project)
THA = VHLW
C wastes
Burned fuel,
vitrified fission
products
Deposit for radiferouswastes (project)
Conventional wastes
80 000 m3 (*) 6 330 m3 (*)
B wastes
(*) Estimated volumes from the first nuclear research in France (before the 1st war) to the end of life of each existing nuclear installation (including dismantling)
Different categories of wastesDifferent final repositories
Different categories of wastesDifferent final repositories
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 13
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Temporary storage for C waste
CSA, CSM, CSTFA
Laboratory for deep geological disposal
Main locationsconcerning radwaste in France
Main locationsconcerning radwaste in France
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 14
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• Created in 1979 as a department of CEA
• Manages the final deposits for the radwaste
• Became independent in 1991 (Law 91-1381)
ASN(Nuclear Safety Authority) / DRIRE
CSTFA
Waste producers
CSA CSM
Deep geological laboratory
Radiferous waste final repository (project)
ANDRA
ANDRAANDRA
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– Homogeneous: soil, sludge, concentrates, ashes and dust, ion exchange resins…
• « Coating » threshold
– if the activity is above this threshold, it shall be demonstrated that the waste package is able to retain the radionuclides
– Not far from ILW / LLW limit
• Maximum accepted activity
– Nuclide dependent
– Expressed as mass activity (Bq/g)
• 2 types of final storage cells:
– Cells filled with concrete
– Cells filled with gravel
CSA:Definitions
CSA:Definitions
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 32
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• Coating threshold and acceptance limits
• External contact dose rate less than 2 mSv/h
• Specific limits for tritium, thorium and radium
Bq/g Coating Acceptance3H 7.4E3 2E5
14C 3.7E3 9.2E4
60Co 3.7E3 1.3E8
90Sr 3.7E3 6E6
137Cs 3.7E3 3.3E5
239Pu (Σα) 185 3.7E3
• Less than 0,1 g/L of fissile isotopes (or uranium with enrichment lower than 1 %)
• Activity distribution with limited heterogeneity
– less than 4 times the acceptance limit in each 200 L sample
CSA:Radiological acceptance criteria
CSA:Radiological acceptance criteria
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 33
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Example:200 L drum
Concrete, 2000 kg/m3, 1.3E8 Bq/g 60Co
75 Sv/h(should be < 0.002 ! )
�
Biological shield (concrete, lead or steel)
But :
– Few waste in each drum– Limitation due to the maximum mass
allowed for a drum (750 kg)
CSA: Acceptance limits and external dose rate
CSA: Acceptance limits and external dose rate
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 34
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Not accepted waste• Explosive, pyrophoric, easily flammable wastes, or liable to have a strong
exothermal reaction with the components of the package• Waste presenting risk of contagion• Liquids• Putrescible waste, carcasses• Friable asbestos (which may emit fibers into the atmosphere)
Accepted with restrictions• Wet wastes, like rags or cotton pieces• Wood and waste which increase volume in contact with water• Powdery waste• Greases, paint sludge• Spray containers, batteries, fluorescent light bulbs• Material which may react to produce gases (Al, Mg…)• Material which may react with the matrix (mortar)• Radioactive sources• Non friable asbestos• Toxic chemicals (ANDRA specific list), chelatants
CSA: Physical and chemical restrictions
CSA: Physical and chemical restrictions
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 35
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• The waste shall be immobilized in a solid block,
• Mass limit, dependant on the type of container
• Resistance to fire (30 min, 800°C)
• Resistance to a drop (1.2 m), not required if IP2 container
• Maximum tritium degassing rate: 2Bq/g/day
• Traceability
• Specific requirements for the envelop and the block of immobilzed
waste, depending on the type of package:
– long lasting concrete containers
– metallic containers with a confining internal casing
– confining matrix in metallic containers
– compactable metallic drums
– metallic containers to be injected with mortar
CSA: General requirements
CSA: General requirements
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 36
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• Cylindrical casks (C1)
– external diameter: 1.4 m
– external height: 1.3 m
– typical thickness: 0.15 m
– Possibility to insert lead shields up to 5 cm
• Cubic casks (CBFK)
– external dimension: 1.7 m
– typical thickness: 0.1
• Interesting to use for:
– Homogeneous waste above the coating threshold
– Irradiating waste (homogeneous or heterogeneous)
CSA: Long lasting concrete container
CSA: Long lasting concrete container
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 37
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Homo Heter
Cell to be filled with Gravel Gravel
Solidified block of wastes Yes Yes
No free liquid Yes Yes
Chemical compatibility with the mortar Yes Yes
Maximum mass per type of package Yes Yes
Resistance to fire Yes Yes
Resistance to drop Yes Yes
Tritium degassing (if > 100 Bq/g) Yes Yes
Compliant with ADR (2mSv/h, 4Bq/cm2 β,…) Yes Yes
Confinement capability of the enveloppe Yes Yes
Confinement capability of the internal casing If relevant If relevant
Confinement capability of the matrix If relevant If relevant
Compressive strength Yes Yes
Homogeneity of the block of wastes Yes No
Water exudation Yes No
Porosity, permeability TBM No
No residual vacuum No Yes
Resistance to irradiation (if > 0.5Gy/h) Yes Yes
Thermal cycles
Filling height Yes Yes
Resistance to load (piling containers) No No
Requirement or test
Only container
Long lasting concrete
container
CSA:Long lasting concrete container
CSA:Long lasting concrete container
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 38
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• Mainly for waste above the coating threshold
• Drums and bins
Metalliccontainer
Block of waste
Internal casing (usually mortaror concrete)
Homo Heter
Cell to be filled with Concrete Concrete
Solidified block of wastes Yes Yes
No free liquid Yes Yes
Chemical compatibility with the mortar Yes Yes
Maximum mass per type of package Yes Yes
Resistance to fire Yes Yes
Resistance to drop Yes Yes
Tritium degassing (if > 100 Bq/g) Yes Yes
Compliant with ADR (2mSv/h, 4Bq/cm2 β,…) Yes Yes
Confinement capability of the enveloppe No No
Confinement capability of the internal casing Yes Yes
Confinement capability of the matrix No No
Compressive strength Yes Yes
Homogeneity of the block of wastes Yes Yes
Water exudation Yes Yes
Porosity, permeability TBM No
No residual vacuum No Yes
Resistance to irradiation (if > 0.5Gy/h) Yes Yes
Thermal cycles
Filling height Yes Yes
Resistance to load (piling containers) Yes Yes
Only casing material
Requirement or test Metallic, internal casing
CSA: metallic containers with a confining internal casing
CSA: metallic containers with a confining internal casing
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 39
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• Homogeneous waste, or heterogeneous under the coating threshold
• Typical container:200 L drum
Homo Heter
Cell to be filled with Concrete Concrete
Solidified block of wastes Yes Yes
No free liquid Yes Yes
Chemical compatibility with the mortar Yes Yes
Maximum mass per type of package Yes Yes
Resistance to fire Yes Yes
Resistance to drop Yes Yes
Tritium degassing (if > 100 Bq/g) Yes Yes
Compliant with ADR (2mSv/h, 4Bq/cm2 β,…) Yes Yes
Confinement capability of the enveloppe No No
Confinement capability of the internal casing No No
Confinement capability of the matrix
Compressive strength Yes Yes
Homogeneity of the block of wastes Yes Yes
Water exudation Yes Yes
Porosity, permeability TBM No
No residual vacuum No Yes
Resistance to irradiation (if > 0.5Gy/h) Yes Yes
Thermal cycles
Filling height Yes Yes
Resistance to load (piling containers) Yes Yes
If > coating threshold
If > coating threshold
Requirement or testConfining matrix
CSA:Confining matrix in a metallic container
CSA:Confining matrix in a metallic container
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 40
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200 L drum• Compacted• Immobilized in 450 L drums• The 450 L drums are disposed in
cells filled with concrete
Only for compactable waste• Restrictions on powdery waste
• No liquid exudation under compaction (less than 1 % of water)
• No massive pieces
• Some rubble and small metallic pieces are allowed, with restrictions
• No spray containers, even if empty
• No asbestos, Be, or others materials that may be toxic when inhaled
• No radioactive sources
Heter
Cell to be filled with Concrete
Solidified block of wastes No
No free liquid Yes
Chemical compatibility with the mortar Yes
Maximum mass per type of package Yes
Resistance to fire Yes
Resistance to drop Yes
Tritium degassing (if > 100 Bq/g) Yes
Compliant with ADR (2mSv/h, 4Bq/cm2 β,…) Yes
Confinement capability of the enveloppe No
Confinement capability of the internal casing No
Confinement capability of the matrix No
Compressive strength No
Homogeneity of the block of wastes No
Water exudation No
Porosity, permeability No
No residual vacuum No
Resistance to irradiation (if > 0.5Gy/h) No
Thermal cycles No
Filling height No
Resistance to load (piling containers) No
To be
compactedRequirement or test
Drums to be compactedon the CSA site
Drums to be compactedon the CSA site
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 41
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Heterogeneous, non compactable waste or solidified homogeneous waste
Waste
Wire mesh rack
Free space to be filled up with mortar
Bins to be injectedwith mortar on the CSA site
Bins to be injectedwith mortar on the CSA site
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 42
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Homo Heter
Cell to be filled with Concrete Concrete
Solidified block of waste Yes Yes
No free liquid Yes Yes
Chemical compatibility with the mortar Yes Yes
Maximum mass per type of container Yes Yes
Resistance to fire Yes Yes
Resistance to drop Yes Yes
Tritium degassing (if > 100 Bq/g) Yes Yes
Compliant with ADR (2mSv/h, 4Bq/cm2 β,…) Yes Yes
Confinement capability of the envelop No No
Confinement capability of the internal casing No No
Confinement capability of the matrix
Compressive strength Yes Yes
Homogeneity of the block of waste Yes Yes
Water exudation Yes Yes
Porosity, permeability TBM No
No residual vacuum No Yes
Resistance to irradiation (if > 0.5Gy/h) Yes Yes
Thermal cycles
Filling height Yes Yes
Resistance to load (piling containers) Yes Yes
If > coating threshold
If > coating threshold
Requirement or testConfining matrix
Bins to be injectedwith mortar on the CSA site
Bins to be injectedwith mortar on the CSA site
Best ENSAM 3rd July 2008 - Page 43
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• Identification of the radionuclides that may be present– Half live > 6 months or emitting gases (about 160 identified nuclides)– Specific to the installation where the waste is produced– Calculation and computation codes may be used– Natural radioactivity is not to be taken into account, if not artificially concentrated
• Quantification of all identified nuclides with activity over a declaration threshold (between 1E-4 and 10 Bq/g)– Usually: calculated and/or measured fingerprint
• Assessment of mass activity– For some packaging (bins to be injected, drums to be compacted), a default
mass is to be used
• Activity assessment for a defined date– Current date for beta activity– After 300 years decay for alpha activity