R40 EM PhotoCredits 895129 - Tuscaloosa County School ... · R42 Glossary/Glosario Glossary/Glosario Arabic Bengali Brazilian Portuguese Cantonese English Haitian Creole Hmong Korean

Photo CreditsCover (t) CORBIS, (b) Bob Daemmrich/PhotoEdit; v Jupiter Images/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images; x–xi Luc Novovitch/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; xii–xiii William Ryall/The McGraw-Hill Companies; xv Oleksiy Maksymenko/Alamy; xvi–xvii Stefano Salvetti/Photodisc/Getty Images; xviii–xix Stockbyte/Getty Images; xxii Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 1 (l) Brand X Pictures/PunchStock, (r) ZenShui/Laurence Mouton/Getty Images; 4 Fancy/Veer/CORBIS; 5 Masterfile/Royalty Free; 7 Getty Images; 9 Jules Frazier/Getty Images; 10 Alexandra Grablewski/FoodPix/Getty Images; 12 C Squared Studios/Getty Images; 13 Jenny Acheson/Riser/Getty Images; 15 Steve Sucsy/Photographer’s Choice RR/Getty Images; 16 Luc Novovitch/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 18 Photodisc/Getty Images; 19 Roy Toft/National Geographic/Getty Images; 20 Andrew Shennan/Taxi/Getty Images; 25 Marathonfoto; 26 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill; 32 age fotostock/SuperStock; 33 Foodcollection/Getty Images; 34 Microzoa/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 39 Shoula/Photonica/Getty Images; 42 BananaStock/Jupiterimages; 43 Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy; 45 GK Hart/Vikki Hart/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 51 John Giustina/Iconica/Getty Images; 58 Jeremy Woodhouse/Masterfile; 63 Stephen Marks/Getty Images; 67 ArcadeImages/Alamy; 68 NASA; 71 State of Texas; 72 Alex Maclean/Photonica/Getty Images; 74 Brad Wilson/Stone/Getty Images; 76 (inset) Jim West/Alamy; 76–77 (bkgd) VStock/Alamy; 90 Corbis RF/Alamy; 92 Stockbyte/SuperStock; 96 James Baigrie/Riser/Getty Images; 99 Digital Vision/Getty Images; 102 Rubberball Productions/Getty Images; 104 Ariel Skelley/Blend Images/Getty Images; 106 Stephen Dalton/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 108 Associated Press; 111 Ingram Publishing/SuperStock; 112 Brian J. Skerry/National Geographic Image Collection; 113 Sal Maimone/SuperStock; 114 Alfredo Dagli Orti/The Art Archive/CORBIS; 117 Rob Melnychuk/Digital Vision/Getty Images; 121 Richard Lord/PhotoEdit; 124 BananaStock/PunchStock; 126 Jim West/PhotoEdit; 127 Brandon Harman/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 131 Gerry Ellis/Globio/Minden Pictures; 134 (inset) Peter Dazeley/Photographers Choice RR/Getty Images; 134–135 (bkgd) William Ryall/The McGraw-Hill Companies; 151 Image Source/PunchStock; 156 Photodisc/Alamy; 158 Alex Segre/Alamy; 159 Masterfile Royalty-Free; 161 Gavin Hellier/Robert Harding World Photography/Getty Images; 164 Lucas Jackson/Reuters/CORBIS; 165 Raimund Koch/Photonica/Getty Images; 167 Rick Gomez/CORBIS; 170 Blend Images/Alamy; 173 George Doyle & Ciaran Griffin/Stockbyte/Getty Images; 175 George B. Diebold/CORBIS; 176 Daryl Benson/Masterfile; 178 Editorial/Alamy; 181 Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./Blend Images/Getty Images; 182 Jack Star/PhotoLink/Getty Images; 183 Bob Langrish/Animals Animals; 186 (inset) Joseph McNally/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 186–187 (bkgd) FAN travelstock/Alamy; 200 (t) C Squared Studios/Photodisc/Getty Images, (b) Stockbyte/Getty Images; 201 Tetra Images/CORBIS; 202 D. Hurst/Alamy; 205 Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; 216 United States Mint; 219 Benn Mitchell/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 222 Nigel Cattlin/Alamy; 224 Stockbyte/Getty Images; 232 George H. H. Huey/CORBIS; 234 Associated Press; 237 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Blend Images/Getty Images; 238 Janis Christie/Getty Images; 239 Indexstock; 242 Dynamic Graphics/JupiterImages; 244 Thomas Mangelsen/Minden Pictures; 249 Getty Images; 252 Stockbyte/Getty Images; 254 (inset) Frank Chmura/Alamy; 254–255 (bkgd) Melissa Moseley/Sony Pictures/Bureau L.A. Collection/CORBIS; 271 Photodisc/Getty Images; 274 Myrleen Ferguson Cate/PhotoEdit; 281 Associated Press; 282 Ingram Publishing/SuperStock; 283 Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit; 285 Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 286 Ed-Imaging; 289 Blend Images/Alamy; 290 Jamie Squire/Getty Images; 296 David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 300 (inset) Daniel Bosler/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 300–301 (bkgd) Oleksiy Maksymenko/Alamy; 315 Digital Vision Ltd./SuperStock; 318 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Iconica/Getty Images; 324 Photo 24/Getty Images; 328 Digital Vision/age fotostock; 329 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; 335 BananaStock/SuperStock; 336 ImageState/Alamy Images; 340 Bill Pugliano/Getty Images; 341 NASA; 344 S. Meltzer/PhotoLink/Getty Images; 348 Robert W. Ginn/PhotoEdit; 350 Stefano Salvetti/Photodisc/Getty Images; 352 (inset) Image Source/Getty Images; 352–353 (bkgd) Michael Blann/Digital Vision/Getty Images; 367 Matt Meadows; 368 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; 373 William Leaman/Alamy; 374 graficart.net/Alamy; 377 Foodcollection/Getty Images; 381 Lon C. Diehl/PhotoEdit;

383 (cw from top) United States coin images from the United States Mint, (2) Michael Houghton/StudiOhio, (3) United States Mint, (4) Michael Houghton/StudiOhio, (5) United States Mint; 384 George Doyle/Getty Images; 389 Alan and Sandy Carey/Getty Images; 390 Peter Barrett/Masterfile; 395 Frank Burek/CORBIS; 397 Eyewire (Photodisc)/PunchStock; 400 Amos Morgan/Photodisc/Getty Images; 403 Jim West/PhotoEdit; 404 Nick Koudis/Getty Images; 412 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Blend Images/Getty Images; 416 David R. Frazier Photolibrary, Inc./Alamy; 416–417 Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 421 Nick Koudis/Getty Images; 426 Cartesia/Photodisc/Getty Images; 442 Stockbyte/Getty Images; 443 Jason Hawkes/Getty Images; 448 (t) Royalty-Free/CORBIS, (c) Stockbyte/Getty Images, (b) Ablestock/Alamy; 449 (tl) S. Solum/PhotoLink/Getty Images, (tc) Ingram Publishing/Alamy, (tr) The McGraw-Hill Companies, (bl) Space Imaging/Getty Images, (bc) PNC/GettyImages, (br) DEA/R. APPIANI/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images; 454 John Kelly/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 455 Scott Stulberg/Getty Images; 459 C Squared Studios/Photodisc/Getty Images; 460 (t) Radlund & Associates/Getty Images, (b) Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 461 Stockbyte/PictureQuest; 464 Brad Wilson/Stone/Getty Images; 470 (t) S. Meltzer/PhotoLink/Getty Images, (b) Nancy R. Cohen/Getty Images; 472 Ignacio Auzike/ArtBox Images/Getty Images; 476 (t) Ian Grainger/Flickr/Getty Images, (b) Comstock Images/Alamy; 477 Ryan McVay/Getty Images; 478 Baerbel Schmidt/Stone/Getty Images; 481 Paul Hardy/CORBIS; 484 (l) Jose Luis Pelaez/Getty Images, (r) Walter Bibikow/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 486 (inset) Stewart Cohen/Pam Ostrow/Getty Images; 486–487 (bkgd) Buzz Pictures/Alamy; 494 Ellen Atkin/First Light/Getty Images; 496 Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; 500 Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 502 Martin Child/Getty Images; 529 Joe Sohm/Visions of America, LLC/Alamy; 531 Stockbyte/Getty Images; 540 Peter Smith/Alamy; 542 Chemistry/Digital Vision/Getty Images; 544 Michael T. Sedam/CORBIS; 545 Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; 546 Murat Taner/Getty Images; 549 United States Mint; 550 Image Source/Getty Images; 554 Ryan McVay/Getty Images; 558 Stockbyte/Getty Images; 562 Crystal Lagoons/www.crystal-lagoons.com; 566 David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 571 Peter Cade/Getty Images; 573 David Muench/CORBIS; 575 The McGraw-Hill Companies; 578 E.R. DEGGINGER/Animals Animals-Earth Scenes; 582 (inset) Jupiterimages/Comstock Images/Alamy; 582–583 (bkgd) All Canada Photos/Alamy; 599 Courtesy The City of Calgary; 603 John Elk III/Alamy; 605 Neil Beer/Getty Images; 608 Arcaid/Alamy; 609 (t) Ryan McVay/Photodisc/Getty Images, (b) The McGraw-Hill Companies; 613 Cosmo Condina/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 614 Photodisc/SuperStock; 615 GOODSHOOT/Alamy; 618 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Getty Images; 620 The McGraw-Hill Companies; 622 Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 630 (inset) Todd Wright/Blend Images/Getty Images; 630-631 (bkgd) Galina Barskaya/Alamy; 643 D. Hurst/Alamy; 644 Bruce Laurance/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 650 NOAA; 655 David Madison/Digital Vision/Getty Images; 658 Digital Vision/PunchStock; 664 Jean-Paul Ferrero/Minden Pictures; 682 Marcus Mok/Asia Images/Getty Images; 684 Daryl Benson/Masterfile; 690 STAN HONDA/AFP/Getty Images; 694 The McGraw-Hill Companies; 696 (inset) Robert Yin/CORBIS; 696–697 (bkgd) Poelzer Wolfgang/Alamy; 712 McGraw-Hill Companies; 716 McGraw-Hill Companies; 724 (l) United States Mint; 726 United States Mint; 727 (t) Royalty-Free/CORBIS, (b) McGraw-Hill Companies; 729 Sean Justice/Photodisc/Getty Images; 732 (t) United States Mint, (bl) United States Mint, (bc) McGraw-Hill Companies, (br) McGraw-Hill Companies; 735 McGraw-Hill Companies; 737 Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 738 Steve Gorton and Karl Shone/Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; 743 (l) The McGraw-Hill Companies, (r) Antenna/Getty Images; 744 Caroline Purser/Getty Images; 749 Rhea Anna/Getty Images; 750 Jack Hollingsworth/Photodisc/Getty Images; 752 (inset) Compassionate Eye Foundation/Tom Grill/Getty Images; 752–753 (bkgd) Science VU/CDC/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images; 762 (l) Purestock/Getty Images, (tr) Brand X Pictures/PunchStock, (br) ZenShui/Laurence Mouton/Getty Images; 763 (l) Bill Hickey/The Image Bank/Getty Images, (r) Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 764 Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 765 Brand X Pictures/Jupiterimages; 766 Purestock/Getty Images; 767 Amanda Hall/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images; 768 ZenShui/Laurence Mouton/Getty Images; 769 Ron Levine/Taxi/Getty Images; 770 Bill Hickey/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 771 mediacolor’s/Alamy; 772 Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 773 NASA/JPL/University of Arizona; EP0 Blend Images/SuperStock.

R40 Photo Credits

R40_EM_PhotoCredits_895129.indd R40 1/14/10 12:40 PM

R42 Glossary/Glosario

Glossary/Glosario

Arabic

Bengali

Brazilian Portuguese

Cantonese

English

Haitian Creole

Hmong

Korean

Russian

Spanish

Tagalog

Urdu

Vietnamese

Click on the eGlossary link to find out more about these words in the following 13 languages.

EnglishAa

absolute value The distance between a number and zero on a number line.

acute angle An angle with a measure greater than 0° and less than 90°.

acute triangle A triangle having three acute angles.

Addition Property of Equality If you add the same number to each side of an equation, the two sides remain equal.

adjacent angles Angles that have the same vertex, share a common side, and do not overlap.

algebra A mathematical language of symbols, including variables.

algebraic expression A combination of variables, numbers, and at least one operation.

analyze To use observations to describe and compare data.

Arabic

Bengali

Brazilian Portuguese

Cantonese

English

Haitian Creole

Hmong

Korean

Russian

Spanish

Tagalog

Urdu

Vietnamese

Spanish (Español)

valor absoluto Distancia entre un número y cero en la recta numérica.

ángulo agudo Ángulo que mide más de 0° y menos de 90°.

triángulo acutángulo Triángulo con tres ángulos agudos.

propiedad de adición de la igualdad Si sumas el mismo número a ambos lados de una ecuación, los dos lados permanecen iguales.

ángulos adyacentes Ángulos que comparten el mismo vértice y un común lado, pero no se sobreponen.

álgebra Lenguaje matemático que usa símbolos, incluyendo variables.

expresión algebraica Combinación de variables, números y, por lo menos, una operación.

analizar Usar observaciones para describir y comparar datos.

C

A biA bi

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Glossary/Glosario R43

Glossary/Glosarioangle Two rays with a common endpoint form an angle. The rays and vertex are used to name the angle.

∠ , ∠ , or ∠

angle of rotation The degree measure of the angle through which the figure is rotated.

arithmetic sequence A sequence in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is the same.

Associative Properties The way in which numbers are grouped does not change the sum or product.

average The sum of two or more quantities divided by the number of quantities; the mean.

Bb

back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot Used to compare two sets of data. The leaves for one set of data are on one side of the stem, and the leaves for the other set of data are on the other side.

bar notation A bar placed over digits that repeat to indicate a number pattern that repeats indefinitely.

base Any side of a parallelogram.

base

base In a power, the number used as a factor. In 10 3 , the base is 10. That is, 10 3 = 10 × 10 × 10.

biased sample A sample drawn in such a way that one or more parts of the population are favored over others.

ángulo Dos rayos con un extremo común forman un ángulo. Los rayos y el vértice se usan para nombrar el ángulo.

∠ , ∠ o ∠

ángulo de rotación Medida en grados del ángulo sobre el cual se rota una figura.

sucesión aritmética Sucesión en la cual la diferencia entre dos términos consecutivos es constante.

propiedad asociativa La forma en que se agrupan tres números al sumarlos o multiplicarlos no altera su suma o producto.

promedio La suma de dos o más cantidades dividida entre el número de cantidades; la media.

diagrama de tallo y hoja doble Se usa para comparar dos conjuntos de datos. Las hojas para un conjunto de datos están a un lado del tallo y las hojas para el otro conjunto de datos están al otro lado.

notación de barra Barra que se coloca sobre los dígitos que se repiten para indicar el número de patrones que se repiten indefinidamente.

base Cualquier lado de un paralelogramo.

base

base En una potencia, el número usado como factor. En 10 3 , la base es 10. Es decir, 10 3 = 10 × 10 × 10.

muestra sesgada Muestra en que se favorece una o más partes de una población.



Glos

sary

/Glo

sario box-and-whisker plot A diagram that is

constructed using five values.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

Cc

center The given point from which all points on a circle are the same distance.

center

circle The set of all points in a plane that are the same distance from a given point called the center.

circle graph A graph that shows data as parts of a whole. In a circle graph, the percents add up to 100.

Area of Oceans

circumference The distance around a circle.

circumference

cluster Data that are grouped closely together.

coefficient The numerical factor of a term that contains a variable.

diagrama de caja y patillas Diagrama que se construye usando cinco valores.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

centro Un punto dado del cual equidistan todos los puntos de un círculo o de una esfera.

centro

círculo Conjunto de todos los puntos en un plano que equidistan de un punto dado llamado centro.

gráfica circular Gráfica que muestra los datos como partes de un todo. En una gráfica circular los porcentajes suman 100.

Área de superficie de los océanos

circunferencia La distancia alrededor de un círculo.

circunferencia

agrupamiento Conjunto de datos que se agrupan.

coeficiente El factor numérico de un término que contiene una variable.



Glossary/GlosarioCommutative Properties The order in which numbers are added or multiplied does not change the sum or product.

compatible numbers Numbers that are easy to divide mentally.

complementary angles Two angles are complementary if the sum of their measures is 90°.

12

∠1 and ∠2 are complementary angles.

complementary events The events of one outcome happening and that outcome not happening. The sum of the probabilities of an event and its complement is 1 or 100%. In symbols, P(A) + P(not A) = 1.

composite figure A figure made of triangles, quadrilaterals, semicircles, and other two-dimensional figures.

compound events An event consisting of two or more simple events.

cone A three-dimensional shape with one circular base.

congruent Having the same measure.

congruent figures Figures that have the same size and same shape and corresponding sides and angles with equal measure.

propiedad commutativa La forma en que se suman o multiplican dos números no altera su suma o producto.

números compatibles Números que son fáciles de dividir mentalmente.

ángulos complementarios Dos ángulos son complementarios si la suma de sus medidas es 90°.

12

∠1 y ∠2 son complementarios.

eventos complementarios Los eventos de un resultado que ocurre y ese resultado que no ocurre. La suma de las probabilidades de un evento y su complemento es 1 ó 100. En símbolos P(A) + P(no A) = 1.

figura compuesta Figura formada por triángulos, cuadriláteros, semicírculos y otras figuras bidimensionales.

evento compuesto Un evento que consiste en dos o más eventos simples.

cono Forma tridimensional con una base circular.

congruente Ques tienen la misma medida.

figuras congruentes Figuras que tienen el mismo tamaño y la misma forma y los lados y los ángulos correspondientes tienen igual medida.



Glos

sary

/Glo

sario coordinate plane A plane in which a

horizontal number line and a vertical number line intersect at their zero points.

y

x-2-1-3 1 2

321

-1-2-3

3

x-axis y-axis

origin

corresponding sides The sides of similar figures that “match.”

cubic units Used to measure volume. Tells the number of cubes of a given size it will take to fill a three-dimensional figure.

3 cubic units

cylinder A solid with bases that are congruent, parallel circles connected to a curved side.

Dd

data Information, often numerical, which is gathered for statistical purposes.

decagon A polygon having ten sides.

defining the variable Choosing a variable and deciding what the variable represents.

degree The most common unit of measure for angles. If a circle were divided into 360 equal-sized parts, each part would have an angle measure of 1 degree.

plano de coordenadas Plano en que una recta numéri ca horizontal y una recta numérica vertical se intersecan en sus puntos cero.

y

x-2-1-3 1 2

321

-1-2-3

3

eje x eje y

origen

lados correspondientes Lados de figuras semejantes que coinciden.

unidades cúbicas Se usan para medir el volumen. Indican el número de cubos de cierto tamaño que se necesitan para llenar una figura tridimensional.

3 unidades cúbicas

cilindro Sólido con bases circulares congruentes y paralelas, unidas por un lado curvo.

datos Información, con frecuencia numérica, que se recoge con fines estadísticos.

decágono Un polígono con diez lados.

definir la variable Elegir una variable y decidir lo que representa.

grados La unidad más común para medir ángulos. Si un círculo se divide en 360 partes iguales, cada parte tiene una medida angular de 1 grado.



Glossary/Glosariodependent events Two or more events in which the outcome of one event affects the outcome of the other event(s).

diameter The distance across a circle through its center.

diameter

dilation The image produced by enlarging or reducing a figure.

y

x

′

′

′

′

Distributive Property To multiply a sum by a number, multiply each addend by the number outside the parentheses.

Division Property of Equality If you divide each side of an equation by the same nonzero number, the two sides remain equal.

Ee

equals sign A symbol of equality, =.

equation A mathematical sentence showing two expressions are equal. An equation contains an equals sign, =.

equilateral triangle A triangle having three congruent sides.

equivalent expressions Expressions that have the same value.

eventos dependientes Dos o más eventos en que el resultado de un evento afecta el resultado de otro u otros eventos.

diámetro La distancia a través de un círculo pasando por el centro.

diámetro

homotecia Imagen producida al ampliar o reducir una figura.

y

x

′

′

′

′

propiedad distributiva Para multiplicar una suma por un número, multiplica cada sumando por el número fuera de los paréntesis.

propiedad de igualdad de la división Si divides ambos lados de una ecuación entre el mismo número no nulo, los lados permanecen iguales.

signo de igualdad Símbolo que indica igualdad, =.

ecuación Enunciado matemático que muestra que dos expresiones son iguales. Una ecuación contiene el signo de igualdad, =.

triángulo equilátero Triángulo con tres lados congruentes.

expresiones equivalentes Expresiones que poseen el mismo valor, sin importer los valores de la(s) variable(s).



Glos

sary

/Glo

sario equivalent ratios Ratios that express the same

relationship between two quantities.

evaluate To find the value of an algebraic expression by replacing variables with numbers.

experimental probability An estimated probability based on the relative frequency of positive outcomes occurring during an experiment. It is based on what actually occurred during such an experiment.

exponent In a power, the number that tells how many times the base is used as a factor. In 5 3 , the exponent is 3. That is, 5 3 = 5 × 5 × 5.

exterior angle The four outer angles formed by two lines cut by a transversal.

Ff

fair game A game where each player has an equally likely chance of winning.

frequency distribution How many pieces of data are in each interval.

frequency table A table that shows the number of pieces of data that fall within the given intervals.

function A relationship that assigns exactly one output value to one input value.

function rule An expression that describes the relationship between each input and output.

function table A table organizing the input, rule, and output of a function.

Fundamental Counting Principle Uses multiplication of the number of ways each event in an experiment can occur to find the number of possible outcomes in a sample space.

Gg

gap An empty space or interval in a set of data.

geometric sequence A sequence in which each term is found by multiplying the previous term by the same number.

razones equivalentes Razones que expresan la misma relación entre dos cantidades.

evaluar Calcular el valor de una expresión sustituyendo las variables por número.

probabilidad experimental Probabilidad estimada que se basa en la frecuencia relativa de los resultados positivos que ocurren durante un experimento.

exponente En una potencia, el número que indica las veces que la base se usa como factor. En 5 3 , el exponente es 3. Es decir, 5 3 = 5 × 5 × 5.

ángulo externo Los cuatro ángulos exteriores que se forman cuando una transversal corta dos rectas.

juego justo Juego donde cada jugador tiene igual posibilidad de ganar.

distribución de frecuencias Cantidad de datos asociada con cada intervalo.

tabla de frecuencias Tabla que muestra el número de datos en cada intervalo.

función Relación que asigna exactamente un valor de salida a un valor de entrada.

regla de funciones Expresión que describe la relación entre cada valor de entrada y de salida.

tabla de funciones Tabla que organiza las entradas, la regla y las salidas de una función.

Principio Fundamental de Contar Este principio usa la multiplicación del número de veces que puede ocurrir cada evento en un experimento para calcular el número de posibles resultados en un espacio muestral.

laguna Espacio o intervalo vacío en un conjunto de datos.

sucesión geométrica Sucesión en la cual cada término después del primero se determina multiplicando el término anterior por el mismo número.



Glossary/Glosariograph To place a dot at a point named by an ordered pair.

Hh

height The shortest distance from the base of a parallelogram to its opposite side.

height

heptagon A polygon having seven sides.

hexagon A polygon having six sides.

histogram A type of bar graph used to display numerical data that have been organized into equal intervals.

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Test Scores

Grade 6 Math Test

I i

image The position of a figure after a transformation.

independent events Two or more events in which the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of the other event(s).

inequality A mathematical sentence indicating that two quantities are not equal.

integer Any number from the set {… -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 …} where … means continues without end.

interior angle The four inside angles formed by two lines cut by a transversal.

gráfica Colocar una marca puntual en el punto que corresponde a un par ordenado.

altura La distancia más corta desde la base de un paralelogramo hasta su lado opuesto.

altura

heptágono Polígono con siete lados.

hexágono Polígono con seis lados.

histograma Tipo de gráfica de barras que se usa para exhibir datos que se han organizado en intervalos iguales.

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Calificaciones

Examen de matemáticas de 6o grado-

imagen Posición de una figura después de una transformación.

eventos independientes Dos o más eventos en los cuales el resultado de un evento no afecta el resultado de los otros eventos.

desigualdad Enunciado matemático que indica que dos cantidades no son iguales.

entero Cualquier número del conjunto {… -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 …} donde … significa que continúa sin fin.

ángulo interno Los cuatro ángulos internos formados por dos rectas intersecadas por una transversal.



Glos

sary

/Glo

sario intersecting lines Lines that meet or cross at a

common point.

interval The difference between successive values on a scale.

inverse operations Operations which undo each other. For example, addition and subtraction are inverse operations.

isosceles triangle A triangle having at least two congruent sides.

Ll

least common denominator (LCD) The least common multiple of the denominators of two or more fractions.

leaves The digits of the least place value of data in a stem-and-leaf plot.

like terms Terms that contain the same variable(s) to the same power.

line A set of points that form a straight path that goes on forever in opposite directions.

linear function A function that forms a line when graphed.

line of reflection The line over which a figure is reflected.

line of symmetry A line that divides a figure into two halves that are reflections of each other.

line ofsymmetry

line plot A diagram that shows the frequency of data on a number line.

rectas secantes Rectas que se intersectan o se cruzan en un punto común.

intervalo La diferencia entre valores sucesivos de una escala.

operaciones inversas Operaciones que se anulan mutuamente. La adición y la sustracción son operaciones inversas.

triángulo isósceles Triángulo que tiene por lo menos dos lados congruentes.

mínimo común denominador (mcd) El menor múltiplo común de los denominadores de dos o más fracciones.

hoja En un diagrama de tallo y hojas, los dígitos del menor valor de posición.

términos semejantes Términos que contienen la misma variable o variables elevadas a la misma potencia.

recta Conjunto de puntos que forman una trayectoria recta sin fin en direcciones oputestas.

función lineal Función cuya gráfica es una recta.

eje de reflexión La línea sobre la cual se refleja una figura.

eje de simetría Recta que divide una figura en dos mitades especulares.

eje desimetría

esquema lineal Diagrama que muestra la frecuencia de los datos sobre una recta numérica.



Glossary/Glosarioline segment A part of a line that connects two points.

line symmetry Figures that match exactly when folded in half have line symmetry.

Mm

mean The sum of the numbers in a set of data divided by the number of pieces of data.

measures of central tendency Numbers that are used to describe the center of a set of data. These measures include the mean, median, and mode.

median The middle number in a set of data when the data are arranged in numerical order. If the data have an even number, the median is the mean of the two middle numbers.

mode The number(s) or item(s) that appear most often in a set of data.

Nn

negative integer A number that is less than zero. It is written with a - sign.

net A two-dimensional figure that can be used to build a three-dimensional figure.

nonagon A polygon having nine sides.

numerical expression A combination of numbers and operations.

Oo

obtuse angle Any angle that measures greater than 90° but less than 180°.

segmento de recta Parte de una recta que conecta dos puntos.

simetría lineal Exhiben simetría lineal las figuras que coinciden exactamente al doblarse una sobre otra.

media La suma de los números en un conjunto de datos dividida entre el número total de datos.

medidas de tendencia central Numéros que se usan para describir el centro de un conjunto de datos. Estas medidas incluyen la media, la mediana y la moda.

mediana Número central de un conjunto de datos, una vez que los datos han sido ordenados numéricamente. Si hay un número par de datos, la mediana es el promedio de los dos datos centrales.

moda Número(s) de un conjunto de datos que aparece(n) más frecuentemente.

entero negativo Número que es menor que cero y se escribe con el signo -.

red Figura bidimensional que sirve para hacer una figura tridimensional.

enágono Polígono que tiene nueve lados.

expresión numérica Una combinación de números y operaciones.

ángulo obtuso Cualquier ángulo que mide más de 90° pero menos de 180°.



Glos

sary

/Glo

sario obtuse triangle A triangle having one obtuse

angle.

octagon A polygon having eight sides.

odds in favor The ratio that compares the number of ways the event can occur to the ways that the event cannot occur.

ordered pair A pair of numbers used to locate a point on the coordinate plane. The ordered pair is written in the form (x-coordinate, y-coordinate).

y

x

(1, 3)

order of operations The rules that tell which operation to perform first when more than one operation is used.

1. Simplify the expressions inside grouping symbols, like parentheses.

2. Find the value of all powers.

3. Multiply and divide in order from left to right.

4. Add and subtract in order from left to right.

origin The point of intersection of the x-axis and y-axis on a coordinate plane.

y

x-2-1-3 1 2

321

-1-2-3

3origin

triángulo obtusángulo Triángulo que tiene un ángulo obtuso.

octágono Polígono que tiene ocho lados.

posibilidades a favor Razón que compara el número de maneras en que puede ocurrir un evento a las maneras en que no puede ocurrir el evento.

par ordenado Par de números que se utiliza para ubicar un punto en un plano de coordenadas. Se escribe de la forma (coordenada x, coordenada y).

y

x

(1, 3)

orden de las operaciones Reglas que establecen cuál operación debes realizar primero, cuando hay más de una operación involucrada.

1. Primero ejecuta todas las operaciones dentro de los símbolos de agrupamiento.

2. Evalúa todas las potencias.

3. Multiplica y divide en orden de izquierda a derecha.

4. Suma y resta en orden de izquierda a derecha.

origen Punto de intersección de los ejes axiales en un plano de coordenadas.

y

xO

-2-1-3 1 2

321

-1-2-3

3origen



Glossary/Glosariooutcome Any one of the possible results of an action. For example, 4 is an outcome when a number cube is rolled.

outlier A value that is much higher or much lower than the other values in a set of data.

Pp

parallel lines Lines in a plane that never intersect.

parallelogram A quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel and opposite sides congruent.

pentagon A polygon having five sides.

percent A ratio that compares a number to 100.

perfect square Numbers with square roots that are whole numbers. 25 is a perfect square because the square root of 25 is 5.

perimeter The distance around a figure.

P = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12 units

5 units

4 units

3 units

pi The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. The Greek letter π represents this number. The value of pi is always 3.1415926….

plane A flat surface that goes on forever in all directions.

resultado Una consecuencia posible de un evento de probabilidad. Por ejemplo, 4 es un resultado posible al lanzar un cubo numérico.

valor atípico Dato que se encuentra muy separado de los otros valores en un conjunto de datos.

rectas paralelas Rectas en un plano que nunca se intersecan.

paralelogramo Cuadrilátero cuyos lados opuestos son paralelos y congruentes.

pentágono Polígono que tiene cinco lados.

por ciento Razón en que se compara un número a 100.

cuadrados perfectos Números cuya raíz cuadrada es un número entero. 25 es un cuadrado perfecto porque la raíz cuadrada de 25 es 5.

perímetro La distancia alrededor de una figura.

5 unidades

4 unidades

3 unidades

P = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12 unidades

pi Razón de la circunferencia de un círculo al diámetro del mismo. La letra griega π representa este número. El valor de pi es siempre 3.1415926….

plano Superficie plana que se extiende infinitamente en todas direcciones.



Glos

sary

/Glo

sario point An exact location in space that is

represented by a dot.

polygon A simple closed figure formed by three or more straight line segments.

population The entire group of items or individuals from which the samples under consideration are taken.

positive integer A number that is greater than zero. It can be written with or without a + sign.

powers Numbers expressed using exponents. The power 3 2 is read three to the second power, or three squared.

probability The chance that some event will happen. It is the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the number of possible outcomes.

properties Statements that are true for any number.

pyramid A three-dimensional figure with at least three lateral faces that are triangles and only one base.

Qq

quadrants The four regions in a coordinate plane separated by the x-axis and y-axis.

quadrilateral A closed figure having four sides and four angles.

Rr

radical sign The symbol used to indicate a nonnegative square root, √ � .

radius The distance from the center to any point on the circle.

radius

punto Ubicación exacta en el espacio que se representa con un marca puntual.

polígono Figura cerrada simple formada por tres o más segmentos de recta.

población El grupo total de individuos o de artículos del cual se toman las muestras bajo estudio.

entero positivo Número que es mayor que cero y se puede escribir con o sin el signo +.

potencias Números que se expresan usando exponentes. La potencia 3 2 se lee tres a la segunda potencia o tres al cuadrado.

probabilidad La posibilidad de que suceda un evento. Es la razón del número de resultados favorables al número de resultados posibles.

propiedades Enunciados que son verdaderos para cualquier número.

pirámide Figura tridimensional con por lo menos tres caras laterales triangulares y una base.

cuadrantes Las cuatro regiones de un plano de coordenadas separadas por el eje x y el eje y.

cuadrilátero Figura cerrada que tiene cuatro lados y cuatro ángulos.

signo radical Símbolo que se usa para indicar una raíz cuadrada no negativa, √ � .

radio Distancia desde el centro de un círculo hasta cualquier punto del mismo.

radio



Glossary/Glosariorandom Outcomes occur at random if each outcome occurs by chance. For example, rolling a number on a number cube occurs at random.

range The difference between the greatest number and the least number in a set of data.

rate A ratio comparing two quantities with different kinds of units.

rate of change A rate that describes how one quantity changes in relation to another. A rate of change is usually expressed as a unit rate.

ratio A comparison of two quantities by division. The ratio of 2 to 3 can be stated as

2 out of 3, 2 to 3, 2 : 3, or 2 _ 3 .

rational number A number that can be written as a fraction.

ratio table A table with columns filled with pairs of numbers that have the same ratio.

ray A line that has one endpoint and goes on forever in only one direction.

reciprocals Any two numbers that have a

product of 1. Since 5 _ 6 × 6 _

5 = 1, 5 _

6 an d 6 _

5

are reciprocals.

rectangle A parallelogram having four right angles.

rectangular prism A three-dimensional figure with two parallel bases that are congruent rectangles.

reflection The mirror image produced by flipping a figure over a line.

y

x'

' '

'

azar Los resultados ocurren aleatoriamente si cada resultado ocurre por casualidad. Por ejemplo, sacar un número en un cubo numerado ocurre al azar.

rango La diferencia entre el número mayor y el número menor en un conjunto de datos.

tasa Razón que compara dos cantidades que tienen diferentes tipos de unidades.

tasa de cambio Tasa que describe cómo cambia una cantidad con respecto a otra. Por lo general, se expresa como tasa unitaria.

razón Comparación de dos cantidades mediante división. La razón de 2 a 3 puede

escribirse como 2 de cada 3, 2 a 3, 2 : 3 ó 2 _ 3 .

número racional Número que se puede expresar como fracción.

tabla de razones Tabla cuyas columnas contienen pares de números que tienen una misma razón.

rayo Recta con un extremo y la cual se extiende infinitamente en una sola dirección.

recíproco Cualquier par de números cuyo

producto es 1. Como 5 _ 6 × 6 _

5 = 1, 5 _

6 y 6 _

5 son

recíprocos.

rectángulo Paralelogramo con cuatro ángulos rectos.

prisma rectangular Figura tridimensional con dos bases paralelas que son rectángulos congruentes.

reflexión Transformación en la cual una figura se voltea sobre una recta. También se conoce como simetría de espejo.

y

x'

' '

'



Glos

sary

/Glo

sario relation A set of ordered pairs such as (1, 3),

(2, 4), and (3, 5). A relation can also be shown in a table or a graph.

repeating decimal A decimal whose digits repeat in groups of one or more.

rhombus A parallelogram having four congruent sides.

right angle An angle that measures exactly 90°.

right triangle A triangle having one right angle.

rotation When a figure is rotated around a point to change the figure’s orientation with respect to that point.

y

x′

′

′

rotational symmetry A type of symmetry a figure has if it can be rotated a certain number of degrees about its center and still look like the original.

Ss

sample A randomly selected group chosen for the purpose of collecting data.

relación Conjunto de pares ordenados como (1, 3) , (2, 4) y (3, 5). Una relación también se puede mostrar en una tabla o una gráfica.

decimal periódico Decimal cuyos dígitos se repiten en grupos de uno o más.

rombo Paralelogramo que tiene cuatro lados.

ángulo recto Ángulo que mide exactamente 90°.

triángulo rectángulo Triángulo que tiene un ángulo recto.

rotación Transformación en la cual una figura se gira alrededor de un punto fijo.

y

x′

′

′

simetría rotacional Tipo de simetría que tiene una figura si se puede girar cierto número de grados en torno al centro y aún sigue viéndose como la figura original.

muestra Grupo escogido al azar o aleatoriamente que se usa con el propósito de recoger datos.



Glossary/Glosariosample space The set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment.

scale The set of all possible values of a given measurement, including the least and greatest numbers in the set, separated by the intervals used.

scale The scale gives the ratio that compares the measurements of a drawing or model to the measurements of the real object.

scale drawing A drawing that is used to represent objects that are too large or too small to be drawn at actual size.

scalene triangle A triangle having no congruent sides.

scaling To multiply or divide two related quantities by the same number.

semicircle Half of a circle. The formula for the

area of a semicircle is A = 1 _ 2 πr2.

r

sequence A list of numbers in a specific order, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 2, 4, 6, 8.

similar figures Figures that have the same shape but not necessarily the same size.

simple event One outcome or a collection of outcomes.

solution The value of a variable that makes an equation true. The solution of 12 = x + 7 is 5.

solve To replace a variable with a value that results in a true sentence.

espacio muestral Conjunto de todos los resultados posibles de un experimento de probabilidad.

escala Conjunto de todos los valores posibles de una medida dada, incluyendo el número menor y el mayor del conjunto, separados por los intervalos usados.

escala Razón que compara las medidas de un dibujo o modelo a las medidas del objeto real.

dibujo a escala Dibujo que se usa para representar objetos que son demasiado grandes o demasiado pequeños como para dibujarlos de tamaño natural.

triángulo escaleno Triángulo sin lados congruentes.

homotecia Multiplicar o dividir dos cantidades relacionadas entre un mismo número.

semicírculo Medio círculo. La fórmula para

el área de un semicírculo es A = 1 _ 2 πr2.

r

sucesión Lista de números en un orden específico como, por ejemplo, 0, 1, 2, 3 ó 2, 4, 6, 8.

figuras semejantes Figuras que tienen la misma forma, pero no necesariamente el mismo tamaño.

eventos simples Un resultado o una colección de resultados.

solución Valor de la variable de una ecuación que hace verdadera la ecuación. La solución de 12 = x + 7 es 5.

resolver Reemplazar una variable con un valor que resulte en un enunciado verdadero.



Glos

sary

/Glo

sario square A rectangle having four right angles

and four congruent sides.

square root The factors multiplied to form perfect squares.

statistics Collecting, organizing, and interpreting data.

stem-and-leaf plot A system where data are organized from least to greatest. The digits of the least place value usually form the leaves, and the next place-value digits form the stems.

Stem Leaf1234

2 4 5

1 2 3 3 90 4 6 7

4 | 7 = 47

stems The digits of the greatest place value of data in a stem-and-leaf plot.

straight angle An angle that measures exactly 180°.

Subtraction Property of Equality If you subtract the same number from each side of an equation, the two sides remain equal.

supplementary angles Two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measures is 180°.

1 2

∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary angles.

surface area The sum of the areas of all the surfaces (faces) of a three-dimensional figure. S.A. = 2�h + 2�w + 2hw

7 ft

3 ft5 ft

S.A. = 2(7 × 3) + 2(7 × 5) + 2(3 × 5) = 142 square feet

survey A question or set of questions designed to collect data about a specific group of people, or population.

cuadrado Rectángulo con cuatro ángulos rectos y cuatro lados congruentes.

raíz cuadrada Factores multiplicados para formar cuadrados perfectos.

estadística Recopilar, ordenar e interpretar datos.

diagrama de tallo y hojas Sistema donde los datos se organizan de menor a mayor. Por lo general, los dígitos de los valores de posición menores forman las hojas y los valores de posición más altos forman los tallos.

Tallo Hojas1234

2 4 5

1 2 3 3 90 4 6 7

4 | 7 = 47

tallo Los dígitos del mayor valor de posición de los datos en un diagrama de tallo y hojas.

ángulo llano Ángulo que mide exactamente 180°.

propiedad de sustracción de la igualdad Si sustraes el mismo número de ambos lados de una ecuación, los dos lados permanecen iguales.

ángulos suplementarios Dos ángulos son suplementarios si la suma de sus medidas es 180°.

1 2

∠1 y ∠2 son suplementarios.

área de superficie La suma de las áreas de todas las superficies (caras) de una figura tridimensional. S.A. = 2�h + 2�w + 2hw

7 pies

3 pies5 pies

S.A. = 2(7 × 3) + 2(7 × 5) + 2(3 × 5) = 142 pies cuadrados

encuesta Pregunta o conjunto de preguntas diseñadas para recoger datos sobre un grupo específico de personas o población.



Glossary/Glosario

Tt

term Each number in a sequence.

term Each part of an algebraic expression separated by a plus or minus sign.

terminating decimal A decimal whose division ends, or terminates.

theoretical probability The ratio of the number of ways an event can occur to the number of possible outcomes. It is based on what should happen when conducting a probability experiment.

three-dimensional figure A solid figure that has length, width, and height.

transformation A movement of a figure that does not change the size or shape of the figure.

translation The motion of moving a figure without turning it.

y

x'

'

'

trapezoid A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.

tree diagram A diagram used to show the sample space.

triangle A figure with three sides and three angles.

Triangle Inequality Theorem The sum of the measures of any two sides of any triangle is greater than the measure of the third side.

término Cada uno de los números de una sucesión.

término Cada parte de un expresión algebraica separada por un signo más o un signo menos.

decimal terminal Decimal cuya división cesa o termina.

probabilidad teórica Razón del número de maneras en que puede ocurrir un evento al número de resultados posibles. Se basa en lo que debería pasar cuando se conduce un experimento probabilístico.

figura tridimensional Figura sólida que tiene largo, ancho y alto.

transformación Movimiento de una figura que no cambia el tamaño o la forma de la figura.

traslación Movimiento de una figura pero sin rotarla ni voltearla.

y

x'

'

'

trapecio Cuadrilátero con un único par de lados paralelos.

diagrama de árbol Diagrama que se usa para mostrar el número total de resultados posibles en un experimento de probabilidad.

triángulo Figura con tres lados y tres ángulos.

teorema de la desigualdad del triángulo En cualquier triángulo, la suma de las medidas de dos lados cualesquiera es mayor que la medida del tercer lado.



Glos

sary

/Glo

sario triangular prism A prism that has triangular

bases.

two-step equation An equation with two different operations. To solve a two-step equation, undo the operations in reverse of the order of operations.

Uu

unbiased sample A sample representative of the entire population.

unfair game A game where there is not a chance of each player being equally likely to win.

unit rate A rate that is simplified so that it has a denominator of 1.

Vv

variable A symbol, usually a letter, used to represent a number.

vertex A vertex of an angle is the common endpoint of the rays forming the angle.

vertex

vertical angles Opposite angles formed by the intersection of two lines. Vertical angles are congruent.

21

∠1 and ∠2 are vertical angles.

prisma triangular Prisma con bases triangulares.

ecuación de dos pasos Ecuación con dos operaciones diferentes. Para resolver una ecuación de dos pasos, se anulan las operaciones en orden contrario al del orden de las operaciones.

muestra no sesgada Muestra que se selecciona de modo que se representativa de la población entera.

juego injusto Juego donde cada jugador no tiene la misma posibilidad de ganar.

tasa unitaria Tasa simplificada para que tenga un denominador igual a 1.

variable Un símbolo, por lo general, una letra, que se usa para representar un número.

vértice El vértice de un ángulo es el extremo común de los rayos que lo forman.

vértice

ángulos opuestos por el vértice Ángulos opuestos formados por la intersección de dos rectas. Los ángulos opuestos por el vértice son congruentes.

21

∠1 y ∠2 son ángulos opuestos por el vértice.



Glossary/Glosariovolume The amount of space inside a three-dimensional figure. Volume is measured in cubic units.

10 m

3 m4 m

V = 10 × 4 × 3 = 120 cubic meters

Xx

x-axis The horizontal line of the two perpendicular number lines in a coordinate plane.

y

x-2-1-3 1 2

321

-1-2-3

3

x-axis

x-coordinate The first number of an ordered pair. The x-coordinate corresponds to a number on the x-axis.

Yy

y-axis The vertical line of the two perpendicular number lines in a coordinate plane.

y

x-2-1-3 1 2

321

-1-2-3

3

y-axis

y-coordinate The second number of an ordered pair. The y-coordinate corresponds to a number on the y-axis.

volumen Cantidad de espacio dentro de una figura tridimensional. El volumen se mide en unidades cúbicas.

V = 10 × 4 × 3 = 120 metros cúbicos

10 m

3 m4 m

eje x La recta horizontal de las dos rectas numéricas perpendiculares en un plano de coordenadas.

y

x-2-1-3 1 2

321

-1-2-3

3

eje x

coordenada x El primer número de un par ordenado, el cual corresponde a un número en el eje x.

eje y La recta vertical de las dos rectas numéricas perpendiculares en un plano de coordenadas.

y

x-2-1-3 1 2

321

-1-2-3

3

eje y

coordenada y El segundo número de un par ordenado, el cual corresponde a un número en el eje y.


R62 Index

Index

AaAbsolute value, 418, 419–422

Accuracy, 153, 164

Activities. See Explore Lessons; Extend Lessons

Acute angle, 447

Acute triangle, 458

AdditionAssociative Property of, 289checking subtraction by, 14Commutative Property of, 289of decimals, 7–9of fractions, 13–15Identity Properties of, 289of inequalities, 406repeated, 96

Addition equations, 314–331modeling, 320–321solving, 320–321, 322–326

by subtracting, 322writing, 322–326

Addition Property of Equality, 328–329

Adjacent angles, 453

Algebra, 40, 59, 72, 114, 128, 274–278, 292, 330, 357, 471, 472, 511, 514, 557, 695

properties, 289–293variables, 274–278writing expressions, 282–285

Algebraic expressions, 266–309. See also Expressions

evaluating, 274–275like terms, 278terms, 278using Distributive Property, 297writing, 279–281, 282–285

two-step, 283verbal phrases as, 282–283

Algebra tilesDistributive Property, 297equivalent expressions, 295expressions with variables, 295solving two-step equations,

344, 346

Analysisof circle graphs, 677of data, 640–707

measures of central tendency, 643–660

outliers, 657, 658

of displays, 652of tables, 183, 232, 251, 381,

653

Angles, 441–456acute, 447adjacent, 453classifying, 447, 452classifying triangles by, 458complementary, 452degree of, 446drawing, 450exterior, 479interior, 475measuring, 446–450missing measures of, 451, 453notation for, 452obtuse, 447pairs of, 452of quadrilaterals, 467, 469–470relationships of, 451–456right, 447of rotation, 504on spinners, 712straight, 447supplementary, 452in triangles, 457, 458vertex of, 446

Annexing zeros, 8, 33, 39

Area, 522–539of circles, 547, 548–552of composite figures, 561–565of irregular figures, 559–560of parallelograms, 522–527of semicircles, 549of trapezoids, 535–539of triangles, 528, 529–534

Are You Ready for the Chapter?, 24, 88, 146, 198, 268, 312, 364, 440, 520, 596, 642, 710

Arithmetic sequences, 377–378

Assessment. See Check Your Progress; Mid-Chapter Check; Practice Chapter Test; Prerequisite Skills; Quick Check; Quick Review; Spiral Review; Standardized Test Practice; Test Practice

Associative Propertyof Addition, 289of Multiplication, 289

Average, 644. See also mean

BbBack-to-back stem-and-leaf plot, 667

Balanced equation, 321

Bar diagrams, 178–179

Bar graph, 19–21, 682double, 21

Baseof exponents, 62of a parallelogram, 522–524of prisms, 599of a triangular prism, 599

Biased samples, 748–749

Big Ideas, 22, 86, 144, 196, 266, 310, 362, 438, 518, 594, 640, 708

Box-and-whisker plots, 655–656

CcCalculator, 609

Careersbicycle designer, 486cosmetics chemists, 186interior designer, 630landscape architect, 582marine biologist, 696meteorologist, 416pastry chef, 134pediatricians, 752sound engineer, 352special effects animators, 254sports equipment designers, 76water slide engineers, 300

Categorical data, 661

Center, 541

Central tendency. See Measures of central tendency

Challenge. See H.O.T. Problems

Chapter Test. See Practice Chapter Test

Check for Reasonableness, 67, 211, 453, 677, 739

Check Your Progress, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 17, 20, 25, 26, 32, 33, 38, 39, 42, 43, 49, 50, 56, 57, 62, 63, 66, 67, 70, 71, 92, 93, 98, 99, 106, 107, 112, 113, 120, 121, 127, 130, 131, 150, 151, 158, 159, 163, 165, 174, 175, 201, 204, 205, 211, 214, 215, 218,

R62_R73_EM_Index_895129.indd R62 1/14/10 12:38 PM

Index R63

Index219, 222, 223, 230, 231, 236, 237, 238, 243, 249, 270, 271, 275, 283, 290, 291, 296, 297, 315, 323, 324, 329, 335, 336, 341, 347, 348, 367, 368, 373, 374, 377, 378, 379, 383, 384, 389, 390, 396, 397, 402, 403, 408, 409, 412, 413, 419, 420, 424, 441, 442, 443, 447, 451, 452, 453, 458, 459, 460, 469, 470, 475, 476, 481, 482, 490, 491, 492, 496, 497, 498, 503, 504, 523, 524, 530, 531, 536, 542, 543, 548, 549, 554, 555, 556, 561, 562, 571, 578, 599, 603, 604, 608, 609, 613, 614, 622, 626, 627, 645, 650, 651, 657, 658, 661, 662, 668, 669, 676, 677, 681, 682, 689, 690, 712, 713, 719, 720, 726, 727, 734, 739

Choose a Major. See Careers

Circle graphs, 674–675, 676–680, 682

analyzing, 677sketching, 676

Circles, 540–552area of, 547, 548–552center, 541circumference, 540, 541–546diameter, 541–543fraction, 447radius, 541–543

Circumference, 540, 541–546estimation of, 542

Clockwise, 491

Closed figure, 474

Coefficient, 335

Commutative Propertyof Addition, 289of Multiplication, 99, 289

Comparing and ordering numbers

customary units, 17decimals, 234–235, 236–241fractions, 227–228, 229–233metric units, 17mixed numbers, 229–230percents, 234–235, 236–241using number lines, 227–228,

238

Compatible numbers, 42, 92

Complementary angles, 452

Complementary events, 713

Complex figures. See Composite figures

Composite figures, 554–567, 625–629

area of, 561–565perimeter of, 554–558

surface area of, 626–629volume of, 626–629

Compound events, 733

Concept Summaryinequalities, 396multiple representations of

functions, 388problem solving strategies, 5statistical displays, 682using mean, median, mode,

657

Cones, 612, 613–616

Congruence, 442of figures, 480–485, 491, 529of line segments, 442of polygons, 480–485in translations, 492

Conjectures, making, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38, 48, 55, 91, 97, 105, 119, 125, 148, 157, 209, 222, 228, 242, 247, 280, 289, 294, 295, 321, 334, 339, 372, 395, 451, 457, 467, 480, 522, 528, 529, 535, 540, 568, 576, 597, 598, 602, 607, 620, 643, 649, 656, 687, 717, 724, 725, 732, 737, 748

Conversions. See also Customary units; Metric units

Coordinate graph. See Coordinate plane

Coordinate grid. See Coordinate plane

Coordinate plane, 366, 367, 418–427

graphing ordered pairs in, 424rotations in, 490

Corresponding sides, 481

Counterclockwise, 491

Counterexample, 293

Cross-curricular connectionsanatomy, 112archaeology, 605architecture, 532, 582–583art, 68, 138, 179, 306, 462, 472,

498, 500, 524, 532, 550, 622, 635, 771, 773

astronomy, 26, 114, 206atmospheric science, 416–417biology, 220chemistry, 186–187geography, 58, 73, 253, 268, 426,

536, 537, 619, 646, 684geology, 72, 578health, 769history, 605language arts, 765, 767, 769, 771life science, 224, 678marine biology, 696–697

music, 24, 75, 100, 109, 111, 146, 158, 200, 226, 276, 323, 326, 337, 352–353, 374, 404, 415, 544, 644, 645, 659, 678, 721

physical education, 108, 769physics, 81science, 12, 27, 52, 68, 91, 132,

358, 373, 401, 421, 609, 664, 695, 700, 765, 767, 771, 773

social studies, 330, 767, 773sports, 68, 108, 161, 179, 214,

217, 249, 260, 320, 695, 745, 756

weather, 15, 43, 94, 100, 116, 216, 350, 358, 643, 651, 659, 661, 662

Cubic units, 569

Cumulative frequency, 664

Customary units, 17

Cylindersnets of, 620surface area of, 618–624volume of, 607, 608–611

DdData, 644. See also Data analysis; Data collection

analyzing, 640–707categorical, 661collecting, 743–751

to solve a problem, 686–687describing, 365interpreting, 668

Data analysis. See Data; Data collection; Graphs; Statistics; Tables

Data collection. See Data; Data analysis

Data displays, 661–672back-to-back stem-and-leaf

plot, 666bar graphs, 19–21, 682circle graphs, 674–675, 676–680,

682frequency tables, 661–665, 682histograms, 668–672selecting an appropriate

display, 681–685stem-and-leaf plots, 666–667,

682

Decagon, 474

Decimals, 22–85, 200–207adding, 7–9annexing zeros, 8comparing and ordering,

234–235, 236–241


R64 Index

Inde

x dividing, 42–60by decimals, 54–55, 56–60by estimation, 42–46by whole numbers, 47–48,

49–53as fractions, 200–203fractions as, 204–207as mixed numbers, 201mixed numbers as, 205multiplying, 25–41

by decimals, 36–37, 38–41by estimation, 25–29by whole numbers, 30–31,

32–35as percents, 219, 223percents as, 218, 222repeating, 207rounding, 25–26subtracting, 7–9, 33terminating, 207

Decomposing figures, 570

Defining the variable, 282

Degree, 446

Denominator, least common, 229

Dependent events, 732–742

Diagnose readiness. See Prerequisite Skills

Diagonals, 475

Diameter, 541–543

Difference. See Subtraction

Dilations, 507

Distribution, 668

Distributive Property, 294–295, 296–299

Dividendsrounding, 42zeros in, 57

Divisioncompatible numbers, 42of decimals, 42–60


49–53of fractions, 117–133

by fractions, 124–125, 126–129

by mixed numbers, 131mixed numbers by, 130by whole numbers, 117–119whole numbers by, 120–123

of groups by ratios, 151of inequalities, 408of mixed numbers, 130–133,

526of money, 50of powers, 70–73

Division equations, 333–343solving, 340–343writing, 340–343

Division Property of Equality, 336

Divisors, 42

Double bar graph, 21

Drawingangles, 450scale, 177

EeEquality, Properties of

Addition, 328–329Division, 336

Equals sign, 314

Equations, 310–361. See also Two-step equations

addition, 314–331balanced, 321division, 333–343linear, 384modeling, 320–321multiplication, 333–343, 545solving, 320–321, 322–326,

328–331, 335–338, 340–343, 346–351

mentally, 315subtraction, 314–331two-step, 344–351writing, 322–326, 335–338,

340–343, 346–351to represent functions, 383

Equilateral triangle, 459

Equivalent expressions, 289–290

Equivalent fractions, 175, 231

Equivalent ratios, 163–164, 173–177

of larger quantities, 163of smaller quantities, 164

Essential Questions, 29, 31, 35, 41, 45, 48, 53, 60, 64, 69, 73, 95, 101, 103, 109, 115, 123, 129, 133, 155, 161, 168, 171, 177, 178, 184, 199, 203, 207, 213, 217, 221, 225, 233, 235, 241, 246, 247, 251, 253, 273, 277, 285, 287, 293, 295, 299, 317, 318, 326, 331, 338, 343, 344, 345, 350, 365, 370, 376, 381, 393, 399, 401, 405, 406, 411, 415, 422, 427, 445, 449, 455, 462, 464, 472, 478, 485, 489, 495, 501, 506, 507, 533, 538, 545, 551, 558, 559, 564, 567, 574, 580, 601, 606, 611, 616, 624, 629, 648, 653, 660, 665, 666,

671, 675, 679, 685, 693, 715, 722, 725, 729, 736, 741, 746, 749. See also H.O.T. Problems

Estimation, 544, 545, 573, 579of circumference, 542dividing decimals, 42–46multiplying decimals, 25–29multiplying fractions, 92–95of percents, 243–247of products, 25–29, 92–95of quotients, 42–46

Evaluate algebraic expressions, 274–275

Events. See also Probabilitycomplementary, 713compound, 733dependent, 732–742independent, 732–742simple, 711–712

Experimental probability, 717–718

Explore Lessons. See also Extend Lessons

Absolute Value, 418Addition Equations, 320–321Angles in Quadrilaterals, 467Angles in Triangles, 457Area of Circles, 547Area of Irregular Figures,

559–560Area of Triangles, 528Circle Graphs, 674–675Circumference, 540Compare Fractions, 227–228Composite Shapes, 620The Distributive Property,

294–295Divide by Decimals, 54–55Divide by Fractions, 117–119Divide Decimals by Whole

Numbers, 47–48Divide Fractions, 124–125Division Equations, 339Find Fractional Parts, 242Find Percent of a Number, 247Find the Mean, 643Fractions, Decimals, and

Percents on a Number Line, 234–235

Function Machines, 371–372Model Percents, 208–209Multiplication Equations,

333–334Multiply Decimals, 36–37Multiply Decimals by Whole

Numbers, 30–31Multiply Fractions, 104–105Multiply Fractions and Whole

Numbers, 96–97


Index R65

IndexMultiply Whole Numbers and

Mixed Numbers, 111Part of a Number, 90–91Probability of Dependent

Events, 737Probability of Independent

Events, 732Ratio and Rate Problems,

178–179Ratios, 148–149Solve Inequalities, 406Solve Inequalities Using

Models, 395Subtraction Equations, 327Surface Area of Cylinders, 620Surface Area of Rectangular

Prisms, 575–576Transformations, 488–489Two-Step Equations, 344–345Unit Rates, 156–157Volume of Cones, 612Volume of Cylinders, 607Volume of Prisms, 597Volume of Pyramids, 602Volume of Rectangular Prisms,

568Write Expressions, 279–281

Exponents, 62–65, 271base, 62perfect square, 65powers, 62

Expressions. See also Algebraic expressions; Numerical expressions

with absolute value, 420equivalent, 289–290numerical, 270–273simplifying, 604writing, 282–285

Extend Lessons. See also Explore Lessons

Box-and-Whisker Plots, 655–656

Collect Data to Solve a Problem, 686–687

Dilations, 507Experimental and Theoretical

Probability, 717–718Fair and Unfair, 724–725Graphing Technology: Ratio

Tables, 169Spreadsheets and Mean, 649Stem-and-Leaf Plots, 666–667Unbiased and Biased Samples,

748–749

Exterior angle, 479

Extra Practice, EP2–EP36

Extreme values. See Outliers

FfFactors, 107, 199

greatest common, 10–12, 127, 151

Fair game, 724–725

Figuresclosed, 474composite, 554–567, 624–669congruent, 480–485, 491, 529decomposing, 570identifying, 441irregular, 559–560similar, 480–485simple, 474three-dimensional, 569,

575–576, 625–669

Financial literacy, 251, 276, 291, 349, 368, 551, 647, 664

allowances, 5, 340budget, 257, 414business, 689coins, 549, 734currency, 45discount, 192, 213donations, 75, 148, 149, 281fundraising, 15, 131, 160, 174,

191, 234, 268, 367, 389, 683income, 290, 305, 355marketing, 690, 695minimum wage, 82money, 6, 9, 26, 27, 28, 33, 44,

47, 50, 68, 80, 81, 89, 91, 103, 107, 137, 165, 166, 171, 172, 190, 217, 220, 223, 253, 259, 313, 316, 325, 343, 344, 356, 380, 388, 392, 401, 419, 421, 427, 431, 432, 673, 695, 702, 738, 740, 751, 757

profit, 26, 44, 405sales, 172, 410, 413, 688, 726sales tax, 250savings, 45, 72, 176, 185, 260,

333, 427, 434shopping, 24, 73, 75, 189, 239,

250, 271, 320, 327, 330, 339, 343, 374, 384, 465

stocks, 202taxes, 253, 277

Find the Error. See H.O.T. Problems

Foldables® Study Organizeralgebraic expressions, 266analyze data and graphs, 640equations, 310fractions, decimals, and

percents, 196functions, inequalities, and

integers, 362

multiply and divide decimals, 22

multiply and divide fractions, 86

perimeter, area, and volume, 518

probability, 708properties of triangles and

quadrilaterals, 438ratios and rates, 144volume and surface area, 594

Formulas. See also Measurement; Rates

areaof a circle, 548of a parallelogram, 523of a semicircle, 549of a trapezoid, 535of a triangle, 529

perimeter of a rectangle, 554surface area

of composite figures, 627of a cylinder, 621

volumeof composite figures, 626of a cone, 613of a cylinder, 608of a pyramid, 603of a triangular prism, 598

Four-step plan for problem-solving, 4–6

Fractional parts, 242

Fraction circles, 447

Fractions, 86–143, 200–207. See also Rational numbers

adding, 13–15comparing and ordering,

227–228, 229–233with decimals, 234–235,

236–241with mixed numbers,

229–230with percents, 234–235,

236–241as decimals, 204–207decimals as, 200–203dividing, 117–133

by fractions, 124–125, 126–129

by mixed numbers, 131mixed numbers by, 130by whole numbers, 117–119whole numbers by, 120–123

equivalent, 175, 231multiplying, 104–115, 734

by estimation, 92–95by mixed numbers, 112–115simplifying before, 107by whole numbers, 90–103


R66 Index

Inde

x as percents, 214–217percents as, 210–213, 222rounding, 93simplest form of, 201subtracting, 13–15unlike, 13–14

Frequencycumulative, 664distribution, 668

Frequency tables, 661–665, 682intervals, 662scale of, 662

Function machines, 371–372

Function rule, 373, 377–382finding, 378–379

Functions, 366–393graphs of, 390, 392linear, 383–387multiple representations of,

388–393writing an equation to

represent, 383

Function tables, 373–376finding a rule for, 379input value, 374output value, 373

Fundamental Counting Principle, 726–730

GgGames. See Fair game; Unfair game

GCF. See Greatest common factor (GCF)

Geometric sequence, 379

Geometry, 171, 172, 275, 277, 287, 292, 380, 426, 465, 477, 494, 500, 567, 590, 600, 715

Get Connected, 25, 30, 32, 36, 38, 42, 47, 49, 54, 56, 62, 66, 70, 90, 92, 96, 98, 104, 106, 111, 112, 117, 120, 124, 126, 130, 148, 150, 156, 158, 163, 169, 173, 178, 180, 200, 204, 208, 210, 214, 218, 222, 227, 229, 234, 236, 242, 243, 247, 248, 270, 274, 279, 282, 289, 294, 296, 314, 320, 322, 327, 328, 333, 335, 339, 340, 344, 346, 366, 371, 373, 377, 383, 388, 395, 396, 402, 406, 407, 412, 418, 419, 423, 441, 446, 451, 457, 458, 467, 468, 474, 480, 488, 490, 496, 502, 507, 522, 528, 529, 535, 540, 541, 547, 548, 554, 559, 561, 568, 569, 575, 577, 597, 598, 602, 603, 607, 608, 612, 613, 620,

621, 625, 626, 643, 644, 649, 650, 655, 657, 661, 666, 668, 674, 676, 681, 686, 688, 711, 717, 719, 724, 726, 732, 733, 737, 738, 743, 748

Glossary, R42–R61

Graphic Novel, 23, 28, 59, 87, 94, 132, 145, 154, 176, 197, 240, 245, 267, 277, 298, 311, 325, 342, 363, 392, 410, 439, 519, 551, 564, 595, 610, 623, 641, 647, 653, 709, 715, 741

Graphsbar, 19–21, 682circle, 674–675, 676–680, 682double bar, 21finding rate of change from,

162of functions, 390, 392of inequalities, 402–405, 422of integers, 420line, 19–21, 682of linear functions, 384, 387misleading, 688–693of ordered pairs, 367, 424of ratio tables, 169of relations, 366–370selecting appropriate, 20of translations, 490–491

Greatest common factor (GCF), 10–12, 127, 151

using prime numbers, 11

HhHeight, 522–524

Heptagon, 474

Hexagon, 474

Histograms, 668–672

H.O.T. ProblemsChallenge, 29, 35, 41, 45, 53, 60,

64, 69, 73, 95, 101, 109, 115, 129, 133, 155, 161, 168, 177, 184, 203, 213, 217, 221, 225, 233, 241, 246, 251, 273, 277, 285, 293, 299, 317, 326, 338, 350, 370, 376, 393, 399, 405, 411, 415, 422, 427, 445, 449, 455, 462, 472, 478, 485, 495, 501, 527, 533, 538, 545, 551, 558, 564, 574, 580, 601, 606, 624, 648, 653, 660, 685, 693, 715, 722, 736, 741, 746

Essential Questions, 29, 31, 35, 41, 45, 48, 53, 60, 64, 69, 73, 95, 101, 103, 109, 115, 123, 129, 133, 155, 161, 168, 171, 177, 178, 184, 199, 203, 207, 213,

217, 221, 225, 233, 235, 241, 246, 247, 251, 253, 273, 277, 285, 287, 293, 295, 299, 317, 318, 326, 331, 338, 343, 344, 345, 350, 365, 370, 376, 381, 393, 399, 401, 405, 406, 411, 415, 422, 427, 445, 449, 455, 462, 464, 472, 478, 485, 489, 495, 501, 506, 507, 533, 538, 545, 551, 558, 559, 564, 567, 574, 580, 601, 606, 611, 616, 624, 629, 648, 653, 660, 665, 666, 671, 675, 679, 685, 693, 715, 722, 725, 729, 736, 741, 746, 749

Find the Error, 9, 15, 53, 69, 101, 123, 161, 184, 203, 225, 273, 285, 331, 350, 376, 405, 478, 506, 533, 574, 606, 616, 665, 679, 736, 746

Number Sense, 41, 45, 73, 109, 115, 168, 171, 246, 251, 293, 319, 619, 629, 729, 751

Open Ended, 29, 35, 41, 45, 64, 101, 115, 129, 133, 155, 184, 207, 213, 221, 233, 251, 277, 293, 299, 317, 326, 343, 350, 370, 381, 399, 411, 427, 445, 455, 462, 472, 478, 485, 501, 527, 538, 545, 558, 601, 611, 616, 629, 648, 671, 729, 741, 746

Reasoning, 35, 41, 45, 53, 69, 73, 95, 109, 129, 184, 317, 343, 350, 393, 445, 449, 455, 495, 527, 551, 580, 611, 624, 648, 653, 660, 671, 685

Which One Doesn’t Belong?, 60, 133, 217, 338, 415, 422

Write Math, 29, 31, 35, 41, 45, 48, 53, 60, 64, 69, 73, 95, 101, 103, 109, 115, 123, 129, 133, 155, 161, 168, 171, 177, 178, 184, 199, 203, 207, 213, 217, 221, 225, 233, 235, 241, 246, 247, 251, 253, 273, 277, 285, 287, 293, 295, 299, 317, 318, 326, 331, 338, 343, 344, 345, 350, 365, 370, 376, 381, 393, 399, 401, 405, 406, 411, 415, 422, 427, 445, 449, 455, 462, 464, 472, 478, 485, 489, 495, 501, 506, 507, 533, 538, 545, 551, 558, 559, 564, 567, 574, 580, 601, 606, 611, 616, 624, 629, 648, 653, 660, 665, 666, 671, 675, 679, 685, 693, 715, 722, 725, 729, 736, 741, 746, 749


Index R67

IndexI iIdentity Properties

of Addition, 289–290of Multiplication, 289–290

Image, 490

Independent events, 732–742

Inequalities, 395–415. See also One-step inequalities; Two-step inequalities

addition, 406division, 408graphing, 402–405, 422multiplication, 408solutions of, 396–397solving, 406

one-step, 407–411two-step, 412–415using models, 395

subtraction, 406symbol for, 396two-step, 412–415writing, 402–405

Input value, 371–372, 374. See also Functions

Integers, 418–427graphing, 420negative, 419positive, 419

Interior angle, 475–476

Interpolating from data. See Predictions, making

Intersecting lines, 442–443

Interval, 662

Inverse operations, 335

Investigations. See Explore Lessons; Extend Lessons; Problem-Solving Investigations

Irregular figures, 559–560. See also Composite figures

Isosceles triangle, 459

KkKey Concept, 78, 136, 188, 256, 302, 354, 428, 508, 584, 632, 698, 754

absolute value, 420addition and subtraction

properties, 407Addition Property of Equality,

328–329add or subtract unlike

fractions, 13angles, 447

angles of a quadrilateral, 469area of a circle, 548area of a parallelogram, 523area of a trapezoid, 535area of a triangle, 529circumference, 542classifying quadrilaterals, 468classify triangles using angles,

458classify triangles using sides,

459compare two fractions, 229congruent, 442decimals as percents, 219Distributive Property, 296divide fractions, 121, 126Division Property of Equality,

336fractions-decimals-percents,

237Fundamental Counting

Principal, 726–730interior angle sum of a

polygon, 476mean, 644median and mode, 650multiplication and division

properties, 408Multiplicative Property of

Zero, 293multiply fractions and whole

numbers, 98multiplying fractions, 106multiply mixed numbers, 112order of operations, 270pairs of angles, 452pairs of lines, 442percent, 210percents as decimals, 218perimeter of rectangles, 554probability, 711probability of dependent

events, 738probability of independent

events, 733properties, 289radius and diameter, 541reflection, 497rotations in the coordinate

plane, 490round decimals, 25solve two-step equations, 347Subtraction Property of

Equality, 323sum of angle measures in a

triangle, 460surface area of a cylinder, 621surface area of a rectangular

prism, 577translations, 491

volume of a cone, 613volume of a cylinder, 608volume of a pyramid, 603volume of a triangular prism,

598volume of rectangular prism,

569

LlLCD. See Least common denominator (LCD)

LCM. See Least common multiple (LCM)

Least common denominator (LCD), 229

Least common multiple (LCM), 10–12, 230

Leaves, 666. See also Stem-and-leaf plots

Like terms, 278

Linear equations, 384. See also Equations

Linear functions, 383–387. See also Functions

graphing, 384, 387

Line graphs, 19–21, 682

Line plot, 682

Lines, 441–456. See also Functions; Linear equations; Linear functions; Line graphs; Line plot; Line segments

classifying pairs of, 443intersecting, 442–443parallel, 442–443perpendicular, 442–443of reflection, 496–497of symmetry, 498

Line segments, 441congruence of, 442notation for, 459

Line symmetry, 498

Log, 687

MmMachines, function, 371–372

Magnifications. See Dilations

Manipulatives. See Algebra tiles

Math in the Media, 40, 59, 114, 122, 184, 232, 350, 449, 500, 527, 545, 605, 721

Mean, 643, 644–648, 649


R68 Index

Inde

x choosing an appropriate measure, 657–658

spreadsheets and, 649

Measurement, 9, 16–18, 34, 39, 40, 52, 58, 59, 69, 79, 93, 110, 113, 114, 116, 117, 121, 127, 128, 132, 232, 337, 369, 393, 429, 539, 552. See also Area; Customary units; Metric units; Volume; Temperature

of angles, 446–450customary units, 16metric units, 17precise, 624

Measures of central tendency, 643–660

box-and-whisker plots, 655–656

choosing an appropriate measure, 657–660

mean, 643, 644–648, 649median, 650–654mode, 650–654range, 650–654

Media. See Math in the Media

Median, 650–654choosing an appropriate

measure, 657–658

Mental math, 42, 65, 71, 117, 201, 291, 296, 315, 530, 536

Metric units, 17

Mid-Chapter Check, 61, 116, 172, 226, 288, 332, 394, 466, 553, 617, 673, 731

Misleading statistics, 688–693

Missing measuresof angles, 451, 453to find perimeter, 556of a parallelogram, 524of quadrilaterals, 470of rectangular prisms, 571of triangles, 460, 531

Mixed numberscomparing and ordering,

229–230as decimals, 205decimals as, 201dividing, 130–133, 526

by fractions, 130fractions by, 131by whole numbers, 117–119whole numbers by, 120–123

multiplying, 112–115whole numbers by, 111

Mixed Problem-Solving, 75, 103, 171, 253, 287, 319, 401, 465, 567, 619, 695, 751

Mode, 650–654choosing an appropriate

measure, 657–658

Models. See also Algebra tilespercents, 208–209to solve inequalities, 395

More Aboutangles, 450, 456decimals, 207equivalent ratios, 177exponents, 65graphing, 387integers and absolute value, 422polygons, 479probability, 716properties, 293rates, 162surface area, 624triangles, 463variables and expressions, 278

Multiple Representations, 109, 161, 212, 284, 330, 350, 369, 478, 480, 526, 533, 547, 615, 647, 729

of functions, 388–393

Multiples, 11, 199least common, 10–12, 230

Multiplicationannexing zeros, 33, 39Associative Property of, 289Commutative Property of, 99,

289compatible numbers, 92of decimals, 25–41


32–35Distributive Property, 294–295,

296–299of fractions, 104–115, 734

by estimation, 92–95by mixed numbers, 112–115simplifying before, 107by whole numbers, 90–103

Identity Properties of, 289of inequalities, 408inverse operations, 335of mixed numbers, 112–115

by whole numbers, 111of powers, 66–69scaling, 164–165symbol for, 275

Multiplication equations, 333–343, 545

solving, 335–338writing, 335–338

Multiplicative Property of Zero, 293

NnNegative integers, 419

Nets, 575–576of a cylinder, 620making from a drawing, 576of prisms, 575

Nonagon, 474

Nonlinear functions. See Functions

Notationabsolute value, 420identifying polygons, 481line segments, 459measure of angle, 452probability, 712, 722segments, 482

Note taking, 521. See also Foldables® Study Organizer

Number linescomparing fractions, decimals,

percents using, 238comparing fractions using,

227–228

Numbers. See also Whole numbers

compatible, 42, 92part of, 90–91percent of, 247, 248–251prime, 11rational, 200whole

dividing, 47–48, 49–53multiplying, 30–31, 32–35

Number Sense. See H.O.T. Problems

Number theory, 171

Numerical expressions, 270–273. See also Expressions

order of operations, 270–271

OoObtuse angle, 447

Obtuse triangle, 458

Octagon, 474

Odds in favor, 716

One-step inequalities, 407–411. See also Inequalities

Open Ended. See H.O.T. Problems

Operationsinverse, 335order of, 270–271, 347


Index R69

IndexOrdered pair, 366–367

graphing, 367, 424identifying, 424

Order of operations, 270–271, 347

Ordinate. See y-coordinate

Origin, 366rotations about, 491

Outcomes, 711–712, 720. See also Probability

finding the number of, 726–727odds in favor of, 716random, 712

Outliers, 657, 658

Output value, 371–372, 373, 374. See also Functions

PpPairs

of angles, 452ordered, 366–367, 424

Parallel lines, 442–443

Parallelogramarea of, 522–527base of, 522–524height of, 522–524missing measures of, 524

Parentheses, 271

Parts. See also Percentscomparing to whole, 151fractional, 242of a number, 90–91

Pascal’s Triangle, 171

Patterns, 170–171

Pentagon, 474

Percents, 208–225applying, 242–253comparing and ordering,

234–235, 236–241as decimals, 218, 222decimals as, 219, 223estimating with, 243–247as fractions, 210–213, 222fractions as, 214–217greater than 100%, 222–225less than 1%, 222–225modeling, 208–209of a number, 247, 248–251

Perfect square, 65

Perimeterof composite figures, 554–558missing measures to find, 556of rectangles, 554

Perpendicular lines, 442–443, 522

Pi (π), 542–543, 549, 621–622, 624

Planes, 441–445coordinate, 366, 418–427, 490

Points, 441–445

Polygons, 467–485classifying, 475decagon, 474exterior angles of, 479heptagon, 474hexagon, 474interior angle of, 475–476interior angle sum of, 475–476nonagon, 474octagon, 474pentagon, 474properties of, 474–479quadrilaterals, 467, 468–473similar and congruent, 480–485

Population, 743samples of, 743, 748–749

Positive exponents. See exponents.

Positive integers, 419

Powers, 62. See also Powers of 10as products, 63products as, 62

Powers of 10, 62–75. See also Powers

dividing by, 70–73greater than 1, 70–71less than 1, 71

exponents, 62–65multiplying by, 66–69

greater than 1, 66–67less than 1, 67

Practice Chapter Test, 82, 140, 192, 262, 306, 358, 434, 514, 590, 636, 704, 758

Precise measurement, 624

Predictions, making, 540, 724, 725, 743–747

using ratios, 744

Preparing for Standardized Tests, 83, 141, 193, 263, 307, 359, 435, 515, 591, 637, 705, 759. See also Standardized Test Practice

Prerequisite Skills. See also Are You Ready for the Chapter?; Quick Review

add and subtract decimals, 7–9add and subtract fractions,

13–15bar graphs, 19–21greatest common factor, 10–12least common multiples, 10–12line graphs, 19–21

measurement, 16–18plan for problem-solving, 4–6

Prime factorization, 11

Prime numbers, 11, 491

Prismsbase of, 599nets of, 575triangular, 598–601volume of, 597, 599

Probability, 708–761complementary events, 713compound events, 733dependent events, 732–742experimental, 717–718fair game, 724–725independent events, 732–742notation for, 712outcomes, 711–712, 716, 720,

726–727predictions, making, 743–747random outcomes, 712sample spaces, 719–723simple event, 711–712theoretical, 717–718unfair game, 724–725using a tree diagram to find, 720

Problem-solving. See also Conjectures, making; Mixed Problem-Solving; Problem-Solving Investigations; Problem-Solving Projects; Real-World Examples

in atmospheric science, 416–417in bicycle design, 486–487in chemistry, 186–187collecting data for, 686–687in culinary arts, 134–135in design, 76–77, 630–631in engineering, 300–301four-step plan for, 4–6in landscape architecture,

582–583in marine biology, 696–697in medicine, 752–753in movies, 254–255in music, 352–353strategies for, 5

Problem-Solving Investigations. See also Problem-solving; Problem-Solving Projects

Act It Out, 286–287, 750–751Draw a Diagram, 102–103,

464–465, 618–619Guess, Check, and Revise,

400–401Look for a Pattern, 170–171Make a Model, 566–567Reasonable Answers, 74–75Solve a Simpler Problem,

252–253


R70 Index

Inde

x Use Logical Reasoning, 694–695Word Backward, 318–319

Problem-Solving Projects, 762–773. See also Problem-solving; Problem-Solving Investigations

Products. See also Multiplicationcomputing mentally, 296estimating, 25–29, 92–95as powers, 62powers as, 63

Properties, 289–299of algebra, 289–293Associative

of Addition, 289of Multiplication, 289

Commutativeof Addition, 289of Multiplication, 99, 289

Distributive, 294–295, 296–299of Equality

Addition, 328–329Division, 336

Multiplicative of Zero, 293of polygons, 474–479of quadrilaterals, 438–517of triangles, 438–517

Proportions, 174

Protractor, 450

Pyramids, 602, 603

QqQuadrants, 423

Quadratic functions. See Functions

Quadrilateralsangles of, 467, 469–470classifying, 468–469missing measures of, 470parallelogram, 468, 522–527properties of, 438–517rectangle, 468, 554rhombus, 468square, 468trapezoid, 468, 535–539

Quantitative reasoning. See Number Sense

Quick Check, 24, 88, 146, 198, 268, 312, 364, 440, 520, 596, 642, 710

Quick Review, 24, 88, 146, 198, 268, 312, 364, 440, 520, 596, 642, 710

almost equal to, 622dividing mixed numbers, 526exponents, 271

factor, 10, 107graphs of functions, 390greatest common factor (GCF),

127, 151least common multiples, 230multiples, 11multiplication equations, 545multiply fractions, 734order of operations, 347prime factorization, 11prime number, 11rounding fractions, 93subtracting decimals, 33

Quotients. See also Divisionestimating, 42–46zeros in, 57

RrRadical sign, 65

Radius, 541–543

Random outcomes, 712

Range, 650–654

Rate of change, 162. See also Unit rates

Rates, 148–162. See also Rate of change

problems, 178–179, 182unit, 156–157, 158–159, 174

Rating scales, 686

Rational numbers, 200. See also Fractions; Percents

Ratios, 148–162dividing groups by, 151equivalent, 163–164, 173–177problems, 178–179, 180–181simplest form, 150unit rates, 156–157, 158–159,

174using to compare parts to a

whole, 151using to make predictions, 744

Ratio tables, 163–171graphing, 169

Rays, 441

Reading Matheveryday meaning, 199meaning of division, 269

Read Mathabsolute value, 420area measurement, 523clockwise, 503composite figures, 555counterclockwise, 503diagonals, 475division with fractions, 121

identifying polygons, 481less than, 283linear, 384multiplication, 297notation, 452outcomes, 720outliers, 658perpendicular, 522powers, 62prime symbols, 491probability, 712, 722range, 651remainder, 6segments, 459, 482symbols, 542triangles, 460volume measurement, 570

Real-World Examplesanimals, 19, 99, 223, 324area, 291art, 622attendance, 238balloons, 397basketball, 215, 290billiards, 460birthday, 409camp, 5, 121cars, 39cell phones, 645coins, 549crops, 219dogs, 26dragonflies, 159driving, 403entertainment, 348exercise, 413eye color, 713flags, 524fundraiser, 367, 389garden, 555gas mileage, 182geography, 536geology, 578geometry, 275growth, 384heart rates, 159ice cream, 614insects, 205internet, 57jewelry, 297lakes, 63landmarks, 542lawn mowing, 107mail, 50markers, 151marketing, 682measurement, 93money, 165movie rentals, 211music, 158, 323, 374


Index R71

Indexnuts, 127oceans, 231Olympics, 7packaging, 571pandas, 131party planning, 10pets, 661photography, 481pizza, 727polar bears, 244pools, 562rain forests, 20ramp, 599roads, 443sand sculpture, 604school supplies, 26scrapbooking, 368shells, 201shopping, 271, 283, 336signs, 470skating, 315snow, 504snowboarding, 390space flight, 329sports, 249statues, 71surveys, 14tents, 531text messaging, 181, 662toothpaste, 180trail mix, 33trash can, 609trunks, 627turtles, 43video games, 51, 67waterfall, 16weather, 651, 662weight, 341

Real-World Links, 5, 9, 15, 18, 20, 39, 43, 45, 51, 58, 63, 67, 71, 72, 99, 108, 113, 121, 127, 131, 151, 159, 161, 164, 165, 175, 181, 182, 183, 201, 205, 216, 219, 224, 237, 238, 244, 249, 271, 283, 290, 315, 324, 329, 336, 341, 348, 350, 368, 374, 381, 384, 389, 390, 397, 403, 404, 421, 426, 442, 459, 472, 478, 484, 494, 500, 544, 562, 571, 573, 578, 599, 605, 614, 615, 622, 658, 682, 684, 690, 727, 729, 744

Real-World Math, 77, 135, 187, 255, 301, 353, 417, 487, 583, 631, 697, 753

Reasonableness, checking for, 67, 211, 453, 677, 739

Reasoning. See H.O.T. Problems

Reciprocals, 120–121

Rectangles, 468perimeter of, 554

Rectangular prisms, 569missing measures of, 571surface area of, 575–576,

577–581volume of, 568, 569–574

Reflections, 496–501lines of, 496–497over the x-axis, 496over the y-axis, 497

Relations, 366–393graphing, 366–370

Relationships of angles, 451–456

Repeating decimal, 207

Research, 472, 560

Review. See Check Your Progress; Prerequisite Skills; Review Vocabulary; Spiral Review; Standardized Test Practice; Study Guide and Review

Review Vocabulary, 22, 86, 144, 196, 266, 310, 362, 438, 518, 594, 640, 708

Rhombus, 468

Right angles, 443, 447

Right triangle, 458, 482

Rotational symmetry, 504

Rotations, 502–506about the origin, 491angles of, 504clockwise, 491in the coordinate plane, 490counterclockwise, 491

Roundingdecimals, 25–26dividends, 42divisors, 42fractions, 93to the nearest tenth, 57

SsSample population, 743, 748–749

Samplesbiased, 748–749unbiased, 748–749

Sample spaces, 719–723using a list to find, 719using a tree diagram to find,

720

Scale, 177of a frequency table, 662misleading, 689rating, 686

Scale drawings, 177

Scalene triangle, 459

Scaling, 164–165

Scientific notation, 68

Segmentsline, 441notation for, 482

Semicircle, 549

Sequence, 377–379arithmetic, 377–378geometric, 379terms of, 377

Sidesclassifying triangles by, 459corresponding, 481of triangles, 459

Similar figures, 474, 480–485

Simple events, 711–712

Simplest form. See also Algebraic expressions

of fractions, 201of ratios, 150

Simplifying expressions, 604

Solutions, 314checking, 323, 408of inequalities, 396–397

Solve, 314

Spinners, 712

Spiral Review, 41, 46, 53, 60, 69, 73, 110, 115, 123, 129, 133, 168, 185, 213, 217, 221, 225, 233, 241, 246, 251, 285, 299, 326, 331, 338, 343, 351, 382, 393, 399, 405, 411, 415, 427, 473, 485, 506, 534, 546, 552, 558, 565, 574, 581, 611, 616, 629, 654, 660, 665, 672, 680, 685, 693, 723, 730, 736, 742, 747

Spreadsheets, 649

Square root, 65

Squares, 468perfect, 65

Standardized Test Practice, 83, 141, 193, 263, 307, 359, 435, 515, 591, 637, 705, 759

Extended Response, 82, 85, 95, 110, 140, 143, 162, 192, 195, 241, 262, 265, 285, 293, 306, 309, 326, 343, 358, 361, 370, 376, 387, 434, 437, 514, 517, 564, 590, 591, 593, 629, 636, 637, 639, 654, 665, 693, 704, 707, 723, 742, 758, 761

Gridded Response, 35, 53, 65, 73, 83, 84, 101, 115, 141, 142, 194, 195, 203, 213, 217, 263, 264, 278, 308, 309, 317, 338, 351, 359, 360, 411, 415, 435,


473, 479, 516, 517, 534, 539, 546, 558, 592, 593, 616, 638, 639, 648, 706, 707, 742, 760, 761

Multiple Choice, 61, 82, 116, 140, 172, 192, 193, 226, 262, 288, 306, 307, 332, 394, 466, 514, 553, 590, 617, 636, 673, 705, 731, 758, 759

Multiple Representations, 434Short Response, 29, 41, 46, 84,

85, 129, 143, 155, 168, 177, 185, 195, 217, 221, 233, 246, 251, 265, 273, 308, 317, 351, 361, 370, 376, 382, 393, 405, 435, 437, 445, 450, 456, 463, 473, 479, 495, 506, 516, 517, 527, 539, 581, 592, 593, 601, 611, 624, 638, 639, 648, 654, 660, 672, 707, 716, 723, 730, 736, 747, 760

Statistics, 644, 681–695. See also Analysis; Data analysis; Graphs; Measures of central tendency

collecting data to solve a problem, 686–687

misleading, 688–693selecting an appropriate

display, 681–685

Stem-and-leaf plots, 666–667, 682back-to-back, 666

Stems, 666. See also Stem-and-leaf plots

Straight angle, 447

Study Guide and Review, 78–81, 136–139, 188–191, 256–261, 302–305, 354–357, 428–433, 508–513, 584–589, 632–635, 698–703, 754–757

Studying Mathnew vocabulary, 147simplify the problem, 313

Study Organizer. See Foldables® Study Organizer

Study Tipsabsolute value, 420accuracy, 153alternative method, 460angle relationships, 452angles on spinners, 712area of a triangle, 531base, 599calculating with Pi, 549calculator, 609changing scales, 689check by adding, 14check for accuracy, 164check for reasonableness, 67,

211, 453, 677, 739

checking solutions, 323, 408checking your answer, 50, 57,

181checking your work, 524classifying, 469Commutative Property, 99comparing mixed numbers, 230congruent figures, 491coordinate plane, 367counterexample, 109cumulative frequency, 664decomposing figures, 570dividing money, 50Division Property of Equality,

336double bar graph, 21estimation, 542formulas, 627fraction circles, 447frequency tables, 662graphing inequalities, 403graphs of functions, 392height of parallelograms, 524including data, 645inequalities, 406intervals, 662least common multiples, 12line of reflection, 497measurement, 17mental math, 71, 117, 201, 291,

530, 536multiplication, 275ordered pairs, 424organization, 671proportion, 174right triangles, 482rounding, 57rounding decimals, 26scales and intervals, 669simplifying expressions, 604technology, 543two-column notes, 521unit rates, 174words to symbols, 409work backward, 378writing equivalent fractions,

231

Subtractioncheck by adding, 14of decimals, 7–9, 33of fractions, 13–15of inequalities, 406

Subtraction equations, 314–331solving, 328–331by adding, 328

Supplementary angles, 452

Surface areaof composite figures, 626–629of cylinders, 618–624

of rectangular prisms, 575–576, 577–581

Survey, 743

Symbolsalmost equal to, 622approximately equal to, 542equals sign, 314inequalities, 396at least, 409at most, 409multiplication, 275parenthesis, 271perpendicular, 522prime, 491radical sign, 65right angle, 443triangle, 460

Symmetrylines of, 498rotational, 504

TtTables. See also Data analysis

analyzing, 183, 232, 251, 381, 653

frequency, 661–665, 682function, 373–376, 379

Tangrams, 525

Technology, 64, 543. See also Extend Lessons; Get Connected; Spreadsheets

Temperature, 34, 191

Terminating decimal, 207

Termsof algebraic expressions, 278like, 278of a sequence, 377

Tessellations, 494

Test Practice, 29, 35, 41, 46, 53, 60, 65, 69, 73, 84–85, 95, 101, 110, 115, 123, 129, 133, 142–143, 155, 162, 168, 177, 185, 194–195, 203, 207, 213, 217, 221, 225, 233, 241, 246, 251, 264–265, 273, 278, 285, 293, 301, 308–309, 317, 326, 331, 338, 343, 351, 360–361, 370, 376, 382, 387, 393, 399, 405, 411, 415, 422, 427, 436–437, 445, 450, 456, 463, 473, 479, 485, 495, 501, 506, 516–517, 527, 534, 539, 546, 552, 558, 565, 574, 581, 592–593, 601, 606, 611, 616, 624, 629, 638–639, 648, 654, 660, 665, 672, 680, 685, 693, 706–707, 716, 723, 730, 736, 742, 747, 760–761. See also Practice

Inde

x

R72 Index


Index R73

IndexChapter Test; Standardized Test Practice

Theorem, Triangle Inequality, 463

Theoretical probability, 717–718

Three-dimensional figures, 569composite, 554–567, 625–629nets of, 575–576rectangular prisms, 569, 571,

575–576, 577–581volume of, 569

Transformations, 488–507dilations, 507reflections, 496–501rotations, 502–506translations, 490–495

Translations, 490–495congruence in, 492graphing, 490–491

Trapezoids, 468area of, 535–539

Tree diagram, 720

Triangle Inequality Theorem, 463

Triangles, 457–465acute, 458angles in, 457, 458area of, 528, 529–534classifying

by angles, 458by sides, 459

equilateral, 459isosceles, 459missing measures of, 460, 531obtuse, 458properties of, 438–517right, 458, 482scalene, 459sides of, 459sum of angle measures in, 460symbol for, 460

Triangular prisms, 598–601volume of, 598–601

Two-step equations, 344–351. See also Equations

solving, 346–351writing, 346–351

Two-step inequalities, 412–415. See also Inequalities

UuUnbiased samples, 748–749

Unfair game, 724–725

Unit rates, 156–157, 158–159, 174

Unitscubic, 569customary, 17metric, 17

Unlike fractions, 13–14

VvVariables, 274–278

defining, 282

Verbal phrases, 282–283

Vertex, 446

Vocabulary. See Review Vocabulary; Vocabulary Check; Vocabulary Link

Vocabulary Check, 78–81, 136–139, 188–191, 256–261, 302–305, 354–357, 428–433, 508–513, 584–589, 632–635, 698–703, 754–757

Vocabulary Linkannex, 8, 33complement, 713distribute, 297function, 379parallel, 523range, 651similar, 481variable, 275

Volumeof composite figures, 626–629of cones, 612, 613–616of cylinders, 607, 608–611of prisms, 597, 599of pyramids, 602, 603of rectangular prisms, 568,

569–574of three-dimensional figures,

569of triangular prisms, 598–601

WwWhich One Doesn’t Belong?. See H.O.T. Problems

Whisker. See Box-and-whisker plots

Whole numbersdividing

decimals by, 47–48, 49–53by fractions, 120–123fractions by, 117–119

multiplyingdecimals by, 30–31, 32–35by fractions, 90–103by mixed numbers, 111

Work backward, 346

Writing Math. See also H.O.T. Problems

describing data, 365explain your answer, 89

Xxx-axis, 366

reflections over, 496

x-coordinate, 366

Yyy-axis, 366

reflections over, 497

y-coordinate, 366

ZzZeros

annexing, 8, 33, 39Multiplicative Property of, 293in the quotient and dividend,

57


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