Raczky and Anders 2010_FS JurajPavuk

7/28/2019 Raczky and Anders 2010_FS JurajPavuk

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Te times they are a-changin: revisiting the chronological frameworkof the Late Neolithic settlement complex at PolgrCsszhalom

Pl Raczky Alexandra Anders

A total of 89 14C dates known for Polgr-Csszhalom originates from different periods and represents work by radiocarbonlaboratories. Several summaries published to date have discussed the internal structures and external relations between variousspatial units as well as the artifactual materials from this settlement. In these works numerous attempts were made to outlinethe relevant relative and absolute chronological frameworks of this site of key importance. o date, this trend has had anadverse effect, as relevant 14C data are not readily available to the public, thereby hampering re-evaluation and eventualscholarly discussions concerning Polgr-Csszhalom. Te multitude of preliminary reports and case studies tend to contain onlythe end results of calibration. In hindsight, however, several contradictions and inconsistencies became apparent in some of theseevaluations. It was time therefore that we published the complete, itemized list of radiocarbon dates from the site complex ofPolgr-Csszhalom. Tis review will also offer an opportunity for briefly touching upon some of the methodological problems

that have surfaced during the last couple of years.

Keywords: Polgr-Csszhalom, Late Neolithic tell, 14C chronology, absolute dating, calibration

During his broad-based professional career, Juraj Pavk has always paid special attention to the LateNeolithic of Slovakia and its cultural and chronological connections. Recently, he has evaluatedexcavation results of the East Slovakian Plain and Lesser Poland in relation to new field information,among others from PolgrCsszhalom in Hungary (Pavk2007). It is therefore appropriate to join theFestschrift celebrating Juraj Pavks birthday along the same intellectual lines. For the first time, radicarbon

dates obtained for the settlement complex excavated at PolgrCsszhalom will be reviewed, along with thepublication of detailed primary data.

Introduction

Systematic excavations at the Late Neolithic site of Polgr-Csszhalom were first carried out in 1957(Bognr-Kutzin 1958; Bnffy Bognr-Kutzin 2007). Since 1989, recent archaeological research in thearea has clarified that this settlement was composed of two major structural units ( Fig. 1). One of thesewas the tell settlement, measuring ca. 4 hectares, surrounded by a system of ditches and palisades (Forsummaries see: Raczky et al.1994; 2002a). Te other unit was an adjacent, single layer horizontal settlementcovering approximately 24 hectares (For summaries see: Raczky et al. 1997;2002a). Large scale excavationsthat preceded motorway construction in the area in 1995 offered a 400 m long north to south transect ofthe latter settlement. Tis could be complemented by a 1030 m long system of test trenches opened in2006. Consequently, the entire east-west section of the site could be revealed for study. On the basis of thesedevelopments, increasingly precise details emerged concerning the topographic position of the site (Raczkyet al. 2002b). Te area of the horizontal settlement was estimated to have covered 35.2 hectares, while thetell forming a distinct unit surrounded by an enclosure system occupied 2.8 hectares (Raczky Anders Bartosiewicz, in press).

Several summaries published to date have discussed the internal structures and external relations betweenvarious spatial units as well as the artifactual materials from this settlement. In these works numerousattempts were made to outline the relevant relative and absolute chronological frameworks of this site of keyimportance (Most recent summaries: Raczky et al. 2007; Anders Nagy 2007; Sebk 2007; Raczky Anders2008). o date, this trend has had an adverse effect, as relevant 14C data are not readily available to thepublic, thereby hampering re-evaluation and eventual scholarly discussions concerning Polgr-Csszhalom.


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358 Pl Raczky Alexandra Anders

Te multitude of preliminary reports and case studies tend to contain only the end results of calibration. Inhindsight, however, several contradictions and inconsistencies became apparent in some of these evaluations(See among others: Hertelendi et al. 1995; 1998; Raczky et al. 2002; Raczky Domborczki Hajd 2007). Itwas time therefore that we published the complete, itemized list of radiocarbon dates from the site complexof Polgr-Csszhalom. Tis review will also offer an opportunity for briefly touching upon some of themethodological problems that have surfaced during the last couple of years.

Research history of absolute dating at Polgr-Csszhalom

1. Samples for the first radicarbon measurements originate from the 1957 excavations directed by IdaBognr-Kutzin. Teir precise stratigraphic position, however, is impossible to verify. Of these, 4 dates fromBerlin (Bln) and an additional from Groningen (Grn) have recently been published ( Bnffy Bognr-Kutzin 2007, 211212). An additional measurement was made from one of these samples in the BritishMuseum (BM;Ambers Matthews Bowman 1987,188). Tat is, this early research period is representedby six radiocarbon dates (ab. 1).

2. Subsequent chronological investigations concentrated on the stylistic relations between ceramics

discovered predominantly within the area of the tell. Stylistic evaluation was also carried out with regard tothe ceramic material recovered from the stratigraphy of yet another tell-site, Berettyjfalu-Herply. Telatter site had yielded a considerable series of radiocarbon dates by the late 1980s thanks to the help offeredby Hans Quitta and the Berlin Radiocarbon Laboratory. It was these absolute chronological fix pointsthat we tried to apply in estimating the life span of the Csszhalom tell (Kalicz Raczky 1987,2629 andChronological chart on page 30).

3. In early 1989, radiocarbon measurements have also been carried out at the Institute of Nuclear Researchof the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Debrecen (Deb). Tis work was based on overwhelminglycharcoal samples taken during the renewed excavations at Csszhalom. However, these data have neverbeen published in detail, although the results were synthetised within the re-evaluation of the Neolithic inEastern Hungary, built around the chronological study of the Late Neolithic isza-Herply-Csszhalom

complex. In the body of 134 14C dates compiled in 1995 for the isza-Herply-Csszhalom period(considered a unit), Ede Hertelendi and his co-workers incorporated the earliest dates from Csszhalomas well. Tat is, the first measurements made at the site formed part of the resulting 49704380 cal BCtime interval estimated for the settlement. However, the series of raw data was not published, thereforethe numerical results could not be verified by the reader (Hertelendi et al. 1995, 242, Fig. 1. and able 1).Archaeologists cooperating in the project at the time had little in-depth understanding of the work carriedout by nuclear physicists. Interdisciplinary cooperation thus remained relatively unilateral, as archaeologistsfelt ill-equipped to oversee laboratory work by their physicist colleagues in Hungary. Consequently theresults were accepted without critical discussion.

4. Following these antecedents, four Late Neolithic tell settlements from eastern Hungary wereincluded in the analysis of their life spans in 1998 (csd-Kovshalom, Hdmezvsrhely-Gorzsa,

Polgr-Csszhalom, Berettyjfalu-Herply). Polgr-Csszhalom was included in this study providing 76radiocarbon dates. Unfortunately, the documentation of these dates was not provided in that publicationeither. In hindsight it may only be said that the data base of the Institute of Nuclear Research in Debrecencontained 67 of their own dates (Deb) in addition to the previously known 4 Bln, 1 BM and 1 Grn dates.Te total number of radiocarbon dates was thus 73. By now it is impossible to reconstruct which were thethree additional samples (evidently not f rom Csszhalom) that were included in the calculations. Te systemof assigning samples to phases (translated as levels in that article) remains similarly unknown (Hertelendiet al. 1998, able 1, Fig. 34). It is certain, however, the six radiocarbon dates from the excavations by IdaBognr-Kutzin (mentioned in item 1 at the beginning of this paper) should not have been used in thecalculation. Te study published in the journal Radiocarbon summarized the radiocarbon dates f rom Polgr-Csszhalom as representing Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3. Te corresponding sum data were 47954530 calBC (54 dates), 48434692 cal BC (6 dates) and 49054646 cal BC (16 dates). Tese units, however, did notrepresent real, excavation levels. Tey actually stood for four construction phases in the creation of the tell.Te time intervals were calculated to provide a solid background to this phasing. Synthesizing information


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359Revisiting the chronological framework of the Late Neolithic settlement complex at PolgrCsszhalom

from the 76 14C dates available at the time, the life span of the tell was estimated to between 48404560 calBC resulting in a 280 years interval. In fact, it was again the 67 Debrecen dates representing recent (post1989) excavations that should have been used following the exclusion of unreliable outliers.

5. In 2002, va Svingor estimated the life span of the tell as 48204530 cal BC without going intodetails. She also came up with a life span of 48304600 cal BC for the horizontal settlement calculated onthe basis of 67 and 17 dates respectively (Raczky et al.2002a, Fig. 10). Te positive aspect of this summary is

that it was based on the 67 samples collected and analyzed by the Debrecen laboratory itself during the laterexcavations of the 1990s. On the other hand, 17 14 C dates were synthesized in the evaluation of the external,horizontal settlement. Tere is some discrepancy, as only 6 Debrecen dates could be available for study

Fig. 1. Te Polgr-Csszhalom settlement-complex. Te topography of the tell enclosed by a ditch-palisade systemand the horizontal settlement. Reconstruction is based on magnetometer and field surveys and excavations between 1989 and 2004.

Fig. 2. Simplified stratigraphy of the tell settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom (Levels 111 and Phases IIV)with the locations of the radiocarbon samples from the 19892002 research interval.


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from Polgr-Csszhalom at this point. Additional measurements carried out by the Vienna EnvironmentalResearch Accelerator (VERA, operated by the University of Vienna) have begun only since 2004. It istherefore uncertain, where the 17 14C dates used in the sum calibration originated from.

6. Subsequently, an effort was indeed made to complement radiocarbon measurements by the DebrecenLaboratory with new samples. Tis work, however, could be carried out exclusively on material originatingfrom the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom, gathered during excavations that preceded the

construction of a motorway there. In contrast to previous practice, these measurements were made onsamples of human and animal bone. Dating was executes at the VERA Laboratory in Vienna also using adifferent technology, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). en such radiocarbon dates became available.As mentioned, comparative measurements at the horizontal settlement were also made by the DebrecenLaboratory, six of which could be used in comparisons. Using the sum calibration of all 16 data thechronological boundaries of the horizontal settlement at Polgr-Csszhalom have recently been estimated49404720 cal BC (Raczky Domborczki Hajd 2007, 58 and footnote 3). Consequently, however,considerable asymmetry became apparent between the structure of14C dates available from the tell and theexternal, horizontal settlement, making comparisons between the two functional/territorial units of the sitedifficult: the habitation mound of Polgr-Csszhalom is characterized by classical measurements from theDebrecen Laboratory (and the very first measurements made abroad, already excluded from comparisons),

Lab. No. Date BP Cal. BC 1 Sample material Provenance References

1. BLN-509 5575 100 45204335 charcoal House I/A,0.30.4 m deep

Quitta Kohl 1969,246; Kalicz Raczky1987, 31; Breunig1987, 136; Bnffy

Bognr-Kutzin 2007,211212.

2. BLN-510 5875 100 48814608 charcoal 1.85 m deep Quitta Kohl 1969,246; Kalicz Raczky1987, 31; Breunig1987, 136; Bnffy Bognr-Kutzin 2007,211212.

3. BLN-512 5775 100 47254499 charcoal House floor, 3.05m deep

Quitta Kohl 1969,246; Kalicz Raczky1987, 31; Breunig1987, 136; Bnffy

Bognr-Kutzin 2007,211212.

4. BLN-513 5940 100 49524707 charcoal Lowermost level,3.13.3 m

Quitta Kohl 1969,246, Kalicz Raczky1987, 31; Breunig1987, 136; Bnffy Bognr-Kutzin 2007,211212.

5. GRN-1993 5895 60 48414706 charcoal Lower levels Vogel Waterbolk 1963,184; Breunig 1987, 136;Bnffy Bognr-Kutzin

2007, 211212.1

6. BM-2321 6020 170 52074723 charcoal 0.81.1 m deep Ambers Matthews Bowman 1987, 188.

Tab. 1. Radiocarbon dates of the excavation on the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom in 1957.

1 Unfortunately, this date has been quoted erroneously in several publications: it appeared as GRN-1943 (Kohl Quitta 1970, 413)as well as GRN-1934 (Bognr-Kutzin 1971, 676), while in one case when the label was correct, the year of measurement wasmisprinted (Kalicz Raczky 1987, 29).


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Lab. No. Date BP Cal. BC. 1Samplematerial

Level Phase Provenance

1. Deb-1942 6060 40 5024-4859 charcoal A III Str. 225, house I, floor2. Deb-1965 5950 40 4900-4780 charcoal A III Str. 223, house I, floor3. Deb-1941 5940 40 4882-4747 charcoal A III Str. 223, house I, floor4. Deb-3351 5910 70 4896-4707 charcoal A III Str. 725, pit 1395. Deb-1904 5860 40 4783-4694 charcoal A III Str. 242, house I, floor clearing

6. Deb-3237 5848 66 4793-4616 charcoal A III Str. 682, angle of fencing 17. Deb-1773 5800 40 4712-4605 charcoal A III Str. 223, hose I., floor8. Deb-1763 5700 40 4584-4465 charcoal A III Str.222, house I, floor9. Deb-1756 5680 40 4545-4461 charcoal A III Str. 236, house I/A10. Deb-3205 5636 55 4533-4373 charcoal A III Str. 665, fill11. Deb-1758 5610 40 4487-4369 charcoal A III Str. 223, house I, floor12. Deb-1900 6100 40 5195-4948 charcoal B III Str. 278, fill under house I13. Deb-1957 5920 40 4837-4728 charcoal B III Str. 278, fill under house I14. Deb-2497 5845 40 4782-4685 charcoal B III Str. 395, fill15. Deb-2520 5810 40 4719-4611 charcoal B III Str. 388, fill under house II16. Deb-1907 5800 40 4712-4605 charcoal B III Str. 278, fill under house I17. Deb-1762 5790 40 4707-4598 charcoal B III Str. 265, fill, under the working surface18. Deb-1932 5700 40 4584-4465 animal bone B III Str.264, fill under house I19. Deb-1966 5700 40 4584-4468 animal bone B III Str. 278, fill under house I20. Deb-2506 5960 40 4906-4788 charcoal C III Str. 413, pit 2521. Deb-2505 5860 40 4783-4694 charcoal C III Str. 413, pit 2522. Deb-3261 5855 73 4825-4614 charcoal C III Str. 741, house IX, floor23. Deb-2541 5840 40 4781-4621 charcoal C III Str. 396, fill24. Deb-2523 5830 40 4767-4617 charcoal C III Str. 409, fill25. Deb-1902 5790 40 4707-4598 charcoal C III Str. 279, cleaning of external working surface26. Deb-3311 5780 71 4711-4546 charcoal C III Str. 724, pit 138/A27. Deb-2552 5735 40 4669-4526 charcoal C III Str. 459, fireplace 2028. Deb-3268 5698 71 4652-4457 charcoal C III Str. 742, house IX, floor29. Deb-2504 5905 40 4826-4724 charcoal D III Str. 409, fill30. Deb-3306 5872 58 4830-4686 charcoal D III Str. 644, pit 13731. Deb-2496 5850 40 4785-4687 charcoal D III Str. 394, fill32. Deb-3229 5842 58 47874618 charcoal D III Str. 644, pit 13733. Deb-2528 5825 40 4727-4613 charcoal D III Str. 394, fill34. Deb-2501 5805 40 4716-4608 charcoal D III Str. 397, fill35. Deb-2512 5800 40 4712-4605 charcoal D III Str. 412, fill36. Deb-2533 5790 40 4707-4598 charcoal D III Str. 397, fill

37. Deb-2514 5780 40 4690-4562 charcoal D III Str. 428, pit 2538. Deb-2538 5765 40 4683-4555 charcoal D III Str. 480481482, pit 63646539. Deb-2534 5760 40 4681-4551 charcoal D III Str. 395, fill40. Deb-3309 5752 58 4686-4542 charcoal D III Str. 449, pit 4441. Deb-2513 5740 40 4680-4536 charcoal D III Str. 427, fill42. Deb-2536 5795 40 4710-4600 charcoal E III Str. 491, pit 1343. Deb-3234 5745 63 4686-4532 charcoal E III Str. 689, pit 1344. Deb-2521 5740 40 4680-4536 charcoal E III Str. 463, pit 1345. Deb-3321 5703 69 4651-4459 charcoal E III Str. 812, pit 14746. Deb-3228 5701 62 4612-4459 charcoal E III Str. 640, pit 1347. Deb-3293 5699 66 4561-4457 charcoal E III Str. 812, pit 14748. Deb-3316 5684 70 4650-4450 charcoal E III Str. 681, pit 1349. Deb-3269 5654 65 4550-4372 charcoal E III Str. 688, pit 1350. Deb-2540 5945 40 4897-4777 charcoal F II Str. 499, pit 6851. Deb-2554 5930 40 4845-4728 charcoal F II Str. 484, pit 6752. Deb-2421 5900 40 4826-4721 charcoal F II Str. 484, pit 6753. Deb-2498 5870 40 4790-4706 charcoal F II Str. 396, fill54. Deb-3226 5855 57 4795-4619 charcoal F II Str. 670, fill55. Deb-3292 6024 70 5005-4806 charcoal G I Str. 693, fill56. Deb-3236 5984 72 4962-4788 charcoal G I Str. 694, fill57. Deb-3308 5929 63 4896-4722 charcoal G I Str. 802, fill58. Deb-3266 5928 65 4897-4722 charcoal G I Str. 697, fill59. Deb-3333 5981 37 49324804 charcoal H I Str. 846, pit 15860. Deb-3277 5906 58 48424715 charcoal H I Str. 856, pit 16761. Deb-1711 5520 70 44514329 charcoal profile II, 120140 cm62. Deb-1713 5770 40 46864557 charcoal profile I,-95-2 R.m. 100120, ditch 2.63. Deb-1714 5750 40 46814545 charcoal profile II, 200220 cm64. Deb-1936 5450 40 43464362 animal bone Str. 279, cleaning of external working surface65. Deb-1772 6300 40 53165225 charcoal Str. 264, fill, under house I66. Deb-2522 6170 40 5208-5062 charcoal Str. 518, ditch 2

67. Deb-3232 5621 62 45014367 charcoal Str. 669, fill

Tab. 2. Radiocarbon dates of the excavations on the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom from the 19892002 research interval.


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while the horizontal settlement is represented by a smaller admixture of classical and AMS dates obtainedusing various sources of14C isotopes (charcoal, human and animal bone) by two different laboratories.

Within this phase of research, the earliest settlement Phase I of the tell was dated to between 49404720cal BC, using 6 measurements. Another 6 dates used in characterizing Phase II of the tell resulted in the48804680 cal BC time boundaries. Te 51 samples taken from Phase III delineated the 47104440 calBC time interval. In this latter case, 4 of the known 55 dates have been excluded from the calculations asof potentially problematic origins (Raczky Domborczki Hajd 2007, 6164). On the other hand, the 51dates from Phase III included 8 14C samples from the double fortification ditch that had originally beenassigned to Phase II on the basis of graphic interpretation (Raczky Domborczki Hajd 2007, Fig. 6).

Recently, it would seem more appropriate to treat these 8 measurements separately as representing a distinctarchaeological feature, independent of the tells central stratigraphy.

Following the difficulties of previous archaeological approaches outlined here, it is now time to publishall individual 14C dates from Polgr-Csszhalom along with appropriate references to their archaeologicalaffiliations. Tis became all the more necessary, as the 60 valid 14C dates available from the tell today alongwith the 16 samples representing the horizontal settlement form the largest series of radiocarbon datesfrom any Neolithic tell settlement in Southeastern Europe. Our form of presentation will closely followthe method and theoretical approach put forward recently in a study by Agathe Reingruber and LaurensTissen (Reingruber Tissen2009).

Radiocarbon dates from the Polgr-Csszhalom tell settlement in archaeological context

1. Radiocarbon dates from the 1957 excavations carried out by Ida Bognr-Kutzin have recently beenreviewed by Eszter Bnffy, who mentioned five dates on the basis of samples collected from the tell (Bnffy Bognr-Kutzin 2007, 211212 and Fig. 186192). In addition, another BM date is also known (ab. 1).

2. Recent radiocarbon dates from the 19892002 research interval (ab. 2). Te radiocarbon datesavailable for study were first calibrated using the OxCal v4.1.1. program. In this chapter, first sum calibrationdata (sum) will be presented, followed by the results of sequence calibration (seqand span) in the order ofsettlement phases. All 14C data are quoted with 1 68.2 % confidence limits. In the sequenece calibrationswe used some data even with poor agreement.

3. On the basis of the tells research history, a total of 67 14C dates are available from contexts excavatedafter 1989. All these were provided by the Debrecen Laboratory, essentially during the 1990s. Consequently,

relevant standard deviations varied between 4070 years, evidently limiting the precision of chronologicalconclusions regarding the internal development of the tell settlement. As may be seen from the summarytable, in accordance with up-to-date sampling requirements at the time, the overwhelming majority of

Fig. 3. Te sum calibration of 60 radiocarbon dates from the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.


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Fig. 4.Te sequence calibration of 60 radiocarbon dates from the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 5.Phase span calculation of 60 radiocarbon dates from the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.


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measurements were made on charcoal. Tat is, the old wood effect introduced an uncontrollable formof bias in these calculations. Moreover, it has also become clear that similarly to the case of the Vinatell a great degree of redeposition must have taken place at Polgr-Csszhalom resulting from variousprehistoric building activities including leveling and the construction of earthworks (Schier2000, 188189).In addition, it could also be observed that as part of major construction works, timberwork from earlierfortifications was re-used subsequent structures at Polgr-Csszhalom. Charcoal samples taken from suchcontexts may thus be loaded by cumulative bias in the form of stratigraphic contamination. It may be

stated therefore, the micro-stratigraphies within the tell are far from being as clear cut as previously believedwhen the samples were gathered. Seven of the 67 dates obtained (Deb 1711, Deb 1713, Deb 1714, Deb1936, Deb-1772, Deb-2522 and Deb-3232) either do not belong to the tells internal stratigraphy (3 dates),

Fig. 8. Phase span calculation of 6 radiocarbon dates from Phase I of the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 6. Sum calibration of 6 radiocarbon dates from Phase I of the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 7.Sequence calibration of 6 radiocarbon dates from Phase I of the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.


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Fig. 9.Sum calibration of 5 radiocarbon dates from Phase II of the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 10.Sequence calibration of 5 radiocarbon dates from Phase II of the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 11. Phase span calculation of 5 radiocarbon dates from Phase II of the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.

or strongly deviate from the expected range (3 dates) (ab. 2, 6167). In one case, the precise stratigraphicposition could not be reconfirmed. Given these uncertainties, the aforementioned seven dates were excludedfrom additional calculations, and only 60 items of the original data set have been used in this study.

4. For the time being, the stratigraphic sequence in the tell settlements main square and its complementaryenclosure system may be reconstructed within the context of four phases IIV (Fig. 2; Raczky Domborczki Hajd 2007, 6164 and Fig. 6). Te latest Phase IV is represented only by sporadic and strongly mixed

find material that may be associated with the beginnings of the Proto-iszapolgr period on the top of thetell. Tis top layer yielded no samples in a clear stratigraphic position. Reliable samples therefore reflectdevelopments in the earlier phases. Te sum calibration of the total of 60 dates resulted in the 4828


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Fig. 13.Sequence calibration of 41 radiocarbon dates from Phase III of the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 12.Sum calibration of 41 radiocarbon dates from Phase III of the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.


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Fig. 14.Phase span calculation of 41 radiocarbon dates from Phase III of the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 15.Sum calibration of 8 radiocarbon dates from the double ditch system around the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 16. Sequence calibration of 8 radiocarbon dates from the double ditch system around the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 17. Life span calculation of 8 radiocarbon dates from the double ditch system around the tell of Polgr-Csszhalom.


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4541 cal BC time interval (Fig. 3). Te life span of the tell may thus be estimated as 287 years. Sequencecalibrations of the same data yielded initial dates as 48904853 cal BC and final dates as 45254476 cal BC(Fig. 4) resulting in a 329393 years time interval (Fig. 5) with 371 years as the mean value. (Te phase spancalculation was carried out following proposals by Peter Stadler and his colleagues (Stadler et al. 2006, 51;Stadler Ruttkay 2007,129130).

5. When the 6 14C dates attributed to Phase I are considered, sum calibration results in a 49344730cal BC interval (Fig. 6). Sequence calibration places the estimated boundaries between 49404826 and48454731 cal BC respectively (Fig. 7). On this ground the estimated life span results an interval between0 and 93 years (Fig. 8) with a 95 years mean for Phase I. (Te beginning of the phase must have been earlierin reality, as levels of the earliest settlement were found only in traces over a limited surface in the squareopened at the site).

6. Te subsequent Phase II was dated on the basis of 5 14C dates. Te resulting time interval was 48374716 cal BC (Fig. 9). Using sequence calibration the estimated boundaries fell between 48454755 and47804704 cal BC (Fig. 10). Te time span was between 0 and 62 (Fig. 11) years with the mean of 58 yearsas previously calculated.

7. Te 41 14C data assigned to Phase III of the tell originally delineated a 47894543 cal BC intervalwith 246 years for the life span (Fig. 12). Sequencing meanwhile resulted in the 48914852 and 45254472cal BC values (Fig. 13). In this case it is clear that the infinum of the interval would be a date too late thatwould correspond to the beginning of the earliest Phase I. Considering this, it should not be a surprise thatthe time span estimated for this phase was between 325 and 396 years (Fig. 14) with a mean of 373 years.It is suggested here, that quantities of organic material, including bits and pieces of charred wood, mayhave been brought up to the Phase III surface from deeper levels during that time period, characterizedby multiple house fires, palisade reconstructions and other forms of building activity. Charcoal samplesfrom such mixed strata may have resulted in the observed chronological anomalies. If the final dates ofthe previous phase, 47804704 cal BC, are accepted as the beginning of Phase III, a 244 years life span isobtained. Tis looks like a far more realistic estimate than the 373 years first suggested.

8. When Phases IIII of the tell are seen as a unit, their dates add up to 95+58+244=397 years. Tefollowing rough calculation is worth considering: in Phase I of the tell a single house horizon could beidentified and Phase II is likewise defined on the basis of a single horizon. Meanwhile, three consecutive

Lab. No. Date BP Cal BC 1 Sample material Provenance References

1. Deb-9808 606060 50484851 Animal bone 966, pit unpublished

2. VERA-3064 602540 49834849 Animal bone 44, pit unpublished


4. VERA-3065 600545 4952-4836 Animal bone 44, pit unpublished5. VERA-3068 593035 48444729 Animal bone 966, pit unpublished

6. VERA-3062 591540 48314727 Human bone 886, grave unpublished

7. VERA-4768 591040 48274726 Animal bone 272, well unpublished

8. VERA-3061 589540 48234718 Human bone 836, grave unpublished

9. Deb-10219 586580 48364617 Animal bone 808, pit unpublished


11. Deb-10198 583550 47784618 Human bone 486, grave unpublished

12. VERA-3060 583035 47664617 Human bone 226, grave Anders Nagy 2007, 87.

13. Deb-10197 582540 47274613 Human bone 612, grave unpublished

14. Deb-10107 581050 47244592 Animal bone 966, pit unpublished15. Deb-10196 575050 46844543 Animal bone 808, pit unpublished

16. VERA-4197 593040 48454728 Human bone Sondage, s. 265 grave unpublished

Tab. 3. Radiocarbon dates of the excavations on the horizontal settlementof Polgr-Csszhalom from the 19952004 research interval.


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Fig. 18. Simplified plan of the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalomwith the locations of the radiocarbon samples from the 19952004 research interval.

Fig. 19.Sum calibration of 15 radiocarbon dates from the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom.


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Fig. 20. Sequence calibration of 15 radiocarbon dates from the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 21. Life span calculation of 15 radiocarbon dates from the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 22.Group calibration of 6 Debrecen radiocarbon dates from the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom.


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generations of houses could be reconstructed in Phase III overlaying each other (Raczky Domborczki Hajd 2007, Fig. 6). Tis would mean that the time span indicated by the five generations of housescorresponds to a 95 58 3 81 years time interval. Tis is rather consistent with the average life spanof 79 years (5895) estimated for each generation of houses. Tis result is especially interesting whencompared to data obtained for Central European LBK houses are taken into consideration: for those, recentcalculations have yielded a 75100 years life span (Schmidt Gruhle Rck Freckmann2005, 161, 167;Rck 2007, 144). Te 371 years obtained for Polgr-Csszhalom using sequence calibration and the 396years estimated separately seem congruent with each other, marking a time interval of approximately 1416human generations.

9. Te assemblage recovered from the double ditch system associated with Level 7 of the tell hadpreviously been classified with Phase II (Raczky Domborczki Hajd 2007, Fig. 6). oday it is seen as anindependent cultural unit whose chronological affiliations will have to be fine-tuned by considering variouslines of evidence. Eight radiocarbon dates are available from this trench of V-shaped cross-section. Teresult of the sum date range from these samples was 46814489 cal BC (Fig. 15). Following sequencingthe same dates yielded the 46524554 and 45724476 cal BC time intervals (Fig. 16). Te life span thusestimated is between 0 and 102 years with the mean of 79 years (Fig. 17).

Radiocarbon dates from the horizontal settlementof Polgr-Csszhalom and archaeological implications

1. A long surface of 33.340 m2, oriented NE-SW and with an average width of 80 m was opened some400 m east of the tell site of Polgr-Csszhalom. o date, 79 houses and numerous other settlement features(auxiliary buildings, pits and wells) have been identified here. In addition, 123 graves could be excavated

Fig. 23.Sequence calibration of 6 Debrecen radiocarbon dates from the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 24. Life span calculation of 6 Debrecen radiocarbon dates from the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom.


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Fig. 25. Sum calibration of 9 VERA radiocarbon dates from the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 26. Sequence calibration of 9 VERA radiocarbon dates from the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 27. Life span calculation of 9 VERA radiocarbon dates from the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom.


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as well (For summaries see: Raczky Domborczki Hajd 2007, 54;Anders Nagy2007, 83). Tere werea total of 16 14C samples available for study from this context (ab. 3, Fig. 18). Six were measured in theDebrecen laboratory (Deb) and 9 dated in Vienna (VERA). Te first 6 samples were taken from humanbone, while the 9 latter originated from other mammals. An additional grave was discovered during 2006 inthe E-W test trench opened west of the tell that yielded yet another single VERA date (ab. 3, 16). Sincethis latter burial was brought to light some 600 m west of the excavated section of the horizontal settlement,it was not included among the 16 dates used in characterizing that site.

2. Using the sum calibration of 15 14C dates, a 49064619 cal BC interval was obtained (Fig. 19),providing a 287 years long estimated life span. A sequence calibration of the same dates indicated the49424858 and 47014621 cal BC (Fig. 20) time boundaries, resulting in a 161277 years estimate (Fig.

21) with a 239 years mean value.3. Te sum calibration of the 6 Debrecen dates alone resulted in a 47784554 cal BC (Fig. 22) time

interval, indicative of a 224 years life span. Te sequence calibration of the same set of six dates yielded the49834738 and 46824522 cal BC time boundaries (Fig. 23), corresponding to 116338 years of settlementuse (Fig. 24), with a mean value of 259 years.

4. Based on the 9 VERA dates, the narrow 49014706 cal BC boundaries define a 195 years long life spanfor the horizontal settlement (Fig. 25). Te sequence calibration of the same data resulted in 49514851 and47584677 cal BC as chronological limits (Fig. 26). Te time of settlement use thus calculated falls between94213 years (Fig. 27), averaging 184 years with great probability. Tis is evidently a dramatic drop in thelength of the previously estimated life span of the known segment of the horizontal settlement.

5. Our examples clearly show that 14C dates provided by different laboratories for both time boundaries

and life spans vary strongly. It is clear, therefore, that chronological comparisons can be based only on datesthat are homogeneous in terms of origins. In this particular case this means that comparisons betweenthe ages of the tell and those of the horizontal settlement can be made only using the results of one of thelaboratories, i. e. the results of radiocarbon measurements cannot be pooled.

Logically, as dates for the habitation mound are exclusively available from the Debrecen Laboratory,they can only be compared with Debrecen dates from the external, horizontal settlement. Tus the life spansof 287 and 371 years, as well as the 396 years obtained for the tell are longer than the 224 and 259 yearsestimated for the horizontal settlement. According to the dates cited in points 3 and 4 above, it seems thatthe later phase of the Csszhalom tell is missing f rom the archaeological context of the horizontal settlementso far investigated. Tis difference, however, may also be an artifact of the situation that no 14C dates havebeen available from the southernmost, 150 m long section of the single layer horizontal settlement.

Meanwhile the common occurrence of red-and-white painted ceramics in the uppermost strata of theCsszhalom tell (hardly known f rom the external settlement) cannot simply be explained by chronologicaldifferences. It looks also more likely that the use of this type of decorative ceramics was defined in space,

Fig. 28.Sum calibration of 2 VERA radiocarbon dates from feature 44 of the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom.


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i. e. concentrated on the tell in relation to special activities limited to within the causeway system (Raczky Anders 2008, 43).

6. Feature 44 in the North section of the horizontal settlement (near the waterfront) is represented by 2

VERA dates. Feature 966 some 250 m to the South yielded an additional 3 VERA dates. A comparison betweenthese two sets of measurements resulted in an interesting hypothesis. Te two 14C dates from the first locationare indicative of a 49614844 cal BC age (Fig. 28), while the latter three samples from a well and pit complexpoint to a 48974706 cal BC interval (Fig. 29). Te chronological difference between these two features is thus101 as a mean year. Tis could be interpreted as a sign of the settlement features (houses and others) spreadingsouthward from the waterfront. If this speed of expansion is extrapolated to the 400 m long known section ofthe horizontal settlement, a life span of 161 years may be estimated. Tis datum is consonant with previouscalculations based on the 9 VERA dates suggesting life spans of 195 and 180 years. Meanwhile, however, thisnumerical result also radically decreases the time of occupation first estimated for the horizontal settlement.

However, when only dates for burials are taken into consideration, this NS expansion looks moreambiguous. Naturally this difference would make it necessary to rethink chronological aspects of the

questions concerning space use, demographics, continuity and change in the future. However, a series ofnew radiocarbon samples, taken in a systematic manner from north to south in the horizontal settlementwill be required for solving these subtle research problems.

Fig. 30.Sum calibration of 2 Debrecen radiocarbon dates from the feature 966 of the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom.

Fig. 29. Sum calibration of 3 VERA radiocarbon dates from the feature 966 of the horizontal settlement of Polgr-Csszhalom.


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7. VERA dates are also of help in establishing important chronological trends in the use of major refusepits and wells. Tree VERA dates, obtained for samples taken f rom the aforementioned Feature 966 (locatedin the central portion of the horizontal settlement) are indicative of a site use of 191 years (Fig. 29). It cannotbe said, therefore, that this feature represented only a brief active period within the settlements entire lifespan. On this basis one may also speculate, whether certain parts of the external, horizontal settlement wereused for as long as the entire known section of the site (195 or 184 years). Tis would mean that in additionto the NS expansion, some localized parts also went through long and continuous internal development.Our approach thus corresponds to drafting a trend of dual development for the external settlement atPolgr-Csszhalom. It must be mentioned, however, that Feature 966, a combination of a large pit and awell, must have been in use for a longer time than the average settlement features of the site.

8. Feature 966 discussed here could also be used as a platform for comparing traditional and morerecent AMS dates, thereby also evaluating inter-laboratory bias in radiocarbon dating. In addition theaforementioned 3 VERA dates, 2 Debrecen measurements were also available from here. Te sum calibrationof these latter yielded a time interval between 50434561 cal BC (Fig. 30), resulting in a life span of 481years. When compared to the 48974706 cal BC dates obtained from the 3 VERA samples that delineatea 191 years time span, laboratory bias may also be appraised beyond standard errors. It is evident that thiscomplex type of noise is extremely difficult to analyze. However, it varies from laboratory to laboratory and

makes the historical interpretation of14C dates of different origins extremely difficult.

Conclusions

A total of 89 14C dates known for Polgr-Csszhalom originate f rom different periods and represents workby radiocarbon laboratories. Editing and interpreting these data revealed a variety of problems that may besummed up as follows:

1. Six old 14C dates are known from the earliest, 1957 excavations (Bnffy Bognr-Kutzin 2007,211212). Due to their uncertain provenances, however, they cannot be used in up-to-date absolutechronological analyses.

2. From the period after 1989, 67 14C dates originate from measurements by the Debrecen Laboratory(Deb). Of these, 60 dates could be used as a starting point for in-depth analyses. Fifty eight of these weremeasured on charcoal samples originating from construction elements, wooden posts of large diameters.Terefore the resulting dates have possibly been biased by the old wood effect. It may be presumed thatold timber was re-used in the tell settlement during the renovation of houses and especially of the palisadesystem raising additional questions concerning the reliability of these samples. Te life of the habitationmound was characterized by consecutive dramatic events, including leveling, house renovations as well asa continuous horizontal expansion. All this activity created complicated, mixed stratigraphies in the areaenclosed within the enclosure system. Te simple, sum calibration of the 60 14C dates showed a life spanbetween 48284541 cal BC corresponding to 287 years. Sequence calibration, on the other hand, suggestedintervals between 48904853 and 45254476 cal BC with most likely boundaries defined as 4872 and 4501

cal BC, that is, a 371 years life span for the entire existence of the tell settlement.3. Additional problems surfaced during the study of the internal phases of the habitation mound. In additionto the aforementioned secondary mixing and re-deposition of finds, the samples available for study were alsoheterogeneous from a quantitative point of view. While 41 dates were available from Phase III, Phases I andII were represented only by 6 and 5 samples, respectively. Te same holds true for the double ditch system ofV-shaped cross-sections that surrounded the tell: it was characterized only by 8 dates ( Fig. 2).

Unfortunately, this heterogeneity is further compounded by inter-laboratory differences between the15 samples from the horizontal settlement available for comparison between the Debrecen and VERAmeasurements (Fig. 1921).

4. Using purely archaeological phasing, the 1+1+3=5 house generations in the central portion of the tellwere sub-divided into Phases I, II and III. When these house horizons are estimated to have lasted 75100years each, the entire stratigraphy of the tell would represent 375500 years of settlement history. Meanwhile,radiocarbon dates outlined life spans of 287 or 371 years, respectively for the tell, that would correspondto 5774 years for each house generation. On the other hand, when life spans for each of the three phases


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are estimated separately a 396 years value is obtained. Tis corresponds to a 79 years useful life per housegeneration. Such 577479 years life spans cannot be reliably evaluated using the 1 confidence intervalsimplemented by the Debrecen Laboratory, since those range between 120160 years on average. In otherwords, the scale of historical change was finer than the chronological resolution of the radiocarbon methodused. According to this, two superposed, i. e. archaeologically different buildings at Csszhalom would seemto belong to the same house horizon due to the low resolution of traditional 14C dates established in theDebrecen Laboratory. Tis shows that the history of the tell should be outlined in the future using the latest,high-precision 14C measurements.

5. Radiocarbaon dates from Polgr-Csszhalom clearly illustrate the difference in time resolutionbetween traditional (Deb) and AMS (VERA) dates. Moreover the definition of archaeological contexts hasbecome increasingly precise and more recent AMS measurements were carried out on human and animalbone rather than charcoal. From a methodological point of view only samples gathered and processed thesame way could be compared. When heterogeneous data sets are pooled in calibration, the standard errorsof older 14C dates may uncontrollably bias end results.

Consequently, repeated new radiocarbon measurements of increasing precision would be desirable fromthe sites that would mount to a never ending process, as is normal in scientific inquiry. In spite of the factthat the settlement complex at Polgr-Csszhalom has provided one of the largest series of14Cdates in SE

Europe, new measurements will be necessary, especially at the tell section of the settlement that has not yetbeen dated using the more advanced AMS method.

Difficulties listed in this paper have more to do with research history and method than with the archaeologicalproblem itself. Five of the 6 dates originating from the 1957 excavations by Ida Bognr-Kutzin werepublished relatively quickly (Vogel Waterbolk 1963, 184; Quitta Kohl 1969, 246; Bognr-Kutzin 1971,676). With some delay, they have also been incorporated into various review articles (Breunig 1987, 136;Kalicz Raczky 1987). Unfortunately, subsequent dates produced in the 1990s have not appeared in print asraw data, therefore they were not directly available for broad-based academic discussion. Meanwhile samplingmethodologies improved and various calibration programs have been published in the form of share wareenhancing the capability of archaeologists to carry out their own calculations. Tere has been an increasing

demand for the publication and integrated interpretation of old and new dates (e.g. at atalhyk: Cessford2005), as well as the re-utilization of old dates with the help of new calibration packages and sophisticatedstatistical methods (e.g. Argissa-Magoula: Reingruber Tissen2009, 753754). Tis study is an attemptto join this welcome trend in absolute chronological research by the publication of individual radiocarbonmeasurements from Polgr-Csszhalom, a step long overdue.

AcknowledgementsGrateful thanks are due to va Svingor of the Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy ofSciences in Debrecen who supplied us with the original 14C dates from Polgr-Csszhalom and ZsuzsannaSiklsi who offered valuable advice during the writing of this manuscript.

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