Rabies • Causative agent: – Rabies virus • Lyssavirus • Enveloped ssRNA • Spiked bullet shaped virus – Virus multiplies in brain forming Negri bodies
Dec 31, 2015
Rabies• Causative agent:– Rabies virus
• Lyssavirus • Enveloped ssRNA• Spiked bullet shaped virus
– Virus multiplies in brain forming Negri bodies
• Signs & Symptoms – Pain and itching at site of infection– Fever, headache, myalgia, sore throat, fatigue– Progress rapidly to secondary symptoms • Encephalitis, agitation, confusion, hallucinations,
seizure, increased sensitivity to light and touch, coma• Increased salivation and difficulty swallowing– Results in frothing of mouth
• Hydrophobia occurs in 50% of cases• About 50% of patients die within 4 days
• Virus enters through bite
• Attaches to skeletal muscle cells triggering endocytosis
• Pathogen moves across neuromuscular junction into nerve cell and travels to CNS
• Slow moving so long incubation period– 1-2 months up to several years
• Viruses travel back to the salivary glands and are secreted in saliva
• Epidemiology– Zoonotic– Skunks, raccoons and
bats considered chief reservoir• 75% of human cases
linked to bat bites
– 0 to 4 reported cases in US annually
• Prevention– Vaccination of domestic animals and Vets – Wash wound immediately and thoroughly• apply antiseptic
• Treatment– Risk lowered if vaccine administered as soon as possible– Interferon may be applied to wound – No effective treatment for rabies• Only six known survivors of disease
• Causative agent– Arboviruses
• mosquitoes
– Zoonotic diseases• Horses, birds and rodents
– West Nile encephalitis, LaCrosse encephalitis, WEE, EEE, VEE, St. Louis encephalitis
Viral Encephalitis
• Signs & Symptoms– 3-7 day incubation period – Characterized by mild flu-like symptoms • Fever; headache; vomiting• One or more nervous system abnormalities– Disorientation, localized paralysis, deafness, seizures
or coma
• Only minority infected develop encephalitis• Others may develop viral meningitis
• Most reported human cases in immunosuppressd individuals– Elderly and very young– Healthy immune system typically fights off virus with only mild
flu-like symptoms
– Viruses multiply at site of bite and in local lymph nodes• viremia
– Virus crosses blood-brain barrier• Damages neurons
– Causes extensive damage to brain tissue in severe cases
– Progression of disease halted by neutralizing antibody
– Mortality ranges from 2% to 50% depending of type of infecting agent and host
• Epidemiology– Disease are all zoonoses• Maintained naturally in birds and rodents
– Humans are accidental hosts
– LaCrosse encephalitis usually causes most reported cases