Radiation and Its Uses Pg. 680-682
Dec 31, 2015
Radiation and Its UsesPg. 680-682
Effects of Radiation• Radioactive elements are potentially
hazardous, but the effects are quite subtle• The effects of exposure to radiation may
not be apparent for years!
Effects of Radiation• Radiation damage can be classified in two groups:
• Somatic Damage: damage to the organism itself, resulting in sickness or death
• Problems are seen• immediately if a massive dose of radiation is received• Takes years to appear if smaller doses are received, usually in the form
of cancer
•Genetic Damage: damage to the genetic machinery/material of the reproductive cells
•Creates problems that are seen in the offspring of the organism
Effects of Radiation
• Factors that affect the biological effects of radiation:• Energy of the radiation
• The higher the energy of the radiation, the more damage it can cause
• The penetrating ability of the radiation
Effects of Short-Term Exposures to Radiation
Rem indicates the danger the radiation poses for humans.
Dose (rem)
0-25
25-50
100-200
500
Clinical Effect
Nondetectable
Temporary decrease in white blood cell counts
Strong decrease in white blood cell counts
Death of half the exposed population w/in 30 days
Using Radiation to Help Us• Cancer Treatment
• Beams of gamma radiation are targeted at the growing tumor
• Problems with fighting cancer using radiation:• Can kill healthy cells
along with cancerous cells
• Cancerous cells in the middle of the tumor may be immune to the gamma radiation
• Common isotopes used:• Cobalt-60 and Cesium-137
Proton Therapy:
http://www.proton-therapy.org/index.html
http://www.niu.edu/protontherapy/index.shtml
Radioactive Tracers
• Radioactive Tracers = radioactive nuclides that can be introduced into a system so we can trace them throughout a process
Ways to use Radioactive tracers :
#1. Reading DNA
PET and brain activity.
normal Alzheimer’s
asymmetric scan indicates disease
normal
Ways to use Radioactive tracers : #2. Medical Diagnosis
•Other examples:
•Technetium-99m used to detect brain tumors and liver problems
•Phosphorus-32 used to detect skin cancer
•Patient drinks a sample with a small amount of radioactive iodine – 131
•Thyroid uses iodine to make thyroxine
•After two hours, uptake of iodine is measured by scanning with a radiation detector